Candiru Catfish Urethral Myth vs Piranha kple Pacu Bite Ʋusɔgbɔdɔ kple Tsi Dzadzɛ Stingray (Potamotrygon) Necrotic Spine¶

Le tsi nyui ƒe tɔsisiwo ƒe ɖoɖowo me le Anyiehe Amerika (Amazon, Orinoco, Paraná-Paraguay, Essequibo, kple Magdalena ƒe tsidzɔƒewo) kple le lãwo ƒe lãkpɔ siwo mebɔ o me le xexeame katã la, nyadzɔdzɔgblɔmɔ̃ xɔŋkɔwo ƒe susu nɔa nugbagbevi suesuesue siwo nye candiru catfish (Vandellia cirrhosa kple Trichomycteridae siwo do ƒome kplii) kple sukudede red-bellied piranhas ŋu le mɔ si mesɔ o nu. (Pygocentrus nattereri) ƒe lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ. Le nyateƒe me la, dɔvɔ̃ŋutinunya si tso Brazil, Peru, kple Colombia ƒe atikewɔƒe xɔdzowo ɖo kpe edzi be abi si bɔ wu, si gblẽa nu le tɔsisi me, eye wògblẽa nu le lãmekawo ŋu wu sã enye asike si wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe tso Anyiehe Amerika tsi nyui me lãkle (Ƒome Potamotrygonidae, ƒome Potamotrygon, Paratrygon, Plesiotrygon, kple Heliotrygon). To vovo na ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be stingrays (Dasyatis), siwo ƒe aɖi hea vevesese sesẽ si dzoxɔxɔ me mekɔna o vɛ gake ƒã hafi ŋutigbalẽ ƒe ʋuʋu goglo la, hyaluronidase, metalloproteases, phospholipase A2, kple vasoconstrictive peptides sɔ gbɔ ɖe tsi nyui Potamotrygon aɖi me si nana ʋukawo me ʋu ƒe sisi enumake si gbãa ŋku na ame AND deep, progressive siaa liquefactive skin necrosis kple abi siwo nɔa anyi didi siwo medaa gbe le o le ŋkeke 7 va ɖo 30 me, si gagblẽa nu le eŋu to retroserrate spine shards siwo wolé ɖe te kple Aeromonas hydrophila dɔlékui evelia. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me la, piranhas (Pygocentrus kple Serrasalmus ƒomeviwo) kple frugivorous pacus (Colossoma macropomum kple Piaractus brachypomus) ƒe ɖuɖu kpaa "kuki-tso" do siwo le dzadzɛ, siwo le gota alo gbãa xexlẽdzesiwo ƒe ʋuʋu tso asibidɛwo, afɔbidɛwo, kple afɔkpodzi siwo ʋu kabakaba eye wòhiã ʋu ƒe sisi le nyaƒoɖeamenu tẽ me enumake kple abidzikpɔkpɔ. Ne tsi nyui me lãkle ɖu ame aɖe alo piranha alo pacu ɖu ame vevie la, ƒo ka na miaƒe nutoa me tɔwo xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata enumake. Dzro mía nɔviwo ŋuti mɔfiamegbalẽ siwo ku ɖe... ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be stingray barbs, ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be sea urchin spines, kple stonefish ƒe aɖi, . ʋu si dona vevie, kple sepsis kple septic shock ƒe ʋuʋu.

