Kufaatii Caasaa Squat ykn Bridge Underpass Gamoo Gatame, Flash Flood in Storm-Drain Tunnels, fi Bishaan Olka’aa Baqachuu¶

Haala qilleensaa hamaa, qorra, ykn daandii qulqulleessuu irraa gaaddisa barbaaduun lafa jalaa konkiriitii obomboleettii-dhangala’aa (flood-control box culvert, kan akka chaanaalii lafa jalaa Laas Veegaas, Fiiniks, Loos Anjeelees, Saan Antooniyoo, Maadriid, ykn Tookiyoo jala jiru), karaa jalaa riqicha lagaa qulqullina xiqqaa qabu (concrete abutment shelf), ykn gamoo ibiddaan miidhame ykn bishaaniin manca’ee gatame (vacant factory, unreinforced masonry warehouse, or condemned house squat) namoota dhuunfaa mana hin qabne, qorattoota magaalaa, fi hojjettoota daawwannaa baraarsaa balaa lubbuu namaa galaafatu naannoo ijaarame keessatti saffisaan socho'u lamaaf saaxila: (1) Akeekkachiisa Zeeroo-Akeekkachiisa Lafa jalaa Dhangala'aa (where a thunderstorm 25 kilometers / 15 miles away in the mountains sends a 2-meter / 6.5-foot wall of water racing through a bone-dry underground tunnel at 25 to 40 km/h / 15 to 25 mph under a clear blue sky), fi (2) Paankeekii Tasaa ykn V-Void Floor/Roof Collapse yeroo joists mukaa bishaaniin guutame, trusses sibiilaa dafqaan guutame, ykn dallaan cilee hin jabamne bakka kennu.

Yoo yeroo ammaa kana bishaan baabura obomboleettii lafa jalaa, kaalvartii saanduqa, ykn dhiqannaa laga konkiriitii goggogaa keessa jirta ta’ee fi sagalee baabura fe’umsaa fagoo dhageesse, dalga tasa ozoonii/lafa jiidha qabu urgaa’e, ykn bishaan lafa irratti dhangala’u dhoqqee ta’ee seentimeetira 2 illee ol ka’uu argite (3/4 inch), meeshaalee ulfaatoo hunda gadi dhiisuun gara gubbaatti bahuu ykn sekondii 60 keessatti sadarkaa boolla namaa dhaabbataa dhiyoo jiru ol bahuu. Lakkoofsa balaa tasaa naannoo keessanii (911 Ameerikaa fi Kaanaadaa keessatti, . 112 guutuu Gamtaa Awurooppaa keessatti, . 999 Yunaayitid Kingidam keessatti, . 000 Australia keessatti) karaa lakkoofsa balaa tasaa, fi mariisisuu lolaa balaqqeessaa, . mana keessa jiraachuu fi haala qilleensaa garmalee adda baasuu, . buufata qulqulleessuu, qabeenya fudhachuu, fi mirga gaaddisa, fi mana dhabuu tasa: sa’aatii 48 jalqabaa fi gaaddisa hatattamaa.

