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Ole Mushroom Vao ma La'au Oona Fesoasoani Muamua ma Tofotofoga oona

Emergency numbers differ by country. O lenei itulau e fa'aaoga ai le 911, le numera mo le Iunaite Setete ma Kanata. E tele isi atunuu e faʻaaoga le 112, 999, poʻo se isi numera. Su'e le numera mo lou atunuu.

Eating an unidentified wild mushroom from a forest or backyard lawn, mistaking toxic wild hemlock or foxglove for an edible garden herb, or discovering that a toddler has chewed on a household ornamental plant creates an urgent toxicological emergency. While many backyard mushrooms and houseplants cause only brief oral stinging or mild stomach upset, lethal species: most notably amatoxin-containing Amanita mushrooms ("Death Caps" and "Destroying Angels"), water hemlock, poison hemlock, oleander, yew, and monkshood (aconite): can cause fulminant liver failure, refractory seizures, or fatal cardiac arrhythmias.

This guide provides step-by-step emergency procedures aligned with clinical protocols from the World Health Organization (WHO), America's Poison Centers (United States), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the North American Mycological Association (NAMA), and the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS). Understanding the 6-hour mushroom symptom latency rule, preserving intact botanical or fungal specimens in a paper bag, and contacting Poison Control or emergency services immediately saves lives.

Fai nei loa

If you or someone nearby (especially a child) has swallowed, chewed, or cooked with a wild mushroom or a potentially poisonous plant, berry, bulb, or root:

  1. Sweep the mouth clean and rinse with water (do not swallow): Immediately use a clean finger or damp cloth to gently wipe any remaining mushroom bits, leaves, berries, or seeds out of the person's mouth. Have them rinse their mouth with water and spit it out. If they chewed a plant that causes immediate burning and drooling (such as Dumb Cane / Dieffenbachia or Philodendron), let them sip cool water or milk or suck on a popsicle to soothe the oral mucosa.
  2. Call Emergency Services or Poison Control immediately:
  3. Call your local emergency number immediately (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom via our numera fa'afuase'i directory) if the person has difficulty breathing, throat swelling, confusion, hallucinations, muscle twitching, faoa faamalosi, slow or irregular heartbeat, fainting, or if vomiting/diarrhea begins more than 6 hours after eating wild mushrooms.
  4. Call Poison Control immediately (in the United States, call 1-800-222-1222; in the United Kingdom, call NHS 111) if the person currently has no symptoms or only mild oral discomfort, even if a toddler only licked or bit a single mushroom cap in the yard.
  5. NEVER induce vomiting at home: Do not put fingers down the throat, do not give salt water or mustard water, and never use syrup of ipecac. Inducing vomiting does not reliably remove mushroom toxins and can cause fatal aspiration pneumonia if neurotoxins trigger a sudden seizure or drowsiness.
  6. Collect whole, intact mushrooms (dug up from the base) in a PAPER bag: Do not throw the remaining mushrooms or plants in the trash, and do not seal fresh mushrooms in an airtight plastic bag (where trapped moisture turns them into unidentifiable slime within hours). Use a knife or trowel to carefully dig up the entire mushroom including the underground cup/bulb (volva) at the base of the stem, wrap it in wax paper or a dry paper towel, and place it inside a brown paper bag.
  7. Take high-resolution smartphone photographs from multiple angles: Before going to the hospital, take clear, well-lit close-up photos of the mushroom or plant: (a) the habitat where it was growing (on soil, lawn, or dead wood), (b) the top of the cap, © the underside of the cap showing the gills, pores, or ring/skirt on the stem, and (d) the intact underground base. Poison centers can text or email these photos directly to an on-call professional mycologist or botanist for rapid species identification.
  8. Check everyone else who shared the meal: If wild mushrooms or foraged greens were cooked into a family soup, pasta, or stir-fry, every single person who ate that dish must be evaluated at the hospital, even if some family members feel completely fine right now.

