Xɔ Siwo Wogblẽ Ðe Gbegblẽ alo Tɔdzisasrã Teƒe ƒe Xɔtunuwo ƒe Mumu, Tsiɖɔɖɔ Kpata le Ahomya ƒe Tsi Siwo Tona Me, Kple Tsi Siwo Me Tsi Kɔkɔwo Le¶

Bebeƒe didi tso yame ƒe nɔnɔme sesẽ, vuvɔ, alo ablɔdziʋuʋu me le kɔkrit-to si me ahom-tsiwo tona le anyigba te (flood-control box culvert, abe anyigba te tɔdzisasrã siwo le Las Vegas, Phoenix, Los Angeles, San Antonio, Madrid, alo Tokyo te ene), si nye tɔdzisasrã si me woɖea mɔ boo aɖeke le o (concrete abutment shelf), alo xɔ si wogblẽ ɖi si dzo gblẽ alo tsi gblẽ (vacant factory, unreinforced masonry warehouse, or condemned house squat) na ame ɖekaɖeka siwo si aƒe mele o, dugã me tsaɖilawo, kple xɔnamedɔwɔlawo doa go afɔku siwo wua ame siwo le zɔzɔm kabakaba wu le nuto si wotu me la dometɔ eve me: (1) Anyigba Te Tsiɖɔɖɔ Siwo Mexɔa Nuxlɔ̃ame Zero (where a thunderstorm 25 kilometers / 15 miles away in the mountains sends a 2-meter / 6.5-foot wall of water racing through a bone-dry underground tunnel at 25 to 40 km/h / 15 to 25 mph under a clear blue sky), kple (2) Pancake alo V-Void Floor/Roof Collapse Kpata ne ati siwo me tsi yɔ fũu, gakpo siwo xɔ dzo, alo gli siwo wotsɔ anyikpe tu siwo womedo ŋusẽe o la ɖe mɔ.