Nusi nàtsɔ aɖo nɔƒe gbãtɔ enumake na tsi nyui me stingray (Potamotrygon) ƒoƒo enye be nàʋu ado le tɔsisia me, atsɔ tsi dzadzɛ aklɔ abi la, anyrɔ afɔ alo afɔkpodzi si woƒo la ɖe tsi dzodzoe si woate ŋu alɔ̃ ɖo si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye 42 va ɖo 45 degree Celsius (108 va ɖo 113 degrees Fahrenheit) me hena miniti 30 va ɖo 90 be wòatrɔ vevesese ƒe aɖi siwo dzoxɔxɔ me mekɔna o kple ʋukawo ƒe ʋuʋu ɖe megbe, eye woayi kɔdzi hena amekoko ƒe numekuku si wòle be woawɔ, aɖi ƒe lãkusi ƒe akɔta ɖeɖe ɖa, lãmeka falɛfalɛwo ƒe X-ray, kple dɔlékuiwutike siwo tsia Aeromonas nu. Ne èdi piranha alo pacu ɖuɖu la, tsɔ gauze ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ tẽe aɖabaƒoƒo 10 va ɖo 15 be ʋu nadzudzɔ, nàkɔ abɔa ɖe dzi, eye màgabla tɔsisi ƒe do si me ɖi le la sesĩe gbeɖe o.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Ʋu amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la do goe le tɔsisia me yi ƒuta alo tɔdziʋu si me ƒu kplakplakpla dzi enumake, eye nàƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata ne ʋukawo le dodom vevie, akɔta/ƒodo me ʋuʋudedi goglo aɖe le dodom, alo taɖuame le ɖoɖo nu. Ƒo 192/193 le Brazil, 106 le Peru, 123 le Colombia, 911 le United States, Canada, kple Ecuador, 112 across Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ, alo nàlé ŋku ɖe míaƒe xexeame katã ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe si nye xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.
2. Na Freshwater Stingray (Potamotrygon) ƒe asike ƒoƒo: tsɔ tsi dzadzɛ klɔ abi la eye nànyrɔ afɔa ɖe tsi dzodzoe si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye Celsius degree 42 va ɖo 45 (Fahrenheit degree 108 va ɖo 113) me aɖabaƒoƒo 30 va ɖo 90. Do tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ kpɔ kple wò asi si mexɔ abi o gbã ale be màgabi amesi ŋu wòxɔ abi o. Tsi dzodzoe nyrɔ ɖe tsi me gblẽa aɖi protein siwo sea dzoxɔxɔ nu eye wòkekea ʋuka siwo xaxa siwo ne menye nenema o la, oxygen dɔ wu ŋutigbalẽa eye wònaa Potamotrygon ŋutigbalẽ ƒe kuku kabakaba.
3. MÈGAHE stingray ƒe akɔta si ge ɖe eme goŋgoŋ si bɔbɔ nɔ akɔta, ƒodo, kɔ, alo afɔkpodzi ƒe ƒunukpeƒe goglo la do goe o; gblẽe ɖe teƒea be woaɖee ɖa le amekoko me. Le afɔ ƒe ʋuʋu le gota gome la, tsɔ tsi dzadzɛ kple aŋekotoku klɔ ke si me mekɔ o kple aɖi-gland slime ɣi si le gbadzaa la ɖa blewu, gake ɖo ŋku edzi be retroserrate (backward-barbed) Potamotrygon ƒe akɔta wɔa dɔ abe harpoon ene eye wòɖea eƒe gotagome ŋutigbalẽ ƒe aɖi si le abi la ƒe gogloƒe ke.
4. Na Piranha (Pygocentrus / Serrasalmus) alo Pacu (Colossoma) ƒe ɖuɖu: te gaze alo avɔ dzadzɛ si le ɣie la ɖe abi ƒe do si le gota la me tẽ eye nàlé nyaƒoɖeamenu sesĩe, si metso o me aɖabaƒoƒo 10 va ɖo 15. Piranha ƒe aɖuwo ƒoa ƒu abe amekoko ƒe ƒu rongeurs ene eye nàɖe ŋutigbalẽ kple ami si le ŋutigbalẽ te ƒe ʋuƒo si le gotagome dzadzɛ aɖe ɖa (zi geɖe la, tso afɔbidɛ, afɔkpodzi, alo asibidɛ dzi), si wɔnɛ be ŋutigbalẽ ƒe ʋuka siwo le ʋuʋu ɖi siwo ʋuna le tɔsisi me tsi dzodzoewo me la nɔa ʋuʋu ɖi. Do abɔa ɖe dzi wu dzi ƒe kɔkɔme esime nèle nyaƒoɖeamenu me lém ɖe asi.
5. Na Candiru (Vandellia) si mebɔ o si naa ʋu le ŋutigbalẽa ŋu, alo tsi me lãkle/catfish ɖesiaɖe si kpe ɖe eŋu la: MÈGAHEe sesĩe ne wotu akɔta o. Togbɔ be ŋutinya xɔŋkɔ si nye candiru si le tsi ƒum yia aɖuɖɔ ƒe tɔsisi aɖe dzi le yame la mate ŋu adzɔ le ŋutilã me o hã la, Vandellia catfish suesuesue siwo ɖua ʋu la le esi akɔtaƒu siwo le megbe (gill-cover) siwo ate ŋu abla ɖe lãkusi alo ŋutigbalẽ si vuvu ŋu ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ne wotsi tsiƒuƒuwu sesẽwo me le vo me; tsɔ tsi dzadzɛ nyrɔe blewuu alo de tsii eye nàdi atikewɔlawo ƒe eɖeɖe nenye be akɔta aɖe de eme.
6. Tsɔ tsi nyui me lãvi ɖesiaɖe si ŋu stingray le kple amesi ŋu piranha/pacu goglo ɖu la yi atikewɔƒe alo kɔdzi hena amekoko ƒe abi ɖeɖeɖa, tetanus ƒe ŋusẽdodo, kple dɔlékuiwutike siwo woɖo taɖodzinu na tsɔ xea mɔ na Aeromonas hydrophila. To vovo na ƒumelã stingray ƒe ƒoƒo siwo hayana zi geɖe le tsi dzodzoe me tsi ɖeɖe ɖeɖeko megbe la, Anyiehe Amerikatɔ siwo womewɔ atike na o ƒe alafa memama 60 va ɖo 80 kple edzivɔ Potamotrygon ƒe ƒoƒo yia ŋgɔ va zua deep ischemic skin necrosis kple evelia Aeromonas / Pseudomonas dɔlékui negbe ɖe wowɔ amekoko ɖe aɖi-ɖea aɖi ƒe lãkusi si gakpɔtɔ li la ɖa kaba hafi.

Nyametsotsoti: Anyiehe Amerika tɔsisi ƒe ƒoƒo, ɖuɖu, kple tsi me nukpɔkpɔ ƒe vovototodedeameme¶

flowchart TD
    A["Anyiehe Amerika ƒe Tɔsisi me Nuveviwɔame alo Tsitsetsewo ƒe Afɔku Si Mebɔ O"] --> B{"Nuveviwɔame ka ƒomevie dzɔ?"}
    B -->|Stepped on buried disc in sand/mud; jagged puncture + excruciating burning pain + grey slime| C["Tsi Dzɔdzɔme Stingray (Potamotrygon) Aɖi si Wotsɔna Ðea Akɔta ƒe Akɔta"]
    B -->|Sudden snap in shallow water or while unhooking fish; circular crater plug or crushed digit bleeding briskly| D["Piranha (Pygocentrus / Serrasalmus) alo Pacu (Colossoma) ƒe ɖuɖu"]
    B -->|Tiny slender catfish or spiky fish snagged in swimwear or skin orifice| E["Candiru (Vandelia) alo Cetopsid Tɔmelãwo ƒe Dodokpɔ"]
    C --> F["Klɔe kple tsi dzadzɛ; nyrɔ abɔ kple afɔ ɖe Tsi Dzodzoe si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye 42 va ɖo 45 C (108 va ɖo 113 F) me hena miniti 30 va ɖo 90"]
    F --> G["Kɔdzi Beléle na: Nutome lãmekawo ƒe mɔxexe + X-ray/Ultrasound na akɔta ƒe kakɛwo + Amekoko ƒe lãkusi ɖeɖeɖa + Ciprofloxacin"]
    D --> H["De gauze ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu tẽ tẽe sesĩe aɖabaƒoƒo 15 + do abɔ kple afɔ ɖe dzi; tsɔ asibidɛ ɖesiaɖe si wotso la ɖo gaze si me tsi le me ɖe tsikpetsi dzi"]
    H --> I["Kɔdzidzikpɔkpɔ: Tsidede tsi si me wodea dzee le agbɔsɔsɔ gã me; X-ray hena lãkusi/ƒu ƒe gbegblẽ; gblẽ do si le gota la ɖi wòʋu be wòada gbe le ame ŋu to tameɖoɖo evelia me + Dɔlékuiwutikewo"]
    E --> J["MÈGAHEe sesĩe ɖe megbeƒu ƒe akɔtaƒu siwo le megbe ŋu o; de tsi kple saline; endoscopic/urological ɖeɖeɖa le atike si naa ame ƒe dzi dzea eme ne wolée ɖe te"]

