Kesi loimata, fa'asu'i pepa, ma le fa'amama fa'atosina o tagata ma fesoasoani muamua¶

O vaila'au e fa'atonuina le motu o tagata (e masani ona ta'ua o riot control agents po o lachrymators) e aofia ai le CS gas (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile), OC pepper spray (oleoresin capsicum), PAVA (pelargonic acid vanillylamide, a synthetic capsaicinoid), ma le CN gas (chloroacetophenone). Pe o oe o se tagata femalagaa'i e le'i a'afiaina na maua i tafatafa o se fa'ata'ita'iga, o se pitonu'u o lona fa'amalama o le fale mautotogi matala na toso mai ai le asu o le alatele, o se tusitala, po'o se tagata savali na fa'afuase'i ona fa'afefe i le pa'u o le puipuiga a le tagata lava ia, o le tu'i a'afia e mafua ai le tiga vave. I totonu o le lua sekone o le faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma le susu susu o mata, isu, faʻaʻi, ma le paʻu susu, o nei vailaʻau vailaʻau e faʻaagaoioia ai faʻamaʻi tiga (faʻapitoa TRPA1 ma TRPV1 ion channels), faʻaosoina maʻi laumata (blepharospasm), tauaso le tumau, titina, faʻamaʻi le fatafata, ma le malosi o le paʻu.

Mo tagata matutua soifua maloloina i luga ole ea, o a'afiaga mata'utia o le kesi loimata ma le su'i pepa e masani lava ona le tumau ma amata ona mou i totonu ole 15 i le 45 minute pe a mae'a ona alu ile ea fou ma fufulu lelei. Ae peita'i, i totonu o avanoa pupuni, maualuga maualuga, po'o tagata e maua i le sthma, ma'i obstructive pulmonary fa'ama'i (COPD), ma'i fatu fatu, po'o tioata fa'afeso'ota'i, o vaila'au fa'ato'a fa'afeso'ota'i e mafai ona fa'aoso ai le fa'amata'u i le ola bronchospasm (atama'i tuga), laryngospasm, ma'i o le ivi, ma le fa'afefe o le pa'u o le pa'u i le tulaga lua ma luga a'e, fufulu lelei mata i le vai mama po o le masima mama e aunoa ma le olo, aloese mai talatuu matautia i le auala e pei o le sasaa o le susu po o antacids i mata, ma faamama lelei lavalava i le fale e taofia ai le manu'a tumau o mata ma mama.

Fai nei loa¶

1. ** Alu vave ile ea fou e ala ile savali ile UPWIND ma le UPILL (maualuga maualuga).** E sili atu le mamafa o aerosol kasa masae ma ausa nai lo le ea ma goto i auala maualalalo, ala i lalo, fogafale lalo, ma fola o le eleele. Savali ma le to'a (aua le tamo'e, aua o le tamo'e e atili ai ona loloto ma vave lou manava) fa'asaga i le matagi, ma a'e i nofoaga maualuluga po'o se poletito fogafale pito i luga e mamao ese mai le ao asu pa'epa'e.
2. Aua ne'i fufulu ou mata, foliga, po'o lou pa'u i ou lima. O le kasa CS e le ose kesi ile vevela ole potu; o se ao o mea fa'ata'oto, ma'ai ma'ai ma'ai pauta pa'u. O le oloina o lau laumata e olo sa'o ai nei tioata ninii i luga o lou mata e pei o se pepa oneone, ma fa'atupu ai le ma'i tiga o le kone, ma sosolo atu ai le suau'u OC pepa suau'u loloto i pu o lou pa'u.
3. ** Aveese vave tioata fa'afeso'ota'i ma tamatamai lima mama ma lafo ese tioata vaivai.** Va'ai tioata fa'afeso'ota'i ma suau'u kapsaicin fa'asaga sa'o i lau po'o mata i lalo o le tioata, e taofia ai le vai mai le fufuluina o vaila'au ma liusuavai pe fa'aleaga tumau tioata hydrogel vaivai. Fufulu pe solo muamua ou tamatamailima, fa'apipi'i vave i fafo tioata, ma lafoa'i fa'amalulu tioata.
4. Emo vave ma fufulu ou mata mai le tulimanu pito i totonu (lata ane i le isu) i fafo e faaaoga ai le vai malulu mama po o le masima mama. Fa'asaga i autafa lou ulu i luga o le goto po'o le eleele ina ia fa'asaga le mata leaga i lalo ** (o le mea lea e le tafe ai le alalaupapa o lou isu i le isi ou mata pe lalo i lou gutu). Liligi le vai inu mama po'o le masima masani 0.9% mai le pito i totonu o le mata latalata i le isu i fafo agai i le taliga mo 10 i le 15 minute faifai pea.
5. Aua ne'i sasaa le susu, vai antacids (Maalox), vineka, pa'u kulimi tao, po o le suauu kuka i ou mata. E ui i le salalau solo o tala i luga ole laiga, sasaa le susu susu e le'i mama, vai antacids manogi, po o le vineta i mata o loo i ai ni masiosiona ninii ninii e maua mai ai siama (Pseudomonas ma Staphylococcus), fungi e mafai ona faapogaia ai le mata o le siama, ma mea e mafai ona maua ai le siama. keratitis (palala o le mata).** Fa'aaoga na'o le masima mama po'o vai inu mama i totonu o mata.
6. Ta'ese ofu pito i fafo ua pisipisia e aunoa ma le tosoina o ofutino i luga o lou ulu, ma taele MALU. A e oo loa i se faleta'ele saogalemu, tipi ese mitiafu toso i luga ma seleulu (poo ofutino tatala) ina ia aua ne'i toe toso i tua le ie ua ufiufi i le pauta i ou mata ma ou mata. La'a i totonu o le ta'ele vai malulu mo le 5 minute muamua a'o le'i fa'asusu le fasimoli ipu: vai vevela po'o le vai mafanafana e matala ai pupuni o le pa'u ma toe fa'aola ai le mu malosi mai le pa'u tioata CS ma le suauu capsaicin.

