Te horoi ohorere i te wa e kore e taea e nga wharepaku te horoi: Mahanga-Paekete Pupu rakau Mimi-Whakarerenga Punaha, Peeke Whakatotahi Mahi Taamaha, me te Whakamate Pathogen Lime Hydrated¶

Ka pakaru te rū whenua i nga puna hiko o te taone nui, ka rukuhia e te awha tupuhi nga teihana hiki i te taone nui, ka pakaru nga paipa o roto o te takurua, ka mutu te pehanga wai o te taone nui na te mate hiko mo nga ra maha, ka kore e taea te whakamahi i nga wharepaku horoi whare i roto i nga haora. Ko te whakamahi tonu i te wharepaku porcelain paerewa ma te riringi wai inu ki roto i te peihana, he kino atu ranei, ko te whakakii i te peere kotahi me te peeke paru kihini angiangi me te ranu mimi me te taima, ka puta he raru morearea koiora i roto i to waahi noho. Ko te mimi me te tai tangata whakaurunga ka tere te ngongo huakita anaerobic, ka tuku i te haukinia me te hauwai sulfide piro i te wa e whakaputa ana i nga tukumate fecal-waha tino kino (Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella typhi, enterotoxigenic E. coli, rotavirus, norovirus, me te Ascaris helminth hua) ka taea te whakararu i te whare na te matewai nui ina kore e taea te toro atu ki nga whare hauora. Mena ka mate te tangata i roto i to whare i te mate korere nui, te kueku toto, te ngenge, me nga tohu o te matewai hypovolemic nui i te wa o te aitua, waea atu ki to nama whawhati tata (911 i Amerika me Kanata, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom) ma te whakamahi i ta maatau tau ohorere whaiaronga, ka honoa tenei aratohu ki to maatau whare teitei whare mahanga-peere wharepaku me te arai tongāmimi wairere inflatable, te haumaru wai me nga panui whewhe, a te parakaingaki i roto i te papa o raro, te horoi horoi ranei nga kaiarahi.

