Tulaga Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i pe a le mafai ona fulumulu faleuila: lua-paketi sawdust urina-diversion system, ato ma'amea mamafa, ma le fa'asusu o le lime pathogen kill.¶

Pe a malepe e se mafui'e le alavai a le malo, o le afā afā e lofia ai nofoaga e si'i ai le taulaga, o le faaumiumi o le malulu o le taumalulu e pa ai paipa i totonu, po o le pe o le eletise i aso e tele e tapunia ai le mamafa o le vai, faletaele o fale e le mafai ona faʻaaogaina i totonu o itula. Fa'aauau le fa'aogaina o se faleuila masani e ala i le sasa'aina o vai inu i totonu o le pesini, pe sili atu le leaga, fa'apipi'i se pakete e tasi ma se taga lapisi manifinifi umukuka ma fa'afefiloi fa'atasi le mimi ma fe'au, e tupu ai se fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i biohazard i totonu o lou avanoa. O le fefiloi o le mimi ma fei o tagata e vave ona pala mai siama anaerobic, faamatuu atu ai le manogi malosi o le ammonia ma le hydrogen sulfide a'o fa'atupuina fa'ama'i fa'ama'i fa'ama'i maualuga (fecal-oral pathogens).Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella typhi, enterotoxigenic E. coli, rotavirus, norovirus, ma Ascaris helminth fuamoa) e mafai ona le mafaia se aiga ona o le tele o le faʻamaʻaina pe a le mafai ona oʻo atu i falemaʻi. Afai e maua e se tasi i totonu o lou fale le manava manava tele, fe'a'ai toto, vaivai, po'o ni fa'ailoga o le tu'ina tele o le fa'amama toto i le taimi o se fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i, vala'au lau numera fa'afuase'i (911 i le Iunaite Setete ma Kanata, 112 i Europa atoa, 999 i Peretania) fa'aaoga la matou numera fa'afuase'i directory, ma fa'afeso'ota'i lenei ta'iala ma la tatou fale mautotogi lua-paketi faleuila ma ta'iala ta'i ta'i, fa'aaliga saogalemu ile vai ma fa'apuna, ma fa'amama otaota i le fogafale i lalo po'o le fa'amamaina o tapu taiala.

Fa'ainisinia se faleta'ele saogalemu, leai se manogi fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i e mana'omia le usita'ia o se tasi o tulafono fa'aola fa'aola o lo'o a'oa'oina e le World Health Organization (WHO), le Sphere Humanitarian Standards, ma lala sooupu mo faalavelave tau soifua maloloina lautele (CDC, FEMA, Oregon RDNA / PHLUSH): 'aua lava ne'i fa'afefiloi le mimi vai ma fe'ai malo. O le mimi e 90% o otaota a le tagata i le voluma, e tele lava e fa'amama pe a alu i fafo, ma maualuga i le nitrogen ma le urea; feces e na o le 10% i le voluma, mauoa i le kaponi, ma feaveai toetoe lava 100% o pathogens enteric. E ala i le tuueseeseina o le mimi vai mai le nofoa malo i luga o le Twin-Bucket Urine-Diversion System, fa'apipi'i le pakete malo ma fa'ama'i tui 2.5-i-3.0-mil (63-to-76-micron) taga fa'akonekarate/fa'ama'a*, ufiufi uma fe'ai i mea mamago ufi kaponi (30:1 C:N ratio sawdust mago kiln, coco coir, po'o le sphagnum peat moss), ma fa'aaoga Type S Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide, \(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) e siitia ai le fecal matrix alkalinity i luga a'e \(\text{pH } 12.0\) mo le 2+ itula i taimi o fa'ama'i po'o tulaga tau mafanafana, e te aveesea le manogi leaga ma fa'ate'aina viral ma siama siama i le puna.