The 6-Hour Mushroom Rule and the deceptive 'Fake Recovery' phase

In mycetismus (mushroom poisoning), how many hours pass before stomach symptoms start is the single most important clue to whether the mushroom is deadly. Mushrooms that cause nausea and vomiting quickly (within 30 minutes to 3 hours of eating) are usually non-lethal gastrointestinal irritants. Conversely, mushrooms that cause no symptoms at all for 6 to 24 hours before triggering violent, cholera-like watery diarrhea and vomiting are almost always lethal amatoxin or gyromitrin species (Amanita phalloides, Amanita bisporigera, Galerina marginata). Even worse, after 24 hours of vomiting, amatoxin victims experience a 24-to-48-hour "Fake Recovery" (honeymoon phase) where their stomach feels completely better while their liver and kidneys are silently dissolving. Never stay home or leave the hospital during this false recovery window.

Emergency triage and mycological decision flowchart

flowchart TD
    Start["Wild Mushroom or Toxic Plant Ingestion"] --> Airway{"Are there seizures, confusion, slow/irregular pulse, or breathing trouble?"}

    Airway -->|Yes: Immediate Life Threat| Call911["CALL 911 / 112 / 999 IMMEDIATELY<br/>Wipe mouth clean; give nothing by mouth<br/>Position on side (recovery position); prepare for CPR"]

    Airway -->|No: Alert with stable core clinical signs| Type{"Was a Wild Mushroom or a Green Plant/Berry ingested?"}

    Call911 --> Type

    Type -->|Wild Mushroom Ingested| Latency{"How long after eating the mushroom did vomiting/diarrhea start?"}

    Latency -->|Asymptomatic right now (Just eaten)| PoisonCall["Wipe mouth; collect whole mushroom (with underground base) in PAPER bag<br/>Take photos of cap, gills, stem, and base<br/>Call Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 in US) or go to ED for Activated Charcoal"]

    Latency -->|Early Onset: Symptoms started < 6 hours after eating<br/>(Usually 30 min to 3 hours)| EarlyMush["Likely GI Irritant, Muscarine, or Neuro-Hallucinogenic Mushroom<br/>Go to Emergency Department for IV fluids and symptom care<br/>WARNING: Ask if multiple mushroom species were mixed in the same meal"]

    Latency -->|Delayed Onset: Symptoms started > 6 hours after eating<br/>(6 to 24 hours, or days later for Cortinarius)| LateMush["CRITICAL EMERGENCY: Suspected Amatoxin / Gyromitrin / Orellanine<br/>Go to Hospital Emergency Department IMMEDIATELY<br/>Requires aggressive IV hydration, Multidose Activated Charcoal,<br/>IV N-Acetylcysteine / Silibinin, and Liver Transplant Center alert"]

    Type -->|Plant, Leaf, Berry, Bulb, or Root Ingested| PlantType{"What symptoms or plant species are involved?"}

    PlantType -->|Immediate mouth burning & drooling after chewing houseplant<br/>(Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, Peace Lily, Pothos)| Oxalate["Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Crystal Irritation<br/>Wipe mouth; give cool milk, water, or popsicle<br/>Call Poison Control; monitor for rare airway swelling"]

    PlantType -->|Foxglove, Oleander, Lily of the Valley, Yew, Monkshood,<br/>Hemlock, Jimsonweed, Castor Bean, or Deadly Nightshade| LethalPlant["HIGH-RISK SYSTEMIC PLANT TOXIN<br/>Go to Hospital Emergency Department Immediately<br/>Requires continuous ECG monitoring, Activated Charcoal,<br/>and specific antidotes (Digoxin Fab, Physostigmine, Benzodiazepines)"]

Part 1: Wild Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus) and the 8 Clinical Syndromes

Of the more than 10,000 known species of macrofungi worldwide, fewer than 100 are clinically poisonous to humans, and roughly a dozen species cause over 95 percent of all fatal mushroom poisonings. However, not a single folk rule or old wives' tale can distinguish a safe mushroom from a deadly one.