Amma kana godhi¶

1. YOO TUNEELII YKN KONKIRITII IRRATTI DHAABBACHUU KEESSA JIRTUU FI GAGGAA GADI AANAA DHAGGEESSE, QILLEENSAA QABABAAN AKKA TASA FIIGUU ISAA DAGA'E, YKN FOOM/DEBRIS BROWN MULTUU ARGAA: Hatattamaan Geerii Hundaa dhiisaatii Poortaala Dhiyoo ykn Ladder Vertical Manhole jedhamutti fiigi.
2. Boorsaa hirribaa, dunkaana, boorsaa dugda, ykn biskileetii bishaan boolla obomboleettii lolaa keessa kaa’uuf gonkumaa hin dhaabbatin. Tuneelonni lolaa to’atan konkiriitiin kan hojjetaman akka huutii haayidiroolikii wal-nyaatinsa hin qabne ta’aniif: bishaan saffisaan socho’u al tokko sentimeetira 15 (6 inches) gadi fagoo lafa konkiriitii lilmoo, algee-dibame irratti at 3 to 5 meters per second (10 to 16 feet per second), humna harkisaa haayidiroodaayinaamikii ( .half of water density multiplied by velocity squared and area) miila nama guddaa tokkoo battalumatti jalaa rukutee bishaan jalatti bakka kosii gadi bu’u irratti (bar screens).
3. Yoo bishaan sana dheerinaan gara afaan tuneeliitti fiiguu hin dandeenye, hatattamaan OL ol ba'i: sibiilli korregeetii ykn sadarkaa sibiilaa darbatame kan gara shaaftaalee simintoo konkiriitii dhaabbataa boolla simintootti darbataman barbaadi meetira 90 hanga 150 hunda addaan fagaatu (300 to 500 feet) karaa sillaasee tuneel, gonfoo tuuboo guddaa olitti ol ba'i, fi boottii kee wedge gochuun gara shaafta dhaabbataatti deebi'aa (or push the street manhole cover up with your legs/shoulders, not your hands).
4. YOO RIQIIJII IRRATTI KOOLEE TA'E UNDERRPASS LEDGE (ABUTMENT SHELF) AKKA LAGAAN SI GADI IRRATTI KA'U: Bishaan Utuu Hin Ga'iin Deekiin Daandii Guddaa Ol Ba'i (Never Wait Until Water Touches the Bridge Girders).
5. Lagni tokko riqicha daandii guddaa ykn baaburaa jalatti yeroo lola'u mukkeen lola'anii fi bakki balfa itti gatan buufata riqichaatti siqanii hidha strainer uumuun bishaan riqicha jala jiru gara oliitti 1.5 meetira (5 feet) daqiiqaa 5 keessatti osoo vortex gara gadiitti du'aa (hydraulic boil) naannoo utubaawwan konkiriitii.
6. Scramble up the konkiriitii riprap slope (at the 45-degree corner wing-walls of the bridge) gara garba daandii guddaa gubbaa battalumatti, ibsaa harkaa ifaa ykn huccuu mul’achuu guddaa qabu tiraafikaa darbu irratti raasaa, ** .911 / 112 / 999** Garee Baraarsaa Funyoo Bishaan Dambalii / Kofa Ol’aanaa tiif.
7. YOO GAMOO GAMOTA GADAME KEESSA JIRTEE SAGALEE QARRAA CRACKING/POPPING DHAGGEETTE, DAFFA PLASTER JOISTS CEILING IRRAA BU'U ILAALI, YKN SAG LAFA SAGAAN SAGALEE: Karaa Perimeter Masonry Stairwell (Never the Center of the Floor).
8. Joistiin lafa mukaa manca’ee fi sibiilli dafqaan guutame giddugaleessa span dursa keessatti ni kufa, walakkaa lafaa kallattiin gara mana gadi aanaatti gadi buusa (while the outer edges bolted into the thick exterior brick walls often remain hanging as triangular "Lean-To V-Voids").
9. dallaa cilee ykn konkiriitii fe'umsa alaa hammachuu (or an enclosed corner masonry stairwell) akkuma baatu; yoo balbala bira ga’uu kee dura caccabni kufuu jalqabe, utubaa fe’umsa dhaabbataa jabaa, dallaa sadarkaa konkiriitii, ykn maashinii industirii ulfaataa cinaa cuuphaa (which creates a survivable void space) fi kubbaa cimaa mataa fi garaa kee eegutti qaxxaamuruu (never lie flat on your stomach where collapsing beams crush your ribcage preventing chest expansion).
10. YOO BISHAAN LOOLAA SAFFISAAN SOCHA'U KEESSATTI CHAANAALII YKN LAGA KEESSATTI DHAABBATE: Assume the "Defensive Swiftwater Swimming Position" (On Your Back, Feet First Downstream, Toes Up, Sculling With Hands).
11. Bishaan lolaa socho'aa jilba ykn mudhii gad fageenya qabu keessa ka'uuf gonkumaa hin yaalin: yoo bootiin kee gaarii bittaa bishaan keessa lixe, walqabsiisa konkiriitii, ykn rebar stub ("Foot Entrapment"), humni kaarentii battaluma sanatti qaama kee bishaan jalatti fuula isaa gadi dachaasee achitti si qaba.
12. Miilli kee gara gadiitti akeektee dugda kee irratti yaabbadhu (in front of you), jilbi xiqqoo qaxxaamuree, fi qubni miila gubbaa gubbaa kanaaf qofti bootii keetii dhagaa konkiriitii fi dallaa irraa akka shock absorbers irraa utaalee, fi qaama kee 45-degree ferry angle gara baankii konkiriitii kofa dhiyoo jirutti ykn sadarkaa baraarsaatti kofa.

Muka murtii: Pirootokoolii lubbuun jiraachuu hatattamaa lolaa balaqqeessaa tuneel, olka’iinsa daandii jalaa, fi kufaatii squat¶