Ko te hanga wharepaku ohorere haumaru, kore-hongi, me whai ki tetahi ture matū koiora taketake i akona e te World Health Organization (WHO), te Sphere Humanitarian Standards, me nga pokapu aituā hauora tūmatanui (CDC, FEMA, Oregon RDNA / PHLUSH): Kaua rawa e tukua te mimi wai kia uru ki te tai totoka. Ko te mimi he 90% o te para tangata ma te ruri, te nuinga o te mea karekau ina puta, he nui te hauota me te Urea; he 10% noa te rahi o te taima, he nui te waro, ka kawe tata ki te 100% o nga pathogens enteric. Ma te wetewete miihini i te mimi wai mai i te kumete totoka puta noa i te Mahanga-Paere Mimi-Whakarerenga Pūnaha, ka whakakikoruatia te peere totoka me te tohu-awhi 2.5-ki-3.0-mil (63-to-76-micron) peeke kaikirimana/compactor, e kapi ana i nga putunga taima ki nga rawa uhi waro-tiketike maroke (30:1 C:N ratio te otaota kua whakamaroke kiln, te koko koko, te pukohu sphagnum peat ranei), me te tono Momo S Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide, \(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) ki te whakanui ake i te alkalinity matrix fecal ki runga ake \(\text{pH } 12.0\) mo te 2+ haora i te wa o te mate urutaru, i nga ahuatanga o te rangi mahana, ka whakakorea e koe nga kakara kino me te whakakore i nga tukumate huaketo me te huakita i te puna.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Whakamatau i mua i te horoinga: Tirohia mehemea kei te mau tonu, kua pakaru ranei te raina parakani a te taone nui i mua i te ringihanga i te peere wai hina kotahi ki raro i to wharepaku. Mena kua maroke noa to paapa wai na te mate hiko o te rohe, he paipa tuku tio ranei, karekau he rū, karekau he waipuke, karekau he parakaingi a te taone nui kei te whakatupato i a koe, kei te noho tonu to paipa ki raro i te whenua. "peere-puru" ma te riringi 6 ki te 8 rita (1.5 ki te 2 karani) o te wai hina-kore ki roto i te wharepaku poka (kaore rawa i te tank o runga). Heoi ano, mena kua he ru, he waipuke, he awha, he horo whenua, he kupu tohutohu parakaingi a te taone nui ranei, KAUA E KAUPAPA: ka pakaru nga hiko o te tiriti me nga teihana parakaingi kore hiko ka kaha te hokinga mai o nga parakaingi mata tata ki runga i to puna wai o raro o raro, i te kaukau papa whenua ranei i roto i nga meneti.
2. Whakawetohia te mahanga wai mo te wharepaku, whakawetohia te taika, ka purua te mahanga porcelain drain ki te kino te rere o te parakaingaki. Hurihia te koki koki chrome ki muri i te wharepaku karaka kia tutakina, hautai i te toenga wai taika, a, ki te noho koe i te rohe waipuke, i runga ranei i nga papa o raro o te whare maha-papa, kia mau ki te 3.8 rita o te rita o te wai (1 rita ki te 1 rita) te iti rawa o te wai. hau paitini paitini (methane a hydrogen sulfide) i te wa e herea ana he mono whakamatautau rapa taumaha, he arai kirihou kirikiri ranei ki runga i te waikeri mena ka pupuhi te pehanga o muri.
3. Whakaturia kia RUA nga peere HDPE 19-rita (5-karani) motuhake (Bucket #1 for Urine, Bucket #2 for Solids + Carbon Cover). Tapahia Peere #1 ki te tohu nui hei LIQUID / URINE ONLY (1:10 BLEACH WATER) ka tapirihia te 250 mL (1 kapu) wai me te 15 mL (1 punetēpu) o te hātea konutai hypochlorite o te whare kia kore ai e huri te kakara o te Urea-ki-ammonia. Raina Peere #2 kua tapaina SOLIDS + TOILET PAPER + SAWDUST ONLY me te kohanga e RUA mo nga mahi taumaha 2.5-ki-3.0-mil te kaitao paru, peeke kaikirimana ranei, ka whakanohohia he moenga 5-ki-8-henemita (2-ki-3-inihi) o te wahie maroke, he kuru rakau, he kakao, he pukohu peat ranei ki raro.
4. Mimi i nga wa katoa ki roto i te Peere #1 TUATAHI i mua i te noho ki runga i te Peere #2 ki te whakaheke. Na te mea ko te tinana o te tangata ka tuku mimi i nga wa katoa ka whakangawari te papa pelvic ki te whakaheke, ko nga kaiwhakamahi katoa (tane, wahine me nga tamariki) me tuku katoa o ratou pukupuku ki roto i te Peere Mimi (Bucket #1), ka whakamahi ranei i te kohanga whakawhiti mimi-tope-i runga i te waahi kei mua o te nohoanga wharepaku, i mua i te noho ki runga i te Paekete Toka (Bucket #2).
5. Ka hipokina nga putunga totoka katoa ki te 250 ki te 500 mL (1 ki te 2 kapu) o nga rawa waro maroke (Sawdust / Peat Moss), me te 30 ki te 60 mL (2 ki te 4 punetēpu) o te Lime Hydrated (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) mena kei te mate te mate korere. Kaua rawa e waiho nga taipara e kitea ana me te pepa wharepaku kua whakamahia kia hurahia mo te 30 hēkona, hei namu kotahi (Musca domestica) ka taea te kawe neke atu i te 1 miriona huakita i runga i tana tarsi mai i te kuemu karekau ki runga ki nga papa taka kai o te whare.
6. Te Teihana he Waahi Horoi Ringa me te Waahi Tirohanga 1 mita (3 putu) i waho o te waahi wharepaku. Whakanohoia he kaitapa wai hopi (te teihana horoi horoi tap-rua ranei) ki te taha o te rini ringa-waipiro (60% to 80% ethanol/isopropanol) me te 0.05% wairewa horoi-ringa maataa (mo te norovirus, e kore e taea e te waipiro anake te whakahohe) i te tatau o te putanga kaukau.

