Khase e tabolang, sefafatsi sa pepere, le ho tlosa litšila le thuso ea pele¶

Mahlahana a ho laola bongata ba lik'hemik'hale (ao hangata a bitsoang mahlahana a taolo ea merusu kapa lachrymator) a kenyelletsa CS gas (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile), OC pepper spray (oleoresin capsicum), PAVA (pelargonic acid vanillylamide, synthetic capsaicinoid), le klzzwxh:0005o sa tsotellehe hore na u mopalami ea sa ameheng ea tšoaroeng haufi le pontšo, moahi oa boahelani eo fensetere ea hae ea folete e butsoeng e hohelang mosi oa seterateng, moqolotsi oa litaba, kapa motho ea tsamaeang ka maoto a pepesehetse setlolo sa ts'ireletso ka phoso, ho pepeseha habohloko ho baka bohloko hanghang. Nakong ea metsotsoana e 'meli ea ho kopana le lera le mongobo la mahlo, nko, 'metso le letlalo le mongobo, lik'hemik'hale tsena tsa lik'hemik'hale li kenya tšebetsong li-receptors tsa bohloko (haholo-holo TRPA1 le TRPV1 li-ion channels), tse bakang li-spasms tsa mahlo (blepharospasm), bofofu ba nakoana, ho bipetsoa, ​​​​ho chesa le ho tsieleha ha letlalo.

Bakeng sa batho ba baholo ba phelang hantle sebakeng se bulehileng, litlamorao tse matla tsa khase e tabolang le pepere hangata ke tsa nakoana 'me li qala ho kokobela ka mor'a metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 45 ka mor'a ho fallela moeeng o hloekileng le ho phalla hantle. Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tse koaletsoeng, libaka tse phahameng, kapa ho batho ba nang le **asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lefu la pelo, kapa contact lenses **, lik'hemik'hale tse laolang batho ba bangata li ka baka kotsi ea bophelo ** bronchospasm (litlhaselo tse matla tsa asthma), laryngospasm, corneal abrasions, le letlalo la lik'hemik'hale la bobeli le ho chesa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng. metsi a hloekileng kapa letsoai le sa hloekang ntle le ho itlotsa, qoba litšōmo tse kotsi tsa seterateng tse kang ho tšela lebese kapa li-antacid ka mahlong, 'me ho silafatsa liaparo ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng lapeng ho thibela kotsi ea ka ho sa feleng ea mahlo le matšoafo.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Ema hang-hang moeeng o hloekileng ka ho tsamaea UPWIND le UPHILL (boemo bo phahameng). Li-aerosol tsa khase e tahang le likaroloana tse nang le mouoane li boima haholo ho feta moea 'me li teba literateng tse tlaase, litsela tse ka tlas'a lefatše, likamoreng tse ka tlaase le mekatong e ka tlaase. Tsamaea u khobile matšoafo (u se ke ua matha, kaha ho matha ho etsa hore u hema ka botebo le ka potlako) perpendicular kapa moeeng, 'me u nyolohele sebakeng se phahameng kapa foranteng e ka holimo-mokatong hole le leru le lesoeu la mosi.
2. Le ka mohla u se ke ua itlotsa mahlo, sefahleho, kapa letlalo ka matsoho a hao. Khase ea CS ha e le hantle ha se khase mochesong oa kamore; ke leru la microscopic, sharp crystalline solid powder particles. Ho hohla lintši tsa hao ho sila likristale tsena tse nyenyane haholo ka har'a cornea ea hau joalo ka sandpaper, ho baka makhopho a bohloko a cornea, 'me ho hasanya pepere ea OC e mafura ho teba ka har'a masoba a letlalo la hao.
3. Tlosa lilense tsa mahlo hang-hang ka menoana e hloekileng, 'me u lahlele lilense tse bonolo. Lilense tsa ho kopana li tšoara likristale tsa lik'hemik'hale tse teteaneng le oli ea capsaicin ka ho toba khahlanong le thaka ea leihlo ka tlas'a lense, ho thibela metsi ho hlatsoa lik'hemik'hale le ho qhibiliha kapa ho silafatsa lense tse bonolo tsa hydrogel ka ho sa feleng. Hlatsoa kapa u hlakole menoana ea hau pele, hlakola lilense hang-hang, 'me u lahle lilense tse bonolo ka ho sa feleng.
4. Panya ka potlako 'me u sutumelle mahlo k'honeng e ka hare (haufi le nko) ho ea ka ntle u sebelisa metsi a pholileng a hloekileng kapa letsoai le sa hloekang. Emisa hlooho ea hao ka thōko holim'a sinki kapa sebaka se fatše e le hore leihlo le lebe le shebane le ho ea tlaase (e le hore metsi a silafetseng a se ke a hlatsoa borokho ba nko ea hao ka leihlong le leng kapa ho theohela molomong oa hau). Tšela metsi a hloekileng a nooang a hloekileng kapa a hloekileng a 0.9% a letsoai a tloaelehileng ho tloha hukung e ka hare ea leihlo haufi le nko ho ea tsebeng ka nako metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 e sa khaotseng.
5. Le ka mohla u se ke ua tšela lebese, li-antacids tse metsi (Maalox), asene, paste e bakang soda kapa oli e phehang mahlong a hao. Leha ho na le menyenyetsi e atileng ea marang-rang, ho tšela lebese le sa hloekang la lebese, li-antacids tsa mokelikeli o monate, kapa asene mahlong a nang le mekhoro ea lik'hemik'hale tse nyane haholo, e hlahisa libaktheria (Pseudomonas le *Staphylogrit) e kotsi ho bona bacterial keratitis (corneal ulcers). Sebelisa letsoai le hloekileng feela kapa metsi a nooang a hloekileng ka har'a mahlo.
6. klzzwxh:0024 Hang ha u fihla ka kamoreng e siretsehileng ea ho hlapela, khaola likipa tse silafetseng tse hulang ka sekere (kapa lihempe tse sa buloang) e le hore u se ke ua hulanya lesela le koahetsoeng ka phofo sefahlehong le mahlong a hao. Kena shaoareng ea metsi a batang metsotso e 5 ea pele pele o sebelisa sesepa se bonolo sa ho hlatsoa: metsi a chesang kapa a futhumetseng a bula masoba a letlalo ebe a etsa hore ho chese ho matla ho tsoa ho phofo ea crystalline CS le oli ea capsaicin.