Ne èle ahom ƒe tsidzɔƒe si le anyigba te, aɖaka me tsidzɔƒe, alo kɔkrit ƒuƒu tɔsisi aɖe me fifia eye nèse agbatsɔketeke aɖe ƒe ɣlidodo le didiƒe la, èse ozone/anyigba xɔdzo ƒe ƒutsotsoe aɖe ƒe ʋeʋẽ kpata, alo nèkpɔ tsi si le sisim le anyigba la trɔ zu ʋuʋudedi eye wòkɔ sentimeta 2 gɔ̃ hã (3/4 inch), da nu kpekpewo katã eye nàdo go ayi tsia dzi alo lia atrakpui si te ɖe ŋuwò si le tsitrenu le sɛkɛnd 60 me. Ƒo ka na wò nutoa me ƒe xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, . 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔa katã me la, . 999 le United Kingdom, . 000 le Australia) to xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata, eye nàbia gbee tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba, . agbetsitsi si me aƒe mele o kple yame ƒe nɔnɔme si gbɔ eme ƒe vovototodedeameme, . asaɖa me ʋuʋu, nunɔamesiwo xɔxɔ le ame si, kple bebeƒe ƒe gomenɔamesiwo, kple aƒemanɔamesi kpata: gaƒoƒo 48 gbãtɔwo kple bebeƒe kpata.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. NE ÈLE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU ALOO KƆKRIT KƆKƆE ME EYE ÈSE KƆLƆ̃ ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU KPƆKPƆ, ALOO KPƆ BLOWN FOAM/DEBRIS DZE: Gblẽ Gear Katã Enumake eye Nàƒu du ayi Portal si te ɖe ŋuwò alo Vertical Manhole Ladder gbɔ.
2. Mègatɔ gbeɖe be yeatsɔ alɔ̃kotoku, agbadɔ, akplo, alo keke ade tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsidzɔƒe me o. Wotrɔ asi le kɔkrit ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔdzikpɔmɔ̃wo ŋu be woanye hadrolik-mɔ̃ siwo me ʋuʋudedi mele o: ne tsi si le zɔzɔm kabakaba ɖo sentimeta 15 (6 inches) goglo le kɔnkrit anyigba si le glidzaglidza, si wotsɔ ƒumegbewo ƒo xlãe dzi le 3 to 5 meters per second (10 to 16 feet per second), si nye tsi ƒe ŋusẽ si hea nu (half of water density multiplied by velocity squared and area) ƒoa ame tsitsi aɖe ƒe afɔwo doa goe tso wo te enumake eye wòblaa wo ɖe tsi te ɖe gbeɖuɖɔgoe siwo le tɔsisia ƒe anyime ŋu (bar screens).
3. Ne màte ŋu aƒu du wu tsia le didime nu va ɖo mɔ̃a ƒe nu me o la, lia YI ƑOMEA enumake: di gakpo alo gayibɔ ƒe atrakpui ƒe afɔti siwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe siwo wotsɔ ƒu gbe ɖe kɔkrit manhole ƒe dzodoƒe ƒe ʋuƒo siwo le tsitrenu siwo dome didi meta 90 va ɖo 150 ɖesiaɖe (300 to 500 feet) to mɔ̃a ƒe dzisasrã dzi, lia pɔmpi gã la ƒe fiakuku tame, eye nàtsɔ wò afɔkpawo aƒoe eye nàtrɔ ayi mɔ̃a ƒe ʋuƒo si le tsitrenu la me (or push the street manhole cover up with your legs/shoulders, not your hands).
4. NE WOXƆ ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU LE ƲUƲU ƑE NUÐEÐEŊUTI (ABUTMENT SHELF) ESI TƆSISI LA LE ŊKƆM LE WÒ TE: Lia Yi Mɔdodo Gã la ƒe Kplɔ̃ɖoƒe Hafi Tsia Naɖo Wò Afɔkpodzi (Never Wait Until Water Touches the Bridge Girders).
5. Ne tɔsisi aɖe ɖɔ le mɔ gã alo ketekemɔ ƒe tɔdzisasrã te la, ati siwo le tsia dzi kple gbeɖuɖɔgoewo gena ɖe tɔdzisasrãa ƒe tɔdziʋudzeƒewo eye wowɔa strainer dam, si wɔnɛ be tsi si le tɔdzisasrãa te la dzina ɖe edzi meta 1.5 (5 feet) le miniti 5 me esime wòle ahom si wua ame si yia anyime (hydraulic boil) ƒo xlã sɔti siwo wotsɔ kɔkrit wɔe.
6. Ʋuʋu yi kɔkrit riprap togbɛa dzi (at the 45-degree corner wing-walls of the bridge) yi mɔ gã ƒe abɔta si le etame enumake, ʋuʋu akaɖi si le keklẽm alo avɔ si woate ŋu akpɔ nyuie le ʋu siwo va yina ŋu, eye nàƒo ka na ** .911 / 112 / 999** na Swiftwater / Kɔkɔ-Angle Ka Xɔnameha.
7. NE ÈLE XƆ SI WOGBLƆ GBƆ ME EYE ÈSE GBEÐEÐE KPƆKPƆ/ƲUƲU KPƆKPƆ KPƆKPƆ KPƆ PLASTER KE SI LE GEÐE TSƆTSƆ TSƆTSƆ ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲUWO ME, ALOO ÈSE AGBƆGBƆ ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU: Ʋuʋu to Perimeter Masonry Stairwell (Never the Center of the Floor).
8. Ati siwo wotsɔ wɔ anyigbaxɔdzowo kple gakpo siwo xɔ dzo la do kpo nu le span la titina gbã, si wɔnɛ be anyigba titina gena ɖe anyigbaxɔdzoa me tẽ (while the outer edges bolted into the thick exterior brick walls often remain hanging as triangular "Lean-To V-Voids").
9. Kpla asi kɔ na brik alo kɔkrit gli si tsɔa agba le gota (or an enclosed corner masonry stairwell) esi nèle dodom; ne gbeɖuɖɔwo dze gege gɔme hafi nàte ŋu aɖo ʋɔtrua gbɔ la, nyrɔ ɖe sɔti sesẽ aɖe si le tsitrenu, atrakpui ƒe gli si wotsɔ kɔkrit wɔ, alo dɔwɔƒewo ƒe mɔ̃ sesẽwo xa (which creates a survivable void space) eye nàƒo xlã wò wòazu bɔl sesẽ aɖe si akpɔ wò ta kple akɔta ta (never lie flat on your stomach where collapsing beams crush your ribcage preventing chest expansion).
10. NE WOKPƆ YI TSITSITSI SI LE ƲUƲU KABA ME LE TƆDZIKPƆKPƆ ALOO TƆSI ME: Tsɔe be... "Defensive Swiftwater Swimming Position" (On Your Back, Feet First Downstream, Toes Up, Sculling With Hands).
11. Mègadze agbagba gbeɖe be yeatsi tre ɖe tsiɖɔɖɔ si le ʋuʋum si ade klo alo akɔta o: ne wò afɔkpa ƒo ɖe nuƒleƒekeke si nyrɔ ɖe tsi me, kɔkrit ƒe ƒunukpeƒe, alo rebar stub ("Foot Entrapment"), tsi si le sisim ƒe ŋusẽ ƒoa wò akɔta enumake wòdzea anyi ɖe tsi te eye wòléa wò ɖe afima.
12. Tsi tsia dzi le wò akɔta eye wò afɔwo naɖo ta anyime (in front of you), klowo bɔbɔ vie, eye afɔbidɛwo le anyigba dzi ale be wò afɔkpa ƒe afɔtiwo nadzo le kɔkrit kpewo kple gliwo dzi abe ʋuʋudedi ene, eye nàtsɔ wò ŋutilã aɖo tɔdziʋu ƒe dzogoe si nye dzidzenu 45 ɖe kɔkrit-gadzraɖoƒe alo xɔname atrakpui si te ɖe eŋu si le dzogoe ene me.

Nyametsotsoti: Agbetsitsi ƒe ɖoɖo enumake na mɔ̃memi ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba, mɔ siwo le anyigba te ƒe dziyiyi, kple ƒuƒuiƒe ƒe mumu¶

