Whakarerea Whare Squat, Piriti Raro ranei te Tiango Hanganga, Te Waipuke Kohikohi i roto i nga Anahanga Awha-Awha, me te Mawhiti-Wai Nui¶

Kei te rapu whakaruruhau mai i te kino o te rangi, i te makariri, i te tiriti ranei i roto i te awha raima i raro i te whenua (flood-control box culvert, penei i nga hongere i raro i te whenua i raro o Las Vegas, Phoenix, Los Angeles, San Antonio, Madrid, Tokyo ranei), he ** piriti awa iti-maama ki raro (concrete abutment shelf)**, he whare kua pakaru ki te ahi, kua pirau ranei i te wai kua whakarerea (vacant factory, unreinforced masonry warehouse, or condemned house squat) ka whakararu i nga tangata karekau i te kainga, i nga kaihōpara taone, me nga kaimahi awhina whakaora ki te rua o nga aitua whakamate e tere haere ana i roto i te taiao hanga: (1) Kore-Whakatupato Nga Waipuke Raro o raro (where a thunderstorm 25 kilometers / 15 miles away in the mountains sends a 2-meter / 6.5-foot wall of water racing through a bone-dry underground tunnel at 25 to 40 km/h / 15 to 25 mph under a clear blue sky), me (2) Panake ohorere, V-Void Papa/Taupai Ka Tiango i te wa e paheke ana te wai o te rakau, te peera rino waikura, te pakitara pereki kore whakakaha ranei.