flowchart TD
    A["Balaa Caasaa ykn Lolaa Hatattamaa Dhangala’aa Obomboleettii, Daandii Jala Riqicha, ykn Squat Gatame Keessatti"] --> B{"Yeroo Ammaa Naannoo Kami Keessa Jirta?"}
    B -->|"1. Tuneela Lafa Jala Obomboleettii-Dhaa’uu, Kaalvaartii Sanduuqa, ykn Dhiqannaa Konkiriitii"| C{"Bishaan Ol Ka'aa Jira Moo Boo'icha Fagoo Dhageessa / Qilleensi Sitti dhagahama?"}
    C -->|"Eeyyee: Bishaan Ol Ka'uu / Boo'uu Dhaga'ame"| D["ATATTAMAAN GIIRII HUNDA GADI GADAA: Dunkaana ykn Borsaa HIN Kuufatin (Dhangala’aa Knockdown Dura < Sekondii 60 hanga 120 Qabda)"]
    D --> E{"Portal Tunnel Banaa / Dallaan Qaxxaamuraa 100m Upstream/Lateral Keessa jiraa?"}
    E -->|"Eeyyee"| F["Afaan Tuneel keessaa fiigichaan ba’uu ykn dallaa Chaanaalii Trapezoidal kan qaxxaamuraa ta’e ol ba’uu Chain-Link Fence / Expansion Joints Fayyadamuun"]
    E -->|"Lakki (Deep Inside Lafa Jala Box Culvert) ."| G["ATATTAMAAN SADARKAA CHIMNEY MANHOLE VERTICAL OL YAABAA: Gonfoo Ujummoo Gubbaa Ol Bahuu, Shaaftaatti Duubatti Qabduu, Paawundii Godoo Manhole Daandii irratti Wanti Sibiilaa Waliin & 911/112 bilbili"]
    B -->|"2. Riqicha Underpass Ledge / Riverbank Encampment"| H["Scrambled Escape karaa 45-Degree Wing-Wall Riprap Slope gara Upper Highway Shoulder Osoo Bishaan Ankles Hin Ga’iin; Swiftwater Rescue bilbili"]
    B -->|"3. Gamoo Gatame / Kuusaa Duwwaa Squat"| I{"Lafti Lafti, Dallaan Ni Xiqqaa Moo Fooqi Caccabaa?"}
    I -->|"Mallattoolee Akeekkachiisaa Kufaatii Dura"| J["Hatattamaan Baqachuu: Naannoo Dallaa Fe’umsaa Alaa Irra Deemi (Gonkumaa Giddugaleessa Lafa Giddugaleessaa Irraa Hin Dabarsin) ."]
    I -->|"Kufaatii Sochii Keessatti Qabame / Caccabaa Keessatti Kiyyoome"| K["Dallaa Golee Fe'umsa Baatu ykn Utubaa Caasaa Ulfaataa ('Triangle / Lean-To Void') Cinaa cuuphamuu; Afaan Qamisaan Haguuguu Dafqa Siiliikaa/Asbestos Irratti; Sekondii 60 Keessatti Yeroo 3 Tuboo Tuqaa"]

Haala 1ffaa: Lolaan cimaan lafa jalaa obomboleettii-dhangala’aa fi karaa lolaa konkiriitii keessatti¶

Magaalota guutuu Kibba Lixa Ameerikaa keessatti (Las Vegas's 1,000 kilometers / 600 miles of underground flood tunnels managed by the Clark County Regional Flood Control District; Phoenix; Albuquerque; Los Angeles's concrete river channels; San Antonio; Austin; Dallas), Awurooppaa, fi Eeshiyaa, namoonni mana hin qabne kumaatamaan lakkaa'aman 3-meter-by-4-meter (10-by-13-foot) kalvartii saanduqa konkiriitii cimaa ho’a gannaa 45°C keessatti qabbanaa’ee waan turuuf waggaatti guyyoota 340f goggogaa waan ta’eef.

====================================================================================
     ANATOMY OF AN UNDERGROUND STORM-DRAIN FLASH FLOOD ("SURCHARGE PIPE FLOW")
====================================================================================

   [Street Level] ======[Cast-Iron Manhole Cover (50-110 kg)]======
                                    |     |  <-- VERTICAL MANHOLE CHIMNEY SHAFT
                                    |  H  |      - Steel ladder rungs on wall
                                    |  H  |      - SURVIVAL REFUGE: Climb up into
                                    |  H  |        this vertical chimney ABOVE the
   [Tunnel Ceiling] ----------------+  H  +----------------  tunnel ceiling before
      AIR SPACE VANISHES IN 3 MINS  |  H  |                  water fills the pipe.
   ........................................................  <-- Rising Flood Crest
         ---> 25 to 40 km/h (15-25 mph) Debris Wall --->          (Zero Air Pocket
   ========================================================       Once "Surcharged")
   [Slick Algae Concrete Floor: 15 cm (6 in) Fast Water Knocks an Adult Down]
====================================================================================

Mallattoolee akeekkachiisa dursaa miiraa 4n lolaa balaqqeessaa tuneela dhiyaachaa jiru (Even Under a Sunny Sky) .¶

Sababni isaas, bishaan obomboleettii daandii fi gaarreen dhagaa cilee irraa yaa’u kiilomeetira 10 hanga 30 (6 to 20 miles) olka'aa, yeroo baay'ee gonkumaa seensa tuneelichaa irratti osoo dalga lolaa ajjeesaa hin dhufin dura copha roobaa tokkollee hin argitu ykn qilleensa hin dhageessu. Dursitoota miiraa afran kana sammuutti qabadhu:

1. "Qilleensi Piston" & Urgaa Lafa Jiidhina (3 to 8 Minutes Before the Water Wall):
2. Dallaan bishaan lolaa kutaa qaxxaamuraa tuneela olka’aa akkuma guututti, akka pilaanjara siriinjii guddaa utubaa qilleensa buqqa’ee fuuldura isaa jiru ujummoo gadi dhiibuutti hojjeta. Yoo akka tasaa klzzwxh:0118 urgaa **asfaaltii jiidha qabu, gaazii bisha boollaa, fi ozoonii** wajjin gadi bu’u sitti dhaga’ame, dalga lolaa duraanuu tuuboo si irraa ol jiru keessa jira.
3. The Acoustic "Duubbaa Baabura Xiqqaa / Baabura Fe'umsaa" (1 to 4 Minutes Before Impact):
4. Kaalvartiin saanduqa konkiriitii akka qajeelfama dalgee sagalee ta’ee hojjetu: bishaan dhagaa, gaarii bittaa fi muka lafa konkiriitii irraa gadi bu’u dhangalaasuun gadi fagoo, sagalee firikuweensii gadi aanaa ol ka’aa kan bishaan osoo hin mul’atin daqiiqaawwan muraasa dura tuneelicha keessaa gadi dhaga’amu uuma.
5. "Dirty Trickle" & Tasa Ka'uu Roaches/Rats Ol Dallaa (30 to 90 Seconds Before the Crest):
6. Giddugaleessa xiqqaa gutter dhangala'aa xiqqaa (invert channel) lafa tuneelichaa keessatti: battaluma dhangala’aan ifa ta’e sun chokoleetii-buraa’aa, foomii qabu, ykn qamadii sigaaraa fi baala lola’aa baattee deemu, YKN kookoo, saroonni, fi hantuutni dhibbaan lakkaa’aman akka tasaa dallaa cinaa konkiriitii gara sillaaseetti ol dhaabbatanii ol ba’an argitu, fiixeen lolaa inni guddaan sekondii duuba jira.
7. Akkaataa Karaa Vertical Manhole Chimney Yeroo Tunnel Guutamu Baqachuu Dandeenyu:
8. Yeroo gara bishaan boollaa obomboleettii kamiyyuu keessa deemtu gara foddaa ol ilaaliitii tarkaanfii kee gara sadarkaa shaafta boolla namaa dhaabbataa dhiyoo jirutti lakkaa'i.
9. Bishaan ol ka’aa jiruun lafa jalatti yoo qabamte, sadarkaa sibiilaa hamma ol ba’ee gara simintoo dhiphoo geengoo dhaabbataa daandii jala jirutti ol ba’i.
10. Of eeggannoo Rusty Ladder Rungs irratti: Yeroo hunda bakka tuttuqaa sadii eeguu fi harkaa fi miila kee flush qarqara alaa rung sibiilaa bakka inni dallaa konkiriitii seenu irratti kaa'i (never in the middle of a corroded rung, where bending stress is highest and rusted steel snaps).
11. Akkaataa Kiiloogiraama 70 Banu (150-Pound) Cast-Iron Street Manhole Cover From Underneath: Gonkumaa golgaa boolla namaa harka diriirsitee mataa kee irratti ol dhiibuuf hin yaalin. Ol ol ba'aa garba keessan ykn qoonqoo bootii keessanii (dugda keessan dallaa konkiriitii faallaa shaaftaatti diriiraan osoo jabaatanii) humna miila/duugaatiin gara oliitti oofuu danda'u, YKN tuuboo sibiilaa/crowbar lamaan 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) pick-holes haguuggii sibiilaa gadi darbatame keessaa fi huccuu ifaa ykn ibsaa harkaa gara daandiitti ol dalgaa akka konkolaachiftoonni fi namoonni miilaan deeman si arganii 911 bilbili.

Haala 2ffaa: Balaa kufaatii caasaa gamoolee gataman keessaa (Squats), manneen kuusaa, fi caasaa gubate¶

Namoota mana hin qabne kanneen manneen duwwaa keessa gaaddisa godhataniif, warshaalee industirii gataman, ykn gamoo ibiddaan miidhamaniif, kufaatiin caasaa yeroo hunda jechuun ni danda’ama bishaan foddaa dhangala’aa keessa seenuun (which silently rots wooden floor joists over months) ykn fe’umsa qorra/roobaa yeroo qorraa ulfaatina meetiriik toonii kudhan kudhan kudhan kudhan ta’u trusses balaadhaaf saaxilaman irratti dabaluudhaan.