Rakau whakatau: Te whiriwhiri i te whirihoranga horoi ohorere tika¶

Whakamahia tenei rakau whakamatautau miihini ki te whiriwhiri i te tatūnga horoi haumaru i runga i te pono o te parakaingi a te taone, te momo whare, me te mana mate o te whare.

flowchart TD
    Start["Kaore e taea e nga wharepaku te horoi i te tikanga (Pae te wai, Ru, Waipuke, Whakatio ranei)"] --> SewerCheck{"Kei te Manatokohia 100% Tonu tonu nga Mains Sewere me nga Teihana Hiki?"}
    SewerCheck -->|"Āe: Poto Poto/Papa Pupa anake (Kore Ru, Waipuke ranei)"| GreywaterFlush["KŌWHIRINGA A: Ringihia-Riihia te wharepaku porcelain ma te whakamahi i te wai hina-kore (Ringihia te 6-8 L / 1.5-2 Gal ki roto i te peihana anake, kaua rawa he tank)"]
    SewerCheck -->|"Kao / Kaore i te Mohiotia: Ru whenua, Waipuke, Ngaru, Whakatio, Tiaki Parakaina ranei"| StopFlush["KAUPAPA KAUPAPA: KAUA E KAUPAPA I TE wharepaku porcelain -> Katia te Tape Ripene, ka Hurihia ranei te Peera Ma te Peeke-maroke Whakauru ki runga i te Rore Wai Hiiri"]
    StopFlush --> BucketSetup["WHAKATOKANGA PUNA MURI-PAERE TINO-PAERE: Peere #1 (Mimi Wai anake) + Peere #2 (Solides + 3-Mil Compactor Bag + Carbon Cover)"]
    BucketSetup --> IllnessCheck{"Kei tetahi mema o te whare kei te mate korere, te ruaki, kei te whakapaehia ranei ko te Cholera/Norovirus?"}
    IllnessCheck -->|"Kao: Whare Ora"| CarbonMode["KAWA KAWAI KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA: Upihia ia Taonga Taonga ki te 250-500 mL (1-2 Kapu) Te Pupuu-Maroke Umu, Coco Coir, Peat Moss ranei -> Peeke Hiri ki te 50% Katoa"]
    IllnessCheck -->|"Ae: Infectious Enteric Outbreak"| LimeMode["KAAWA PATHOGEN-KILL ALKALINE (pH >= 12.0): Puehu i ia Taonga Taonga Ki te 30-60 mL (2-4 Tbsp) Momo S Hydrated Lime Ca(OH)2 + Sawdust Cover -> Peeke-rua & Wehewehe"]
    CarbonMode --> DisposalCheck{"Kei hea e penapenahia ai nga peeke hiri me te mimi kua whakahurihia?"}
    LimeMode --> DisposalCheck
    DisposalCheck -->|"Taone / Whakanuia / Kore Iari"| DrumStorage["Ko nga Peeke 3-Mil kua herea ki roto o te kuihi kua herea ki roto 120-L (32-Gal) Ipu Taamaha-Taumaha i waho kua tohua ko 'BIOHAZARD - HUMAN WASTE' Tae noa ki te Tanga Hamata Taone."]
    DisposalCheck -->|"Taiwhenua / Iari me te Maamaa Tepu-Wai Haumaru"| TrenchBurial["Tanuhia nga Totoi Kua Tuhia e te Kotakota ki roto i te awa hohonu (>= 60 cm / 24 ki te Uhi, >= 30 m / 100 ft Mai i tetahi Poka, Wai Mata ranei) & Whakameha Mimi 1:5 Huri noa i nga Rakau Kare-Kai"]

Wāhanga 1: He aha te peere-kotahi "whare paru paru" i taka kino¶

He maha nga rarangi arowhai taketake e kii ana ki nga whanau kia "hoko peere 5-karani, kapohia he tuuru kirihou ki runga, tuu he putea para ki roto ki roto, ka whakamahi para kitty." I roto i nga aitua o te ao, penei i nga ru o 2011 Ōtautahi, Aotearoa (i reira nga tekau mano o nga kaainga i ngaro te ratonga parakaingi mo nga marama) me te roanga o te wharepaku o te takutai moana o te takutai moana i whakamahia e te awhiowhio o te takutai moana. nga ngoikoretanga o te horoi i roto i nga haora 48:

1. Ko te Hakinia Hangarau me te Mahinga Anaerobic Putrefaction Reaction:
2. Ko te pakeke toharite ka whakaputa 1.2 ki te 1.5 rita (40 ki te 50 hekere wai) o te mimi wai i ia ra, ka whakaritea ki te 120 ki te 250 karamu noa (0.25 ki te 0.55 pauna) o te tai totoka.
3. Mo te whanau tokowha, ko te ranu mimi me te taie ka maka 5 ki te 6 rita (1.5 karani) o te wai ki roto i te peere ia ra. Ko nga huakita fecal e whakaputa ana i te enzyme urease, e tere ana te whakamaroke i te Urea i roto i te mimi (\(\text{CO(NH}_2)_2\)) ki te paitini, ka ngau ** haukinia (\(\text{NH}_3\))** me te waro hauhaa i te wa e rukuhia ana nga tai ki roto i te slurry wai matekai-haora e whakaputa ana i te anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria ($\text{S_2000)
4. Te Wehenga Puke Kino me te Taumaha Taumaha:
5. E rima nga ra o te wai whakananu me te para totoka mai i te whanau tokowha te taumaha neke atu i te 27 ki te 32 kirokaramu (60 ki te 70 pauna) o te riipene wai koiora. Paerewa 0.7-ki-0.9-mil (18-to-23-micron) ka totoro nga peeke paru kihini ma, he kohao ki runga i nga awhi peere kirihou, ka pakaru ka tuwhera ina hikitia, ka maringi nga mate urutomo ki runga i nga papa me nga arawhata.
6. He aha te paru ngeru uku i rahua hei rauemi uhi:
7. Bentonite clumping uku ngeru amo kua hangaia mo te iti o te mimi feline; ka ringihia ki runga i te tai tangata me te mimi o te tangata, ka hanga he para sima taumaha, kore-a-ae, he parapara e 18 kirokaramu (40 pauna) mo ia peere me te kore e whakarato i te poroporo waro-ki-hauota (C:N) matrix e hiahiatia ana ki te tango i te makuku tai me te aukati i nga kakara.

Wāhanga 2: Te hanga me te whakahaere i te Pūnaha Whakawhiti Mihi Maarua-Paere (PHLUSH / WHO Paerewa)¶

Ko te wehe i te mimi mai i te taima i te waahi ka whakamahia ka whakaitihia te taumaha me te rōrahi o to awa tukumate morearea ki te 85% ki te 90%** me te whakakore tata ki te 100% o te kakara parakaingaki.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|         TWIN-BUCKET URINE-DIVERSION EMERGENCY TOILET SCHEMATIC          |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   BUCKET #1: URINE ONLY (LIQUIDS)     BUCKET #2: SOLIDS + TP ONLY       |
|  +-------------------------------+   +-------------------------------+  |
|  |  [Snap-On Seat or Funnel Lid] |   |     [Snap-On Toilet Seat]     |  |
|  +-------------------------------+   +-------------------------------+  |
|  |  NO BAG LINER (Bare HDPE #2)  |   |  TWO Nested 3-Mil Contractor  |  |
|  |                               |   |  or Trash Compactor Bags      |  |
|  |  Pre-charge bottom with:      |   |  +---------------------------+|  |
|  |  - 250 mL (1 cup) Water       |   |  | [Layer 4] Sawdust + Lime  ||  |
|  |  - 15 mL (1 tbsp) Household   |   |  | [Layer 3] Solid Feces + TP||  |
|  |    Bleach (or 30 mL Vinegar)  |   |  | [Layer 2] Sawdust + Lime  ||  |
|  |    to stop urea -> ammonia.   |   |  | [Layer 1] 8 cm (3 in) Dry ||  |
|  |                               |   |  |   Sawdust / Coir Bed      ||  |
|  +-------------------------------+   +--+---------------------------++  |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Te Pire Tika mo te Whanau mo te 4 (14-ki-30-Ra Whakawhiwhi)¶