Teko ea maemo a tšohanyetso le chate ea ho tlosa litšila¶

Latela tatelano ena ea bongaka ho tloha nakong ea ho pepeseha ka ho tlosa litšila tsa lapeng.

flowchart TD
    A["E pepesehetse ho Tear Gas (CS/CN) kapa Pepper Spray (OC/PAVA)"] --> B["Lula U Khotse: Phefumoloha Butle ka Nko/Lesela 'me U tsamaee U Liphoofolo le Ho nyolosa"]
    B --> C{"Na ho na le ho hema ho matla, ho sitoa ho bua lipolelo tse feletseng, kapa bohloko ba sefuba?"}
    C -->|"E: Boemo ba Tšohanyetso ba ho Phefumoloha"| D["Letsetsa 911 / 112 / 999 Hang-hang, Lula U otlolohile, Sebelisa Rescue Inhaler (Albuterol)"]
    C -->|"Che: Ho Chesa Mahlo le Letlalo Feela"| E["U SE KE UA HLOBA MAHLO: Tlosa 'me u lahle Lilense tsa Kopano Hang-hang"]
    E --> F["Sekama Hlooho ka Mathoko (Leihlo le Amehileng Fatše) & Hlahla sekhutlo sa ka Hare-ho-ho-Kantle"]
    F --> G["Nosetsa o sa phetse ka Metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 ka Metsi a Hloekileng kapa a Hloekileng Feela"]
    G --> H["Lapeng: Koala Liaparo Tsa Kantle ka Mokotleng oa Plastiki (O seke oa Hula hempe Sefahlehong)"]
    H --> I["Hlatsoa Moriri le Letlalo ka Metsi A BATSI Metsotso e 5 Pele, Ebe U Hlatsoa ka Sesepa se Bonolo."]
    I --> J{"Na bohloko bo tebileng ba mahlo, ho fifala ha pono, kapa ho qhitsa ho tsoela pele metsotso e 60 e fetileng?"}
    J -->|"Ee"| K["Batla Tlhahlobo e Potlakileng ea Ophthalmological kapa Emergency Room bakeng sa Corneal Abrasion"]
    J -->|"Che"| L["Phomola ka Phaposing e Hlatsoang Moea le Liaparo tse Hlatsoang ka Karohano ka Metsing a Batang Habeli"]