Debunking dangerous mushroom folk myths

  • Myth 1: "Boiling, cooking, drying, or freezing neutralizes mushroom toxins.": FALSE. Amatoxins (the lethal cyclic octapeptides in Death Cap and Destroying Angel mushrooms) are 100 percent heat-stable, freeze-stable, and acid-resistant. Boiling, frying, baking, dehydrating, or digesting in stomach acid does not reduce their lethality at all.
  • Myth 2: "Deadly mushrooms taste bitter, acrid, or foul, or tarnish a silver spoon in the cooking pot.": FALSE. Survivors of Amanita phalloides (Death Cap) poisoning universally report that the mushrooms smelled pleasant and tasted delicious, and they never tarnish silver or turn garlic or onions black.
  • Myth 3: "If squirrels, deer, rabbits, or slugs eat a mushroom, it is safe for humans.": FALSE. Slugs, insects, and many woodland mammals have different hepatic metabolism and routinely feed on Amanita phalloides without harm.
  • Myth 4: "Poisonous mushrooms have bright colors or caps that do not peel easily.": FALSE. The Destroying Angel (Amanita bisporigera / Amanita virosa) is pure, innocent snow-white, while the Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) has a plain greenish-olive or yellowish-tan cap that peels easily and frequently tricks experienced immigrants into thinking it is an edible Asian Paddy Straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) or button mushroom (Agaricus).
  • Myth 5: "A smartphone mushroom-identification app said it was 98% edible.": FALSE. Poison centers worldwide report a surge in severe poisonings caused by foragers trusting AI photo apps, which routinely fail to see the buried underground volva or spore print colors that separate an edible meadow mushroom from a lethal Amanita.

Master table of mushroom poisoning syndromes by symptom onset

Clinicians divide mushroom poisonings into Delayed-Onset Syndromes (> 6 hours, high mortality and organ failure) and Early-Onset Syndromes (< 6 hours, rarely fatal with supportive care).

Syndrome & Toxin Representative Mushroom Species Symptom Onset Latency Primary Target Organ & Clinical Presentation Hospital Antidote & Definitive Care
1. Cyclopeptide / Amatoxin (Alpha-amanitin: inhibits RNA Polymerase II; causes 90% of mushroom deaths) Amanita phalloides (Death Cap), Amanita bisporigera / virosa / verna (Destroying Angels), Galerina marginata, Lepiota brunneoincarnata. 6 to 24 hours (typically 10 to 12 hours). Liver & Kidneys: 4 clinical stages: (1) 6 to 24h silent latency; (2) 24h violent cholera-like diarrhea/vomiting; (3) 24 to 48h "Fake Recovery" while AST/ALT skyrocket; (4) Days 3 to 7 fulminant hepatic failure, coagulopathy, hepatic coma, renal failure. Aggressive IV fluids, Multidose Activated Charcoal (interrupts enterohepatic circulation), IV Silibinin (Legalon SIL), IV N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), high-dose IV Penicillin G, biliary drainage, and urgent Liver Transplant assessment.
2. Gyromitrin / Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) (Depletes pyridoxine / Vitamin B6 & GABA) Gyromitra esculenta (False Morel / Beefsteak Mushroom: mistaken for true honeycomb morels Morchella). 5 to 12 hours (can also occur from inhaling steam while cooking). Brain (CNS), Liver & Red Blood Cells: Bloating, severe vomiting, watery diarrhea, headache, dizziness, progressing to refractory GABA-depletion seizures, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and hepatorenal injury. Intravenous Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6, 25 mg/kg up to 70 mg/kg IV) is the specific antidote to restore brain GABA synthesis and stop seizures, plus IV benzodiazepines.
3. Orellanine (Bipyridyl nephrotoxin) Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius rubellus (Deadly Webcaps). 2 to 21 DAYS (Extremely delayed onset). Kidneys (Renal Tubules): Intense burning thirst (polydipsia), flank/lumbar pain, chills, headache, and frequent urination, progressing to oliguria and acute or chronic end-stage renal failure. Supportive nephrology care, antioxidant therapy, hemodialysis, and kidney transplantation (no specific antidote once bound to renal tubules).
4. Allenic Norleucine (Nephrotoxic amino acid) Amanita smithiana (Pacific Northwest: mistaken for Pine Mushroom / Matsutake) and Amanita proxima. 30 minutes to 12 hours for GI; 2 to 6 days for renal failure. Kidneys: Early severe vomiting and diarrhea (often earlier than amatoxin), followed 2 to 6 days later by acute tubular necrosis (ATN) with normal liver function. Early IV hydration and temporary hemodialysis (unlike Cortinarius, kidney function in Amanita smithiana usually recovers completely within weeks).
5. Muscarine (Cholinergic Syndrome) Inocybe (Fiber Caps) and Clitocybe dealbata (Sweating Mushroom: grows on lawns). (Note: Despite its name, Amanita muscaria contains almost NO muscarine). 15 minutes to 2 hours (Rapid onset). Parasympathetic Nervous System ("SLUDGE" / DUMBBELS): Profuse Salivation, Lacrimation (tearing), Urination, Diarrhea, GI cramps, Emesis, drenching Sweating, pinpoint pupils (miosis), wheezing, and bradycardia. IV fluids and Intravenous Atropine (titrated until bronchial secretions dry up and bradycardia resolves). Symptoms resolve within 6 to 24 hours.
6. Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol (Glutamate/GABA receptor agonists) Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric: bright red cap with white warts) and Amanita pantherina (Panther Cap). 30 minutes to 2 hours (Rapid onset). Central Nervous System: Dizziness, ataxia (drunken gait), visual distortions, delirium, euphoria or agitation, alternating myoclonic muscle jerks/seizures and deep coma-like sleep lasting 8 to 24 hours. Quiet, dark room; IV Benzodiazepines (lorazepam/diazepam) for agitation or seizures; airway support. Never give atropine (worsens delirium).
7. Coprine (Disulfiram / Antabuse-Like Reaction) Coprinopsis atramentaria (Inky Cap: edible alone, toxic if alcohol is consumed within 72 hours). 15 minutes to 2 hours AFTER drinking alcohol (up to 3 days after eating the mushroom). Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibition: Intense fiery red facial and neck flushing, throbbing headache, metallic taste, racing heart, chest pain, sweating, hypotension, and violent vomiting. Strict alcohol avoidance for 5 days, IV normal saline for hypotension, and antiemetics (ondansetron).
8. Mata'utia Gastrointestinal Irritant Chlorophyllum molybdites (Green-Spored Parasol: #1 mafua'aga o le US mushroom poisonings), Omphalotus (Jack-O'-Lantern), Boletus ituaiga. 30 minute i le 3 itula (Amata vave). GI Tract Only: Nausea, pua'i, manava manava, ma le manava tele o le vai po'o le toto; e fofo i totonu ole 24 i le 48 itula e aunoa ma le fa'aleagaina ole ate po'o fatuga'o. O le tautala poo le IV sua ma le eletise e sui ai ma vailaau fa'ama'i. (E tatau lava ona mataituina le 48h liver enzymes pe afai e fefiloi ituaiga vao e aina).