How to survive and signal rescuers if trapped under building rubble (USAR Void-Space Survival) .¶

If an abandoned building roof or floor collapses before you can get out: 1. Protect Your Airway Against Silica, Plaster, and Asbestos Dust (Seconds 1 to 30): - Structural collapse fills the air with blinding, suffocating crystalline silica, pulverized lime mortar, fiberglass, and asbestos dust. Immediately pull the collar of your T-shirt or jacket up over your nose and mouth (breathe through 2 to 4 layers of cloth) and keep your eyes closed until the dust cloud settles. 2. Never Light a Lighter, Match, or Propane Heater Under Rubble: - Collapsed buildings frequently have sheared natural-gas pipes (or decaying organic/sewer pockets). Striking a flame triggers a confined-space explosion and consumes your limited oxygen pocket. Use a smartphone screen or LED flashlight sparingly. 3. Use the International "3-Tap Acoustic Pipe Signal" (Do NOT Scream Continuously): - Screaming in dusty rubble exhausts your oxygen, dehydrates your throat, and barely penetrates 1 meter of concrete. - Instead, pick up a piece of metal, pipe, or rock and bang 3 distinct, rhythmic taps (TAP - TAP - TAP ... pause ... TAP - TAP - TAP) against a steel water pipe, radiator pipe, steel I-beam, or concrete column every 60 seconds. Sound vibrations travel 50 meters along continuous steel pipes directly to FEMA / Fire Department Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) Delsar seismic/acoustic listening sensors, fi yeroo saawwan baraarsaa ykn sagalee armaan olii dhageessan, bilbila isaanii dhageessanii ajaja irratti deebi'aa akka tuqxaniif tapha keessan dhaabaa.

Haala 3ffaa: Ho’isuu qorraa/obomboleettii nageenya qabuu fi seera kaarboon monoksaayidii squats fi underpass keessatti¶

Namoonni gamoo gatame, kalvartii saanduqa, fi daandii jalaa riqicha keessatti gaaddisa godhatan hedduun yeroo qorraa Kaarboon Monooksaayidii (CO) summii fi ibidda firaasha kufaatii caasaa irraa dhufu caalaa: - Kutaa qilleensa hin qabne, mana gadi aanaa, ykn kalvartii konkiriitii keessaa griilii charcoal, ibidda paaleetii mukaa, jenereetarii gaazii, ykn iddoo ibiddaa kaampii gonkumaa hin gubin: Muka charcoal ykn jiidha qabu mana keessaa gubuun 3,000 hanga 10,000 ppm urgooftuu hin qabne Carbon Monoxide (CO), daqiiqaa 20 hanga 45 keessatti yeroo hirribaa komaa lubbuu namaa galaafatu fida. - Daandiiwwan Ba'iinsa Qaamaa Of danda'an Lama Ifa Taasisuu (The Squat Fire Rule): Gamoonni duwwaa kaartoonii, firaasha, fi tarpiin guutaman fiixee shugguxii tokko irraa kaasee hanga total flashover (600°C / 1,100°F) sekondii 180 gadiitti. Kutaa foddaan isaa sibiilli nageenyaatiin cufame ykn alaa irraa pilaayiwuudiin boordii ta’e keessatti gonkumaa hin rafinaa yoo karaa miliquu foddaa/balbala lafa jalaa lammaffaa osoo ciiftee banatte malee.

Haala 4ffaa: Balaa haayidiroolikii daandii jalaa riqicha, ol bahuu riprap, fi hidha mataa gadi aanaa ("maashinii bishaan keessa lixuu") miliquu¶

Namoonni rafaa rafanii fi lolaa keessaa baqatan yeroo baayyee sheelfii riqicha konkiriitii abutment (bridge seat)** kallattiin daandii guddaa jala ykn karaa laga magaalaa cinatti. Riqichi daandii guddaa tokko rooba dhaabbataa kan ugguru yoo ta'u, daandii jalaa mataan isaa engineered floodway constriction laga ykn karaa bishaan itti bahu keessa taa'a:

1. Laggeen Riqicha Jalatti Dachaa Lama Saffisaan Ka'u (Venturi Constriction & Debris Strainer Dams):
2. Injiinarroonni qarqara lagaa dallaa baallee konkiriitiin dhiphisuun riqicha gabaabsu. Yeroo dhangala’aan obomboleettii karaa sanaa gadi bu’u, dhiphachuun sun bishaan sun akka saffisiisee fi dhaabbataadhaan akka tuulamu dirqisiisa (backwater rise) sirriitti buufata riqicha irratti.
3. Kan caalaa hammaatu ammoo, akkuma mukti jalqabaa hundee irraa buqqifame, bakki balfaa lola’u, ykn paaleetii mukaa gara cinaatti qabateen, buufata riqicha konkiriitii qaxxaamuree, caccabni yaa’a gadii hunduu muka sanatti siqsee, daqiiqaa muraasa keessatti Hidha Caccabaa jabaa ijaaree bishaan lolaa duubatti deebi’ee hanga ledge daandii jalaa gubbaa bakka dunkaanni itti dhaabatutti.
4. Akkaataa Dallaa Chaanaalii Konkiriitii Cirrachaa Ol Baqachuu Dandeenyu (Trapezoidal Flood Channels):
5. Yoo karaa lolaa konkiriitii digrii 45 qabu kan qaxxaamuraa fi digrii 45 keessa qabamte (such as the Los Angeles River, Las Vegas Wash, or San Antonio River flood tunnels) bakka algee fi silt konkiriitii jiidhaan akka geejjibaa dibameetti akka lilmoo taasisu:
   • Konkiriitii jiidha qabu sirriitti ol deemuuf hin yaalin kophee laastikaa jiidha qabu keessatti: miila afuriin konkiriitii dhaabbataa babal’ina-walqabsiisa (spaced every 6 to 9 meters / 20 to 30 feet), kanneen quba- fi boot-edge bittaa kennan, YKN keebilii tension jalaa dallaa sansalata-link naannoo funyaan gubbaa chaanaalii irratti qabachuu.
   • Icha "Backpack Throw-Bag" Baankii Irraa Baraarsa: Yoo hiriyaan tokko karaa konkiriitii gadi harkifamee fi ati baankii isaan gubbaa jiru irratti nagaadhaan dhaabbattee jirta ta'e, gonkumaa isaan duukaa hin utaalin (both of you will be swept away). Kanaa mannaa, walakkaa uffata ulfaataa boorsaa dugda keessaa duwwaa baasuu, 15-meter (50-foot) naayiloonii parakord ykn funyoo tarp gara qabannaa boorsaa dugdaatti (leaving one sealed empty plastic 2-liter water bottle or closed sleeping pad inside the pack for buoyancy), funyaan funyoo utubaa dallaa irratti marfame qabadhu (never tied around your own wrist or waist).
6. Hidha Mataa Gadi-aanaa ykn Box-Culvert Drop-Off (The "Recirculating Hydraulic Boil"):
7. Bakka kalvartiin lafa jalaa obomboleettii-dhangala’u gara bishaan konkiriitii balleessutti duwwaa ta’u (or where an urban river drops 1 to 3 meters over a concrete weir / low-head dam), bishaan kufaa jiru gara jalaatti lixee gara oliitti duubatti qaxxaamuree submerged recirculating washing-machine vortex (hydraulic jump / keeper hydraulic) kan miidhamtoota lola'an irra deddeebi'ee golgaa bishaanii kufaa jirutti deebisee harkisu.
8. Afaan kalvartii irratti haayidiroolikii deebi'ee naanna'u keessatti yoo qabame: Boba'aa duubatti yaa'u irratti gara fuulduraatti bishaan gubbaatti dambali'uuf yaaluun hafuura kee hin qisaasessu. Kanaa mannaa (a) qaama kee gara cinaatti hojjechuuf yaali (laterally) fuula boolla bishaanii gara dallaa baallee konkiriitii kofa qabu bakka haayidirooliikiin itti caccabutti, YKN (b) kubbaa keessa tuck, gara lafa konkiriitii jalaa kallattiin golgaa kufaa jalatti liqimsuu bakka kaarentiin jalaa magariisaa gara gadiitti dhukaasu, fi lafa irraa gara gadiitti dhiibuu sarara boba’aa foomii adii darbee osoo hin ba’iin dura.

Sanadoota eenyummaa murteessoo ta’an, kaardii EBT fi bilbila keessan buufata lolaadhaaf saaxilamu keessaa eeguu¶

Yeroo bishaan boollaa obomboleettii lola’aa ta’e keessaa baaftan ykn dukkana keessatti squat jige, hayyama konkolaachisummaa, ragaa dhalootaa, kaardii Nageenya Hawaasummaa, kaardii SNAP/EBT, fi bilbila Lifeline dunkaana lola’e keessaa dhabuun, deebisanii dhaabuu mana jireenyaa keessanii ji’ootaan duubatti deebisa. Halkan hunda Kaardii eenyummaa, kaardii EBT, qaruuraa qoricha, fi bilbila keessan boorsaa goggogaa bishaan hin dandeenye roll-top (or double-zipped quart freezer Ziploc bags) kallattiin gara loop girdoo keessaniitti kan ciccirame ykn kiisha garaa qaama qaxxaamuraa keessa jaakkeetii keessan jalatti kan uffatamu, lafa dunkaana irratti laaftuu gonkumaa hin hafne.