Ho hloaea moemeli oa lik'hemik'hale: CS Tear Gas vs. OC Pepper Spray vs. CN Mace¶

Ho utloisisa hore na u pepesehetse k'hemik'hale efe ho hlalosa hore na e sebetsa joang 'meleng oa hao le holim'a ntlo. Le hoja bohle ba laolang merusu ba baka ho taboha le ho chesa hang-hang, lik'hemik'hale tsa bona tsa 'mele li fapane haholo.

Ke hobane'ng ha CS "Gas" e hlile e le phofo e tiileng ea microscopic¶

Taba ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa eo re lokelang ho e utloisisa ka CS tear gas ke hore ha se khase ea 'nete. Lithempereichara tse tloaelehileng tsa ka ntle, CS ke kristale e tiileng e tšoeu e tšoanang le phofo ea talcum kapa khalase e sitsoeng hantle. Ha khase ea khase e tahang e lelekoa, tefiso ea ka hare ea pyrotechnic e futhumatsa CS e tiileng ho fihlela e fetoha mouoane moeeng; hang ha mouoane oo o chesang o otla moea o pholileng oa ka ntle, o khutlela ho leru le teteaneng la likaroloana tse tiileng tse microscopic tse bolelele ba li-micrometer tse 1 ho isa ho tse 10.

Hobane CS ke phofo e tiileng e sebetsanang le lik'hemik'hale ka mongobo:

• Mofufutso le mongobo li kenya tšebetsong ho cha: Likristale tsa CS li khomarela liphatleng tse fufuleloang, melala, mabanta a thekeng le lihempe tse metsi. Ha kristale e ntse e sebetsa butle le mongobo oa letlalo (hydrolysis), e ntša bongata bo sa bonahaleng ba hydrochloric acid le lihlahisoa tse halefisang tse senyang methapo ea hau ka kotloloho.
• Ho foka moea o omileng ho thusa pele u hlatsoa: Hang ha u tsamaea ho tsoa lerung la CS ho ea moeeng o mocha, u eme moeeng o matla o otlolle matsoho ka metsotso e 3 ho isa ho e 5 ho lumella moea hore o foke phofshoana e hlephileng ea CS moriring le liaparong pele metsi a e ama.

Protocol ea nosetso ea mahlo mohato ka mohato (le hore na hobaneng litlhare tsa seterateng li baka bofofu)¶

Mahlo a hao ke 'ona a shebiloeng haholo ke lik'hemik'hale tse laolang bongata. Ha likristale tsa CS kapa marotholi a pepere a OC a fafatsa filiming ea ho taboha ea cornea, mothapo oa trigeminal o etsa hore ho be le "reflex" e sireletsang hang-hang e bitsoang blepharospasm, mahlo a hao a koala ka thata hoo u ke keng ua khona ho a bula ka boithatelo feela.