Maulu loloto i Laasaga e 4 o Amatoxin (Amanita phalloides) Oona.

Ona o le 90 pasene o manu'a uma o mushroom i le lalolagi atoa e mafua mai i le alpha-amanitin i le Amanita phalloides (Death Cap), Amanita bisporigera/virosa (Destroying Angel), ma le Galerina marginata, e taua tele le malamalama i ona tulaga fa'a'ole'ole fa'afoma'i:

  • Vaega 1: Le Vaitaimi Fa'alogo Filemu (6 i le 24 itula pe a uma ona 'ai): Mo le 6 i le 12 itula muamua pe a uma ona 'ai le mea'ai, e lagona e le tagata 100 pasene masani. I le taimi o lenei faamalama leoa, o le amatoxins e mitiia mai le gutu, ulu atu i le ate hepatocytes e ala i le OATP1B3 felauaiga, ma e le mafai ona toe faʻaogaina i le RNA Polymerase II, faʻagata uma le RNA transcription ma le protein synthesis i le ate.
  • Stage 2: The Violent Gastroenteritis Phase (12 to 36 hours after ingestion): Suddenly, the patient develops severe abdominal cramps, relentless projectile vomiting, and profuse, watery, cholera-like diarrhea (sometimes containing blood and mucus), causing severe dehydration, hypovolemic shock, low potassium, and metabolic acidosis.
  • Stage 3: The Deceptive "Fake Recovery" / Honeymoon Phase (24 to 72 hours after ingestion): Around Day 2 or Day 3, the vomiting and diarrhea subside, and the patient feels dramatically better. Uninformed patients (and occasionally clinicians who do not check blood liver enzymes) mistakenly assume they just had a 24-hour stomach bug and go home. Inside the body, however, massive hepatocyte necrosis is underway, and serum liver transaminases (AST and ALT) are climbing into the thousands.
  • Stage 4: Fulminant Hepatorenal Failure (Days 3 to 7 after ingestion): Jaundice (yellow eyes and skin), profound hypoglycemia (because the dead liver can no longer release glucose), severe coagulopathy and spontaneous bleeding (INR skyrocketing because clotting factors are no longer made), hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral edema, coma, acute kidney failure, and death unless an emergency liver transplant or early intensive antidotal therapy succeeds.