Fai nei loa¶

1. Su'esu'e A'O LE'I fufula: Fa'amautinoa pe o sa'o pe motu le laina alavai a le taulaga a'o le'i sasaa se pakete e tasi o le vai efuefu i lalo o lau faleuila. Afai o lau paipa vai e mago ona o le motusia o le eletise i le lotoifale po o se paipa sapalai aisa, ma e le'i i ai leai se mafuie, leai se lolo, ma e leai se paipa a le malo e mafai ona lapataia pea oe i lalo o le eleele. “Fulu pakete” e ala i le sasaa 6 i le 8 lita (1.5 i le 2 kalone) o vai efuefu e le mafai ona inu faavave sa'o i totonu o le faleta'ele ** tanoa (e le o le tane pito i luga). Ae peita'i, afai na i ai se mafui'e, lologa, afā, solo, po'o se fa'aalatalavai a le malo, 'A'E FLUMU: o alavai malepe ma nofoaga e si'itia ai lapisi e le'o olaola o le a toe fa'afo'i sa'o atu ai lapisi mata'utia o le pitonu'u i lou alavai pito i lalo o le fogafale po'o le ta'ele i lalo i totonu o minute.
2. Tape le alavai o le faleuila, sasaa le tane, ma fa'apipi'i le mailei alavai pe'a fa'amata'u mai le tafe mai o otaota vale. Liliu le alavai pito i tua o le faleuila i tua o le faleuila se'ia tapuni, omomi i fafo le vai tane, ma, afai e te nofo i se sone lologa po'o luga o fogafale pito i lalo o se fale fogafale tele, fa'amau le vai e le itiiti ifo ma le 3.8 lita le vai (1 i totonu ole ipu vai). kesi oona oona (methane ma hydrogen sulfide) a'o fa'apipi'i se pa'u pa'u mamafa mamafa po'o se pa palasitika pa'u oneone i luga o le alavai pe a amata ona fa'apupuu le omi i tua.
3. Faatulaga ni pakete HDPE 19-lita (5-kalone) eseese e LUA (Bucket #1 for Urine, Bucket #2 for Solids + Carbon Cover). Fa'ailoga Pakete #1 i se maka tumau tele e pei o LIQUID / URINE ONLY (1:10 BLEACH WATER) ma fa'aopopo le 250 mL (1 ipu) vai fa'atasi ai ma le 15 mL (1 le sipuni tele) ole pisapisa o le sodium hypochlorite ile fale e taofia ai le liua o le manogi ole urea i le ammonia. Laina Pakete #2 ua faaigoaina SOLIDS + TOILET PAPER + SAWDUST ONLY fa'atasi ai ma ni fa'amomoe mamafa e lua 2.5-i-3.0-mil lapisi fa'aputu po'o taga fai konekarate, ma tu'u le 5-i-8-senimita (2-i-3-inisi) fa'amago o le pefu mago, sele fafie, koko koko, po'o le peat moss i le pito i lalo.
4. A'i i taimi uma i le Pateni #1 MUAMUA a'o le'i nofo i luga o le Pateni #2 e fe'ai. Talu ai ona o le tino o le tagata e masani lava ona faamatuu le mimi i soo se taimi e malolo ai le fola o le pelvic e fe'ai, e tatau i tagata uma (alii, fafine, ma tamaiti) ona sasaa atoa o latou tami i totonu o le Urine Bucket (Bucket #1), po'o le fa'aoga o se fa'alu fa'a'a'a'i i luga o le mimi o lo'o tu i luma o le nofoa faleuila, a'o le'i nofo i luga o le Solids Bucket (Bucket #2).
5. ** Ufiufi vave uma tupe teu i le 250 i le 500 mL (1 i le 2 ipu) o mea kaponi mago (Sawdust / Peat Moss), fa'aopoopo i ai le 30 i le 60 mL (2 i le 4 sipuni tele) o le Hydrated Lime (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) pe a iai le ma'i tatā.** Aua ne'i tu'u fa'alilolilo fe'ai po'o pepa faleuila fa'aaoga mo le 30 sekone, e pei o se lago tasi (Musca domestica) e mafai ona feavea'i le silia ma le 1 miliona siama i luga o lana tarsi mai le nofoa e le'i ufiufia sa'o i luga o mea'ai a aiga.
6. Fa'ato'a Fale Fufulu Lima & Fa'amama Su'e 1 mita (3 futu) i fafo atu o le faleta'ele. Fa'atu se tu'u vai fasimoli (po'o le fale ta'imu ta'i-tapai lua-fa'apa'u) fa'atasi ma le mama lima e fa'atatau i le 'ava malosi (60% to 80% ethanol/isopropanol) ma le 0.05% chlorine vaimulumulu lima (mo le norovirus, lea e le mafai ona fa'amoemoeina le fa'aogaina o le ava) i le faitoto'a e ulufafo ai le faleta'ele.