Mokhoa oa ho hlatsoa mahlo a hao kapa a motho e mong ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng¶

1. Emisa hlooho e sekame ka mahlakoreng ka leihlo le amehileng LE LE TLASE: Etsa hore motho a sekamele pele kapa a sekamise hlooho ea hae ka mahlakoreng ka 45-to-90-degree angle hore leihlo le ntseng le hlatsuoa le be tlase. Le ka mohla u se ke ua sekamisetsa hlooho ka morao ha u ntse u tšela metsi holim'a phatleng: ho sekamisetsa hlooho morao ho hlatsoa phofo ea lik'hemik'hale phatleng le lintši tse otlolohileng *mahlong le ho theohela molomong.
2. Tšoara mahlo a butle butle ka menoana e 'meli e hloekileng: Hobane blepharospasm e sa itlameng e koala lintši, metsi a tšeloang holim'a lintši tse koetsoeng ha a etse letho ho hloekisa thaka ea leihlo. Beha monoana oa hau o hloekileng holim'a lesapo le ka holimo la lintši le monoana oa hau holim'a cheekbone e ka tlaase (le ka mohla u se ke ua hatella thaka ea leihlo ka boeona) 'me ka bonolo u hule lintši ka thōko e le hore molatsoana oa metsi o fihle holim'a leihlo.
3. Tšela ho tloha hukung ea INNER (ka borokho ba nko) ho ea hukung e KA NTLE: Tšoara botlolo ea squirt ea **sterile 0.9% e tloaelehileng ea ho hlatsoa mahlo ka letsoai ** kapa botlolo e hloekileng ea metsi a nooang lisenthimithara tse 2.5 ho isa ho tse 5 (1 ho isa ho 2 inches) ka holim'a huku e ka hare ea leihlo (haufi le borokho). Ere molatsoana o tsitsitseng, o nang le khatello e tlase o phalle ka leihlong 'me o balehe sekhutlong se ka ntle haufi le tempele ho theohela fatše. Etsa hore motho a phahamise thaka ea leihlo holimo, tlase, ka ho le letšehali, le ka ho le letona ha a ntse a phuphusela e le hore likaroloana tse qabeletsoeng ka tlas'a lintši tse ka holimo le tse ka tlaase li hlatsoe.
4. Eketsa metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 ka botlalo: Se ke oa emisa ka mor'a ho phatloha ka metsotsoana e 'meli. Ho phatloha ha metsi ka likristale tsa CS hakhutšoanyane ho ka etsa hore e hlabe ho feta metsotsoana e 10 pele boholo ba metsi bo tlosa likristale. Ho nosetsa ho sa khaotseng metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 15 ke hona ho hlatsoang lerotholi le leng le le leng la kristale le oli ho tloha cornea ka mochini.

Hobaneng o sa tlameha ho kenya lebese, Maalox (antacids), asene kapa shampoo ea lesea ka har'a mahlo a hau¶

Nakong ea lipontšo le merusu ea lehae, hangata batho ba nang le sepheo se setle ba tsamaea ba nkile linkho tsa lebese la lebese, metsoako e 50/50 ea metsi a antacid (MOLAO: Mokelikeli oa Antacid le Metsi, joalo ka Maalox kapa Mylanta), metsi a ho baka, kapa shampoo ea bana ho squilla mahlong a batho. Lingaka tsa mahlo, litsi tsa ho laola chefo, le American Academy of Ophthalmology li lemosa ka tieo khahlanong le ho kenya ntho leha e le efe ntle le letsoai le hloekileng kapa metsi a hloekileng a nooang mahlong a motho:

Ho hloekisoa ha letlalo le moriri: protocol ea metsi a batang le sesepa-sesepa¶

Hang ha mahlo a hao a ka buleha ’me ho hema ha hao ho tsitsitse, u tlameha ho tlosa masalla a lik’hemik’hale a khomaretseng moriri oa hao, sefahleho, molala le liaparo pele u tšoara thepa ea ka tlung, litulo tsa koloi, kapa litho tsa lelapa lapeng.