Mena kei roto koe i te puna wai o raro i te whenua, i te pouaka pouaka, i te horoi raima maroke ranei i te awa i tenei wa ka rongo koe i te haruru o te tereina utauta i tawhiti, ka hongi i te ngaru ohorere o te ozone/te whenua, ka kite ranei koe i te rere o te wai i runga i te papa ka huri paru, ka piki ahakoa 2 henimita (3/4 inch), whakatakahia nga mea taumaha katoa ka puta ki te mata, ka piki ranei ki te arawhata poupou poutū tata i roto i te 60 hēkona. Waea atu ki to nama whawhati tata (911 i te United States me Canada, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i roto i te United Kingdom, 000 i Ahitereiria) mā tau ohorere, me te korero nga waipuke, te oranga kore whare me nga whakamatautau huarere kino, te muru puni, te muru rawa, me te mana whakaruruhau, a te kore kainga ohorere: tuatahi 48 haora me te whakaruru ohorere.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. **MENA KEI KO ROTO KOE I TE KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KA rongo i te haruru iti, ka rongo i te rere ohorere o te hau matao, ka kite ranei i te pahuka paraone/parapara ka puta: whakarerea tonutia nga taputapu katoa ka oma mo te tauranga tata, te arawhata manhole poutū ranei.
2. Kaua rawa e tu ki te kohi putea moe, teneti, peketua, paihikara ranei i roto i te awaawa waipuke. Ka hangaia nga kohanga raima-awaawa kia kore he waku: ka tae te wai tere tere 15 henimita (6 inches) hohonu i runga i te papa raima whakakikoruatia ki te pukohu i 3 to 5 meters per second (10 to 16 feet per second), te kaha toia hydrodynamic (half of water density multiplied by velocity squared and area) ka tukitukia nga waewae o te pakeke mai i raro i te waa tonu, ka titi ki raro i te wai ki nga kupenga paru whakararo (bar screens).
3. Ki te kore e taea e koe te rere roa atu i te wai ki te waha o te kauhanga, piki tonu ki runga: rapua nga raera kowakawaka, arawhata rino-rino ranei kua maka ki roto i nga rakau tumere raima poutū mokowhiti i ia 90 ki te 150 mita (300 to 500 feet) i runga i te tuanui o te kauhanga, piki ki runga ake i te karauna o te paipa matua, ka poroa o putu, ka hoki ki roto i te rakau poutū (or push the street manhole cover up with your legs/shoulders, not your hands).
4. Mehemea ka mau ki runga i te piriti i raro i te arai (ABUTMENT SHELF) I TE AWA O TE AWA KI RARO I A KOE: Piki ake ki te Rahera Huarahi I mua i te taenga o te wai ki ou Ponawaewae (Never Wait Until Water Touches the Bridge Girders)
5. Ki te waipuke te awa i raro i te huarahi nui, i te piriti reriwe ranei, ka pakaru mai nga rakau maanu me nga paru paru ki roto i nga pou piriti, ka hangai he papu riiwhi, ka piki ake te wai i raro i te piriti 1.5 mita (5 feet) i roto i te 5 meneti i te wa e hanga ana he puohu whakararo whakamate (hydraulic boil) huri noa i nga pou raima.
6. Hurihia te pikinga riprap raima (at the 45-degree corner wing-walls of the bridge) ki te pakihiwi o te huarahi o runga tonu, poipoia he rama kanapa, he kakahu tino kitea ranei i nga waka e haere ana, ka waea atu 911 / 112 / 999 mo te Tiima Whakaorangia Wai Tere / Koki-Teitei Rope Rescue.
7. Mena kei roto koe i tetahi whare kua whakarerea, ka rongo koe i nga oro ngatata, tirohia te puehu raima ka taka mai i nga hononga o te tuanui, ka rongo ranei koe i te papa o te papa: wehe atu ma te paenga Masonry stairwell (Never the Center of the Floor)
8. Ko nga poupou o te papa rakau kua pirau me nga peera o te tuanui rino kua waikura ka taka ki te waenganui o te whanganga tuatahi, ka taka totika te waenganui o te papa ki te papa o raro (while the outer edges bolted into the thick exterior brick walls often remain hanging as triangular "Lean-To V-Voids").
9. Awhihia te pereki kawe kawenga o waho, taiepa raima ranei (or an enclosed corner masonry stairwell) ka puta koe; ki te timata te pakaru o nga otaota i mua i to taenga atu ki te kuaha, ruku ki te taha o te pou poutoko mau tonu, te pakitara o te arawhata raima, me nga miihini umanga taumaha ranei (which creates a survivable void space) ka korikori ki roto i te poi piriti hei tiaki i to mahunga me to uma (never lie flat on your stomach where collapsing beams crush your ribcage preventing chest expansion).
10. MENA KA WHAI KI TE WAI KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KI ROTO I TE HARI, I TE AWA RANEI: Whakaarohia te "Defensive Swiftwater Swimming Position" (On Your Back, Feet First Downstream, Toes Up, Sculling With Hands)
11. Kaua rawa e ngana ki te tu ake i roto i nga turi-hohonu, i te hope ranei o te wai waipuke e neke haere ana: ki te pakaru to hu ki roto i te kaata hokohoko kua rukuhia, i te hononga raima, i te papa uwha ranei ("Foot Entrapment"), ko te kaha o te ia ka koorua tonu to tinana ki raro ki raro i te wai ka mau koe ki reira.
12. Manu i runga i to tua me te tohu o ou waewae ki raro (in front of you), he paku piko nga turi, me nga matimati ki runga ake i te mata na ka peke atu o kapu putu i nga toka raima me nga pakitara ano he kaipahua wiri, ka whakakoki i to tinana ki te 45-tohu koki waka ki te peeke raima koki tata, te arawhata whakaora ranei.

Rakau whakatau: Te kawa ora tonu mo nga waipuke o te kauhanga, te pikinga o raro, me te tiango squat¶