Why Multidose Activated Charcoal saves lives in Amatoxin poisoning

Even if a patient with Amanita phalloides poisoning arrives at the hospital 12 to 36 hours after eating the mushrooms, emergency physicians still administer Multidose Activated Charcoal (MDAC) every 2 to 4 hours via mouth or nasogastric tube. Why? Because up to 60 percent of absorbed amatoxin is excreted by the liver into the bile, dumped back into the upper small intestine, and reabsorbed into the bloodstream over and over again (enterohepatic circulation). Keeping a continuous stream of activated charcoal moving through the intestines binds the bile-excreted amatoxin in the gut lumen and carries it harmlessly out in the stool.

How to properly collect and photograph a mushroom or plant for identification

When you call Poison Control or arrive at the emergency department, the medical toxicologist or consulting mycologist needs to identify the specimen down to the genus and species. Follow these four preservation rules:

  1. Dig up the ENTIRE mushroom: never just snap off the cap: The most critical anatomical feature separating deadly Amanita mushrooms from safe edible lookalikes is the sac-like cup or swollen bulb (volva) buried 2 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) underground at the very base of the stem. Use a butter knife, spoon, or garden trowel to dig beneath the mushroom and lift the entire structure intact.
  2. Collect multiple life stages if growing in a group: If there are both young "button" mushrooms and mature opened mushrooms growing together, dig up one or two of each stage.
  3. Always use a PAPER bag or wax paper: NEVER a plastic bag: Fresh mushrooms are 90 percent water and continue respiring after being picked. Sealing a mushroom inside a Ziploc plastic bag or plastic food container traps moisture and heat, causing bacterial liquefaction that turns the specimen into an unrecognizable brown mush before it reaches the lab. Place each mushroom in a dry brown paper lunch bag or wrap it loosely in wax paper or dry paper towels.
  4. Save any unwashed trimmings, cooking pot scraps, or vomit: If no whole mushrooms remain, use a clean spoon and a leak-proof specimen cup to save any mushroom fragments strained from the soup pot, trimmings from the garbage can, or even emesis (vomit): laboratory mycologists can identify microscopic mushroom spores under a microscope even after cooking or digestion.

Part 2: Deadly and Common Household/Wild Plant Poisonings

Plant exposures fall into two distinct groups: common household ornamental plants (frequently chewed by toddlers and pets, causing painful immediate mouth irritation but rarely systemic poisoning) and systemic cardiotoxic or neurotoxic plants (which can kill an adult or child within hours).