Ta kple ta ƒe dɔdaƒewo tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo: Tsi nyui Stingray vs Piranha vs Pacu vs Candiru Catfish¶

Atikewɔwɔ ŋuti nyateƒenya si le teƒe xɔdzowo mama tso tɔsisiwo me tɔwo gbɔ na mɔzɔlawo, tɔƒodelawo, kple atikewɔlawo tsɔa amekoko kple dɔlékuiwo ƒe ŋɔdzidoname vavãwo ɖoa nɔƒe gbãtɔ:

Tsi Dzɔdzɔme Stingrays (Potamotrygonidae): Dɔlélenutsiŋutete, Tsi Dzodzoe ƒe Atikewɔwɔ, kple Amekoko ƒe Debridement¶

1. Nusita Potamotrygon ƒe ʋuʋu dzɔna kple alesi akɔta doa aɖi¶

Anyiehe Amerika ƒe tsi nyui me lãklewo (Potamotrygon motoro, Potamotrygon orbignyi, Potamotrygon falkneri, kple Paratrygon aiereba) koe nye lãkle ƒe ƒome ɖeka kolia si woto vɛ be woanɔ tsi nyui me ko. Le kuɖiɣi si Amazon kple Pantanal tɔsisiwo le megbe yim la, stingray-wo mlɔa ke dzodzoe si didi sentimeta 1 va ɖo 2 te le tɔsisi siwo me goglo o la me. 1. The Whip Reflex: Ne wader aɖe ɖiɖi ɖe stingray ƒe akɔtaƒu dzi tẽ la, keklẽa trɔa eƒe lãmeka ƒe asike yia dzi, si naa eƒe retroserrate (saw-toothed) vasodentine spine yia amesi wowu la ƒe afɔ, afɔkpodzi, alo nyivi si le ete la me goglo. 2. Integumentary Sheath Rupture: Akɔta ŋutɔ menye aŋe si me do le o. Ke boŋ woxatsaa akɔta si le abe ƒu ene la ɖe integumentary epithelial sheath tɔxɛ aɖe si me aɖi ƒe lãmenugbagbevi siwo le ɣaɣla siwo le ventrolateral grooves eve siwo didi la yɔ fũu me. Esi akɔta le gegem ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã me eye wole hehem ɖe megbe la, lãkusi siwo fia megbe la vuvu lãkusia esime ɖea aɖi ɣi ƒe lãkusi ƒe akɔtaɖonu la ɖa le akɔta la ŋu hele edem, tsɔ kpe ɖe akɔta ƒe nugbɔ siwo gbã siwo le gbagbãm ŋu, le amegbetɔ ƒe abi ƒe mɔa me goglo. 3. Dɔnɔdzikpɔƒe ƒe Dɔléle si le Akpa Eve (Ischemic Pain si Liquefactive Necrosis kplɔe ɖo): - Afɔɖeɖe 1 (Aɖabaƒoƒo 0 va ɖo 12 Gaƒoƒo: Vasospastic Pain Storm): Le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo me la, amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la sea vevesese 10/10 si gbãa ŋku, si le ƒoƒom, si klẽna yia afɔ bliboa dzi va ɖoa akɔta. Venom vasoconstrictors léa ŋutigbalẽ ƒe ʋukawo ɖe te, si wɔnɛ be abi ƒe axawo trɔna zua blɔ (blanched) eye emegbe wodoa viviti cyanotic blue-grey, zi geɖe la, systemic fifia, ʋuʋudedi, ʋuʋudedi, tachycardia, ɖiɖiɖeme, kple ʋuʋudedi kpena ɖe eŋu. - Afɔɖeɖe 2 (Gaƒoƒo 12 vaseɖe Kwasiɖa 3: Cutaneous Necrosis and Deep Ulceration): To vovo na ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be stingrays la, Potamotrygon venom metalloproteases, phospholipase A2, kple hyaluronidase ɖua collagen kple cell membranes esime microvascular thrombosis si nɔa anyi ɖaa wua ŋutigbalẽ si le edzi. Ʋuʋudedi ƒe bullae (ʋu ƒe ʋuʋudedi) dona le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 48 me, eye le Ŋkeke 4 va ɖo 14 me la, central liquefactive and coagulative necrosis si ƒua du yia abi goglo aɖe me si ɖea extensor tendons alo Achilles tendon fiana.

================================================================================
   FRESHWATER STINGRAY (POTAMOTRYGON) SPINE ANATOMY & HOT-WATER PROTOCOL
================================================================================

  [Retroserrate Tail Spine]           [Two-Step Emergency Care]
       /\  <-- Sharp tip snaps off     1. HOT WATER IMMERSION (42-45 C / 108-113 F)
      /  \     inside foot/ankle          * Soak foot for 30 to 90 minutes.
     /|  |\                               * Denatures heat-labile pain proteins.
     /|  |\ <-- Backward barbs shred      * Reverses severe arteriole vasospasm
    / |  | \    tissue on withdrawal        (restores blood flow to limit necrosis).
    \ |  | /    & strip off toxic
     \|  |/     grey venom sheath      2. HOSPITAL NERVE BLOCK + DEBRIDEMENT
      |  |  <-- Ventrolateral grooves     * Local/regional bupivacaine nerve block.
      |__|      filled with necrotic      * X-ray / Ultrasound for radiopaque shards.
                proteases & hyaluronidase * Scrub out ALL grey integumentary sheath
================================================================================

2. Afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe do ŋgɔ na kɔdziyiyi kple kɔdzi ƒe Potamotrygon ƒe aɖi dzikpɔkpɔ¶