flowchart TD
    A["Hanganga Tere, Waipuke ranei i roto i te Awha Awha, i te Raro Piriti, i te Squat Kua whakarerea"] --> B{"Kei Tehea Taiao kei roto koe?"}
    B -->|"1. Raro o te Awha-Tunnel, Pouaka Pouaka, Horoi Raima ranei"| C{"Kei te maranga te wai, kei te rongo ranei koe i te haruru o tawhiti / ka rongo i te hau hau?"}
    C -->|"Ae: Te Wai Rike / Haruru Ka rangona"| D["KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUA: KAUA E Whakakii teneti, Peeke ranei (Kei a koe <60 ki te 120 Hekona I mua i te Rere Patupatu)"]
    D --> E{"Kei te 100m te taha whakarunga/te taha o te Tunnel Tunnel Portal/Sloped Wall?"}
    E -->|"Ae"| F["Rere ki waho i te waha o te Tunnel, Pikihia ranei te pakitara hongere trapezoidal ma te whakamahi i te taiapa hono-hono / honotanga whakawhanui"]
    E -->|"Kao (Hohonu ki roto i te Pouaka Raro Raro)"| G["Piki ake i te arawhata awhero poutū: Kake ki runga ake i te Karauna Paipa, Whakahoki Whakamuri ki te Rakau, Pauna ki runga i te Tiriti Manhole Lid me te mea whakarewa me te waea 911/112"]
    B -->|"2. Piriti Raro Raro / Te Whakapae Awa"| H["Ka Mawhiti Ma te 45-Degree Wing-Wall Riprap Slope to Upper Highway Shoulder I mua i te taenga o te wai ki nga Ponawaewae; Karangatia a Swiftwater Rescue"]
    B -->|"3. Whare Whakarerea / Wāhanga Wāhanga Squat"| I{"Kei te taheke nga papa, kei te tuohu nga pakitara, kei te pakaru ranei te tuanui?"}
    I -->|"Nga Tohu Whakatupato i mua i te Tiango"| J["Whakahekea Inamata: Hīkoi i te taha o waho o te taha maui utaina o te pakitara (Kaua rawa e puta i te whanui o te papa o waenganui)"]
    I -->|"Ka mau ki Roto I te Tiango Hohe / Kua mau ki roto i te Parapara"| K["Ruku i te taha o te pakitara o te kokonga e mau ana i te utaina, i te Tiwae Hanganga Taumaha ranei ('Triangle / Lean-To Void'); Hipokina te Waha ki te Hate ki te Puehu Silica/Asbestos; Pato Paipa kia toru nga wa ia 60 Hekona"]

Tauari 1: Nga waipuke ki raro i te whenua me nga awa waipuke raima¶

I nga taone puta noa i Amerika ki te hauauru (Las Vegas's 1,000 kilometers / 600 miles of underground flood tunnels managed by the Clark County Regional Flood Control District; Phoenix; Albuquerque; Los Angeles's concrete river channels; San Antonio; Austin; Dallas), Europe, me Ahia, e hia mano nga tangata kare i noho ki roto i te whare 3 mita-ma-4-mita (10-by-13-foot) whakakaha i nga pouaka pouaka raima na te mea ka noho makariri i te 45°C te wera raumati me te maroke mo te 340 ra i te tau.

====================================================================================
     ANATOMY OF AN UNDERGROUND STORM-DRAIN FLASH FLOOD ("SURCHARGE PIPE FLOW")
====================================================================================

   [Street Level] ======[Cast-Iron Manhole Cover (50-110 kg)]======
                                    |     |  <-- VERTICAL MANHOLE CHIMNEY SHAFT
                                    |  H  |      - Steel ladder rungs on wall
                                    |  H  |      - SURVIVAL REFUGE: Climb up into
                                    |  H  |        this vertical chimney ABOVE the
   [Tunnel Ceiling] ----------------+  H  +----------------  tunnel ceiling before
      AIR SPACE VANISHES IN 3 MINS  |  H  |                  water fills the pipe.
   ........................................................  <-- Rising Flood Crest
         ---> 25 to 40 km/h (15-25 mph) Debris Wall --->          (Zero Air Pocket
   ========================================================       Once "Surcharged")
   [Slick Algae Concrete Floor: 15 cm (6 in) Fast Water Knocks an Adult Down]
====================================================================================

E 4 nga tohu whakamohiotanga moata mo te wa e tata mai ana te waipuke hiko (Even Under a Sunny Sky)¶

Na te mea ka kohia e nga awaawa nga wai rere mai i nga huarahi whariki me nga maunga 10 ki te 30 kiromita (6 to 20 miles) whakarunga, karekau koe e kite i te maturuturunga iho o te ua, ka rongo ranei i te whatitiri** i te tomokanga o te kauhanga i mua i te taenga mai o te ngaru whakamate. Maumahara ki enei tohu e wha o mua:

1. Te "Hai Piston" me te Kanga o te Whenua Maku (3 to 8 Minutes Before the Water Wall):
2. I te mea ka whakakiia e te pakitara wai waipuke te wahanga-whitinga o te kauhanga whakarunga, he rite te mahi ki te pupuhi syringe nui e turaki ana i te pou o te hau neke atu i mua i a ia ki raro i te paipa. Mena ka rongo koe he tere tonu, hauhautanga, hau makuku e pupuhi ana ki raro i te kauhanga e mau tonu ana me te haunga o te uwha maku, hau paraka, me te ozone, he ngaru waipuke kei roto i te paipa whakarunga o koe.
3. Ko te Acoustic "Raroraro / Uta-tereina Rumble" (1 to 4 Minutes Before Impact):
4. Ko nga kaapiri pouaka raima hei arataki ngaru oro: ko te kowiri i te wai e huri ana i nga toka, i nga kaata hokohoko, i nga rakau ki raro i te papa raima ka puta he hohonu, kake ake te haruru iti e paoro ana ki raro i te kauhanga meneti i mua i te putanga o te wai.
5. Te "Tiki Pari" & Te Maranga Ohorere o Te Roaches/Kiore ki runga i nga Patu (30 to 90 Seconds Before the Crest):
6. Matakitakihia te awaawa iti o te pokapu (invert channel) i te papa o te kauhanga: inamata ka huri te tote marama he tiakarete-parauri, hukahuka, ka mau ranei i nga reke hikareti maanu me nga rau, OR ka kite koe ka hia rau nga maaka, pungawerewere, me nga kiore e oho ohorere ana ki runga i nga pakitara taha raima ki te tuanui, he hēkona kei muri te poupou o te waipuke.
7. Me pehea te Mawhiti ma te Tumere Poutū Taonga Ina Kiki te Anahanga:
8. Titiro ake ki te tuanui i a koe e hikoi ana ki roto i nga awaawa tupuhi ka ** tatauhia o hikoi ki te arawhata poupou poutū tino tata**.
9. Mena ka mau ki raro i te wai kake ake, piki te arawhata rino tae noa ki runga ki te tumere whaiti porohita poutū i raro i te huarahi.
10. Whakatupato mo nga Rere o te arawhata Rusty: Kia mau tonu ** kia toru nga waahi o te whakapiri** ka tuu o ringaringa me o waewae pania ki nga tapa o waho o te papa rino i te waahi ka uru ki te pakitara raima (never in the middle of a corroded rung, where bending stress is highest and rusted steel snaps).
11. Me pehea te whakatuwhera i te 70-Kirokaramu (150-Pound) Ko te Uwhi Puka Tiri-Iron Mai i Raro: Kaua rawa e ngana ki te pana i te taupoki poka me nga ringa totoro ki runga i to mahunga. Piki teitei kia taea e o pekepeke, te kapu ranei o ou putu (i te wa e u ana to tuara ki te taha o te pakitara raima o te rakau) ka taea te peke whakarunga me te kaha o te waewae/muri, RĀNEI ka taraihia he paipa whakarewa/tuupapa i roto i nga 2.5-henemita (1-inch) kohao-kohao kei roto i te uhi rino ka poipoia he kakahu kanapa, rama rama ranei ki runga ki te tiriti kia kite nga kaitaraiwa me nga tangata hikoi i a koe ka waea atu ki 911.

Tauari 2: Ngaa morearea tiango i roto i nga whare kua whakarerea (Squats), whare putunga, me nga hanganga tahuna¶

Mo nga tangata kore whare e whakaruruhau ana i roto i nga whare watea, kua whakarerea nga mira ahumahi, i nga whare kua pakaru i te ahi, tata tonu ka paheke te hanganga na te whakauru wai i roto i te tuanui turuturu (which silently rots wooden floor joists over months) ranei te hukarere mo te takurua/ nga uta ua te taapiri i te tekau tone mita o te taumaha ki runga i nga awhi kua taupatupatuhia.

Me pehea te ora me te tohu i nga kaiwhakaora mena ka mau ki raro i nga ruinga whare (USAR Void-Space Survival)¶