2. Te Mahinga Mahinga o ia ra¶

1. Kei te Whakarei Peere #1 (Te Peere Mimi):
2. Kaua **kaore e tuku he putea para kirihou ki roto i te peere mimi, he wai te mimi me riringi kia ma ia ra, kaua e mau ki roto i nga peeke kirihou.
3. I mua i ia huringa, ringihia 250 mL (1 kapu) wai me 15 mL (1 punetēpu) o te hātea whare (ranei 30 mL / 2 punetēpu o te winika māturu ma, kaua rawa e hanumi te hātea me te winika) ki raro o te peere mimi kau. Ka whakawaia te huakita i te winika ka whakaheke te pH mimi ki raro i te \(5.5\), ka aukati i te huringa enzymatic o te Urea ki roto i te hau haukini haukini.
4. Kei te Whakarite i te Peere #2 (Ko te Peere Solids):
5. Whakanohoia e rua nga kohanga 3-mil peeke kaikirimana/kaikirimana ki roto i te Peere #2, whakakopa tika i nga ringaringa o runga ki runga i te awhi o waho o te peere.
6. Ringihia he **8-henemita (3-inihi) urunga whakaoho ** o te otaota maroke, te kakao kakao, te pukohu peat ranei puta noa i te raro o te putea o roto kia kore ai te putea tuatahi e pa ki te kirihou kau.
7. Hopukia te mowhiti nohoanga wharepaku ki runga i te riu i runga i nga ringaringa o te putea.
8. Whakamahia te Pūnaha (The "Pee First, Then Poop" Rule):
9. Step A: Ka mimi katoa nga kaiwhakamahi ki Paere #1 i te tuatahi. (Mo nga tamariki nohinohi me nga mema o te whanau kaumātua e kore e kaha ki te whakamahi i nga peere motuhake e rua, whakauruhia he $25 topenga Urine Diverter funnel ki roto i te riu o mua o te Peere #2: ka noho noa, ka rere te mimi ki roto i te korowha o mua ka rere ma te ngongo silicone poto ki roto i te ipu 10-rita kati i te taha o te peere, ka taka tonu te totoka ki muri o te peere.
10. Step B: Noho ki runga Paere #2 mo te kohu whekau. Whakataka tika te pepa wharepaku kua whakamahia ki roto i te Peere #2 (kaore i rite ki nga wharepaku RV matū, he ngawari te whakahaere a te punaha rua-peere maroke i te pepa wharepaku paerewa).
11. Step C: I muri tonu mai i te tu ki runga, i mua i te kati i te taupoki, whakamahia he koko 250 mL (1-kapu) hei tauhiuhia 250 ki te 500 mL (1 ki te 2 kapu) o te otaota maroke/pukohu peat ki runga katoa i te kumete me te pepa wharepaku kia kore rawa e kitea he para. (Kaua rawa e rukuhia he koko paru ki roto i to ipu otaota ma.)

Wāhanga 3: kotakota waikura (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) pathogen inactivation engineering (pH >= 12.0)¶

I te wa poto e toru nga ra ka mutu te hiko i roto i te whare hauora, he uhi waro maroke (sawdust ranei coco coir) e ranea ana hei pupuri i te peere totoka kia kore e hongi tae noa ki te wa ano ka timata te kohinga para a te taone. Heoi, i roto i ** aituā roa, huarere mahana (>20 nga nekehanga Celsius / 68 nekehanga Fahrenheit), te waipuke, i nga wa katoa ka pa mai tetahi mema o te whare ki te mate gastroenteritis, te korere wai, te ruaki ranei**, me whakapai ake koe mai i te maroke hāngū ki te whakangaronga mate matū matū kaha mā te whakamahi Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide, \(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)).

1. Te Microbiology of Alkaline Fecal Stabilization (WHO & EPA 40 CFR Part 503 Paerewa)¶

I raro i U.S. EPA 40 CFR Wāhanga 503 Class A/B Biosolids Standards and WHO Humanitarian Excreta Management Guidelines, hiki i te pH o te kohu tangata ki \(\text{pH } 12.0\) teitei ake ranei mo te 2 haora neke atu ranei (me te pupuri i te \(\text{pH} \ge 11.5\) mo te 22 haora: ka taea e nga momo pathogenic e toru nga haora) 1. Saponification of Microbial Lipid Membranes: High hydroxyl katote (\(\text{OH}(-)\)) hydrolyzes the outer lipid bilayers of enteric bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella). 2. Denaturation o Viral Capsid Proteins me te RNA: I te \(\text{pH } > 12.0\), ka puta nga potae pūmua o nga wheori enteric-kore (tae atu ki te norovirus, rotavirus, enteroviruses, me te hepatitis A) ka marara, ka heke tere o ratou waikawa karihi. 3. Ko te Whakangowari Haukini i Roto i te Matrix: Kei runga ake i te \(\text{pH } 11.0\), ka huri te katote haukinia (\(\text{NH}_4(+)\)) ki roto i te haukini kore katote (\(\text{NH}_3\)), he paitini ki te protozoan cysts (Giardia, *Cryptodium) hiritia i roto i te putea.