1. Tsi Dzodzoe Me Nyrɔ Enumake (Celsius dzidzenu 42 va ɖo 45 [Fahrenheit dzidzenu 108 va ɖo 113]):
2. Klɔ abi la enumake kple tsi nyui dzadzɛ (mègatsɔ tɔsisi me tsi gbeɖe o) be nàɖe anyikpe kple aɖi ƒe ʋeʋẽ si le etame la ɖa.
3. De afɔ alo asi si woƒo la ɖe gaze alo tsigoe si me tsi dzodzoe si wodo dzoe wòaxɔ dzo alesi woate ŋui me evɔ màfiã ŋutigbalẽ si sɔ (42 va ɖo 45 C / 108 va ɖo 113 F) hena aɖabaƒoƒo 30 va ɖo 90.
4. Do tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ kpɔ ɣesiaɣi kple asi si mexɔ abi o (alo dzoxɔxɔdzidzenu) elabena afɔ si woƒo la trɔ seselelãme eye ate ŋu axɔ dzo vevie le dzoxɔxɔ ta ne wokɔ tsi si le ƒoƒom ɖe edzi.
5. Viɖe eve le Potamotrygon stings me: Menye ɖeko tsi dzodzoe nana thermolabile vevesese-he peptides mewɔa dɔ le miniti 15 va ɖo 20 me ko o, ke eɖea ɖea aɖi-si na ʋukawo me ʋukawo ƒe ʋuʋu hã dzi kpɔtɔ, si gbugbɔa ŋutigbalẽ ƒe tsidede lãme na ame eye wòɖea ŋutigbalẽ ƒe kuku ƒe didime mamlɛtɔ dzi kpɔtɔna ŋutɔ.
6. Kɔdzi ƒe Nutome Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Mɔxexe (Hafi Woadi Abi):
7. Le atikewɔƒe alo dɔwɔƒe si kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ la, do nutome lãmekawo ƒe mɔxenu (abe megbeƒu, sural, saphenous, alo peroneal afɔkpodzi ƒe mɔxexe si bɔ, alo abi ƒe gege ɖe teƒea ene) to 0.5% bupivacaine alo 1% va ɖo 2% lidocaine zazã me epinephrine manɔmee (mègazã epinephrine le ʋuka si me ʋu sina tona ŋu gbeɖe o Potamotrygon abi, elabena adrenaline nana ischemic skin necrosis gblẽna ɖe edzi).
8. Sedziwɔwɔ Radiographs / Ultrasound kple Amekoko ƒe Debridement:
9. Xɔ multi-view plain-film X-rays (calcified vasodentine stingray spines nye radiopaque le 70 va ɖo 80 le alafa me) alo high-frequency bedside ultrasound (si dea dzesi spines kple cartilaginous/sheath susɔeawo ƒe 100%).
10. Le nutome ƒe atike si naa alɔ̃dɔdɔ ame me la, ʋu tomemɔ siwo xaxa ne ehiã, de tsii kple dze si me dɔlékui mele o si me dɔlékui mele o**, eye ɖe aɖi si le ɣie-yibɔ ƒe lãkusi ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe kple akɔta ƒe nugbɔ siwo gbã la ɖa nyuie. Ne wogblẽ aɖi ƒe akɔta alo akɔta ƒe akpa si didi milimeta 2 gɔ̃ hã ɖe ami si le ŋutigbalẽ te me la, kakaɖedzi li be duta ŋutilã ƒe granuloma si nɔa anyi didi kple abi si me ame kuku le vivivi.
11. Gblẽ abi la ɖi wòaʋu (si wotsɔ saline gauze si me dɔlékui mele o blae wòabɔbɔ) be tsi nado; mègabla stingray puncture abi sesĩe gbeɖe o.
12. Dɔlékuiwutike Siwo Woɖo Ðe Mɔ Nu Kple Tetanus:
13. Anyiehe Amerika tɔsisi me ʋuʋudedi kple Potamotrygon ƒe ʋuʋudedi nye Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Staphylococcus, kple Clostridium ƒe ƒuƒoƒo vevie.
14. Na tetanus ƒe ŋusẽdoametike (Tdap/Td) eye nàŋlɔ ciprofloxacin (500 mg PO zi eve gbesiagbe hena ŋkeke 7) alo trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX DS zi eve gbesiagbe) kpe ɖe amoxicillin-clavulanate alo clindamycin/metronidazole ŋu be wòaxe mɔ na fulminant Aeromonas necrotizing lãmeka falɛfalɛwo ƒe dɔléle.

Piranha (Pygocentrus / Serrasalmus) kple Pacu (Colossoma) ƒe Ƒoƒo: Ʋusɔgbɔdɔ Kple Domenuwo Dzikpɔkpɔ¶