Laau fa'ai'uga: Filifilia o le fa'atonuga sa'o mo le tumama fa'afuase'i¶

Fa'aoga lenei la'au fa'ainisinia e filifili ai le seti tumama sili ona saogalemu e fa'atatau i le fa'amaoni o le vaisu'i a le malo, ituaiga fale, ma tulaga fa'ama'i o aiga.

flowchart TD
    Start["E le mafai ona fufula ile faletaele (Tape Suavai, Mafui'e, Lolo, po'o le 'Aisa)"] --> SewerCheck{"Po'o Fa'amaonia le 100% O Fale Su'e La'au Lafoa'i ma Nofoaga Si'i?"}
    SewerCheck -->|"Ioe: Na'o le Malosi/Papa Pu'upu'u Pepe (Sero mafuie po'o Lolo)"| GreywaterFlush["FILIFILI A: Liligi-Flush Porcelain Toilet Fa'aaogā Suavai Efuefu e le inu (Liligi 6-8 L / 1.5-2 Gal Fa'atopetope I totonu Na'o Pepa, Aua Ne'i Tanu)"]
    SewerCheck -->|"Leai / Le iloa: Mafuie, Lolo, Si'itia, Fa'a'aisa, po'o Lafoa'i Lafoa'i"| StopFlush["TĀTĀTUA: AUA LE FULINA LE TAULAI PULE -> Tapuni Tapuni po'o Su'i Pepa Fa'aaogā Fa'agogo-pe Fa'aofi i luga o Mailei Suavai."]
    StopFlush --> BucketSetup["FA'A'ATA'I LE TWIN-BUCKET UIINE-DIVERSION SYSTEM: Paketi #1 (Na'o le Sua Suavai) + pakete #2 (Solids + 3-Mil Compactor Bag + Carbon Cover)"]
    BucketSetup --> IllnessCheck{"E i ai se Tagata o le Aiga e maua i le manava manava, pua'i, po'o le masalomia o le Kolera/Norovirus?"}
    IllnessCheck -->|"Leai: Aiga Soifua Maloloina"| CarbonMode["TULAFONO FA'AVAE FA'AVAE FA'AVAE FA'AVAE: Ufiufi Ta'oto'o Fale Ta'itasi I le 250-500 mL (1-2 Ipu) Kiln-Mago Sawdust, Coco Coir, po'o Peat Moss -> Fa'amaufa'ailoga Ato i le 50% Tumua."]
    IllnessCheck -->|"Ioe: Fa'ama'i pipisi"| LimeMode["ALKALINE PATHOGEN-KILL PROTOCOL (pH >= 12.0): Pefu Ta'a'aafu Ta'itasi Fa'amau ma le 30-60 mL (2-4 Tbsp) Ituaiga S Lime Ca(OH)2 + Ufi Sawdust -> Fa'alua-Ape & Fa'a'ese'ese"]
    CarbonMode --> DisposalCheck{"O fea o le a teu ai/ lafoaia ai ato ua fa'amaufa'ailogaina ma mimi ua se'e?"}
    LimeMode --> DisposalCheck
    DisposalCheck -->|"Taulaga / Tulaga Maualuga / Leai se lotoa"| DrumStorage["Stage Gooseneck-Noisa 3-Mil Ato Loka Loka 120-L (32-Gal) Tiute Mamafa Talone i fafo ua faailogaina 'BIOHAZARD - FA'ATAU TAGATA' Seia oo i le Municipal Hazmat Pickup"]
    DisposalCheck -->|"Nu'u/Iota Fa'atasi ma Saogalemu Suavai Kilia Laupapa"| TrenchBurial["Tanu i totonu o le O'ele'ele (>= 60 cm / 24 i le Ufiufi, >= 30 m / 100 ft Mai So'o se Vaieli po'o Suavai Fa'asao) & Fa'asuavai Urine 1:5 Fa'ata'amilo i La'au e le 'A'ai."]

