Tsikpe Ƒuƒu Kple Nitrogen Tsi Siwo Le Teƒe Siwo Woxena: Ʋu Kple Fafamɔ̃ ƒe Agbetsitsi¶

carbon dioxide sesẽ (tsikpe ƒuƒu, si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye -78.5 degree Celsius [-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit]) kple cryogenic liquid nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\), le -195.8 degree Celsius [-320.4 degree Fahrenheit]) nye nusiwo nuƒlelawo, ʋukula siwo tsɔa nuawo yina na amewo, nuɖuɖudzraƒewo, kɔdziwo, kple nudokpɔƒewo be woatsɔ nuɖuɖu ade tsikpe me le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso me, aɖo nuɖuɖu siwo wofa tsikpe me alo nugbagbeviwo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo ɖe meli, awɔ fefewɔƒewo ƒe kplɔ̃ɖoƒewo ƒe afu, eye woatsɔ flash-freeze de nuɖuɖu viviwo. Elabena nu eveawo siaa trɔna tẽ tso akpa si woƒo ƒu me zua ya si womekpɔna o, si meʋẽna o ne wole dzo dam, wokekea woƒe lolome ɖe enu zi gbɔ zi zi gbɔ zi 550 va ɖo zi gbɔ zi 845 na tsikpe ƒuƒu kple zi gbɔ zi zi gbɔ zi 696 na tsikpe ƒuƒu, si naa tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe fafamɔ̃ sue aɖe si wotsɔ styrofoam alo nitrogen dewar si me ya le gɔ̃ hã dana ɖe ʋu si me amewo tona si wotu me, ʋu si tsɔa nu yinae, fafamɔ̃ si me ya mele o si woate ŋu azɔ age ɖe eme, tsileƒe sue si le anyigbaxɔdzo me, alo ʋu si kɔa ame yia dzi la wɔa xɔ si me woɖea ya le si me woɖea ya le kabakaba si wua ame kabakaba. Nusi gavloe wue nye be ya eveawo wua ame to ŋutilã ƒe mɔnu vovovowo kura dzi: tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe sublimating hea acute hypercapnic carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) toxicity (si gakpɔtɔ wua ame ne oxygen geɖe gakpɔtɔ li gɔ̃ hã), gake nitrogen si nye tsi ƒoƒo nana silent normocapnic hypoxic asphyxiation (afisi amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la sena le eɖokui me be zero gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame ƒo alo ya ƒe dɔwuame hafi wòtsia dzodzodzoe le gbɔgbɔ eve me). Ne ame aɖe ƒe ta ƒo, gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ƒo, alo menya nu tso tsikpe ƒuƒu alo nitrogen si nye tsi ŋu o la, ƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata enumake (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom) alo kpɔ míaƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe si nye xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata. Ne èdi atikewɔwɔ ƒe gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ kple gas ƒe nɔnɔme kpata siwo do ƒome kplii la, xlẽ míaƒe mɔfiame siwo ku ɖe carbon dioxide, tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe dzidzeme, nitrogen si nye tsi, kple kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ si nana ame ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ƒo, . yamenutome si woxe mɔ na ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe: do siwo me amewo tona, silo, kple tsidzɔƒe, kple gas si woƒo ɖe tsigoe me ƒe ʋuƒo ƒe ʋuʋu, tukpewo ƒe tsigoe, kple cryogenic leaks.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Ne èle ʋu alo ʋu si me tsikpe ƒuƒu alo nitrogen tsi le kum eye nèse gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe zi ɖeka, dzi ƒe tsotso kabakaba, ta le ƒoƒom, alo taɖuame la, ƒo fesreawo KAtã ɖe anyi enumake, trɔ dashboard A/C la ɖe Fresh Outside Air (NEVER Recirculate) ŋu, hee dedie, eye nàdo le ʋua me. Kilogram 2.3 va ɖo 9 gɔ̃ hã (5 va ɖo 20 pounds) tsikpe ƒuƒu si woda ɖe sedan-xɔ si wotu alo SUV-ʋuwo ƒe agbatsɔƒe (alo le ʋudzraɖoƒe si me ya dona ɖe ʋua me to megbegbalẽviwo ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒea me) ate ŋu atutu ʋua me \(\text{CO}_2\) ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme agbɔ 30,000 va ɖo 50,000 ƒe akpa miliɔn ɖeka (3% va ɖo 5%) ƒe afɔku ƒe dzidzenu si le miniti 15 va ɖo 40 me ne fesreawo wole dzi eye woɖo yame ƒe nɔnɔme dzi kpɔkpɔ ƒe mɔ̃a be wòagatrɔ ayi teƒe bubu.