1. Nusita piranhawo ɖua amegbetɔwo ŋutɔŋutɔ (eye woɖea "skeletonising feeding frenzy" glitotoa ɖa) .¶

To vovo na Hollywood sinima siwo me woɖea tsiƒula dzi kpɔtɔna wòzua ƒunukpeƒe le sɛkɛnd 60 me la, atikewɔwɔ siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo tso Brazil, Suriname, kple Guyana (Haddad Jr. & Sazima, Wilderness & Environmental Medicine) ɖee fia be piranha ƒe ɖuɖu le amegbetɔ gbagbewo ŋu katã kloe nyea ametakpɔnu ɖeka tsɔ wu be woanye lãhawo ƒe amedzidzedze: - Ne Piranha ƒe ɖuɖu Dzɔ: 1. Atɔ Dzɔla le Kuɖiɣi le Tɔsisi Siwo Me Goglo O: Le kuɖiɣi ne tɔsisiwo ƒe tsi ɖiɖi la, piranha siwo ƒe ƒodo biã (Pygocentrus nattereri) kple piranha yibɔ (Serrasalmus rhombeus) daa azi le numiemie siwo nyrɔ ɖe tsi me le tsileleƒuta siwo me goglo o eye woƒoa amegbetɔ ƒe afɔkpodzi alo afɔkpodzi ɖesiaɖe si wotsɔ ʋlia wo ɖokui ta (nuxlɔ̃ame ƒe ɣeyiɣi ɖeka) si ƒua tsi le atɔa gbɔ. 2. Tɔmelãwo Dzadzɛnyenye Kple Nuɖuɖu Kakɛwo le Tsileƒewo: Tɔmelãwo ƒe dɔgbo alo lã kakɛwo tsɔtsɔ ƒu gbe ɖe tsiƒuƒe siwo me goglo o nana piranhawo ƒoa afɔkpodzi kple asibidɛ siwo le tsi ƒum. 3. Tɔmelã gbagbewo ɖeɖe le Tɔdziʋuwo me: Tɔƒodela siwo le kɔsɔkɔsɔwo ɖem ɖa le piranha gbagbewo alo pacus / tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) ŋu la ƒe asibidɛ kple asibidɛwo lãna vevie ne aɖuawo tu. (Amesiwo tsi ƒu xoxo le tɔdziʋu ƒe gbagbã, aha muame, alo alɔ̃madɔmadɔ ta koe piranhawo tsɔa lãwo ƒua gbe le amekuku megbe la dzɔna.) - The "Cookie-Cutter" ƒe Do vs Pacu ƒe Ʋuʋu: - Piranha (Pygocentrus / Serrasalmus): Aɖu siwo le dzogoe etɔ̃ me siwo le ɖaɖɛ abe lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu ene siwo le dzogoe etɔ̃ me siwo bla ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu sesĩe abe amekoko ƒe ƒu ƒe lãɖeɖe ene le esi. Ne aɖua tu la, eɖea ŋutilã kple ami si le ŋutigbalẽ te (zi geɖe la, eƒe didime nye sentimeta 1 va ɖo 3) si woƒo nyuie, si le gota alo le abe do ene,** tso afɔbidɛ, afɔkpodzi, Achilles ƒe nuto, alo asibidɛ me. - Pacu (Colossoma / Piaractus): Piranha siwo tsina kilogram 20 va ɖo 30 (pound 44 va ɖo 66) ƒe ƒometɔ kplikplikpliwo eye aɖu siwo le abe aɖu ene siwo le abe aɖu ene siwo le abe amegbetɔ ƒe aɖuwɔwɔe ene le mɔ si mewɔ nuku o nu le wo si, siwo trɔ zu avetsu sesẽwo ƒe nukuwo kple nukuwo. Pacu ɖuɖu le tɔƒodela ƒe asi ŋu hea phalanges ƒe gbagbã sesẽwo, nail-bed avulsions, kple digital amputations traumatic. De dzesii: Tabloid nyaʋiʋli siwo doa dzidzɔ na ame siwo gblɔna be pacus ɖua amegbetɔ ƒe vidzidɔ ("tɔmelã si tsoa bɔl") tiae nye dugã me glitoto si dzɔ tso fefenya aɖe si woyɔ vodadatɔe tso woƒe nuɖuɖu si gbãa nukuwo ŋu me; le nyateƒe me la, pacu ɖuɖu dzɔna ɖe tɔƒodelawo kple tɔmelãwo ƒe nuɖuɖudzralawo ƒe asibidɛwo kple asiwo dzi, alo ɣeaɖewoɣi le tɔƒodelawo ƒe afɔbidɛwo dzi.

2. Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ kple abidzikpɔkpɔ na Piranha kple Pacu ƒe ɖuɖu¶

1. Tɔtrɔ Tsã ƒe Ʋusɔgbɔdɔ (Dɔdo le Tsia Me):
2. Na amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la nado le tɔsisia me enumake (ʋu si le sisim ɖe tsi dzodzoe me dzena abe ɖe wòlolo wu alesi wòle ŋutɔŋutɔ ene, eye tsi si me goglo o me nɔnɔ dea afɔku me be yeaɖe ye ɖokui ta zi evelia).
3. Esi piranha ƒe aɖuwo lãna to ŋutigbalẽ ƒe ʋukawo me dzadzɛ evɔ womegbãa ʋukaa ƒe nugbɔwo o (ʋuka siwo wogbã la tsia ʋuʋu, gake ʋuka siwo wotsɔ lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu lãe ya ʋuna kabakaba) ta la, afɔkpodzi alo afɔbidɛ ƒe do si le gota la ʋuna faa.
4. Klo gauze si me dɔlékui mele o alo avɔ dzadzɛ si le ɣie, blae alo tee ɖe do goglo la me tẽ kple asibidɛ eve alo asibidɛ ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ hena miniti 10 va ɖo 15 madzudzɔmadzudzɔe, eye nàkɔ afɔ alo asi ɖe dzi wu dzi ƒe kɔkɔme.
5. Tsidede Agbɔsɔsɔme Gãwo Kple Granulation Siwo Woʋuna (Nusita Mètsɔa Piranha Dome Ablae O):
6. De tsi abi la nyuie kple dze si sɔ si me dɔlékui mele o alo tsi nyui si woate ŋu ano si me dɔlékui mele o** be nàkɔ tɔsisi me tsi kple tɔmelãwo ƒe ʋuʋudedi ɖa.
7. Amekoko ƒe Se na Piranha Dowo: Esi piranha ƒe ɖuɖu ɖea lãkusi ƒe ʋuƒo si le gota (full-thickness tissue loss) ɖa eye tɔsisi me numiemiewo ƒo ɖii ta la, mègadze agbagba gbeɖe be yeahe abi ƒe goawo ɖekae le tete gã me kple ka sesẽwo o. Ne wohe nusi gblẽ le eŋu si le gota la hea ʋu ƒe sisi le ŋutigbalẽ ƒe nugbɔ vɛ eye wòléa Aeromonas dɔlékuiwo ɖe eme. Ke boŋ, ɖo ʋu ƒe sisi nu (zã klosalo nitrate cautery, absorbable gelatin sponge, alo figure-of-eight hemostatic suture ɖe spurting arteriole ɖeka dzi ne ehiã) eye nàtsɔ moist sterile petrolatum/antiseptic gauze ado doa ɖe doa me be ada gbe le tameɖoɖo evelia me (granulation) kpe ɖe ŋkeke 5 va ɖo 7 ƒe nuɖuɖu ŋu ciprofloxacin alo trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole kpe ɖe amoxicillin-clavulanate ŋu.

Candiru Catfish (Vandelia cirrhosa): Atikewɔwɔ Ŋuti Nyateƒenya Mamã tso Aɖuɖɔ Ŋuti Nyakpakpa gbɔ¶

Lã ʋɛ aɖewo koe le teƒe xɔdzowo ƒe atikewɔwɔ me siwo ŋu blemaŋutinya siwo gbɔ eme ƒo xlã wu candiru (Vandelia cirrhosa kple tɔmelã sue siwo do ƒome kplii siwo me dɔlékuiwo le siwo le Vandelliinae ƒome sue si le Amazon kple Orinoco-tɔsisiwo me).