Fa'ata'ita'iga o fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i ma fa'amama fa'ama'i¶

Mulimuli i lenei fa'asologa o falema'i mai le taimi na fa'aalia e ala i le fa'amama o lavalava ile fale.

flowchart TD
    A["Fa'aalia ile Kasa Loimata (CS/CN) po'o le Su'i Pepa (OC/PAVA)"] --> B["Tumau To’amalie: Manava Lemu ile isu/Ie & Gai i Luga ma Agai"]
    B --> C{"So'o se tagi tele, le mafai ona tautala i fuaiupu atoa, po'o le tiga o le fatafata?"}
    C -->|"Ioe: Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i Manava"| D["Vala'au 911 / 112 / 999 Vave, Nofo Sa'o, Fa'aaogā Mea Fa'aola (Albuterol)"]
    C -->|"Leai: Na'o le Mu o Mata ma Pa'u"| E["AUA LE MILI MATA: Aveese ma lafoa'i Vave Mata Mata"]
    E --> F["Fa'asu'e le Ulu i Itu (A'afia Mata i lalo) & Fufulu I totonu-i-Fafo tulimanu"]
    F --> G["Fa'asūsū Fa'aauau mo le 10 i le 15 Minute ile Saline Sterile po'o Na'o Vai Mama"]
    G --> H["I le Fale: Faamaufa'ailoga La'ei I fafo ile ato palasitika (Aua le Toso Ie Ofu I luga o Mata)"]
    H --> I["Fufulu Laulu ma Pa'u ile Vai MALU mo le 5 minute muamua, ona fufulu lea ile fasimoli ipu"]
    I --> J{"Pe tumau pea le tiga ogaoga o mata, faanenefu le va'ai, po'o le fulafula pe a mavae le 60 minute?"}
    J -->|"Ioe"| K["Saili Fa'anatinati Ophthalmological po'o Su'ega Potu Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i mo Su'ega Igo"]
    J -->|"Leai"| L["Malolo i totonu o le Potu fa'a'a'a ma Ta'u'ese'ese Oe i le Vai Malūlū Faalua"]

Fa'ailoaina o le vaila'au vaila'au: CS Tear Gas vs. OC Pepper Spray vs. CN Mace¶

O le malamalama po'o le fea vaila'au na e fa'aalia e fa'amatala ai le amio i lou tino ma luga ole fale. A'o fa'atupu vevesi uma e fa'atupu vevesi ma mu, o latou kemisi fa'aletino e matua'i 'ese'ese.

Why CS "Gas" is actually a microscopic solid powder¶

The most important fact to understand about CS tear gas is that it is not a true gas. At normal outdoor temperatures, CS is a white solid crystal similar to talcum powder or finely ground glass. When a tear-gas canister is fired, an internal pyrotechnic charge heats the solid CS until it vaporizes into the air; as soon as that hot vapor hits the cool outdoor air, it condenses back into a dense cloud of microscopic solid particles measuring 1 to 10 micrometers across.