Mohato oa 1: Ho hlobola ka ntle kapa ka hare ho ntloana e nang le lithaele¶

• **Se ke oa tsamaea ka phaposing ea hau ea ho phomola e nang le k'hapete kapa ua lula holim'a sofa ea lesela ** u apere liaparo tse pepesehileng khase e llang kapa pepere. Likristale tsa CS le oli ea OC li fetisetsa hang-hang ho upholstery 'me li tla tima-gase ebe li chesa mang kapa mang ea lutseng setulong seo ka libeke.
• Kena ka har'a tsela e kenoang ka lithaele, karacheng kapa kamore ea ho hlapela. Apara liatlana tsa nitrile kapa latex haeba u na le tsona.
• Le ka mohla u se ke ua hula sekipa, sekipa kapa jesi e silafetseng holimo holim'a hlooho ea hao. Ho hula molaleng o tiileng sefahlehong sa hao ho hohola phofo eohle ea CS le pepere e neng e lutse mahetleng a hao le sefubeng ka ho toba mahlong a hao, nko le molomo. E-ba le likonopo tsa seaparo, hula matsoho a hao ka har'a matsoho pele ho a phahamisetsa hole le sefahleho sa hao, kapa sebelisa sekere se boima ho seha hempe ka ho otloloha ho seam e ka pele ebe u e ebola ka morao.
• Lahlela liaparo tsohle tse silafetseng, lieta le mekotla ka ho toba mokotleng oa polastiki o boima oa mosebetsi o boima 'me u o tlame ho fihlela u se u loketse ho li hlatsoa ka thoko.

Mohato oa 2: Molao oa metsotso e 5 oa ho shaoara ka metsi a COLD¶

Ha u kena ka shaoareng ho hlatsoa khase e rusollang kapa pepere ho tloha moriring le 'meleng oa hau, fetola konopo ea mocheso ho ea fihla ho A KHABANE (kapa metsi a pholileng a pholileng) metsotso e 5 ea pele:

1. Hobaneng lishaoara tse chesang li le bohloko: Metsi a chesang kapa a futhumetseng a baka vasodilation hang-hang (ho potlakisa mali letlalong), a bula litšoelesa tsa mofufutso le masoba ka bophara, 'me a qhibilihisa resin e mafura ea OC le likristale tsa CS e le hore li kenelle ka hare ho letlalo, li tsosolose leqhubu le mabifi la ho chesa 'meleng oohle oa hau.
2. Ema u otlolohile 'me u sekamise hlooho ea hau morao (kapa pele holim'a bate) ha u hlatsoa moriri: Moriri oa hau o sebetsa joalo ka sefefo se seholo sa moea se tšoarang lerole le leholo la khase e rusollang moeeng. Ha u qala ho hlatsoa moriri oa hao ka metsi a batang, **u se ke ua lumella metsi a tsoang letlalong la hlooho ea hao hore a theohele phatleng ea hao ho ea mahlong a hao le ho theosa sefubeng sa hao ka har'a groin ea hau ** (lesela le litho tsa botona kapa botšehali li na le lera la mucous le sa utloeng bohloko haholo le tla chesa haholo haeba metsi a shaoara a silafetseng a hlatsoa sefuba sa hau). Koba ka pele thekeng e le hore metsi a moriri a phalle fatše ka shaoareng.
3. Hlatsoa letlalo le pepeselitsoeng pepere ea OC ka sesepa sa metsi se ntseng se pholile: Hobane setlolo sa pepere sa OC ke resin ea oli ea chili (capsaicin), metsi a bonolo feela a theola oli e letlalong la hao. Ka mor'a ho hlatsoa phofo e hlephileng ka metsi a batang ka metsotso e 5, tlotsa sefahleho sa hau (o koetse mahlo a koetsoeng hantle), molala, matsoho le matsoho ka sehlatsoana sa ho hlatsoa lijana (joaloka Dawn kapa Fairy liquid) kapa se hloekisa sefahleho se se nang oli ho etsa emulsify le ho phahamisa oli ea capsaicin letlalong la hao, ebe u hlatsoa ka metsi a pholileng.
4. **Omisa ka lithaole tsa pampiri tse lahliloeng ** ho e-na le ho itlotsa ka matla ka thaole ea ho hlapa ka lesela.