flowchart TD
    A["Xɔtuɖaŋu alo Tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe Kpata Kpata le Ahomya ƒe Tsidzɔƒe, Tɔdzisasrã ƒe Mɔ Teƒe, alo Anyigba si Wogblẽ ɖi"] --> B{"Nɔnɔme Ka mee Nèle Fifia?"}
    B -->|"1. Anyigba Te Ahomya-Tsi Siwo Tona, Aɖaka me Klɔƒe, alo Kɔkrit Klɔƒe"| C{"Ðe Tsi Le Dzi yim Alo Ðe Èsea Gbeɖiɖi le Adzɔge / Se Yame ƒe Gbeɖiɖi Se le ɖokuiwò mea?"}
    C -->|"Ẽ: Tsi ƒe Dzidzime / Gbeɖiɖi Se"| D["ÐE GEARWO KAtã Enumake: Mègabla Agbadɔ alo Akplowo (Sɛkɛnd < 60 va ɖo 120 le asiwò Hafi Knockdown Flow) ."]
    D --> E{"Ðe Mɔdodo si Woʋu ƒe Agbo / Gli si le gbadzaa la le 100m Dzigbe/Axadzia?"}
    E -->|"Ẽ"| F["Duƒuƒu Dodo le Mɔdodo ƒe Nu me alo Lia Trapezoidal Channel Gli si le gbadzaa Zã Kɔsɔkɔsɔ-Kadodo ƒe Gli / Kekeɖenudɔwɔwɔwo"]
    E -->|"Ao (Anyigba Te Aɖaka ƒe Culvert Le Eme Goglo) ."| G["LI VERTICAL MANHOLE CHIMNEY LADDER ENUMAME: Lia Dziƒo Pipe Crown, Brace Back Against Shaft, Pound le Ablɔdzi Manhole Lid kple Ga Nu & Yɔ 911/112"]
    B -->|"2. Tɔdzisasrã ƒe Mɔdodo Te Ledge / Tɔsisia ƒe Asaɖa"| H["Scrambled Escape to 45-Degree Wing-Wall Riprap Slope dzi va ɖo Upper Highway Shoulder Hafi Tsi Naɖo Afɔkpodziwo Gbɔ; Ƒo ka na Swiftwater Xɔnameha"]
    B -->|"3. Xɔ si Wogblẽ ɖi / Nudzraɖoƒe ƒuƒlu Squat"| I{"Ðe Anyigbawo Le Dzem, Gliwo Le bɔbɔm, Alo Ðe Xɔtaxɔwo Le Gbagbãm?"}
    I -->|"Nuxlɔ̃amedzesiwo Hafi Nàdze anyi"| J["Ʋu le Ʋua Me Enumake: Zɔ To Gli Siwo Wotsɔa Agba Le Gome (Mègatso Titina Anyigba Ƒe Akpa Gbaɖe O) ."]
    I -->|"Wolée Le Active Collapse Me / Wolée ɖe Gbegblẽwo Me"| K["Ƒu tsi le Dzogoe Gli si Wotsɔa Agba alo Xɔtuɖaŋu Kpekpe (‘Dzogoe Etɔ̃ / Lean-To Void’) xa; Kpe Nu Kple Awudziwui Ðe Silica/Asbestos Ke Ŋu; Zi Pipe dzi Zi 3 Le Sɛkɛnd 60 Ðesiaɖe Me"]

Nɔnɔme 1: Tsiɖɔɖɔ si dzɔna kabakaba le ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒe ƒe mɔ siwo le anyigba te kple tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe mɔ siwo wotsɔ kɔkrit wɔe me¶

Le du siwo le Amerika ƒe Anyieheɣetoɖoƒe gome (Las Vegas's 1,000 kilometers / 600 miles of underground flood tunnels managed by the Clark County Regional Flood Control District; Phoenix; Albuquerque; Los Angeles's concrete river channels; San Antonio; Austin; Dallas), Europa, kple Asia, ame akpe geɖe siwo si aƒe mele o la nɔa bebeƒe le meta 3 kple meta 4 (10-by-13-foot) reinforced concrete box culverts elabena wofa le dzomeŋɔli ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si nye 45°C me eye woƒuna ŋkeke 340 le ƒea me.

====================================================================================
     ANATOMY OF AN UNDERGROUND STORM-DRAIN FLASH FLOOD ("SURCHARGE PIPE FLOW")
====================================================================================

   [Street Level] ======[Cast-Iron Manhole Cover (50-110 kg)]======
                                    |     |  <-- VERTICAL MANHOLE CHIMNEY SHAFT
                                    |  H  |      - Steel ladder rungs on wall
                                    |  H  |      - SURVIVAL REFUGE: Climb up into
                                    |  H  |        this vertical chimney ABOVE the
   [Tunnel Ceiling] ----------------+  H  +----------------  tunnel ceiling before
      AIR SPACE VANISHES IN 3 MINS  |  H  |                  water fills the pipe.
   ........................................................  <-- Rising Flood Crest
         ---> 25 to 40 km/h (15-25 mph) Debris Wall --->          (Zero Air Pocket
   ========================================================       Once "Surcharged")
   [Slick Algae Concrete Floor: 15 cm (6 in) Fast Water Knocks an Adult Down]
====================================================================================

Dzesi 4 siwo naa nuxlɔ̃ame kaba si wokpɔna le sidzenuwo me be tsiɖɔɖɔ si le mɔ̃a me si gbɔna (Even Under a Sunny Sky) .¶

Elabena ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒewo ƒoa tsi si sina toa ablɔ siwo dzi woɖo kpe ɖo kple to siwo didi kilometa 10 va ɖo 30 (6 to 20 miles) le tɔsisia dzi** la, zi geɖe la, màkpɔ tsidzadza ɖeka pɛ hã alo ase dziɖegbe gbeɖe le mɔ̃a ƒe mɔnu hafi tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe ƒutsotsoe si wua ame nava o. Lé seselelãme ƒe ŋgɔdonya ene siawo ɖe susu me:

1. "Piston Ya" & Anyigba Tsi ƒe Ʋeʋẽ (3 to 8 Minutes Before the Water Wall):
2. Esi tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe gli aɖe yɔ mɔa ƒe akpa si le dzigbe gome la, ewɔa dɔ abe atikekui gã aɖe si le ya si woɖe tso teƒe bubu ƒe sɔti aɖe tum le eŋgɔ le pɔmpia me ene. Ne kasia nèse le ɖokuiwò me be ya fafɛ, fafɛ, si me tsi le si yia edzi le ƒoƒom to mɔ̃ si me tsi tona le dzɔdzɔme nu si kpe ɖe aŋɔ xɔdzo, tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe gas, kple ozone ƒe ʋeʋẽ ŋu la, tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe ƒutsotsoe aɖe le pɔmpi si le tɔsisi si le dziwò la me xoxo.
3. Akɔstik "Tomemɔ / Agbatsɔkeke-Keteke ƒe Gbeɖiɖi" (1 to 4 Minutes Before Impact):
4. Kɔkrit-ɖaka me tsidzɔƒewo wɔa dɔ abe gbeɖiɖi ƒe ƒutsotsoemɔfianu ene: tsi si le gegem ɖe kpewo, nuƒleƒekekewo, kple atiwo ʋuʋum le kɔkrit anyigba la hea ɣlidodo si me goglo, si le dzi yim si mebɔ o si ɖina le mɔ̃a me aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo hafi tsia nado.
5. The "Dirty Trickle" & Kpata ƒe Dzidzime na Roaches/Rats Yi Gliwo Dzi (30 to 90 Seconds Before the Crest):
6. Kpɔ titina ƒe tsidzɔƒe sue si me tsi metona o (invert channel) le mɔ̃a ƒe anyigba: zi alesi tsi si sina toa eme si me kɔ la trɔ zu tsokolet-blɔ, futukpɔ, alo tsɔa sigaret-ku kple aŋgba siwo le tsia dzi, ALOO èkpɔ akpɔkplɔ, akpɔkplɔ, kple sisiblisi alafa geɖe wole ʋuʋum le kɔkrit ƒe axadzigliawo dzi le tsitrenu kasia ɖo ta dzisasrãa gbɔ la, tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe ta vevitɔa le megbe na sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo.
7. Alesi Nàsi To Vertical Manhole Chimney Ne Mɔ̃a Yɔ:
8. Kpɔ dzisasrãa dzi esi nèle zɔzɔm yi ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒe ɖesiaɖe me eye xlẽ wò afɔɖeɖewo va ɖo atrakpui si le tsitrenu si te ɖe ŋuwò wu gbɔ.
9. Ne tsi si le dzi yim xe mɔ na wò le anyigba te la, lia atrakpui siwo wotsɔ gakpo wɔe la vaseɖe dzodoƒe gbadza si le dzogoe ene me si le tsitrenu si le mɔa te la me.
10. Kpɔ nyuie le Atrakpui Siwo Le Gbeɖuɖɔ Me: Lé teƒe etɔ̃ siwo woate ŋu aƒo ka na me ɖe asi ɣesiaɣi eye nàtsɔ wò asiwo kple afɔwo tsɔe aƒu gbe ɖe gakpoa ƒe gotagome goawo ŋu le afisi tututu wògena ɖe kɔkrit gli la me (never in the middle of a corroded rung, where bending stress is highest and rusted steel snaps).
11. Alesi Nàʋu Kilogram 70 (150-Pound) Cast-Iron Street Manhole Cover From Underneath: Mègadze agbagba gbeɖe be yeatu manhole ƒe nutsyɔnu ɖe dzi kple abɔ siwo keke ɖe ta ɖe ta dzi o. Lia kɔkɔ ale gbegbe be wò abɔta alo wò afɔkpa ƒe afɔkpodzi (esi nèle wò akɔta tsɔm le tsia dzi ɖe ʋuƒoa ƒe kɔkrit gli si tsi tre ɖe eŋu ŋu) ate ŋu aku ʋu ayi dzi kple afɔ/akɔta ƒe ŋusẽ, ALOO axe ga pɔmpi/akpɔkplɔ aɖe to 2.5-sentimeta (1-inch) pick-holes le gayibɔ ƒe nutsyɔnu la me eye nàʋuʋu avɔ si le keklẽm alo akaɖi si le keklẽm ɖe mɔa dzi ale be ʋukulawo kple afɔzɔlawo nakpɔ wò eye nàƒo ka na 911.

Nɔnɔme 2: Afɔku siwo le xɔtuɖaŋuwo ƒe mumu me le xɔ siwo wogblẽ ɖi me (Squats), nudzraɖoƒewo, kple xɔ siwo wotɔ dzoe¶

Le amesiwo si aƒe mele o siwo le bebeƒe le aƒe ƒuƒluwo, dɔwɔƒewo ƒe nutunuwɔƒe siwo wogblẽ ɖi, alo xɔ siwo me dzo gblẽ nu le gome la, ɣesiaɣi kloe la, tsi ƒe gege ɖe xɔtaxɔ si me tsi le dodom le (which silently rots wooden floor joists over months) alo dzomeŋɔli ƒe sno/tsidzadza ƒe agbawo tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe kpekpeme metrik tɔn ewo ŋu ɖe xɔtunu siwo gblẽ ŋu.

Alesi woawɔ atsi agbe ahade dzesi xɔnametɔwo ne wotsi xɔ ƒe glikpowo te (USAR Void-Space Survival) .¶

Ne xɔ aɖe tame alo anyigba si wogblẽ ɖi la mu hafi nàte ŋu ado le eme: 1. Ta Wò Yaƒoƒomɔ̃ Ta Tso Silica, Plaster, Kple Asbestos Ke Me (Seconds 1 to 30): - Xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe mumu yɔa ya me fũ kple crystalline silica, lime mortar si wofli, fiberglass, kple asbestos ke si gbãa ŋku, si naa gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame. He wò T-shirt alo jaketi ƒe kɔme enumake yi dzi ɖe wò ŋɔti kple nu dzi (breathe through 2 to 4 layers of cloth) eye nàmiã ŋku vaseɖe esime ke ƒe alilikpoa nadze anyi. 2. Mègasi Dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃, Match, alo Propane Dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ le Gbegblẽ Te Gbeɖe o: - Zi geɖe la, dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ ƒe gas ƒe pɔmpi siwo wotso (or decaying organic/sewer pockets). Dzo ƒe ƒoƒo hea wowó le teƒe si woxe eye wòɖua wò oxygen kotoku si seɖoƒe li na. Zã smartphone ƒe screen alo LED-kaɖi vie. 3. Zã Dukɔwo Dome Nyawo "3-Tap Acoustic Pipe Signal" (Do NOT Scream Continuously): - ɣlidodo le glikpo siwo me ke le me naa wò oxygen vɔna, tsi vɔna le wò ŋɔti me, eye ƒã hafi wògena ɖe kɔkrit si didi meta 1 me. - Ke boŋ, fɔ ga, pɔmpi, alo kpe aɖe eye nàƒo pɔmpi 3 siwo to vovo, siwo ƒe gbeɖiɖi le vovovo (TAP - TAP - TAP ... pause ... TAP - TAP - TAP) ɖe gakpo ƒe tsipɔmpi, radiator pɔmpi, gakpo I-beam, alo kɔnkrit sɔti** ŋu le sɛkɛnd 60 ɖesiaɖe me. Gbeɖiɖi ƒe ʋuʋu zɔa mɔ meta 50 to gakpo siwo me tsi mele o dzi yia FEMA / Dzotsidɔwɔƒe ƒe Dugãwo Didi Kple Xɔname (USAR) Delsar seismic/acoustic listening sensors, eye ne èse xɔname avuwo alo gbe siwo le etame la, tɔ te wò ƒoƒo ale be nàte ŋu ase woƒe yɔyɔ eye nàgbugbɔ aƒoe le sedede nu.