1. Nusi nye nyateƒe le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me vs alakpa le Candiru ŋu¶

• NYANYA (Tsiƒuƒu Yi Aɖuɖɔtoe si Le Yame): Ƒe alafa 19 lia kple 20 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze me mɔzɔzɔ ŋuti nuŋlɔɖiwo gblɔ be ne ame aɖe ɖe aɖuɖɔ esime wòle tsitre ɖe Amazon-tɔsisia tame alo le tsi ƒum le Amazon-tɔsisia tame la, tɔmelã si woyɔna be candiru catfish sea urea ƒe ʋeʋẽ, ƒua tsi yia dzi ɖe aɖuɖɔtoea ŋu abe salmon si le titim ɖe tsitsetse aɖe dzi ene, eye wòzia eɖokui dzi gena ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe aɖuɖɔtoe me. Esia nye nusi mate ŋu adzɔ le tsi ƒe ŋusẽ kple nugbagbeŋutinunya me o. Dodokpɔ siwo dzi wokpɔ le ƒumelãwo ŋuti nunyala Stephen Spotte (Candiru: Life and Legend of the Bloodsucking Catfishes, 2002) ɖo kpe edzi be Vandelia cirrhosa mewɔa nu ɖe ​​amegbetɔ ƒe aɖuɖɔ alo amonia ŋu kura o; ke boŋ edea adelã eƒe dzɔdzɔmetɔ (Amazon-tɔmelã gãwo kple characins) to tsi si le tɔtɔm si wonya tso tɔmelãwo ƒe aɖuɖɔtoewo me la yometiti kple esese ko me, eye mete ŋu ƒua tsi yia tsi ƒe tɔsisi gbadza aɖe si le gegem dzi si tsi tre ɖe nuheŋusẽ ŋu o.
• ATIKƆMEŊUTINYA ƑE NYATEƑE (Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe mɔ̃ si mebɔ o vs Candiru-Açu):
• True Vandelia Hematophagous Catfish: Catfish suesuesue siwo le tsɛ abe eel ene siwo me kɔ (siwo didi sentimeta 2 va ɖo 6, woƒe kekeme nye milimeta 3 va ɖo 5) siwo zi geɖe la, wogena ɖe tɔmelã gãwo ƒe gill chambers me eye wotsia kɔta ɖaɖɛ siwo fia megbe ɖe woƒe opercula (gill covers) dzi tsɔ blaa wo ɖokui esime wole gill ʋuka aɖe lãm ɖe gorge le ʋu me. Le nudzɔdzɔ siwo mebɔ kura o siwo ŋu woŋlɔ nu tsoe me (siwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ ku ɖe nyɔnu tsilelelawo ƒe vidzidɔ me gege ɖe eme ŋu, alo ƒe 1997 ƒe tsinyegoe me dɔléle ɖeka si ŋu woʋli nya le le Manaus, Brazil), ne tsilelela aɖe nyrɔ ɖe tɔsisi me tsi siwo me mekɔ o me evɔ ametakpɔwu aɖeke mele eŋu o eye Vandellia sue aɖe ge ɖe ŋutilã ƒe ʋuƒo aɖe me le vo me alo wòtsi awu ʋlaya si xɔ dzo sesĩe me, ** wòhe tɔmelãa megbe tsɔa eƒe akɔtaƒu siwo le megbe la ƒua gbe ɖe lãkusi alo ŋutigbalẽa me**, si xea mɔ nɛ ɖe teƒea.
• Candiru-Açu / Whale Catfish (Cetopsis coecutiens): Tɔmelã si to vovo kura, si lolo wu (15 va ɖo 25 cm), si le blɔ wu, si ƒe amadede nye blɔ-grey scavenger catfish si woyɔna hã be "candiru" le Amazon. Cetopsis coecutiens nye ame kuku siwo nyrɔ kple lã siwo le tsia dzi ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si ɖua nu vevie si hea ŋutilã si le gota si me vevesese le vɛ na tsilelela gbagbewo, si wotɔtɔna zi geɖe le nutoa me nyatakakawo me kple piranha ƒe ɖuɖu alo Vandelia ƒe amedzidzedze.

2. Atikewɔwɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ si wotu ɖe kpeɖodzi dzi ne wotsɔ lãkle alo tsi me nugbagbe aɖe si ƒe aŋgbawo lé¶

1. Mègahe megbe sesĩe le Opercular alo Pectoral Spines Ŋu Gbeɖe O:
2. Eɖanye Vandelia sue aɖe si wotsɔ bla ɖe lãkusi/ŋutilã ŋu alo tsi nyui me tɔmelã si lolo wu (Pimelodus, Pseudoplatystoma, alo Corydoras) si ƒe akɔta/akɔta ƒe akɔta si ƒe akɔta le abe lãfu ene la to tɔƒodela ƒe asi ŋu o, lã siwo fia megbe la tsia sesĩe wu ne wohe wo do goe tẽ.
3. Kɔdzi / Endoscopic Extraction ƒe Ðoɖowɔɖi:
4. Le catfish fin spine si wotsɔ de asi alo afɔ me gome la: wɔ regional nerve block, xɔ X-ray, eye nàɖe akɔta to trasecting track la ʋuʋu vie alo yi ŋgɔ/unhooking the backward serrations hafi nàde tsii le agbɔsɔsɔ gã me kple anti-Aeromonas antibiotics.
5. Le Vandellia sue aɖe ƒe mucosal alo orifice retention si mebɔ kura o gome la: woatsɔe ayi kɔdzi hena sedation/anesthesia kple direct endoscopic (cystoscopic alo colposcopic) visualization to endoscopic forceps kple scissors nyuiwo zazã me atsɔ ami alo atso opercular spines eye woaɖe specimen si me gblẽ o la ɖa evɔ womavuvu lãkusia o.
6. Mègakɔ gbetikewo ƒe detsiƒonuwo (abe Xagua / Genipa americana atikutsetse dama ƒe detsiƒonu ƒuƒu) alo caustic acids ɖe tsinyegoe alo nyɔnu ƒe vidzidɔ me gbeɖe o: Amewo ƒe atike siwo wogblɔna be Genipa americana detsiƒonu "lɔa" candiru ƒe ƒunukpeƒe si le ŋutilã me la nye alakpa eye wòhea atike ƒe tsinyegoe ƒe ʋuʋu sesẽ kple tsinyegoe ƒe ʋuʋu vɛ.