Mena ka hinga te tuanui o te whare, te papa ranei i mua i to puta ki waho: 1. ** Tiakina to Rererangi ki te Silica, te raima, me te puehu Asbestos (Seconds 1 to 30):** - Ko te tiango o te hanganga ka whakakiia te hau ki te matapo, whakapouri ** hikakiriata, kumete kotakota, muka karaihe, me te puehu asbestos**. Toia tonutia te kara o to T-hate, koti ranei ki runga i to ihu me to waha (breathe through 2 to 4 layers of cloth) ka kati o kanohi kia tau te kapua puehu. 2. Kaua rawa e Whakamahia he Maama, Maeeti, Whakawera Propane ranei i raro i te Ruipara: - He maha nga wa i kutikutihia e nga whare tiango nga paipa hau maori (or decaying organic/sewer pockets). Ko te patu i te mura ka puta he pahū mokowhiti, ka pau to pute hāora iti. Whakamahia he mata atamai, rama rama rama ranei. 3. Whakamahia te International "3-Tap Acoustic Pipe Signal" (Do NOT Scream Continuously): - Ma te aue i roto i te paru puehu ka pau to hāora, ka maroke to korokoro, ka iti nei te uru ki te 1 mita raima. - Engari, tikina he konganuku, putorino, toka ranei ka paki kia 3 nga parere rereke (TAP - TAP - TAP ... pause ... TAP - TAP - TAP) ki te paipa wai maitai, te paipa radiator, te kurupae rino, te pou raima ranei ia 60 hēkona. Ko nga wiri oro e haere ana 50 mita ma te haere tonu o nga paipa rino ki te FEMA / Te Tari Tiaki Tiaki Taone Te Rapu me te Whakaora (USAR) Delsar seismic/acoustic sensors whakarongo, a ka rongo koe i nga kuri whakaora, i nga reo ranei i runga ake nei, whakataa to paopao kia rongo koe i ta ratou karanga ka paopao ki muri i runga i te whakahau.

Tauari 3: Nga ture whakamahana mo te takurua/te awha me te waro haukura i roto i nga squats me raro¶

He maha ake nga tangata e whakamarumaru ana ki nga whare kua whakarerea, ki nga poka wai, me nga huarahi o raro o te piriti ka mate ia takurua i te Carbon Monoxide (CO) te paihana me te kapura mo te ahi i te hinganga o te hanganga: - Kaua rawa e tahuna he tunu waro, he ahi papau rakau, he hiko hau, he umu hopuni ranei i roto i te ruuma karekau, i raro, i te raima raima ranei: Ko te wera waro, te rakau papaa makuku ranei i roto i te whare ka puta 3,000 ki te 10,000 ppm o te waro warokore (CO), ka mate koma i te wa e moe ana i roto i te 20 ki te 45 meneti. - Kia Maamaa nga Ara Puta Tuturu Tiaki E rua (The Squat Fire Rule): Ko nga whare watea kua whakakiia ki te kaata, ki nga mokete, me nga taratara ka wera mai i te pito rama kotahi ki te tapeke mokowhiti (600°C / 1,100°F) i raro i te 180 hēkona. Kaua rawa e moe ki roto i te ruuma e tutakina ana nga matapihi ki nga tutaki rino, ka whakairihia mai ranei i waho me te plywood mena ka whakatuwherahia e koe tetahi ara mawhiti i te papa o te whenua ** i mua i te tapapatanga.

Tauari 4: Ko te arai i raro i te piriti morearea waipēhi, te piki riprap, me te mawhiti te parepare-upoko ("miihini toremi")¶

He maha nga wa ka noho te hunga moe taikaha me te hunga rerenga waipuke ki runga i te papaa papa piriti raima (bridge seat) kei raro tonu i nga huarahi ara nui, i te taha ranei o nga hongere hikoi o te awa o te taone nui. Ahakoa he piriti huanui e aukati ana i te ua poutū, ko te ara o raro e noho ana i roto i te whakaititanga o te awaawa i hangaia o te awa, te hongere whakaheke wai ranei:

1. He aha nga awa e piki ake ai e rua nga wa tere i raro i te piriti (Venturi Constriction & Debris Strainer Dams):
2. Ka whakawhāitihia e nga miihini te pareparenga o te awa ki te raima-parirau hei whakapoto i te roanga o te piriti. I te wa e paheke ana te rerenga awha ki raro i te hongere, na te whaititanga ka kaha te wai kia tere haere, ka putu poutū (backwater rise) tika ki nga pou piriti.
3. Ko te mea kino rawa atu, i te wa e mau ana te rakau tuatahi i hutia, te putunga maanu, te papapa rakau ranei ki te taha ki runga i nga pou piriti raima, ka pakaru katoa nga otaota o raro ki taua rakau, ka hanga he Debris Dam i roto i nga meneti hei whakamuri i te wai waipuke ki runga tonu i te papa o raro kei te whakatu teneti.
4. Me pehea te mawhiti i runga i nga pakitara hongere raima raima (Trapezoidal Flood Channels):
5. Mena ka mau koe ki roto i tetahi hongere waipuke raima 45-tohu (such as the Los Angeles River, Las Vegas Wash, or San Antonio River flood tunnels) i te mea he pukohu me te paraka te raima maku kia rite ki te karaihe hinuhinu:
   • Kaua e ngana ki te hikoi tika ki runga raima maeneene maeneene i roto i nga kapu hu rapa makuku: ngokingoki i nga wha katoa i runga i nga rawa raima roha-hononga (spaced every 6 to 9 meters / 20 to 30 feet), he hoko maihao-a-ringa, kapohia ranei te taura riipene o raro o te taiapa hononga mekameka i te ngutu o runga o te hongere.
   • Ko te "Backpack Throw-Bag" Whakaorangia Mai i te Peeke: Ki te mea ka tahia tetahi hoa ki raro i te hongere raima ka tu haumaru koe i runga i te peeke i runga ake i a ratou, kaua e peke ki muri i a ia (both of you will be swept away). Engari, whakawāteahia te haurua o ngā kākahu taumaha ki waho o te peketua, tapahia he 15 mita (50-foot) nylon paracord or tarp rope to the backpack grab-hand (leaving one sealed empty plastic 2-liter water bottle or closed sleeping pad inside the pack for buoyancy), mau ki te pito hiku o te taura kua takaia ki te pou taiapa (never tied around your own wrist or waist), ka maka i te peke tuara maanu ki te awa o to hoa kia taea e ia te awhi i te kete ki tona uma me te piu atu ki te peeke.
6. Te mawhiti mai i te Pape Paa-Mahunga, Pouaka-A-Puri Whakataka-Maake ranei (The "Recirculating Hydraulic Boil"):
7. I te wa e rere atu ai tetahi puna wai-a-whare i raro i te whenua ki roto i te peera tohanga raima (or where an urban river drops 1 to 3 meters over a concrete weir / low-head dam), ka topa te rau wai e taka ana ki raro, ka korikori whakamuri ki te awa, ka hanga i te miihini horoi whakahurihuri kua rukuhia (hydraulic jump / keeper hydraulic) e kumea ana nga patunga e maanu ana ki roto i te arai wai e taka ana.
8. Mena ka mau i roto i te waipēhi hurihuri i te waha o te awaawa: Kaua ** e moumou tou manawa ki te kauhoe whakamua i runga i te mata ki te whewhe e rere whakamuri ana. Engari, (a) ngana ki te mahi i to tinana ki tahaki (laterally) i te taha o te mata o te pa ki te koki raima pakau-taiepa ka pakaru te waipēhi, RĀNEI (b) ka kuhu ki roto i te pōro, totohu ki te papa raima o raro ki raro tonu i te arai takahanga i reira ka pupuhi te kariki o raro i te awa, ka pana atu i te papa ki raro i mua i te raina whewhe ma i mua i te putanga ki runga.

Te whakamarumaru i o tuhinga ID tino nui, kaari EBT, me te waea i roto i te puni e kaha ana te waipuke¶

I te wa e wehe ana i te awaawa waipuke, i te topa ranei i roto i te pouri, ka ngaro to raihana taraiwa, tiwhikete whanautanga, kaari Haumaru Hapori, kaari SNAP/EBT, me te waea Lifeline i roto i te teneti kua waipuketia ka hoki mai to whare mo nga marama. Moe mai i nga po katoa me o ** kaari ID, kaari EBT, ipu rongoa, me te waea kua hiri ki roto i te peeke maroke parewai (or double-zipped quart freezer Ziploc bags) ka tope tika ki to whitiki whitiki, ka mau ranei ki roto i te putea pouaka whakawhiti-tinana i raro i to koti**, kaua e waiho kia wetekina ki runga i te papa teneti.