2. Ne èkpɔ ame aɖe wòmlɔ fafamɔ̃, nufamɔ̃, nudzraɖoƒe sue aɖe, ʋufɔti, alo ʋu si wotu si me tsikpe ƒuƒu alo cryogenic dewar si kɔ ɖe eme le manyamanya me la, MÈGAGE ɖe eme eye nàdo ʋɔa ɖe megbewò o. Lé gbɔgbɔ ɖe te, do afɔdzideƒe alo ʋu ƒe ʋɔtruwo ɖe te 100 le alafa me keke gbã ale be ya si le tsia dzi la natsɔ tsikpe ƒuƒu la akɔ gas kotoku do goe le anyigba, eye ne ète ŋu ɖo wo gbɔ le sɛkɛnd 5 me tso ʋɔtru si le ʋuʋu ɖi gbɔ esime nèle gbɔgbɔm ko hafi nàhe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ado goe. Ne xɔa me yɔ fũ kple cryogenic fog ɣi ɣi aɖe si tso nitrogen tsi gã aɖe si kɔ ɖe eme alo \(\text{CO}_2\) line si womiã la, lala le gota be dzotsilawo nado Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
3. Mègado gasɔ le ʋufɔti ƒe ʋu me gbeɖe le nitrogen dewar si me tsi le, cryogenic cylinder si wotsɔ nyaƒoɖeamenu wɔe, alo tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe tasiaɖam gã aɖe xa o. Ðo cryogenic dewar alo tsikpe ƒuƒukekea ɖe dzi alo ɖiɖi le ʋufɔti la dzi ame aɖeke mele eme o, zã dzesi siwo le xɔdɔme me alo hadɔwɔla si le anyigba si dzi nèyina la be wòaxɔe. Ne ʋu si kɔa ame yia dzi la tsi anyigba le anyigba dome le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso me esime nètu wò ɖe ʋu sue si ƒe home nye dɔlar 4\text{-cubic-meter}$ (\(140\text{-cubic-foot}\)) si me nitrogen-go si me tsi le si me ya dona le la me la, nitrogen si le ƒoƒom la aʋuʋu ʋua ƒe oxygen si le ʋua ƒe agbetsitsi ƒe dzidzenu 10 le alafa me la te le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me.
4. Mègadzra tsikpe ƒuƒu ɖo ɖe ahuhɔ̃egoe si me ya megena ɖo o, aŋetu si wotsɔ ga ƒoa nui, gaze si wotu nu ɖo, alo fafamɔ̃ si ŋu ya megena ɖo o me gbeɖe o, eye mègadzra tsikpe ƒuƒu ɖo ɖe fafamɔ̃ si me ya megena ɖo o alo akɔta ƒe nufamɔ̃ si me ya megena ɖo o si le dɔ wɔm me gbeɖe o. Elabena tsikpe ƒuƒu sesẽ kilogram 1 (pound 2.2) tsia dzi va zua lita 541 (cubic 19.1 afɔ) ƒe \(\text{CO}_2\) gas, tsikpe ƒuƒu nutrenu ɖe nugo sesẽ aɖe me si me gas-gbɔdzɔƒe aɖeke mele o la tua nyaƒoɖeamenu siwo wu 5,000 kilopascals (725 psi), si wɔnɛ be tsikpe ƒuƒu bɔmb wó sesẽ aɖe si gbãa asiwo kple ŋkuwo alo ƒoa ʋɔtrua le nufamɔ̃ me.
5. Ne wonya he tsikpe ƒuƒu alo tsi-nitrogen si me tsikpe le si menya nu o la yi gota ya nyui me ko la, lé ŋku ɖe gbɔgbɔ ŋu eye nàdze xɔname gbɔgbɔ kple CPR gɔme enumake. Esi wònye be gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame si tso \(\text{CO}_2\) alo \(\text{N}_2\) gbɔ ta la, dzudzɔa gbɔgbɔ hafi dzia dzudzɔa ƒoƒo ta la, ɖea gbɔgbɔ enumake (tso nu me yi nu me alo bag-valve-mask si me oxygen 100% le) tsɔa ya si woɖe ɖa la doa goe le ʋukawo me kabakaba eye enuenu la, egbugbɔa ʋu ƒe sisi le eɖokui si ne wodze egɔme le miniti 3 va ɖo 5 me.
6. Tsɔ ŋutigbalẽ alo ŋku ƒe kadodo ɖesiaɖe si me tsikpe le (-78.5°C tsikpe ƒuƒu alo -196°C nitrogen si nye tsi) abe abi si le vuvɔ me goglo ene, do dzo na ŋutigbalẽ si xɔ dzo la le tsi si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye 37°C va ɖo 39°C (98.6°F va ɖo 102.2°F) me eye MÈGATU tsikpe si xɔ dzo la GBEÐE o. Mègaka asi tsikpe ƒuƒu ŋu kple ŋutigbalẽ ƒuƒlu gbeɖe o (zã lãgbalẽ si me tsi mele o alo asigɛ siwo wotsɔna ƒoa tsii) eye mègami aha alo ana aha alo "ʋɔ driba ƒe gbɔgbɔ" numeɖenu siwo me nitrogen si me tsi mele o alo tsikpe ƒuƒu sesẽ kakɛwo le, siwo xɔa tsikpe eye woɖea do le nuɖuɖutome kple dɔgbo me ne woka ɖe wo dzi la gbeɖe o.