Because CS is a solid powder that reacts chemically with moisture:

• Sweat and humidity activate the burn: CS crystals stick to sweaty foreheads, necks, waistbands, and wet shirts. As the crystal slowly reacts with skin moisture (hydrolysis), it releases microscopic amounts of hydrochloric acid and irritant breakdown products directly onto your nerve endings.
• Blowing dry air helps before washing: Once you walk out of a CS cloud into fresh wind, standing in a strong breeze with your arms outstretched for 3 to 5 minutes allows the wind to blow loose dry CS powder off your hair and clothes before water ever touches it.

Step-by-step eye irrigation protocol (and why street remedies cause blindness)¶

Your eyes are the most sensitive target of chemical crowd-control agents. When CS crystals or OC pepper spray droplets land on the tear film of the cornea, the trigeminal nerve triggers an immediate protective reflex called blepharospasm, your eyelids slam shut so tightly that you cannot open them by willpower alone.

How to flush your own or another person's eyes safely¶

1. Position the head tilted sideways with the affected eye LOW: Have the person lean forward or tilt their head sideways at a 45-to-90-degree angle so the eye being flushed is on the bottom. Never tilt the head straight back while pouring water over the forehead: tilting the head back washes the chemical powder off the forehead and eyebrows straight into the eyes and down into the mouth.
2. Hold the eyelids open gently with two clean fingers: Because involuntary blepharospasm clamps the eyelids shut, water poured over closed eyelids does nothing to clean the eyeball. Place your clean thumb on the upper eyebrow bone and your index finger on the lower cheekbone (never pressing directly on the eyeball itself) and gently pull the eyelids apart so the liquid stream hits the surface of the eye.
3. Pour from the INNER corner (by the bridge of the nose) to the OUTER corner: Hold a squirt bottle of sterile 0.9% normal saline eye wash or a clean bottle of drinking water 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) above the inner corner of the eye (next to the bridge of the nose). Let a steady, low-pressure stream flow across the eye and run off the outer corner by the temple onto the ground. Have the person roll their eyeball up, down, left, and right while flushing so particles trapped under the upper and lower eyelids are washed out.
4. Flush for a full 10 to 15 minutes: Do not stop after a two-second splash. Brief splashes of water on CS crystals briefly wet the powder and can make it sting more for 10 seconds before the volume of water carries the crystals away. Continuous irrigation for 10 to 15 minutes is what mechanically washes every crystal and oil droplet off the cornea.

Why you must NEVER put milk, Maalox (antacids), vinegar, or baby shampoo inside your eyes¶

During demonstrations and civil unrest, well-meaning bystanders frequently walk around carrying jugs of dairy milk, 50/50 mixtures of liquid antacid (LAW: Liquid Antacid and Water, such as Maalox or Mylanta), baking soda water, or baby shampoo to squirt into people's eyes. Ophthalmologists, poison control centers, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology warn strictly against putting any substance other than sterile saline or clean potable water into the human eye:

Fa'aleagaina o le pa'u ma lauulu: o le fa'asologa o vai malulu ma fasimoli ipu¶

O le taimi lava e pupula ai ou mata ma mau lau manava, e tatau ona e aveese le toega o vailaʻau o loʻo pipii i lou lauulu, foliga, ua, ma lavalava ae e te leʻi paʻi i meaafale, nofoa taʻavale, poʻo tagata o lou aiga i le fale.

Laasaga 1: Tatala i fafo po'o totonu ole faleta'ele ta'ele¶

• Aua e te savali i totonu o lou potu malolo kapeta pe nofo i luga o lou sofa ie e ofuina ni lavalava o loʻo faʻaalia i le kesi masaes poʻo le sua pepa. O tioata CS ma suau'u OC e fa'afeiloa'i vave lava i mea fa'apipi'i ma o le a tape ai le kesi ma mu ai so'o se tasi e nofo i luga o lena nofoa mo vaiaso.
• La'a atu i totonu o se auala e ulu atu ai le ta'avale, fale ta'avale, po'o se faleta'ele. Fa'aofu totigilima nitrile po'o latex pe a iai.
• Never pull a contaminated t-shirt, sweatshirt, or sweater up over your head. Pulling a tight collar over your face scrapes all the CS powder and pepper spray that settled on your shoulders and chest straight into your eyes, nose, and mouth. Either unbutton the garment, pull your arms inside the sleeves first to lift it away from your face, or use heavy scissors to cut the shirt straight up the front seam and peel it off backward.
• Drop all contaminated clothes, shoes, and backpacks directly into a heavy-duty plastic trash bag and tie it shut until you are ready to wash them separately.