Yaadannoo gargaarsa jalqabaa bishaan lolaa keessatti cuuphamuu, ho’a qaamaa gadi aanaa, fi miidhaan caccabsuu¶

Bishaan lolaa obomboleettii magaalaa keessaa dhangala'u soorata summii raw sanitary sewer overflow (CSO), fincaan hantuutaa (Leptospira), zayita mootoraa, cirracha gogaa gadi aanaa, fi dhangala’aa qorraa. Namni kamiyyuu tuneela ykn karaa lagaa lolaan irraa harkifame: (1) uffata jiidha qabu hatattamaan ofirraa baasee firaasha goggogaa/Mylar itti marsuun haaypooteermiyaa dabarsuu akka hin dandeenyeef (which strikes even in 20°C / 68°F water), (2) ciccitaa fi cirracha hunda bishaan qaruuraa qulqulluu + saamunaa + antiseptic (povidone-iodine) leptospirosis, tetanus, fi Vibrio / Aeromonas soft-tissue infections ittisuuf, akkasumas (3) bishaan lolaa kamiyyuu yoo liqimfame ykn aspirated ta’e kutaa balaa tasaa ykn kilinika qoricha daandii irratti argamu daawwachuu ("secondary pulmonary injury"). Fannoo Diimaa ykn Ambulaansii Qulqulluu Yohaannis irraa koorsii Gargaarsa Duraa fi CPR harkaan fudhachuun osoo EMS hin dhufin dura bishaaniin liqimfamuu fi miidhaan qaamaa irra gahe to’achuuf si qopheessa.

Yeroo hatattamaa naannoo, baraarsa bishaan ariifataa, fi qunnamtii gaaddisa haala qilleensaa hamaa¶

• Ameerikaa & Kanaadaa:
• Battala Lolaan Taanaala, Baraarsa Bishaan Swiftwater, ykn Kufaatii Gamoo: Bilbila 911 fi ifatti ibsuu: ** ."SWIFTWATER RESCUE NEEDED IN [STORM DRAIN / CHANNEL LOCATION]"** ykn ** ."STRUCTURAL BUILDING COLLAPSE WITH PERSON TRAPPED AT [ADDRESS]"** (so dispatch sends Technical Rescue / USAR and Swiftwater boats rather than a single patrol car).
• 24/7 Hatattamaa Haala Qilleensaa Hamaa-Gaaddisa & Outreach Van Dispatch: Bilbila 211 (ykn 311 NYC, Chikaagoo, LA, SF, Toroontoo keessatti). Yeroo Sa’aatii Lolaa Flash, Akeekkachiisa Freeze, ykn akeekkachiisa Koodii Biluu/Koodii Diimaa, gareewwan daawwannaa bulchiinsa magaalaa (such as HELP of Southern Nevada's tunnel outreach team in Las Vegas, LAHSA ERT in Los Angeles, or DHS Outreach in NYC) geejjibaa hatattamaa gara gaaddisa goggogaa danqaa eenyummaa hin qabneetti ni kennu.
• Unaayitid Kingidam & Gamtaa Awurooppaa:
• Barbaarsa Ibidda Hatattamaa fi Teeknikaa: Bilbila 999 (UK) ykn ** .112** (EU) jedhamuun beekama.
• Rough Sleeper Emergency Shelter Referral: UK keessatti ** qunnamaa.StreetLink (thestreetlink.org.uk)** ykn mana maree naannoo SWEP (Severe Weather Emergency Protocol) deeskii mana jireenyaa; Faransaayitti ** bilbili.115 (SAMU Social 24/7 sarara gaaddisa hatattamaa bilisaa)**.
• Awustiraaliyaa:
• Lolaa Hatattamaa / Poolisii / Ibidda Baraaruu: Bilbila 000; Tajaajila Balaa Tasaa Mootummaa (SES Baraarsa Lolaa fi Obomboleettii): Dial 132 500.
• Lakkoofsa balaa tasaa biyyoota 190 ol keessatti argachuuf, mariisisaa lakkoofsa balaa tasaa.

Gaaffiiwwan yeroo baay’ee gaafataman¶

Akkamitti tuneelli lafa jalaa obomboleettii bishaan keessaa bahu dallaa bishaanii miila 6 ta'een osoo roobni ala illee hin roobne lola'uu danda'a?¶

Dhangala’oonni obomboleettii konkiriitii fi karaaleen lolaa to’atan akka funnel gurguddaa bishaan roobaa daandii fi gaarreen dhagaa cilee fi gaarreen kiiloo meetira 15 hanga 30 (maayilii 10 hanga 20) fagaatan irraa walitti qabuutti hojjetu. Obomboleettiin cimaan miila tulluu fagoo irratti dhangala'u, yaa'a liitira miliyoonaan lakkaa'amu fiigichaan tuuboo konkiriitii wal-nyaatinsa hin qabne sa'aatii tokkotti km 25 hanga 40 (sa'aatii tokkotti kiiloo meetira 15 hanga 25) gadi erga, samii aduu qabu jalatti kan ga'u yoo ta'u rooba naannoo zeeroo qaba. Yoo tuneela keessa jirtuu fi qilleensi qabbanaa’aan akka tasaa sitti dhaga’ame, xurii jiidhaan urgaa’e, sagalee baabura fe’umsaa gadi aanaa dhageesse, ykn lafti dhangala’aa dhoqqee ta’ee yoo argite, meeshaalee hunda gadi dhiistee sekondii 60 keessatti sadarkaa boolla namaa dhaabbataa ta’e irraa ba’uu ykn ol ba’uu.