2. Whakatauritenga o Uwhi wharepaku ohorere me nga Kaihanga Whakamate¶

3. Me pehea te tono mo te Lime Hydrated me te kore e tuku i te kakara haukini¶

Ina pa ana te kotakota kua whakamakuku (\(\text{pH } 12.4\)) ki te para hauota, ka huri te haukinia hei utu \(\text{NH}_3\) hau. Ki te hopu i te 100% o te tukumate ka patu kahore haukinia i roto i to wharepaku: 1. Kia tino wehea to mimi ki roto i te Peere #1 (i te mea 90% o te hauota kei roto i te mimi). 2. Whai muri i te kohu whekau i roto i te Peere #2, tauhiuhia te 30 ki te 60 mL (2 ki te 4 punetēpu) o Momo S Hydrated Lime tika puta noa i te kumete kia memeha te mata o te tai makuku i te \(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\) ki te whakapiri \(\text{pH } 12.4\). 3. Ringihia tonutia 250 mL (1 kapu) o te otaota maroke, te pukohu peat, te kakao kakao ranei ki runga o te paparanga kotakota. Ka mauhia e te paraikete waro maroke, paku waikawa te pupuhi iti o te haukini kore utu i te wa e mau tonu ana te kumete o raro ki roto i te rohe whakamate \(\text{pH } > 12\).

Wāhanga 4: Te hiri peeke haumaru ("Gooseneck Tie"), te whakatakotoranga, me te tuku whakamutunga¶

Kaua rawa e tukua te Peere Solids (Bucket #2) ki te whakaki neke atu i te 50% ki te 60% ki tonu (tata 7 ki te 9 kirokaramu / 15 ki te 20 pauna). He mea ngawari ki te hapai i te putea hawhe-ki, ka waiho he maha o nga kirihou o runga hei here i te hiri hau.

1. Te Hangarau Hiiri "Gooseneck & Cable-Tie" Biohazard¶

Kaua e here noa e rua nga taringa poaka pire ki te tihi o te putea para, ka waiho nga pona-taringa kurupae he kohao hau i waenganui ka pupuhi te haunga ka taea e nga namu te ngoki ki roto. 1. Whakanohoia nga karapu nitrile tuku noa. 2. Pehia ata te hau i roto i te putea whakatiki 3-milo o roto mai i to kanohi (kia noho te paraikete wahie kia kore e raru ki runga). 3. Kohikohia te kaki o runga o te peeke o roto, ka wirihia kia 8 ki te 10 nga wa ka puta he taura maro. 4. Purihia taua taura miro 180 nga nekehanga whakamuri ki runga i a ia kia hangai he piko-rua "Gooseneck" U-piko. 5. Takaia kia rua nga koropiko o te ripa taumaha, toia ranei he ** here zip nairona (here taura)** kia mau ki te take o te kaki kuihi-rua. 6. Whakahokia ano te hiri o te kaki kuihi i runga i te waho peeke kaikirimana 3-mil, ka rehu i te pona o waho ki te 0.5% wairewa wairewa konutai hypochlorite (1:9 pania o te whare ki te wai), ka waiho te paihere kua hiri ki roto i tetahi ipu kua whakatapua, kua taupokina 120-rita (32-karani) mahi taumaha ki waho o te ipu para hurihuri (Brute oko) kua tino hiritia: DO NOT MIX WITH REGULAR TRASH, HUMAN WASTE BIOHAZARD.