Step 2: The 5-minute COLD water shower rule¶

When you step into the shower to wash tear gas or pepper spray off your hair and body, turn the temperature knob all the way to COLD (or cool tepid water) for the first 5 minutes:

1. Why hot showers are agony: Hot or warm water causes immediate cutaneous vasodilation (rushing blood to the skin), opens sweat glands and pores wide, and melts oily OC resin and CS crystals so they penetrate deeper into the skin, reactivating a violent wave of burning across your entire body.
2. Tu sa'o ma fa'alagolago lou ulu i tua (pe agai i luma i luga o le tapu) pe a fufulu lauulu: O lou lauulu e fai e pei o se faamama ea tele e pu'eina le tele o pefu kasa loimata i luga o le ea. A e fufulu muamua lou lauulu i le vai malulu, ** aua neʻi tafe ifo le vai mai lou ulu i luga o lou muaulu i ou mata ma lalo o lou fatafata i totonu o lou gutu ** (o le gaʻo ma le itutinosa o loʻo i ai ni mucous membrane e matuaʻi maaleale e mu tele pe a tafe ifo i lalo lou tino). Punu i luma i le puimanava ina ia tafe sa'o le vai o lauulu ile fola o le ta'ele.
3. ** Fufulu le pa'u o lo'o fa'afefeteina ile fasimoli pepa ile fasimoli ipu vai:** Ona ole suau'u ole OC ole su'u chili resin (capsaicin), o le vai mama e ta'avale sa'o mai le suāu'u i lou pa'u. A uma ona fufulu ese le pauta i le vai mālūlū mo le 5 minute, fa'amama ou foliga (tapuni lemu laumata), ua, lima, ma lima ile vai vai fufulu ipu (pei o le Dawn po'o le Fairy liquid) po'o se fa'amama mata e leai se suāu'u e fa'amumu ma si'i le suau'u capsaicin mai lou pa'u, ona fufulu lelei lea i le vai malulu.
4. Ia fa'amago i solo pepa lafoa'i nai lo le olo malosi i se ie solo ta'ele.

E fa'afefea ona puipuia lou fale mautotogi po'o lou fale pe a fa'apipi'i kesi loimata i lou auala¶

A o'o ina fa'apipi'i tagata e pulea le motu o tagata i luga o auala o le taulaga i fafo atu o fale mautotogi, e fa'atumu so'o le fogafale i lalo ma le fogafale lua i le aerosol CS fe'avea'i e ala i ta'e fa'amalama, ea malulu, ma savili faleta'ele.

How to safely launder tear-gas or pepper-spray clothing¶

Never toss a tear-gas-soaked jacket into the washing machine along with your child's clothes or your bedsheets; the chemical will transfer onto every item in the drum.

1. Wear disposable nitrile gloves when transferring clothes from the plastic bag into the washing machine.
2. Set the washing machine to COLD water only, highest water level, and an extra rinse cycle.
3. Add standard liquid laundry detergent plus 120 milliliters (one-half cup) of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), which helps alkaline-hydrolyze and neutralize CS residue during the wash.
4. Run the cold wash cycle twice before touching the clothes.
5. Hang the clothes to air-dry outdoors or on a rack rather than putting them into a hot clothes dryer after the first wash (high dryer heat can bake any remaining trace of CS or OC into synthetic fibers and vent irritating fumes into your laundry room).
6. Mo seevae pa'u, ato faafafa nailoni, matatioata, ma telefoni feaveai e le mafai ona alu i totonu o le masini tamea, solo faatolu i fafo e faaaoga ai solo pepa lafoa'i ua susu i le vai malulu ma le fasimoli ipu, tia'i solo pepa taitasi pe a uma le solo e tasi.

Fesili e fai soo¶

Punavai ua siaki¶

• Nofoaga Autu mo Fa'ama'i ma Puipuiga (CDC), * Tapenaga mo Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i ma Tali: Fa'amatalaga e uiga i Va'aiga Fa'atonu Fa'alavelave (CS, CN, ma le OC) ma Ta'iala Fa'afoega Fa'afoma'i* (United States)
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Library of Medicine, Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER): Tear Gas and Oleoresin Capsicum Decontamination Protocols (United States)
• United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), CS Spray and Riot Control Agents: Toxicological Overview, Incident Management, and Decontamination Guidance (United Kingdom)
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), Eye Safety and First Aid Guidelines for Chemical Exposure, Tear Gas, and Pepper Spray (United States)
• Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and World Health Organization (WHO), Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Riot Control Agents (International)

Taiala fa'atatau¶

• Fa'alavelave fa'aletagata
• Manu'a mata
• Asma oso
• Tugā mu ma fufulu vaila'au