Vaega 1: Aisea e matua'i faaletonu ai le pakete e tasi "tape lapisi".¶

O le tele o lisi masani o sauniuniga e taʻu atu ai i aiga e *"faʻatau se pakete 5-kalone, faʻapipiʻi se nofoa palasitika i luga, tuʻu se taga lapisi umukuka i totonu, ma faʻaaoga tamaʻi tamaʻi." * I faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o le lalolagi, e pei o mafuie i Christchurch, Niu Sila i le 2011 (lea e faitau sefulu afe fale na leiloa le faletaele mo le tele o masina) ma faʻalautele le faʻaogaina o le faletaele i le Gulfout Coast, faleuila. fa'aletonu vave le tumama i totonu ole 48 itula:

1. O le Biochemical Ammonia & Anaerobic Putrefaction Reaction:
2. O le averesi o le tagata matua e maua mai le 1.2 i le 1.5 lita (40 i le 50 aunese vai) o le mimi vai i le aso, pe a faatusatusa i le na'o le 120 i le 250 kalama (0.25 i le 0.55 pauna) o fe'ai malo.
3. Mo se aiga e toafa, fa'afefiloi mimi ma fe'ai e lafo 5 i le 6 lita (1.5 kalone) vai i totonu o le pakete i aso ta'itasi. O siama o le fecal e maua mai ai le enzyme urease, lea e vave fa'asusu ai le urea i totonu o le urine (\(\text{CO(NH}_2)_2\)) i le oona, oona ammonia gas (\(\text{NH}_3\)) ma le carbon dioxide a'o fa'asusu le fei i totonu o se slurry vai matelaina o le okesene lea e fa'atupuina anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (\(\text{S}_\)} s.
4. Tape Fa'alavelave Mata'utia ma Ova le Mamafa:
5. O aso e lima o vai fefiloi ma otaota malo mai se aiga e toafa e mamafa lona mamafa i le 27 i le 32 kilokalama (60 i le 70 pauna) o le ma'ema'e vai. Tulaga masani 0.7-i-0.9-mil (18-to-23-micron) taga lapisi umukuka papa'e e fa'aloaloa, pupuni i luga o pa'u pakete palasitika, ma matala pe a si'itia, masa'a ai fa'ama'i fa'ama'i pipisi i luga o fola ma fa'asitepu.
6. Aisea ua le manuia ai le lapisi o le omea e fai ma mea e ufiufi ai:
7. Bentonite clumping omea pusi lapisi ua mamanuina mo vaega laiti o feline urine; pe a sasaa i luga o fei o tagata ma mimi o le tagata, e maua ai se palapala sima mamafa, e le fa'afefeteina, e 18 kilokalama (40 pauna) le mamafa i le pakete e aunoa ma le tuuina atu o le carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) matrix e mana'omia e mitiia ai le susu o le fe'ai ma poloka ai le manogi.

Vaega 2: Fausiaina ma le faʻaogaina o le Twin-Bucket Urine-Diversion System (PHLUSH / WHO tulaga)¶

O le tu'ueseeseina o le mimi mai le fe'ai i le mea e fa'aoga ai e fa'aitiitia ai le mamafa ma le voluma o lau ala fecal pathogen mata'utia i le 85% i le 90% ma fa'aumatia ai toetoe lava 100% o le manogi leaga.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|         TWIN-BUCKET URINE-DIVERSION EMERGENCY TOILET SCHEMATIC          |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   BUCKET #1: URINE ONLY (LIQUIDS)     BUCKET #2: SOLIDS + TP ONLY       |
|  +-------------------------------+   +-------------------------------+  |
|  |  [Snap-On Seat or Funnel Lid] |   |     [Snap-On Toilet Seat]     |  |
|  +-------------------------------+   +-------------------------------+  |
|  |  NO BAG LINER (Bare HDPE #2)  |   |  TWO Nested 3-Mil Contractor  |  |
|  |                               |   |  or Trash Compactor Bags      |  |
|  |  Pre-charge bottom with:      |   |  +---------------------------+|  |
|  |  - 250 mL (1 cup) Water       |   |  | [Layer 4] Sawdust + Lime  ||  |
|  |  - 15 mL (1 tbsp) Household   |   |  | [Layer 3] Solid Feces + TP||  |
|  |    Bleach (or 30 mL Vinegar)  |   |  | [Layer 2] Sawdust + Lime  ||  |
|  |    to stop urea -> ammonia.   |   |  | [Layer 1] 8 cm (3 in) Dry ||  |
|  |                               |   |  |   Sawdust / Coir Bed      ||  |
|  +-------------------------------+   +--+---------------------------++  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Pili sa'o o Mea mo le Aiga e 4 (14-i-30-Aso Sapalai)¶