Nutome ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo ku ɖe nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo ŋu kple dɔwɔƒea ƒe ɖoɖowo¶

• Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso, Pantanal, Paraná Tsiƒuƒewo): Ƒo 192 (SAMU) na dɔnɔdzikpɔʋuwo alo 193 (Corpo de Bombeiros) hena tɔsisiwo xɔname. Wɔ ɖe Ministério da Saúde do Brasil / Instituto Butantan ƒe ɖoɖowɔɖi dzi: tsi dzodzoe me nyɔnyrɔ enumake (42 va ɖo 45 C) na tsi nyui me lãklewo (Potamotrygon), nutome lãmekawo ƒe mɔxexe, amekoko ƒe aɖi si ku ƒe akɔta ɖeɖeɖa, tetanus ƒe mɔxexeɖedɔléle nu, kple ciprofloxacin/TMP-SMX ƒe nutsyɔtsyɔ.
• Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, kple Venezuela: Ƒo 106 le Peru, 123 le Colombia, 911 le Ecuador kple Venezuela, alo 160 / 118 le Bolivia. Tɔsisiwo me atikewɔƒewo tsɔa tsi dzodzoe nyɔnyrɔ kple abi didi kaba le amekoko me ɖoa nɔƒe gbãtɔ be woatsɔ axe mɔ ɖe afɔdzidede si nɔa anyi didi nu.
• Guyana, Suriname, kple French Guiana: Ƒo 913 le Guyana, 115 le Suriname, alo 15 / 112 (SAMU) le French Guiana.
• United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ, kple Australia (Exotic Aquarium Trade): Ƒo ka na 911 (US/Canada), 999 (UK), 112 (EU), alo 000 (Australia), eye nàƒo ka na US Poison Control le 1-800-222-1222 alo wò dukɔa ƒe aɖidɔwɔƒe. Ame ŋutɔ ƒe aƒeme lãwo ƒe lãwo kple lãwo dzikpɔƒe ƒe ƒoƒo tso Potamotrygon motoro alo Potamotrygon leopoldi si woɖe aboyoe gbɔ hiã 45 C tsi dzodzoe me nyɔnyrɔ̃, asi X-ray, amekoko ƒe lãɖeɖe, kple anti-Aeromonas fluoroquinolone atikewɔwɔ ma ke.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Nukatae South America ƒe tsi nyui me stingray ƒe ƒoƒo vɔ̃ɖi wu afɔɖeɖe ɖe atsiaƒu me stingray dzi le ƒuta?¶

Togbɔ be ƒumelãwo kple tsi nyui me lãklewo siaa hea vevesese sesẽ si tsi dzodzoe dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna enumake hã la, aɖi si me metalloproteases siwo gblẽa lãmenugbagbeviwo, hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2, kple peptide sesẽ siwo xea mɔ na ʋukawo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si sɔ gbɔ wu sã le South America tsi nyui me lãklewo (Potamotrygon ƒomeviwo) si. Le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 72 me la, zi geɖe la, Potamotrygon ƒe ʋuʋudedi trɔna zua aŋutiɖiɖi viviti kple yibɔ le titina eye wòyia ŋgɔ va zua ŋutigbalẽ ƒe kuku goglo si me tsi le kple abi si nɔa anyi didi si ate ŋu ana lãkusiwo nadze eye wòaxɔ ɣleti geɖe hafi wòahaya negbe ɖe wotsɔ tsi dzodzoe ƒe ʋukawo keke kple amekoko ɖe aɖi si susɔ la ɖa enumake hafi.

Aleke gbegbee wòle be tsia naxɔ dzoe na tsi nyui me stingray ƒe ƒoƒo, eye nukatae tsi dzodzoe kpena ɖe ame ŋu?¶

nyrɔ afɔ alo asi si woƒo la ɖe tsi dzadzɛ si wodo dzoe wòde Celsius dzidzenu 42 va ɖo 45 (Fahrenheit dzidzenu 108 va ɖo 113), si se le eɖokui me be yexɔ dzo abe tsi dzodzoe ene evɔ mebiã ŋutigbalẽ si sɔ o la me aɖabaƒoƒo 30 va ɖo 90. Do tsia kpɔ gbã ɣesiaɣi kple wò asi si mexɔ abi o ale be màhe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzobibi vɛ o. Tsi dzodzoe wɔa dɔ vevi eve le Potamotrygon ƒe ƒoƒo me: etrɔa asi le vevesese ƒe protein siwo sea dzoxɔxɔ nu le aɖia me ŋu le miniti 15 va ɖo 20 me, eye wòkekea ʋuka siwo xaxa sesĩe siwo ƒo xlã abi la ɖe enu, si wɔnɛ be oxygen gaɖoa ŋutigbalẽa me eye wòɖea abi si ku la ƒe lolome dzi kpɔtɔna.

Ðe piranhawo ɖea eƒe awu le amegbetɔ tsiƒula ŋu wòzua ƒunukpeƒe le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ko me abe alesi wònɔna le sinimawo me enea?¶

Ao, sinima me nɔnɔmetata si me tsiƒula gbagbe aɖe si piranha-ha aɖe tsɔ ƒunukpeƒewo le la nye glitoto. Dɔdamɔnu ŋuti numekuku siwo wowɔ le Amazon kple Pantanal godoo ɖee fia be piranha ƒe amedzidzedze ɖe tsilelela gbagbewo ŋu katã kloe nyea ametakpɔnu ɖeka ko si dzɔna le kuɖiɣi esime tsi mesɔ gbɔ o eye ƒudzidela aɖe afɔ afɔ ɖe piranha ƒe atɔ gbɔ alo ƒua tsi le tɔdziʋudzeƒe si wokɔa tɔmelãwo ŋu le gbɔ. Aɖu ɖeka ma zãa aɖu siwo le dzogoe etɔ̃ me siwo le ɖaɖɛ abe lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu ene siwo bla ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu tsɔ ƒoa ŋutigbalẽ kple ami ƒe do dzadzɛ si le dzogoe ene me si me "kuki-tso" do tso afɔbidɛ, afɔkpodzi, alo asibidɛ me, si ʋuna kabakaba eye wòbiaa gauze ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesĩe tẽ aɖabaƒoƒo 10 va ɖo 15.