Master comparison of toxic plants by clinical toxidrome

Toxic Plant Species Toxic Chemical Compound Primary Toxidrome & Mechanism Key Clinical Symptoms Emergency First Aid & Hospital Antidote
Houseplants: Dumb Cane (Dieffenbachia), Philodendron, Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum), Pothos, Elephant Ear (Caladium), Calla Lily Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Raphides (Microscopic needle-shaped crystal bundles packed in ejector cells). Immediate Mechanical Mucosal Injury: Chewing a leaf triggers spring-loaded cells (idioblasts) that fire thousands of microscopic calcium oxalate needles into the tongue and lips. Instant burning pain in the mouth and tongue (prevents child from swallowing more than one bite), profuse drooling, lip/tongue swelling, crying, and rare throat edema. Wipe mouth clean; give cold milk, ice water, or a popsicle (calcium and cold soothe the tissue). Call Poison Control; go to ED only if drooling persists, child cannot swallow, or stridor develops.
Cardiotoxic Plants: Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), Oleander (Nerium oleander & Yellow Oleander), Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis), Squill Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin, digitoxin, oleandrin: inhibit cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase pump). Digitalis-Like Cardiotoxicity: Increases intracellular calcium and vagal tone while causing dangerous extracellular potassium spikes. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, yellow-green visual halos (xanthopsia), confusion, severe bradycardia, heart block (AV block), ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, and lethal hyperkalemia. Valaau 911 / 112 / 999 vave. Tu'u le Siala Fa'agaoioi pe a vave. Fa'ato'aga mautinoa: Digoxin Immune Fab (Digibind / DigiFab) antibodies. (Aua le avatua le IV calcium mo le hyperkalemia i le loto oona glycoside).
Sodium-Channel Openers: Monkshood / Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus), Rhododendron, Azalea, Mountain Laurel (Kalmia) Aconitine (i le Monkshood: mata'utia tele) ma Grayanotoxins (i le Azalea, Rhododendron, ma le "Mad Honey"). Fa'agaoioiga Fa'agaoioiga Fa'alava ole Sodium: Fa'amalosi alavai sodium e fa'agata-volta e matala ile myocytes fatu ma neura vagal. ** Fa'afuase'i ona mu/tigi o laugutu ma laulaufaiva** ua sosolo i luga o le tino, pua'i malosi, toto maualuga, bradycardia, ma refractory bidirectional ventricular tachycardia / Torsades de Pointes i totonu ole 1 i le 2 itula. Valaau 911 / 112 / 999 vave. Aconite e vave ona oti: mana'omia vave ICU antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, flecainide, lidocaine), atropine, ma extracorporeal lagolago ola (VA-ECMO) pe a tupu le fatu.
Taxine Cardiotoxins: Igilisi, Iapani, ma Pacific Yew (Taxus baccata, Taxus cuspidata) Taxine A ma le Taxine B alkaloids (o lo'o fa'atumauina i nila, pa'u, ma lamu fatu i totonu i totonu o le ipu vine mumu). Sodium & Calcium Channel Blockade: Fa'asa'o sa'o le fa'aosoina o le myocardial (fa'atele le lavelave QRS ma poloka ala o le calcium L-ituaiga). (Manatua: O le foloina o le aano mumu vaivai [aril] faataamilo i le fatu e le afaina, seivagana ua lamu le fatu malo i totonu). O fatu lamu po o nila e mafua ai le niniva, faoa, tele-complex bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ma le taofia o le fatu. Valaau 911 / 112 / 999 vave. Fa'atonu le Siala Fa'agaoioia, Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate (e fa'ato'ilalo ai le poloka o le ala sodium), IV lipid emulsion, po'o le ECMO.
** Fa'a'a'ai ma Su'e: Vai Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) vs. Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)** Cicutoxin (i le Water Hemlock) vs. Coniine (i le Poison Hemlock: e masani ona fa'aseseina mo karoti vao / Queen Anne's Lace po'o le parsnip vao). Cicutoxin: Malosi CNS GABA-O se tali fa'afeagai.
Coniine: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blocker (pei o curare).		 Water Hemlock: Su'i mataga ma epilepticus tulaga papa i totonu ole 15 i le 60 minute.
** Poison Hemlock**: E vave tetete ma fa'afefeteina ona soso'o ai lea ma le a'i alu a'e ma muso manava manava (ma le malamalama manino).		 Valaau 911 / 112 / 999 vave. Water Hemlock: Vave maualuga fua IV Benzodiazepines / Propofol ma intubation.
Oona Hemlock: Fa'amataina ** fa'aulu i totonu o le endotracheal ma fa'avevela fa'ainisinia** se'ia o'o ina mama le coniine.
** La'au Anticholinergic: Jimsonweed (* Datura stramonium ), Pu a Agelu ( Brugmansia ), Nightshade Mata'utia ( Atropa belladonna *), Henbane ** Belladonna Tropane Alkaloids (Atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine). Antimuscarinic Syndrome: poloka poloka acetylcholine acetylcholine totonugalemu ma pito pito. "E tauaso e pei o se pe'a, e valea e pei o le i'a, mumu e pei o le beet, vevela e pei o le lapiti, mago e pei o le ivi, tumu e pei o se fagu, vave pei o se faaili": Uge pupils dilated (mydriasis), ponaivi-mamago pa'u/gutu, fushed hot feverish pa'u, **florid visual hallucinations/deliriumible (picking), inchicardivivisible. Alu i le Matagaluega o Faalavelave Tutupu Faafuasei. Fa'amalo malūlū, potu filemu, IV Benzodiazepines mo le fa'avevesi, fa'amama fa'amama, ma le ** Intravenous Physostigmine** (fa'agata fa'alavelave fa'alavelave fa'alavelave).
Ribosome-Inactivating Toxalbumins: Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) & Rosary Pea / Jequirity Bean (Abrus precatorius) Ricin (i le Castor Beans) ma Abrin (i le mūmū sesega ma le uliuli Rosary Peas fa'aaoga i asoa/taulima turisi). E le mafai ona toe fa'afo'isia 60S Ribosomal Inactivation: Fa'agata le fa'aogaina o porotini feavea'i, fa'atupu ai le gasu tuga o capillary ma necrosis multiorgan. (Manatua: O le foloina o le fa'amama, e le'i lauina le peleue fatu maaa e masani ona pasi atu ma le le afaina i le nofoa). O le lamuina o le fatu ua nutimomoia e mafua ai le tuai (4 i le 24h) tigaina o le pua'i toto/tatā, te'i o le hypovolemic, faaletonu o le ate/ fatuga'o, ma le oti. Alu loa ile Matagaluega o Faalavelave Tutupu Faafuasei. Tu'u le Siala Fa'agaoioi po'o le Fa'ainu Fa'ato'aga (polyethylene glycol) mo fatu fa'ato'a, fa'atasi ai ma le fa'aolaina o le sua o le ICU.