He kupu awhina tuatahi mo te rumaki wai-waipuke, te hauhautanga, me nga whara kuru¶

He hupa paitini te wai o te awhiowhio o te taone nui o te pukenga parapara parakore (CSO), mimi kiore (Leptospira), hinu motini, ngira hypodermic, me te rere mīti. Ko te tangata ka kumea mai i te kauhanga waipuke, i te awa awa ranei me: (1) ka wetekina tonu nga kakahu makuku ka takai ki nga paraikete maroke/Mylar kia kore ai e paheketanga hepothermia (which strikes even in 20°C / 68°F water), (2) parahia katoatia nga tapahi me nga werohanga ki te wai pounamu parakore + hopi + parepare (povidone-iodine) hei aukati i te leptospirosis, tetanus, me te Vibrio / Aeromonas nga mate kiko ngohengohe, me te (3) haere ki te tari whawhati tata, ki te whare rongoa huarahi ranei mena ka horomia he wai waipuke ranei ("secondary pulmonary injury"). Ko te tango i tetahi akoranga Awhina Tuatahi me te CPR mai i te Ripeka Whero, St John Ambulance ranei ka whakarite koe ki te whakahaere i te toremi me te mamae i mua i te taenga mai o te EMS.

Ohotata a-rohe, te whakaoranga wai tere, me nga hononga whakaruruhau i te rangi kino¶

• Te Hononga o Amerika me Kanata:
• Te Waipuke Tunnel, Whakaoranga Wai Tere, Tiango Whare ranei: Waea 911 me te whakaatu marama: "SWIFTWATER RESCUE NEEDED IN [STORM DRAIN / CHANNEL LOCATION]"ranei "STRUCTURAL BUILDING COLLAPSE WITH PERSON TRAPPED AT [ADDRESS]"(so dispatch sends Technical Rescue / USAR and Swiftwater boats rather than a single patrol car).
• 24/7 Ohotata ki te Whakaruruhau mo te Wea Nui me te Tukunga Waa Whakaputa: Waea 211 (ranei 311 i NYC, Chicago, LA, SF, Toronto). I nga wa e Maataki Waipuke, Whakatupato Whakatio, matohi Waehere Kahurangi/Waehere Whero ranei, nga roopu toronga taone (such as HELP of Southern Nevada's tunnel outreach team in Las Vegas, LAHSA ERT in Los Angeles, or DHS Outreach in NYC) whakarato waka ohorere ki nga whakamarumaru whakamaroke kaore he arai ID.
• United Kingdom & European Union:
• Te Ahi ohorere me te Whakaoranga Hangarau: Waea 999 (UK) ranei 112 (EU).
• Te Whakaruruhau Ohotata Moe Rougher: I te UK, whakapā atu StreetLink (thestreetlink.org.uk) kaunihera rohe ranei SWEP (Severe Weather Emergency Protocol) tepu whare; i Parani, waea 115 (SAMU Social 24/7 kore utu raina whakaruru ohorere).
• Ahitereiria:
• Te Waipuke ohorere / Pirihimana / Whakaoranga Ahi: Waea 000; Ratonga Ohotata State (SES Waipuke & Whakaoranga Awha): Waea 132 500.
• Mo nga nama ohorere i roto i nga whenua 190, tirohia tau ohorere.

Pātai auau¶

Me pehea e waipuke ai te kauhanga awhiowhio i raro i te whenua me te 6 putu te pakitara wai i te mea karekau he ua ki waho?¶

Ko nga awaawa raima me nga awa-awa-awa ka mahi hei kohanga nui e kohi wai ua mai i nga huarahi whariki me nga maunga 15 ki te 30 kiromita (10 ki te 20 maero) te tawhiti. Ko te whatitiri kaha ki runga i nga rekereke tawhiti ka tukuna nga miriona rita o te rerenga rere ki raro i nga paipa raima kore i te 25 ki te 40 km/h (15 ki te 25 mph), ka tae ki raro i te rangi paki me te kore ua o te rohe. Mena kei roto koe i te kauhanga ka rongo koe i te hau hauhautanga ohorere, ka hongi i te paru makuku, ka rongo i te haruru o te tereina iti, ka kite ranei i te tahekeheke o te papa ka huri paru, ka taka nga taonga katoa ka puta ki waho, ka piki ranei i te arawhata manhole poutū i roto i te 60 hēkona.