2. La'asaga ta'i La'asaga Fa'agaio'iga i Aso Ta'itasi¶

1. Saunia Pateni #1 (O le pakete mimi):
2. Aua le ** tu'u se taga lapisi palasitika i totonu o le pakete mimi, o le mimi o se vai e tatau ona sasaa mama i aso taitasi, ae le o le pu'eina i taga palasitika.
3. A'o le'i ta'amilosaga ta'amilosaga ta'itasi, sasaa le 250 mL (1 ipu) vai ma le 15 mL (1 le sipuni tele) o le pisia o le fale (po'o le 30 mL / 2 sipuni tele o le vineta fa'amama pa'epa'e, aua ne'i fa'afefiloi le pisa ma le vineta fa'atasi) i le pito i lalo o le pakete mimi gaogao. O le pisa e fa'ama'iina siama ae fa'aitiitia e le vineka le urine pH i lalo ifo o le \(5.5\), e taofia ai le fa'aliliuina ole enzymatic ole urea ile kasa ammonia manogi.
4. Saunia Pateni #2 (O le Poloka Malosi):
5. Tu'u pepa fa'amaufa'a 3-mil/konekarate taga e lua i totonu o le Pateni #2, gaugau lelei pito pito i luga i luga o le aui fafo o le pakete.
6. Liligi se 8-senimita (3-inisi) aluga fa'amomoli fa'amago o sawdust mago, coco coir, po'o peat moss i le pito i lalo o le taga i totonu ina ia aua ne'i pa'i le tupe muamua i le palasitika.
7. Fa'amau lelei le mama nofoa faleuila i luga o le pito i luga o lima o ato.
8. ** Fa'aaogaina le Fa'atonu (The "Pee First, Then Poop" Rule):**
9. Laasaga A: O tagata uma e fa'aoga e mimi i totonu Pakete #1 muamua. (Mo tamaiti laiti po'o tagata matutua o le aiga e le faigofie ona fa'aogaina ni pakete eseese se lua, fa'apipi'i se $25 i luga o le Urine Diverter funnel i totonu o le pito i luma o le Pakete #2: pe a nofo masani, e tafe sa'o le mimi i totonu o le fagafa'aa'i pito i luma ma tafe i totonu o se pusa silikoni pupuu i totonu o se fagu tapuni 10-lita i tafatafa o le pakete, ae fa'asusu sa'o i tua o le vase.
10. Laasaga B: Nofo i luga o le Pakete #2 mo fe'au manava. Tu'u sa'o pepa faleuila fa'aaoga ile Pateni #2 (e le pei o faleuila RV vaila'au, ose masini lua-paketi mamago e faigofie ona taulimaina pepa faleuila masani).
11. Laasaga C: O le taimi lava e tu ai i luga, ae le'i tapuni le tapuni, faaaoga se sipuni faapitoa e 250 mL (1-ipu) e sausau ai le 250 i le 500 mL (1 i le 2 ipu) o le pefu sau/peat moss i luga atoa o le nofoa ma pepa faleuila seia oo ina leai se otaota. (Aua ne'i tu'u se si'i palapala i totonu o lau talone lapisi mama.)

Vaega 3: Lime fa'asusu (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) pathogen inactivation engineering (pH >= 12.0)¶

Ise taimi puupuu e 3-aso le eletise i totonu o se aiga soifua maloloina, mago kaponi ufiufi (sawdust pe coco coir) ua lava na'o le pakete malo e leai se manogi se'ia toe amata le aoina o otaota a le taulaga. Ae peita'i, i taimi o fa'alavelave fa'aumiumi, tau mafanafana (>20 tikeri Celsius / 68 tikeri Fahrenheit), lologa, po'o so'o se taimi lava e maua ai e se tasi o le aiga le ma'i ma'i ma'i, manava manava, po'o le pua'i, e tatau ona e fa'aleleia mai le fa'amamago i le fa'ama'i fa'ama'i fa'ama'i malosi fa'aaoga le Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide, \(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)).