Nɔnɔme 3: Dzomeŋɔli/ahomya ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si le dedie kple carbon monoxide ƒe sewo le squats kple underpass me¶

Ame geɖe wu siwo le bebeƒe le xɔ siwo wogblẽ ɖi, aɖaka me tsiɖɔɖɔɖɔƒewo, kple tɔdzisasrãwo ƒe mɔdodowo te kuna le dzomeŋɔli ɖesiaɖe le Carbon Monoxide (CO) aɖi kple mattress dzo wu tso xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe mumu me: - Mègatɔ dzo dzodoƒe si wotsɔa dzoka xɔxɔwo, atiwo ƒe dzodoƒe, gas-mɔ̃, alo asaɖa me dzodoƒe le xɔ si me ya mele o, anyigbaxɔdzo, alo kɔkrit-tɔdzisasrã me gbeɖe o: Ne ètɔ dzo dzoka xɔxɔ alo pallet-ti siwo xɔ dzo le xɔ me la, Carbon Monoxide (CO), si nana ame nɔa alɔ̃ me si wua ame le alɔ̃dɔdɔ me le miniti 20 va ɖo 45 me. - Na Ŋutilãme Dodoƒe Mɔ Eve Siwo Le Wo Ðokui Siwo Me Nakɔ (The Squat Fire Rule): Xɔ ƒuƒlu siwo me kakɛ, mattress, kple avɔwo yɔ fũu la dzona tso bosomikaɖi ɖeka ƒe nugbɔ va ɖoa total flashover (600°C / 1,100°F) le sɛkɛnd 180 teti me. Mègamlɔ xɔ si me wotsɔ gakpo ƒe dedienɔnɔ ƒe ʋuƒo tu fesrewo alo wotsɔ plywood ƒo fesreawo tso gota gbeɖe o negbe ɖe nèʋu anyigbaxɔdzo dzi fesre/ʋɔtru sitsoƒemɔ evelia hafi mlɔ anyi hafi.

Nɔnɔme 4: Tɔdzisasrã te ƒe tsi ƒe afɔkuwo, riprap lialia, kple tɔdzisasrã si ƒe ta bɔbɔ ("mɔ̃ si nyrɔna") ƒe sisi¶

Alɔ̃dɔla sesẽwo kple amesiwo tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒua gbe la ƒua asaɖa anyi ɖe kɔnkrit tɔdzisasrã ƒe abutment shelf gbadzaa dzi enuenu (bridge seat) le mɔ gãwo ƒe mɔdodowo te tẽ alo le dugã me tɔsisiwo ƒe azɔlizɔzɔ ƒe mɔwo xa. Togbɔ be mɔ gã aɖe ƒe tɔdzisasrã xea mɔ na tsidzadza si le tsitrenu hã la, mɔ si le anyigba te la ŋutɔ nɔa tɔsisi alo tsidzɔƒe ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔmɔ si ŋu wotrɔ asi le la me:

1. Nusitae Tɔsisiwo Dona Kabakaba Zi Eve Le Tɔdzisasrã Te (Venturi Constriction & Debris Strainer Dams):
2. Mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo tsɔa kɔkrit aʋala-gliwo ƒoa tɔsisia ƒe go kemɛ be tɔdzisasrãa ƒe didime nanɔ kpuie. Ne ahom ƒe tsi si sina toa tɔdzisasrãa dzi la, tsia ƒe kpuiƒe ma zinɛ ɖe tsia dzi be wòaƒu du eye wòaƒo ƒu ɖe tsia dzi (backwater rise) si le tɔdzisasrãa ƒe tɔdziʋudzeƒewo tututu.
3. Nusi gavloe wue nye be, ne ati gbãtɔ si woɖe le ke me, gbeɖuɖɔgo si le tsia dzi, alo ati ƒe ʋuƒoa nya lé ɖe axadzi to kɔkrit tɔdzisasrã ƒe tɔdzisasrãwo dzi ko la, tɔsisi si le anyime ƒe gbeɖuɖɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒona ɖe ati ma dzi, eye wòtua Gbegblẽƒe sesẽ aɖe le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo me si tsia tsiɖɔɖɔa megbe va ɖoa mɔa te ƒe akpa si le etame si wotu agbadɔwo ɖo la dzi tututu.
4. Alesi Nàwɔ Si Le Kɔkrit Ƒe Mɔ̃ Gli Siwo Le Tsi Dzi (Trapezoidal Flood Channels):
5. Ne wolé wò ɖe tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe mɔ si dzi kɔkrit le si ƒe didime nye dzidzenu 45 me (such as the Los Angeles River, Las Vegas Wash, or San Antonio River flood tunnels) afisi ƒumegbe kple tsikpe nana kɔkrit si xɔ dzo la nɔa blɔ abe ahuhɔ̃e si me ami ɖo ene:
   • Mègadze agbagba be yeazɔ tẽ ayi kɔkrit xɔdzo si le gbadzaa le afɔkpa ƒe afɔkpodzi siwo wotsɔ rababa ƒo tsii me o: tsɔ afɔ eneawo katã ƒu du to kɔkrit si le tsitrenu kekeɖenudɔ-ƒuƒoƒo ƒe ʋuƒoawo dzi (spaced every 6 to 9 meters / 20 to 30 feet), siwo naa asibidɛ- kple afɔkpa-nu ƒle, ALOO léa ete ƒe tete ka si le gota kɔsɔkɔsɔ-ka gli si le etame nuyi le mɔa.
   • Nu la "Backpack Throw-Bag" Xɔname Tso Gadzraɖoƒea: Ne wokplɔ zɔhɛ aɖe to kɔkrit-mɔ aɖe dzi eye nèle tsitre ɖe gadzraɖoƒe si le wo tame dedie la, mègati kpo ge ɖe wo yome gbeɖe o (both of you will be swept away). Ke boŋ tsɔ awu kpekpeawo ƒe afã ƒu gbe le akplo me, tsɔ meta 15 (50-foot) nylon paracord alo tarp ka yi akɔtagbalẽvia ƒe asiléƒe (leaving one sealed empty plastic 2-liter water bottle or closed sleeping pad inside the pack for buoyancy), lé ka si woxatsa ɖe gli ŋu ƒe asike (never tied around your own wrist or waist), eye nàtsɔ akplo si le tsia dzi la aƒu gbe ɖe wò zɔhɛa ƒe tɔsisi dzi ale be woate ŋu akpla asi kɔ na agbaa ɖe woƒe akɔta eye woatsɔ pendulum-ʋuʋu ayi gadzraɖoƒea.
6. Sisi le Tɔdzisasrã alo Aɖaka-Culvert Drop-Off si ƒe ta le bɔbɔe (The "Recirculating Hydraulic Boil"):
7. Afisi ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒe aɖe si le anyigba te la kɔna ɖe kɔkrit ƒe tsidzɔƒe (or where an urban river drops 1 to 3 meters over a concrete weir / low-head dam), tsi gbadzɛ si le gegem la gena ɖe ete eye wòƒona ɖe megbe yia dzi, si wɔnɛ be nufamɔ̃ ƒe ʋuʋudedi si gbugbɔna ƒoa xlãe (hydraulic jump / keeper hydraulic) si hea amesiwo ŋu wowɔ nuvevii siwo le tsia dzi la trɔna yia tsi ƒe xɔmetsovɔ si le gegem la me zi gbɔ zi geɖe.
8. Ne èlée le recirculating hydraulic me le culvert ƒe nu me: Mègagblẽ wò gbɔgbɔ dome le agbagba dzem be yeaƒu tsi ayi ŋgɔ le anyigba dzi atsi tre ɖe ƒoƒoe si le sisim ɖe megbe ŋu o. Ke boŋ (a) dze agbagba nàwɔ dɔ le wò ŋutilã ŋu le axadzi (laterally) to tɔdzisasrãa ƒe mo dzi ɖo ta kɔkrit ƒe aʋala-gli si le dzogoe ene me afisi hadrolik la gbãna le, ALOO (b) tsɔe de bɔl me, nyɔnyrɔ ɖe kɔkrit anyigba si le ete la te tẽ le xɔmetsovɔ si le gegem la te afisi anyi ƒe tsi si le amadede dzẽ me la daa tu ɖe anyime, eye nàtutu anyigbaa le anyime to ƒoƒo ƒe fli ɣi si me futukpɔ le la ŋu hafi adze.

Wò ID-gbalẽvi veviwo, EBT-kaɖi, kple telefon takpɔkpɔ le asaɖa si me tsiɖɔɖɔ ate ŋu age ɖo bɔbɔe me¶

Ne èle ahom ƒe tsidzɔƒe si tsi ɖɔ ɖo alo nèdze anyi le viviti me la, wò ʋukugbalẽvi, dzigbegbalẽ, Hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe Dedienɔnɔ ƒe agbalẽvi, SNAP/EBT gbalẽvi, kple Lifeline telefon si bu le agbadɔ si me tsi ɖɔ ɖo me la, enaa wò aƒewo gbugbɔgaɖoanyi nɔa megbe ɣleti geɖe. Mlɔ anyi zã sia zã kple wò ID-gbalẽviwo, EBT-kaɖiwo, atikewo ƒe aŋetuwo, kple telefon si wotu ɖe akplo ƒuƒu si me tsi mate ŋu age ɖo o si woate ŋu abla ɖe edzi me (or double-zipped quart freezer Ziploc bags) si wotso ɖe wò alidziblanu ƒe ka ŋu tẽ alo nèdoe ɖe akɔtakotoku si wotsɔ atitsoga wɔe me le wò jaketi te, eye womegblẽe ɖe agbadɔa ƒe anyigba gbeɖe o.

Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ ƒe nuŋlɔɖi na tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsi nyɔnyrɔ̃, dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ, kple abi siwo woxɔna le anyigbaʋuʋu me¶

Dugã me ahomya ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsiwo nye aɖi ƒe mɔli si nye raw sanitary sewer overflow (CSO), sisiblisi ƒe aɖuɖɔ (Leptospira), mɔ̃memi, aŋe siwo le lãkusi me, kple tsi si sina le tsikpe me. Ele be amesiame si wohe tso mɔ̃ alo tɔsisi ƒe tɔdzisasrã si me tsi yɔ fũu me la: (1) naɖe awu xɔdzowo ɖa enumake eye wòablae ɖe avɔ ƒuƒuwo/Mylar me be wòaxe mɔ na dzoxɔxɔ si kplɔa tsi ɖo (which strikes even in 20°C / 68°F water), (2) tsɔ tsi dzadzɛ si le aŋetu me + adzalẽ + dɔlékuiwutike (povidone-iodine) be woaxe mɔ ɖe leptospirosis, tetanus, kple Vibrio / Aeromonas lãmeka falɛfalɛwo ƒe dɔlékuiwo nu, eye (3) yi dɔwɔƒe si kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ alo ablɔdzitikewɔƒe ne womi tsiɖɔɖɔ aɖe alo woɖee ("secondary pulmonary injury"). Kpekpeɖeŋunana Gbãtɔ kple CPR ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ si wowɔna le asi me tso Atitsoga Dzĩ alo St John Ambulance gbɔ dzraa wò ɖo be nàkpɔ tsinyenye kple nuveviwɔame gbɔ hafi EMS nava.

Nutoa me nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo, tsi xɔna kabakaba, kple bebeƒe siwo yame ƒe nɔnɔme sesẽwo ƒe kadodowo¶

• Amerika & Canada:
• Tsiɖɔɖɔ si Trɔna Enumake, Swiftwater Xɔname, alo Xɔa ƒe Mumu: Yɔ 911 eye nàgblɔe eme nakɔ be: ** ."SWIFTWATER RESCUE NEEDED IN [STORM DRAIN / CHANNEL LOCATION]"** alo ** ."STRUCTURAL BUILDING COLLAPSE WITH PERSON TRAPPED AT [ADDRESS]"** (so dispatch sends Technical Rescue / USAR and Swiftwater boats rather than a single patrol car).
• 24/7 Kpata ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Sesẽ-sitsoƒe & Outreach Van Dispatch: Dial 211 (alo 311 le NYC, Chicago, LA, SF, Toronto). Le Flash Flood Watches, Freeze Warnings, alo Code Blue/Code Red ƒe nuxlɔ̃ameɣiwo la, dudzikpɔhawo ƒe kpekpeɖeŋunahawo (such as HELP of Southern Nevada's tunnel outreach team in Las Vegas, LAHSA ERT in Los Angeles, or DHS Outreach in NYC) naa ʋuɖoɖo kpata yi bebeƒe ƒuƒui siwo me mɔxenu aɖeke mele be woaxe mɔ na ID o.
• United Kingdom & Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ:
• Dzotsi Kpata & Mɔ̃ɖaŋu Xɔname: Ƒo 999 (UK) alo ** .112** (EU) ƒe xexlẽme.
• Rough Sleeper Emergency Shelter Referral: Le UK la, te ɖe ** ŋu.StreetLink (thestreetlink.org.uk)** alo nutoa me aɖaŋuɖoha SWEP (Severe Weather Emergency Protocol) aƒewo ƒe kplɔ̃wo; le France la, ƒo ka na 115 (SAMU Social 24/7 femaxee bebeƒe kpata ƒe fli).
• Australia:
• Tsiɖɔɖɔ Kpata / Kpovitɔwo / Dzotsidɔwɔƒe: Ƒo ka 000; Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Nudzɔdzɔ Kpatawo Gbɔ (SES Tsiɖɔɖɔ & Ahom Xɔname): Ƒo ** .132 500**.
• Ne èdi xexlẽme kpata siwo le dukɔ siwo wu 190 me la, kpɔ ɖa xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Aleke ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒe ƒe mɔ̃ si le anyigba te ate ŋu ayɔ tsi ƒe gli si didi afɔ 6 esime tsi mele dzadzam le gota gɔ̃ hã o?¶

Kɔkrit ƒe ahomya ƒe tsidzɔƒewo kple tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsidzɔƒewo wɔa dɔ abe mɔ̃ gã siwo ƒoa tsidzadza nu ƒu tso ablɔ siwo wotsɔ kpe gbadzɛwo tu kple to siwo didi kilometa 15 va ɖo 30 tso wo gbɔ ene. Dziɖegbe sesẽ aɖe si ƒona le togbɛ siwo le didiƒe ʋĩ dzi la naa tsi si sina lita miliɔn geɖe ƒua du toa kɔkrit pɔmpi siwo me ʋuʋudedi mele o dzi le du dzi kilometa 25 va ɖo 40 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me, eye wòva ɖoa dziŋgɔli si me ŋdɔ ʋuna le eye tsidzadza aɖeke medzana le nutoa me o. Ne èle mɔ̃ aɖe me eye nèse ya fafɛ aɖe le ƒoƒom kpata, èse ɖi ƒoɖi ƒe ʋeʋẽ, èse agbatsɔketeke ƒe ɖiɖi si le bɔbɔe, alo nèkpɔ anyigba si le sisim wòzu ʋuʋudedi la, tsɔ nuwo katã ƒu gbe eye nèdo go alo lia atrakpui si le tsitrenu si le do me le sɛkɛnd 60 me.

Nukatae mele be madze agbagba gbeɖe be matsi tre alo azɔ ne tsiɖɔɖɔ si le ʋuʋum vaseɖe klo dzi va dzem o?¶

Tsi ʋuʋu le sentimeta 15 (inch 6) pɛ ko me ate ŋu aƒo ame tsitsi tso woƒe afɔwo dzi, eye agbagbadzedze be yeatsɔ yeƒe afɔwo ade tsi si zɔna kabakaba si ade klo alo akɔta me la hea "Afɔ ƒe Mɔ̃" ƒe afɔku si wua ame vɛ. Ne wò afɔkpa alo afɔkpodzi lé ɖe ʋuƒo si nyrɔ ɖe tsia me, aŋekotoku, kɔkrit kekeɖenudzraɖoƒe, alo nuƒleƒekeke me la, tsi si sina toa eme ƒe ŋusẽ gã la ƒoa wò akɔta kple ta wòdzea anyi ɖe tsia te enumake eye wòblaa wò ɖe afima. Tsi tsia dzi le wò akɔta ɣesiaɣi eye wò afɔwo naɖo ta anyime le ŋgɔwò eye wò afɔbidɛwo nayi dzi le anyigba ƒe go kemɛ dzi be nàdzo le mɔxenuwo dzi esime nèle dzogoe 45 dzi ɖo ta ƒuta.

