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Shock: first aid and treatment

Emergency numbers differ by country. This page uses 911, the number for the United States and Canada. Many other countries use 112, 999, or another number. Find the number for your country.

Physiological shock is a life-threatening condition that happens when the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygenated blood to essential organs. It can be caused by severe bleeding, burns, trauma, heart problems, or severe infection.

Do this now

  1. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States, 112 in Europe, 999 in the United Kingdom) right away.
  2. Lay the person flat on their back.
  3. If there are no signs of head, neck, back, or leg injuries, elevate their legs about 30 centimeters (12 inches) off the ground to help blood flow to core organs.
  4. Keep the person warm and comfortable by covering them with a blanket or coat.
  5. Do not give them anything to eat or drink.

Warning signs of shock

Recognizing shock early can save a life. Watch for these physical signs after severe trauma, blood loss, or illness:

  • Pale, cold, clammy, or bluish skin and lips.
  • Rapid, weak, or fluttering pulse.
  • Shallow, rapid breathing.
  • Confusion, dizziness, anxiety, or extreme restlessness.
  • Severe thirst.
  • Unconsciousness or fainting.

First aid steps for shock

  1. Control any obvious severe bleeding immediately with firm direct pressure or a tourniquet if needed.
  2. Keep the person calm, still, and reassured. Talk to them in a quiet, steady voice.
  3. Loosen tight clothing around their neck, chest, and waist to help them breathe easily.
  4. Maintain body temperature. Cover the person above and place a blanket underneath them if the ground is cold or damp.
  5. If the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth, turn them onto their side to keep the airway clear, provided there is no suspected spinal injury.

What to avoid when managing shock

  • Do not wait for symptoms to worsen before calling emergency services.
  • Do not give food, water, or medication by mouth, even if the person complains of severe thirst. They may need emergency surgery upon arrival at the hospital.
  • Do not move someone with suspected head, neck, or spinal injuries.

Shock requires medical care

Shock is a medical emergency that cannot be cured by first aid alone. First aid steps maintain blood flow and body temperature until paramedic teams arrive.