Ðe wòle be woatsɔ abi si le dzogoe ene me si piranha ɖu la ablae sesĩea?¶

Ao, esi piranha ƒe ɖuɖu ɖea ŋutigbalẽ kple ami ƒe ʋuƒo si le gota (si gblẽa dometsotso aɖe si me lãkusi siwo bu le ɖi) eye tɔsisi me dɔlékuiwo abe Aeromonas hydrophila ene ƒo ɖii vevie ta la, ne wotsɔ eƒe goawo bla ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu sesĩe le teteɖeanyi me la, etsoa ʋu si yia ŋutigbalẽa ƒe axawo dzi eye wòléa dɔlékuiwo ɖe eme, si wɔnɛ be ʋuʋudedi sesẽ aɖe dona. Ke boŋ ɖɔktawo tɔa ʋua to nyaƒoɖeamenu tẽ alo dzobibi si woɖo taɖodzinu na me, wotsɔa dze si me dɔlékui mele o dea tsi doa me, ŋlɔa dɔlékuiwutike siwo woɖo taɖodzinu na (abe ciprofloxacin kpe ɖe amoxicillin-clavulanate ene), eye wonaa do si le gota la haya tso ete yi dzi (tameɖoɖo evelia).

Ðe candiru catfish ate ŋu aƒu tsi ayi aɖuɖɔ si le yame ŋutɔŋutɔ ne èɖe aɖuɖɔ ɖe Amazon-tɔsisia mea?¶

Ao, tsi ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi kple nuwɔna dodokpɔ siwo dzi wokpɔ ɖo ɖo kpe edzi be candiru catfish (Vandelia cirrhosa) si le tsi ƒum yi aɖuɖɔ si le ya me ƒe ŋutinya nye nusi mate ŋu adzɔ le ŋutilã me o eye be candiru melɔ̃a amegbetɔ ƒe aɖuɖɔ kura o. Vandellia nye dɔlékui suesuesue siwo didi sentimeta 2 va ɖo 5 siwo gena ɖe tɔmelã gãwo ƒe aɖuɖɔtoewo me to tsi ƒe sisi yometiti me. Togbɔ be woka nya ta be mɔ̃ɖaŋufɔku siwo mebɔ kura o dzɔna esime tɔmelã sue aɖe tsi tsilelela si nyrɔ ɖe tsi me ƒe ŋutigbalẽ alo eƒe nugbɔ eye wòtu eƒe akɔta siwo wotsɔ tsyɔ megbe siwo le megbe la hã la, tsiƒuƒuwu si sɔ nyuie dodo esime wòle tɔsisi me tsi si me do viviti me la xea mɔ na kadodo kura.

Ðe pacu tɔmelãwo nye "vidzidɔ ɖulawo" nyateƒea, alo abi ka ƒomevie wowɔna ŋutɔŋutɔa?¶

Ŋutinya si kaka ɖe amewo me be South America pacu tɔmelãwo (Colossoma macropomum kple Piaractus brachypomus) tiaa amegbetɔ ƒe vidzidɔ ŋu la dze egɔme abe nyadzɔdzɔgblɔmɔnuwo ƒe fefenya le woƒe nuɖuɖu si nye avetsu sesẽwo ƒe nukuwo kple nukuwo ŋu ene. Le atikewɔwɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ me la, aɖu sesẽ siwo me aɖu siwo le abe amegbetɔ ene siwo le abe amegbetɔ ene le la le pacus si eye wòhea lãɖela siwo ɖea kɔsɔkɔsɔwo alo amesiwo tsɔa asi ɖua wo le tsitawo kple lãwo ƒe lãkpɔwo me ƒe asibidɛwo kple asiwo ko kloe, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi la, wogbãa asibidɛwo ƒe ƒuwo alo lãa asibidɛwo ƒe nugbɔwo.

Dzɔtsoƒewo kple dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe mɔfiame¶

• Ministério da Saúde do Brasil & Instituto Butantan (Brazil): Agbalẽ si ku ɖe Diagnóstico kple Tratamento de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos kple Aquáticos ŋu: Raias Fluviais (Potamotrygonidae), Piranhas, kple Candirus (Haddad Jr. kple ame bubuwo).
• Gbegbedzi Atikewɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ (WMS): Piranha ƒe Amedzidzedze ɖe Amegbetɔwo ŋu le Brazil ƒe Anyieheɣedzeƒe (Haddad Jr. & Sazima) kple Tsi Dzadzɛwo ƒe Stingray ƒe Aɖidede le Amazon-ƒuta.
• Toxicon & Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins: Tsi Dzɔdzɔme Stingray (Potamotrygon) Venom ƒe Biochemistry kple Dermonecrotic Dɔwɔwɔ tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo vs Ƒumelã Stingray Venom (Barbaro et al.).
• Dɔléle Siwo Xɔa Dɔlékuiwo ƒe Habɔbɔ si le Amerika (IDSA, United States): Tsi Dzadzɛwo ƒe Tsi me Nuveviwɔamewo Dzikpɔkpɔ Kple Mɔxexe Ðe Aeromonas hydrophila Nu.
• Dodokpɔ ƒe Aɖiŋutinunya ƒe Totoɖeme: Candiru: Agbe kple Xotutu le Ʋunono ƒe Akpɔkplɔwo ŋu (Spotte, 2002).

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be stingray barbs, ƒumelã siwo woyɔna be sea urchin spines, kple stonefish ƒe aɖi
• Ʋu si dona vevie, abi ƒe babla, kple tourniquet zazã
• Leech ƒe attachment le ŋku, ŋɔti, alo ŋutigbalẽ kple botfly ɖeɖe me
• Sepsis, septic shock, kple dɔlékui siwo xɔa ame kabakaba ƒe aflaga dzĩwo
• Xexlẽdzesi siwo woxɔna kpata le dukɔwo nu