Afikae nye teƒe si le dedie wu be maʋu ne xɔ aɖe si wogblẽ ɖi la dze gbagbã alo mumu gɔme esime mele eme?¶

Le xɔ xoxo siwo wotsɔ anyikpe kple ati tu me la, anyigbaxɔdzo siwo le gbegblẽm alo esiwo me agba sɔ gbɔ ɖo la ɖea mɔ ɣesiaɣi le xɔa titina gbã, eye woɖiɖia anyigba ƒe titina tẽe yia anyigbaxɔdzoa me esime gotagome go siwo wotsɔ ga bla ɖe gli ɣi siwo ƒo xlãe me la nɔa wo ŋu zi geɖe abe "Lean-To V-Voids" siwo le dzogoe ene me. Ʋu le titina anyigba ƒe ʋuƒoa dzi enumake eye nàkpla asi kɔ na gota gli si tsɔa agba, ʋɔtru si wotsɔ kpe wɔe si wotsɔ aɖaka wɔe, alo atrakpui si wotu ɖe dzogoe dzi. Ne glikpowo dze gege gɔme hafi nàte ŋu ado la, nyrɔ ɖe dzogoe sesẽ aɖe si dzi agba le alo xɔtunu kpekpe aɖe xa, ƒo xlã wò ɖe bɔl sesẽ aɖe me be nàkpɔ wò akɔta, eye nàhe wò awudziwui ɖe wò ŋɔti kple nu dzi be ke nagaƒoe o.

Nukatae afɔku le eme be woakɔ atikpo kpekpe aɖe si mu la ɖa le ame aɖe ƒe afɔ ŋu ne wotsɔ ga ƒoe wòwu gaƒoƒo eve?¶

Ne kɔkrit gbadzɛ alo atikpo kpekpe aɖe gbã ame ƒe afɔ alo eƒe akɔta heblae wòwu gaƒoƒo 1 va ɖo 2 la, lãmeka siwo me oxygen dɔ le la gblẽna eye woléa potassium, myoglobin, kple acid gbogbo siwo wua ame ɖe afɔawo me. Ne xɔnametɔwo ɖe keklẽa ɖa le afɔawo ŋu zi ɖeka evɔ kpekpeɖeŋunalawo menɔ anyi o la, potassium ma si xaxa la ƒua du yia dzia me tẽ eye wònana dzidɔa wua ame le sɛkɛnd 60 me, si nye atikewɔwɔ kpata si woyɔna be "Crush Syndrome" alo reperfusion arrest. Negbe ɖe dzo alo tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsi si le dzidzim ɖe edzi zi ame dzi be wòaʋuʋu enumake ko hafi nàƒo ka na 911 eye nàna keklẽa nali ke vaseɖe esime kpekpeɖeŋunalawo nava be yewoana tsi siwo wodona ɖe ʋuka me kple atike siwo kpɔa dzitodzito ta hafi akɔe.

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Nudzɔdzɔ Kpatawo Gbɔ (FEMA, United States): Dugãwo Didi Kple Xɔname (USAR) ƒe Agbledzidɔwɔwɔ Ŋuti Mɔfiame, Xɔtuɖaŋuwo ƒe Mumu Void Ƒomeviwo, Dzesidede Dɔwɔɖoɖowo, Kple Shoring.
• Dukɔa ƒe Dzotsinuwo Takpɔha (NFPA, United States): NFPA 1006 kple 1670 ƒe Dzidzenuwo na Mɔ̃ɖaŋu Xɔnametɔwo ƒe Dɔnyala ƒe Dzesidewo, Tsi Tsidzadza Xɔname, Tɔdzisasrã ƒe Mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo, Kple Yamenutome Afɔku Siwo Woxe.
• Dukɔa ƒe Atsiaƒu kple Yame ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (NOAA) & Dukɔa ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Dɔwɔƒe (NWS, United States): Tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya le Dugã me Tsiɖɔɖɔɖoɖowo kple Mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔƒewo.
• United States Dzotsidɔwɔƒe (USFA, United States): Beléle Gbãtɔ Kpata na Crush Syndrome kple Mɔ̃memi Siwo Woléna Ɣeyiɣi Didi.
• Nutome Dɔwɔƒe (United Kingdom): Tsiɖɔɖɔ Ŋuti Nuxlɔ̃ameɖoɖowo, Afɔku Siwo Le Tsitsetsewo Ŋu, Kple Dugã me Tsimɔwo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ.
• Australasia Dzotsidɔwɔƒe Kple Kpata Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoha (AFAC, Australia): Dugãwo Didi Kple Xɔname Kple Tsiɖɔɖɔ Xɔname Dɔwɔnawo Ŋuti Mɔfiamegbalẽ.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Agbetsitsi si me aƒe mele o kple yame ƒe nɔnɔme si gbɔ eme ƒe vovototodedeameme
• Aƒemanɔamesi kpata: gaƒoƒo 48 gbãtɔwo kple bebeƒe kpata
• Asaɖa me ʋuʋu, nunɔamesiwo xɔxɔ le ame si, kple bebeƒe ƒe gomenɔamesiwo
• Tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba
• Xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe gbegblẽ kple eƒe mumu