2. Te Whakarerenga i te Mimi Huri (Bucket #1) me nga Toka Hiiri (Bucket #2)¶

Wāhanga 5: Kore-wai me te moroiti-wai-a-ringa mo te whakamarumaru o te mate urutomo¶

I te wa ohorere, ko te huarahi tuatahi e mate ai nga mema o te whanau i te mate koriri, te norovirus, te kolera ranei ko te whakawhiti ringa-ki-waha i muri i te whakakore i nga peere, te tango karapu ranei. Na te mea ko te waipiro horoi horoi ringa (70% ethanol) he he iti ake te whai hua ki nga wheori kore-kopaki penei i te Norovirus me te kore e taea te tango i te oneone taipara tinana, ka whakatuu i tetahi Teihana Horoi Ringa-Wai Moroiti e Rua:

1. Te "Tippy-Tap" or Spigot Jug Micro-Wash (Uses Only 50 mL / 1.7 oz of Water per Wash):
2. Whakanohoia he ipu wai 20-rita (5-karani) me te patene pana, te piro tuara ranei ki runga i te porotiti ki runga i te peere hopu kei roto he pupuhi waiu.
3. Whakamakukuhia nga ringaringa ki te iti o te wai rere, kati te piro, kia kaha te horoi ki te ** hopi wai mo te 20 kiki hekona** (te horoi i raro i nga maikuku), ka horoi ki roto i te peere hopu.
4. Ko te 0.05% Pūrua Horoi-a-Rihi Maatawa (WHO Field Protocol for Norovirus / Cholera Outbreaks):
5. Whakaranuhia 10 mL (2 punetēpu) o te 5%-6% o te hākawa o te whare karekau he kakara ki roto i te 1 rita (1 rita) o te wai hei hanga i te ahua ngawari 0.05% (500 ppm) wairewa horoi-a-ringa maota (hanga hou ia 24 haora).
6. Mo te whakakore i nga rii peere, nga tuuru wharepaku, nga tatau o te kaukau, me nga pona putea o waho, whakamahia he ** kaha ake0.5% (5,000 ppm) rehu mata maota** i mahia ma te whakaranu i te 100 mL (tata ki te 3.4 oz / 1 wahi) o te hātea o te whare ki roto i te 900 mL (9 nga wahanga) o te wai me te 10-meneti te wa whakamakuku makuku.

Pātai auau¶

He aha taku hei whakamahi i roto i taku wharepaku peere mahanga mena ka pa mai he aituā i tenei po, karekau au i hoko i te otaota, i te pukohu peat i mua i te waa?¶

Mena karekau he otaota maroke, he kuru rakau, he pukohu peat ranei kei o ringaringa, whakakapi tonu i nga mea maroke, waro-nui, porarure o te whare: **te niupepa tino kowhatu, he pepa kaata parauri ranei**, **rau ngahuru ngahuru ka kuru ki roto ki nga tawerewere**, **he papa kawhe me nga rau tea (kua whakamarokehia i runga i te paepae)**, he pepa poaka, he rakau kai paipa, he rakau poaka ranei ** pire (he paku makuku kia pakaru ki roto i te otaota maroke)**, te **raunga oneone maroke/maara ranei** (kaua rawa he paru makuku, he onepu parakore ranei). Me karo i te kopiri i te paru ngeru ina ka taea, ka huri hei paru taumaha, kore e mimiti.

Me pehea taku huri i to maatau wharepaku porcelain ki te wharepaku putea mena kaore e taea e te hunga kaumātua, haua ranei te noho ki runga i te peere 5 karani?¶

Tuatahi, whakawetohia te piha wai i muri i te wharepaku ka **riirihia te kakau horoi ki raro ki te riipene riipene** kia kore ai te tangata e rere ohorere. Puritia he wai ki raro o te mahanga porcelain hei aukati i te hau parakaingo, katahi ka hikina te nohoanga wharepaku me te whakamau i tetahi putea taumaha ** 3-mil peeke paru paru** ki raro ki te peihana maroke o runga (ka tu ki runga ake i te raina wai i te mahanga o raro) ka takai i nga taha o te peeke ki runga i te awhi porcelain i mua i te whakahekenga o te nohoanga. Me mimi tuatahi ki roto i te pounamu mimi a-ringa (`1-liter hospital urinal with lid` he ipu whanui-waha ranei e mau ana ki te koo mimi wahine) i mua i te noho ki runga i te nohoanga porcelain mo nga whekau me te uhi rakau.