Bishaan lolaa socho’aa jilba ga’u keessatti yoon kufe maaliif gonkumaa ka’ee dhaabbachuuf ykn deemuuf hin yaalu?¶

Bishaan gadi fageenya seentimeetira 15 (inchii 6) qofa ta'een socho'uun nama guddaa miila isaa irraa kuffisuu danda'a, bishaan saffisaa jilba ykn mudhii gad fageenya qabu keessa miila kee gadi kaa'uuf yaaluun balaa "Foot Trepment" jedhu kan nama ajjeesu uuma. Bootiin ykn jilbi kee gingilchaa bishaan keessa lixe, istaabu rebar, walqabsiisa babal’ina konkiriitii ykn gaarii bittaa keessa yoo qabame, humni guddaan kaarentii battaluma sanatti garaa fi mataa kee bishaan jalatti fuula kee gadi dhiibee achitti si pin godha. Yeroo hunda miila kee fuuldura kee gara gadiitti akeektee, qubni miila kee immoo naannoo gubbaatti ol kaa’uun gufuulee irraa utaaluun gara baankii digrii 45tti kofaan utuu jirtuu dugda keetiin yaa’i.

Gamoon gatame tokko osoon keessa jiruu caccabuu ykn jiguu yoo jalqabe bakki itti socho’uu danda’u eessatti?¶

Gamoolee cilee fi mukaa durii keessatti, joostiin lafaa manca'aa ykn garmalee fe'ame yeroo hunda dursanii giddugala kutaa keessatti bakka kan kennan yoo ta'u, walakkaa lafaa kallattiin gara kutaa gadi aanaatti gadi buusu, qarreen alaa dallaa naannoo furdaa keessatti booltii ta'e yeroo baay'ee akka kofa "Lean-To V-Voids"tti maxxanee hafu. Achumaan lafa giddu galeessaa irraa fagaadhuutii dallaa fe’umsaa alaa, balbala dhagaa qaxxaamuraa ykn sadarkaa golee cufame hammadhu. Yoo ba’uu kee dura caccabni kufuu jalqabe, golee fe’umsaa jabaa ykn utubaa caasaa ulfaataa cinatti cuuphaa, lafee cinaachaa kee eeguuf kubbaa cimaa ta’etti qaxxaamuruu, akkasumas shamizii kee hidhii fi afaan kee irra dafqa irraa harkisi.

Miila nama tokkoo sa’aatii lamaa ol yoo pinned ta’e, biimii ulfaataa kufe miila isaa irraa kaasuun maaliif balaa qaba?¶

Konkiriitii ulfaataa ykn mukaa miila ykn jilba nama tokkoo sa’aatii 1 hanga 2 oliif yeroo caccabsee fi piin godhu, seelonni maashaa oksijiinii beela’an caccabanii sadarkaa pootaasiyeemii, maayoogloobiinii fi asiidii du’aaf nama saaxilu miila keessaa kiyyootti galchu. Yoo baraartoonni akka tasaa ogeeyyiin fayyaa osoo hin argamin miila irraa biimii sana jack godhan, pootaasiyeemiin kiyyootti galfame sun kallattiin gara onneetti fiiguun sekondii 60 keessatti onneen akka nama ajjeesu taasisa, kunis balaa yaalaa hatattamaa "Crush Syndrome" ykn reperfusion arrest jedhamuun beekama. Ibiddi ykn bishaan lolaa ol ka’aa jiru sochii battalaa yoo dirqisiise malee, 911 bilbilii hanga ogeeyyiin fayyaa gargaarsaa dhufanii dhangala’aa IV fi qoricha onnee eegu osoo hin kaasiin dura dhufanitti biimii tasgabbaa’aa.

Qajeelfamoota walqabatan¶

• Jireenya mana keessa hin jirree fi haala qilleensaa hamaa adda baasuu
• Mana dhabuu tasa: sa’aatii 48 jalqabaa fi gaaddisa hatattamaa
• Buufata qulqulleessuu, qabeenya fudhachuu, fi mirga gaaddisa
• Lolaa balaqqeessaa
• Miidhaa caasaa fi kufaatii