Le mata'utia "Wild Carrot / Wild Parsnip" mailei su'e: Hemlock

O tautotogo uma ma le tau mafanafana, e oona ai le au fai togalaau ma le au fai mea'ai poto masani ina ua sese le Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) po o le Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) mo tagata vao o le Apiaceae (carrot/pasili), e pei o le **Queen Anne's Lace, **wild parsley, **wild parsley, **wild parsley, **wild parsley. anise/fennel.

  • E fa'afefea ona iloa Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum): E ui o le Queen Anne's Lace e mafai ona 'aina e i ai le lanumeamata lanumeamata ("o le Masiofo e fulufulua vae"), o le Poison Hemlock e i ai lona ** lamolemole, leai ni fulufulu o'oo lanu meamata e ufiufi i filo lanu violē-mūmū uiga ese po'o ni ila**, e 6 mita le manogi o le isumu ma e 3 mita pe a tupu a'e. vae) maualuga.
  • Aisea ua avea ai le Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) ma laau e sili ona mata'utia i Amerika i Matu: O le ola i luga o auvai, taufusi, ma alavai susu, o le Water Hemlock e iai ona a'a faalafua ua tumu i vai samasama, suau'u ua tumu i le cicutoxin. O le utia e tasi o le a'a Water Hemlock ua fa'aseseina o le parsnip vao e mafua ai le faoa faamalosi tele (status epilepticus) i totonu o le 15 i le 60 minute, e vave tele ai le rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acidosis, cerebral hypoxia, ma le oti se'i vagana ua fa'atonuina le ea a le falema'i ma le benzodiapine.

Fesili e fai soo

O la'u tama e 2-tausaga le matua na pikiina se tamai pulou enaena mai le matou mutia tuafale ma 'ai. E foliga lelei atoatoa i le taimi nei: e mafai ona ou matamata i latou i le fale?

Valaau le Pulea oona (1-800-222-1222 i le Iunaite Setete) a'o le'i filifili e nofo i le fale, ma eli le vaega o totoe o lena pulou (ma soo se mea e lata ane) i totonu o se taga pepa ina ia mafai ai ona e tusia ata manino o le pulou, gills, ma lalo o le 'a'a'a'a i lalo i le tagata poto oona. E ui o le tele o tama'i mushroom enaena enaena ("LBMs" e pei o *Panaeolus foenisecii*) e mafua ai ni ma'i laititi pe leai, ae o ituaiga mata'utia e iai le amatoxin (*Galerina marginata*, *Lepiota*, ma le *Amanita* o lo'o ola i tafatafa o la'au o le fanua) e tupu fo'i i totonu o iata ma mafua ai le ZERO fa'ailoga mo le 6 i le 24 itula muamua. Ole Pulea ole Oona ole a fa'amaonia pe o le mushroom ose ituaiga mutia e le afaina pe mana'omia se malaga vave i le matagaluega o fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i mo se tui e tasi o malala ola.

Aisea e tatau ai ona tuu ni pulou vao fou i totonu o se taga pepa lanu enaena nai lo se taga Ziploc palasitika pe a aumai i le falemai?