1. O le Microbiology o le Fa'amauina Fecal Alkaline (WHO & EPA 40 CFR Part 503 tulaga)¶

I lalo o U.S. EPA 40 CFR Vaega 503 Vasega A/B Biosolids Standards ma WHO Humanitarian Excreta Management Guidelines, si'itia le pH o fe'au a tagata i le \(\text{pH } 12.0\) pe sili atu mo le itiiti ifo i le 2 itula (ma tausia le \(\text{pH } \ge 11.5\) mo le 22 itula) 1. Saponification of Microbial Lipid Membranes: High hydroxyl ion (\(\text{OH}(-)\)) concentration hydrolyzes the outside lipid bilayers of enteric bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella). 2. Denaturation o Viral Capsid Proteins ma le RNA: I le \(\text{pH } > 12.0\), o le polotini capsids o siama enteric e le o ni atigipusa (e aofia ai le norovirus, rotavirus, enteroviruses, ma hepatitis A) e fa'asolo vave ma fa'ato'a fa'aleaga a latou nucleic acids. 3. Vatilization Kasa Ammonia I totonu o le Matrix: I luga a'e o le \(\text{pH } 11.0\), ion ammonium dissolved (\(\text{NH}_4(+)\)) liua i le ammonia saoloto e le fa'aona (\(\text{NH}_3\)), lea e o'ona tuusa'o i protozoan cysts (Giardia, *Cryptodium) faamaufaailogaina i totonu o le taga.

2. Fa'atusatusaga o Ufiufi Toilet Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i & Su'i Fa'ama'i¶

3. Fa'afefea ona Fa'aoga Lime Saogalemu E aunoa ma le fa'asa'oina o le manogi Amonia¶

A fa'afeso'ota'i e le lime fa'asusu (\(\text{pH } 12.4\)) le otaota e tele le nitrogen, e fa'aliliu so'o se ammonium e maua fua i le kasa \(\text{NH}_3\). Ina ia pu'eina le 100% o le fa'ama'i fa'amamate **e aunoa ma le sogisogi o ammonia i totonu o lou faleta'ele: 1. Taofi sa'o lau mimi ile Pateni #1 (talu ai ole 90% ole nitrogen ole urine). 2. A uma le manava ile Pateni #2, sausau le 30 i le 60 mL (2 i le 4 sipuni tele) o le Type S Hydrated Lime i luga a'e sa'o o le nofoa ina ia fa'afefeteina e le susu susu le \(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\) i se \(\text{pH } 12.4\) paste. 3. Liligi vave le 250 mL (1 ipu) o sawdust mago, peat moss, po'o le coco coir i luga o le lime layer. E maileia e le palanikeke kaponi mamago ma sina acidic so'o se tama'i pu'u o ammonia saoloto a'o lokaina le nofoa pito i lalo i totonu o le sone mata'utia \(\text{pH } > 12\).

Vaega 4: Fa'amaufa'ailogaina o ato saogalemu ("Fuai'a'i Gooseneck"), fa'asologa, ma le lafoaia mulimuli.¶

Aua ne'i faatagaina le Poloka Solids (Bucket #2) ia faatumu le sili atu i le 50% i le 60% tumu (pe tusa o le 7 i le 9 kilokalama / 15 i le 20 pauna). E faigofie ona si'i le ato 'afa tumu ma tele palasitika pito i luga e nonoa ai se fa'amau fa'amau.