He aha ahau kaua rawa e ngana ki te tu ki runga, ki te hikoi ranei mena ka tukitukia ahau i roto i nga turi o te wai waipuke?¶

Ko te neke i te wai i te 15 henimita noa (6 inihi) te hohonu ka paheke te pakeke i ona waewae, me te ngana ki te tuku i o waewae ki raro ki roto i te wai tere ki roto i te turi-hohonu, i te hope-hohonu ranei te wai tere ka puta he morearea "Foot Entrapment" mate. Mena ka mau to hu, rekereke ranei i roto i te pae kupenga i roto i te kupenga, te papa rebar, te hononga raima raima, te kaata hokohoko ranei, na te kaha nui o te au ka pana tonu to uma me to mahunga ki raro i te wai, ka titi koe ki reira. I nga wa katoa ka rewa i runga i to tuara me te tohu o ou waewae ki raro i mua i a koe me o matimati ki runga tata ki te mata ki te peke atu i nga arai i te wa e anga ana ki te 45 nga nekehanga ki te peeke.

Kei hea te waahi haumaru ki te neke mena ka pakaru, ka hinga ranei tetahi whare kua mahue i a au i roto?¶

I roto i nga whare pereki tawhito me nga whare rakau, ka pakaru nga poupou o te papa i nga wa katoa ki waenganui o te ruuma i te tuatahi, ka heke totika te waenganui o te papa ki raro ki raro i te wa e mau tonu ana nga taha o waho ki nga pakitara paenga matotoru ka mau tonu hei koki "Lean-To V-Voids." Me neke atu i te papa o waenganui ka awhi i te pakitara kawe kawenga o waho, he kuaha poupou, he arawhata kokonga ranei. Mena ka timata te pakaru o te para i mua i to putanga ki waho, ruku ki te taha o te kokonga e mau ana i te utaina totoka, i te pou hanganga taumaha ranei, ka kopikopiko ki roto i te poi piriti hei tiaki i to ribcage, ka toia to koti ki runga i to ihu me to waha ki te puehu.

He aha te mea kino ki te hiki i te kurupae taumaha kua tiango mai i nga waewae o te tangata mena kua neke atu i te rua haora te titi?¶

I te wa e kuru ana, e titi ana te papa raima, te kurupae rakau ranei o te tangata mo te neke atu i te 1 ki te 2 haora, ka pakaru nga pūtau uaua e matekai ana ki te hāora, ka mau i nga taumata o te pāhare pāporo, myoglobin me te waikawa i roto i nga waewae. Ki te ohorere ka tangohia e nga kaiwhakaora te kurupae mai i nga waewae karekau he paramedic, ka rere totika te pāhare pāporo ki te ngakau, ka mau te ngakau mate i roto i te 60 hēkona, he ohorere hauora e kiia nei ko "Crush Syndrome", he hopukanga reperfusion ranei. Ki te kore te ahi, te pikinga o te waipuke ka kaha te neke tere, waea atu ki te 911 kia mau tonu te kurupae kia tae mai nga paramedic ki te whakahaere i nga wai IV me nga rongoa tiaki ngakau i mua i te hiki.

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): He Aratohu Mahinga Mahinga Taone me te Whakaoranga (USAR), Nga Momo Kore Te Tiango Hanganga, Nga Pūnaha Tohu, me te Whakatairanga.
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): NFPA 1006 me 1670 Paerewa mo nga Tohunga Ngaio Whakaoranga Hangarau, Whakaoranga Wai Tere, Nga Miihini Puku Upoko iti, me nga Mokowā Mokowhiti.
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) & National Weather Service (NWS, United States): Flash Flood Mechanics in Urban Drainage Systems and Engineered Channels.
• United States Fire Administration (USFA, United States): Emergency First Care for Crush Syndrome and Longed Entrapment.
• Te Tari Taiao (United Kingdom): Nga Punaha Whakatupato mo te Waipuke, Nga Whakatupato Ngaa Waiata, me te Haumarutanga o te Ara Wai Taone.
• Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authority Council (AFAC, Ahitereiria): Taone Rapu me te Whakaoranga me te Waipuke Nga Mahi Whakaora.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Te oranga kore whare me te whakamatautau huarere kino
• Te kore kainga ohorere: tuatahi 48 haora me te whakaruru ohorere
• Ka tahia puni, te muru rawa, me te mana whakaruruhau
• Nga waipuke
• Te kino o te hanganga me te tiango