O pulou fou e maualuga tele le vai ma enzymes malosi. A fa'amauina i totonu o se taga palasitika malu, e vave ona fa'atupu le fa'a'ele'ele ma fa'ateleina siama i luga o le mushroom, liliu le pulou, gills, ma le 'a'a e avea ma mush pala, pala i totonu o ni nai itula. O se taga pepa lanu enaena mānava po o se afifi pepa solo e mafai ai ona alu ese le susū ina ia tumau pea le fuifui, mama, ma le fa'avae mo le fa'amaonia sa'o o le mycological ile falema'i.

Na lamu e la'u tama le laulaau o le matou fale Philodendron / Dumb Cane (Dieffenbachia) ma amata loa ona tagi ma liligi. Pe e lamatia ai le ola o lenei mea?

I le tele o tulaga, leai. *Dieffenbachia*, *Philodendron*, *Pothos*, ma le *Peace Lily* o laulaau o loo i ai fusi ninii o tioata oxalate calcium e le mafai ona solusena (*raphides*). O le taimi lava e utia ai e se tamaititi po o se fagafao le lau, o na nila niniiti e tafana i totonu o laugutu ma laulaufaiva maaleale, ma mafua ai le tiga matuitui ma tafe. Ona e tiga i le lamu muamua lava, e toetoe lava o taimi uma e feanu vave ai tamaiti e aunoa ma le foloina o se aofaiga tele. Aveese le gutu i se ie susu, ofo atu le susu malulu, vai, poʻo se popsicle e faʻafilemu ai le mu, ma valaʻau Poison Control; alu i le potu fa'afuase'i pe a fula laugutu/ laulaufaiva, faigata ona foloina faua, po'o le manava pisapisao.

O le a le mea e tupu pe a folo e se tamaititi se tasi o vine mumu sesega mai le vao (Taxus) i totonu o le fanua?

E fa'alagolago atoa i le foloina atoa e le tamaititi o le vine pe lamu le fatu malo i totonu. O le ipu mumu vaivai ma suamalie (aril) o lo'o si'osi'omia ai le yew berry e na'o le pau lea o le vaega ole la'au yew e LE'O iai lethal taxine cardiotoxins. E le gata i lea, afai e foloina e se tamaititi le fatu malo i totonu ma atoatoa e aunoa ma le lamuina, e masani lava ona ui atu le peleue maaa i totonu o le vaega o mea'ai e aunoa ma le motusia. Ae peita'i, afai e lamu ma tu'imomomo e le tamaititi le fatu i totonu (pe lamu i nila lanumeamata po'o le pa'u), o le alkaloids o le taxine mata'utia e mitiia ma e mafai ona mafua ai le faaletonu o le fatu. Fa'afeso'ota'i i taimi uma le Pulea oona pe a uma ona 'ai le yew berry.

O lenei taʻiala e mo faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga ma e le suitulaga i suʻesuʻega faafomaʻi faʻapitoa poʻo aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa. Talu ai ona o le ogaoga o le oona o laau ma mushroom e mafai ona faoa faamalosi po o le pu'eina o le fatu, matou te fautuaina le faia o se fesoasoani muamua ma le CPR ua faamaonia e ala i le International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), lau sosaiete a le Koluse Mumu a le atunuu, St John Ambulance, po o se tagata e tuuina atu aoaoga i le lotoifale.

Punavai ua siaki

  • Nofoaga Autu oona a Amerika & Asosi a Amerika o Nofoaga Fa'a'ona oona (AAPCC, Iunaite Setete): Ta'iala Fa'ata'ita'i Fa'ata'ita'i Fa'ata'ita'i mo le Ingestions Mushroom Le Malamalama ma Fa'aaliga La'au Fale.
  • North American Mycological Association (NAMA, United States & Canada): * Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes: Amatoxin, Gyromitrin, Orellanine, Muscarine, ma Gastrointestinal Irritants*.
  • Fa'alapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi (WHO): Poloaina Fa'afoma'i ole O'ona Tu'i e La'au ma Sigi.
  • Nofoaga Autu mo le Puipuia ma le Puipuia o Fa'ama'i (CDC, Iunaite Setete): * Lipoti Faalevaiaso o le Maliu ma le Maliu Mai Ai (MMWR): Amanita phalloides Mushroom Poisonings and Clinical Treatment Protocols*.
  • National Poisons Information Service (NPIS, United Kingdom) & NHS: TOXBASE Clinical Management of Fungi (Amatoxins) and Cardiotoxic Plants (Digitalis, Taxus, Aconitum).

Taiala fa'atatau