He haumaru te kotakota kua whakamakuku (\(\text{Ca(OH)}_2\)) ki te rokiroki mo te wa roa i roto i te karati, i te keteroki takahanga o raro ranei?¶

Ae; **Momo S Lime Waiwai (`Calcium Hydroxide`, $\text{Ca(OH)}_2$)** he roa te roa o te ora **mehemea ka hiritia e koe te putea masonry pepa ki roto i te peere HDPE 19-rita (5-karani) maataki me te taupoki rapa-nui**. Ki te waihotia te kotakota kua whakamakukuhia ki te hau makuku i roto i nga tau maha, ka ata horohia e ia te waro hauhau ($\text{CO}_2$) ka hoki ki roto i te kirikiri konupūmā warowaiwa ($\text{CaCO}_3$), ka ngaro tona $\text{pH } 12.4$ te mana whakamate-mate; ma te rongoa i roto i te peere peera kua hiri ka pupuri i te 100% o tona kawakoretanga mo nga tekau tau.

He aha te take e kore ai ahau e whakamahi i nga peeke paru kaakaariki "biodegradable" ranei "compostable" ki roto i te peere wharepaku ohorere?¶

Peeke wairākau whaimana (`PLA` māngaro kānga / `PBAT` polymers) ka hangaia kia timata te pakaru me te tangi i te makuku i te wa e pa ana ki te mahana, te haumākū, me te whākōkī microbial. Ki te 7 ki te 14 nga ra o te wa ohorere ki te horoi, me noho nga peeke kua hiri ki roto i te pahū rokiroki e tatari ana ki te tiki mai a te taone nui, he maha nga wa ka ngohe nga peeke biodegradable, ka wehea ki te tui o raro, ka pakaru nga para mata; whakamahia tonu **2.5-mil ki te 3.0-mil polyethylene iti-kiato (`LDPE`) nga putea whakatiki, kaikirimana ranei** mo te pupuri i te morearea koiora tangata.

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• World Health Organization (WHO, International): Nga Aratohu mo te Waiora me te Hauora (Te Whakakorenga o te Huka Ohotata me te Whakapumautanga o te Waiariki o te Puku Fecal) me nga Tuhinga Hangarau mo te Inu-Wai, Te Whakakore me te Maaku i nga Wa ohorere.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, United States): 40 CFR Wāhanga 503: Paerewa mo te Whakamahi me te Whakakore i te Parapara (Te Whakaiti Pathogen me nga Whakaritenga Whakapumau Waiariki i te pH 12.0, Nui ake ranei).
• Nga Pokapū mo te Whakahaere me te Aukati i te mate (CDC, United States): Wai ohorere, te horoi, me te akuaku (WASH): Te whakahaere i te para i te wa e rahua ana nga parakaingi a te taone nui me te te aukati i te mate uruta i roto i nga taiao i muri mai i te parekura.
• Ma te Maaku mo te Iwi Tumatanui Kia Noho Taatou (PHLUSH, United States): Te Punaha Wharepaku Ohotata Marua-Peere he pukapuka Hangarau me nga Kawa Whakamaero Taone.
• Oregon Office of Emergency Management (OEM, United States): Disaster Sanitation Guidance: Ko te Mahere Wharepaku Ohotata Twin-Bucket mo te Rohe whakaheke Cascadia.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Ohotata Whakahaere Institute: Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Disaster Scenaries.
• Te Kaupapa Rohe (International): Ko te Puka Puka Puka Ataata: Te Tutohinga Tangata me nga Paerewa Iti i roto i te Whakautu Tangata (Wai, Whakapai me te Whakatairanga mo te Akuaku: Te Whakahaere o te Tuhi).
• American Public Health Association (APHA, United States): Te Mana Whakahaere o nga Mate Whakawhitiwhiti: Nga Tohu Whakawhiti Pathogen Fecal-Oral Pathogen me nga Paerewa Whakapai moroiti-Wai.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Te hanga wharepaku Maa-Paetere Whakakore ohorere mo nga Whare Whakanuia
• Te horoi ohotata, te wharepaku peere-rua, te tuku para tangata me te akuaku kore wai
• Te Whakakore Wai Ohotata: Te Ripanga Whakataka Pahekeheke o te Hatea me nga Whakaritenga Kohua
• Ko te Taonga Parakaingi ki Rarohe, Pupu, Wairere ranei
• Nga Nama Ohotata me nga Waea Whanaketanga o te Ao