1. O le Biohazard "Gooseneck & Cable-Tie" Faiga Fa'amau¶

Aua le na'o le nonoa o taliga-taliga e lua i le pito i luga o se ato otaota, o nonoa taliga-taliga e tu'u ai se pu ea tutotonu e tafe ai le manogi ma mafai ai e lago ona fetolofi i totonu. 1. Fa'amau totigilima nitrile fa'aaoga. 2. Oomi lemu le ea i fafo o le taga pito i totonu e 3-mil ** mamao ese mai ou foliga** (taofia le palanikeke sau e le faalavelaveina i luga). 3. Fa'apotopoto le ua pito i luga o le ato totonu ma mimilo mau i le 8 i le 10 taimi seia o'o ina maua se maea malo. 4. Gagau le maea mimilo 180 tikeri i tua i luga ia te ia lava e fai ai se fa'aluaina "Gooseneck" U-pi'o. 5. Afifi faalavefaalae se lua o le ta'otoga mamafa pe toso le ** nonoa sipi-nailon (uaea fusiua)** fa'amaumau fa'ata'amilo i le pito o le ua fa'alua i luga o le kusi. 6. Toe fai le fa'amaufa'ailoga kusi lava e tasi i luga o le taga fa'akonekarate i fafo 3-mil, fa'asua le nonoa pito i fafo i le 0.5% vaifofo pitiki sodium hypochlorite (1:9 pisia fale i le vai), ma tuu le fusi fa'amaufa'ailoga i totonu o se talone lapisi ta'avale fa'apitoa, tapuni 120-lita (32-kalone) tiute mamafa (Brute paelo) fa'apipi'i manino: DO NOT MIX WITH REGULAR TRASH, HUMAN WASTE BIOHAZARD.

2. Lafoa'iina o le Mi'i (Bucket #1) ma Fa'amau Fa'amau (Bucket #2)¶

Part 5: Zero-water and micro-water hand hygiene for enteric pathogen defense¶

A'o fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i tumama, o le auala muamua e maua ai e tagata o le aiga le ma'i fa'ama'i, norovirus, po'o le kolera o le fa'afeiloa'i lima-i-gutu pe a uma ona sasaa pakete po'o aveese totigilima. Ona o le ava malosi fa'amama lima (70% ethanol) e e itiiti le aoga e tetee atu ai i siama e le o ni atigipusa e pei o le Norovirus ma e le mafai ona aveese le palapala fe'ai faaletino, faatuina se Two-Stage Micro-Water Handwashing Station:

1. O le "Tippy-Tap" po'o le Spigot Jug Micro-Wash (Uses Only 50 mL / 1.7 oz of Water per Wash):
2. Tuu se fagu vai e 20-lita (5-kalone) o lo'o i ai se faamau oomi po'o se fa'amanu i luga o se fata i luga o se pakete pu'e o lo'o i ai se pisa pitiki.
3. Susū lima i sina vai sinasina, tapuni le spigot, fa'amalo malosi ile fasimoli vai mo le 20 sekone atoa (fa'amama i lalo o atigilima), ma fufulu i se tafe puupuu ile pakete pu'e.
4. ** Le 0.05% Fa'asa'o Fa'amama-Muma'i Lima (WHO Field Protocol for Norovirus/Colera Outbreaks):**
5. Faafefiloi 10 mL (2 sipuniti) o le 5%-6% pisipisi fale e le'i manogi i totonu o le 1 lita (1 kuata) vai e fai ai se vai malu 0.05% (500 ppm) vaifofo fufulu lima chlorine (toe fai fou i le 24 itula).
6. Mo le fa'amama fa'ama'i pa'u pakete, nofoa faleuila, fa'amau faitoto'a faleta'ele, ma nonoa ato pito i fafo, fa'aaoga se ** malosi atu.0.5% (5,000 ppm) chlorine spray i luga o le eleele** e fa'afefiloi 100 mL (pe tusa ma le 3.4 oz / 1 vaega) o le pisia o le fale i totonu o le 900 mL (9 vaega) o le vai ma le 10-minute susu susu taimi.

Fesili e fai soo¶

O le a se mea e mafai ona ou fa'aogaina i totonu o la'u lua pakete faleuila pe a o'o mai se fa'alavelave i le po nei ma ou te le'i fa'atauina muamua le pefu sau po'o le limu pe'a?¶

Afai e leai sau pefu mago, solo laupapa, po o peat moss i lou lima, ia vave ona suitulaga i so'o se mea mamago, maualuga-carbon, po'o mea a le fale: **pepa fa'amamago po'o pepa pepa malo enaena**, **la'au mamago ua to'ulu ua nutililii i ni fasipepa**, **fa'aoga kofe ma lau lauti (fa'amago i luga o se fata)**, **pepa fagafao po'o fafie fa'amago. pelleti (fa'asusu teisi ina ia malepelepe i le pefu sau mago)**, po'o le **fa'afefiloi palapala i luga o le fa'ato'aga/fa'ato'aga** (aua ne'i susu palapala po'o oneone mama). Aloese mai le fa'apipi'iina o otaota pusi omea pe a mafai, aua e liu palapala mamafa e le mitiia.