Mokhoa oa ho sireletsa folete kapa ntlo ea hau haeba khase e tahang e sebelisoa seterateng sa hau¶

Ha li-aerosol tse laolang bongata li sebelisoa literateng tsa litoropo ka ntle ho meaho ea bolulo, mokatong o ka tlaase le mokatong oa bobeli hangata li tlala mokelikeli oa CS o hoholehang ka mapetsong a lifensetere, li- air conditioner le lifensetere tsa kamore ea ho hlapela.

Mokhoa oa ho hlatsoa liaparo tsa khase e llang kapa liaparo tsa ho fafatsa ka pepere¶

Le ka mohla u se ke ua lahlela baki e tletseng khase e rusollang mochining oa ho hlatsoa hammoho le liaparo tsa ngoana oa hao kapa lilakane tsa hao; khemikhale e tla fetisetsa nthong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e moqomong.

1. Apara liatlana tsa nitrile tse lahliloeng ha u fetisetsa liaparo ho tloha mokotleng oa polasetiki ho li kenya mochining o hlatsoang.
2. Beha mochini oa ho hlatsoa ho **metsi a COLD feela **, boemo bo phahameng ba metsi, le potoloho e eketsehileng ea rinse.
3. Kenya sesepa se tloaelehileng sa mokelikeli oa ho hlatsoa liaparo hammoho le 120 milliliters (kopi ea halofo) ea soda ea ho baka (sodium bicarbonate), e thusang alkaline-hydrolyze le ho fokotsa masala a CS nakong ea ho hlatsoa.
4. Matha potoloho ea ho hlatsoa ha serame ** habeli ** pele u tšoara liaparo.
5. ** Apara liaparo ka ntle kapa ka rack ** ho e-na le ho li kenya ka har'a mochini o omisang liaparo tse chesang ka mor'a hore u hlatsoe pele (mocheso o phahameng o ka baka mesaletsa leha e le efe e setseng ea CS kapa OC hore e be likhoele tsa maiketsetso 'me u ntše mosi o hlabang ka kamoreng ea hau ea ho hlatsoetsa).
6. Bakeng sa libutsi tsa letlalo, mekotla ea nylon, likhalase tsa mahlo le li-smartphone tse sa khoneng ho kena mochining o hlatsoang, li hlakole hararo ka ntle u sebelisa lithaole tsa pampiri tse lahliloeng tse kolobisitsoeng ka metsing a pholileng le sesepa e bonolo ea lijana, u lahle thaole e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea pampiri ka mor'a ho swipe hanngoe.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe¶

• Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu (CDC), Boitokisetso ba Tšohanyetso le Karabelo: Lintlha ka Li-Reot Control Agents (CS, CN, le OC) le Tataiso ea Tsamaiso ea Bongaka (United States)
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) le National Library of Medicine, Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER): Tear Gas and Oleoresin Capsicum Decontamination Protocols (United States)
• United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), CS Spray and Riot Control Agents: Toxicological Overview, Incident Management, and Decontamination Guidance (United Kingdom)
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), Pareletseho ea Mahlo le Tataiso ea Thuso ea Pele bakeng sa Ho Iponahatsa ka Lik'hemik'hale, Khase e Kelang, le Pepper Spray (United States)
• Mokhatlo oa Thibelo ea Libetsa tsa Lik'hemik'hale (OPCW) le Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), Likarolo tsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Libetsa tsa Lik'hemik'hale le Likokoana-hloko: Baemeli ba Taolo ea Merusu (Machabeng)

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Merusu ea lehae
• Dikotsi tsa mahlo
• Lefuba la sefuba
• Ho chesa ho matla le ho phalla ha lik'hemik'hale