E fa'afefea ona ou fa'aliliuina le matou faleuila masani i totonu o se ato faleuila pe afai e le mafai e tagata matutua po'o tagata le atoatoa o le aiga ona nonofo i luga o se pakete 5-kalone?¶

Muamua, tapuni le alavai vai i tua o le faleuila ma **fa'amau i lalo le 'au fuimu i le lipine pa'u** ina ia leai se isi e fusu fa'afuase'i. Taofi le vai i le pito i lalo o le mailei porcelain e poloka ai le kesi alavai, ona si'i lea o le nofoa faleuila ma fa'apipi'i se taga mamafa **3-mil lapisi lapisi** i lalo i totonu o le pesini mago pito i luga (tu tonu i luga a'e o le laina vai i le mailei pito i lalo) ma gaugau pito o le ato i luga o le au porcelain a'o le'i tuu i lalo le nofoa. Tuu atu i tagata e fa'aoga e mimi muamua i totonu o se fagu urinal lima (`1-liter hospital urinal with lid` po'o se fagu gutu lautele e fa'apipi'i i se fa'alu fe'ai tama'ita'i) a'o le'i nofo i luga o le nofoa porselana mo fe'au manava fa'atasi ai ma se ufiufi efuefu.

E saogalemu le lime fa'asusu (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) e teu mo se taimi umi i totonu o le faletaavale po'o le potu i lalo o le fale e sauni ai?¶

Ioe; ** Ituaiga S Lime Faasao (`Calcium Hydroxide`, $\text{Ca(OH)}_2$)** has an indefinite shelf life **provided you seal the paper masonry bag inside an airtight 19-liter (5-gallon) HDPE bucket with a rubber-gasket lid**. If hydrated lime is left exposed to humid air over several years, it slowly absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) and reverts into ordinary calcium carbonate limestone ($\text{CaCO}_3$), losing its $\text{pH } 12.4$ pathogen-killing potency; storing it in a sealed gasket bucket preserves 100% of its alkalinity for decades.

Why shouldn't I use "biodegradable" or "compostable" green trash bags inside an emergency toilet bucket?¶

Certified compostable bags (`PLA` cornstarch / `PBAT` polymers) are engineered to begin breaking down and weeping moisture as soon as they encounter warmth, humidity, and microbial enzymes. If a sanitation emergency lasts 7 to 14 days and sealed bags must sit in a storage drum awaiting municipal pickup, biodegradable bags frequently soften, split along the bottom seam, and leak raw waste; always use **2.5-mil to 3.0-mil low-density polyethylene (`LDPE`) compactor or contractor bags** for human biohazard containment.

Punavai ua siaki¶

• World Health Organization (WHO, International): Guidelines on Sanitation and Health (Emergency Excreta Disposal and Alkaline Stabilization of Fecal Sludge) and Technical Notes on Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Emergencies.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, United States): 40 CFR Part 503: Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (Pathogen Reduction and Alkaline Stabilization Requirements at pH 12.0 or Greater).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): Emergency Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): Managing Waste When Municipal Sewers Fail and Enteric Disease Prevention in Post-Disaster Environments.
• Public Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human (PHLUSH, United States): Twin-Bucket Emergency Toilet System Technical Manual and Urban Dry Sanitation Protocols.
• Oregon Office of Emergency Management (OEM, United States): Disaster Sanitation Guidance: The Twin-Bucket Emergency Toilet Plan for the Cascadia Subduction Zone.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Emergency Management Institute: Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Disaster Scenarios.
• Sphere Project (International): The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response (Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion: Excreta Management).
• American Public Health Association (APHA, United States): Control of Communicable Diseases Manual: Fecal-Oral Pathogen Transmission Vectors and Micro-Water Sanitation Standards.

Taiala fa'atatau¶

• Building an Emergency Sanitation Twin-Bucket Toilet for High-Rise Apartments
• Emergency Sanitation, Twin-Bucket Toilet, Human Waste Disposal & Hygiene Without Water
• Emergency Water Purification: Bleach Percentage Drop Table & Boiling Adjustments
• Sewage Backup in Basement, Tub, or Drains
• Emergency Numbers and Global Crisis Hotlines