Nyametsotsoti: tsikpe ƒuƒu kple tsi nitrogen si woxe-yame ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Cryogenic alo Sublimating Gas Kpata: Tsikpe ƒuƒu (CO2) alo Nitrogen Tsi (LN2) ."] --> Location{"Afikae nusiwo woɖena fiana alo esiwo le sisim le?"}

    Location -->|"1. ƲU SI LE ƲUƲU ALOO WOTSƆ TSITSI ME: Dry Ice alo LN2 Dewar tsɔtsɔ yi teƒe bubuwo"| CarAction["ƲUA ƑE YA ƑE ƲUƲU NU GBÃTƆ: 1. Mia fesre 4 KATÃ ɖe anyi keŋkeŋ enumake 2. Trɔ HVAC ɖe Fresh Outside Air (t OFF Recirculation) eye fan la ɖe MAX 3. He mɔa dzi, tsɔ ʋua, eye nàdo go le ʋua me ayi ya nyui me 4. Ʋu tsikpe ƒuƒu/dewar be nàʋu pickup bed alo trunk ɖe vovo eye fesrewo gbã"]

    Location -->|"2. FAFƆ, Fridge, ALOO XƆ SUESUE SI WOATEŊU ATSƆ: Dewar si kɔ ɖe anyigba alo Tsikpe ƒuƒu si wodzra ɖo"| RoomCheck{"Ðe ame aɖe mu dze anyi le xɔa mea?"}

    RoomCheck -->|"Ao: Klɔ alo sublimating blocks ɖeɖeko"| VentRoom["UNOCCUPIED SPILL PROTOCOL: 1. MÈGAGE ɖe walk-in cooler alo xɔ si wotu me o 2. Do gota ʋɔtrua ɖe te wòʋu 100% to wedge kpekpe aɖe zazã me tso gota 3. Tsɔ xɔ ƒe yaƒoƒo ƒe fesrewo eye nàtsɔ ka atso ʋɔtrua nu 4. Lala miniti 30+ alo nàɖo kpe O2 >= 19.5% kple CO2 < 0.5% dzi kple gas meter"]

    RoomCheck -->|"Ẽ: Dɔwɔla alo eteƒekpɔla si menya naneke o le anyigba"| RescueTriage{"Àte ŋu ahe wo ado goe le ʋɔtrua nu le < sɛkɛnd 5 mea?"}

    RescueTriage -->|"Ẽ: Ame si ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la le ʋɔtru si le ʋuʋu ɖi la nu tututu"| FastDrag["THRESHOLD HOLD-BREATH EXTRICATION: 1. Wedge ʋɔtrua gbadzaa ale be mate ŋu aʋuʋu le megbewò o 2. Gbugbɔ ya nyuie, lé gbɔgbɔ ɖe asi, lé amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe afɔkpodzi/kɔla, eye nàhee ado goe 3. Dze xɔname gbɔgbɔ gɔme + CPR enumake le ya nyui me"]

    RescueTriage -->|"Ao: Xɔa me goglo alo afu ɣi gã aɖe"| CallSCBA["LALA NA SCBA DZOXƆXƆ: 1. MÈGAGE ɖe xɔ si me nitrogen-fu le si me Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus mele o GBEÐE O 2. Do ʋɔtrua nu ʋuʋu sesĩe tso gota eye nàfia mɔ fesre si woate ŋu atsɔ ayi ʋɔtrua nu 3. Ƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999 hena Dzo-Xɔxɔ SCBA ɖeɖe enumake"]

    Location -->|"3. ƑUƑOƑO, ŊKU, ALOO GI ƑE NUÐEÐEŊUTI: Kakaɖedzi Dry Ice alo LN2 Mimi"| CryoBurn["CRYOGENIC INJURY TRIAGE: 1. Ŋutilã: Klɔ ŋutigbalẽ si xɔ dzo alo nyrɔe ɖe tsi dzodzoe si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye 37 C va ɖo 39 C (98.6 F va ɖo 102.2 F) me (mègatutui gbeɖe o) 2. Ne tsikpe ƒuƒu/ga xɔ dzo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ ŋu la, kɔ tsi fafɛ ɖe junction dzi be wòaɖe asi le eŋu (mègaɖee ɖa gbeɖe o) 3. Eɖuɖu: Yɔ 911 enumake na ƒodo me do ƒe vovototodedeameme ƒe vovototodedeameme; MÈGAʋã ame be wòaɖe aɖuɖɔ o"]

Gas-kekeɖenudɔwɔwɔ ƒe akɔntabubu: nusita tsikpe ƒuƒu kilogram 5 (pound 11) trɔa ʋu wòzua afɔku ƒe teƒe¶

Ame geɖe tsɔa tsikpe ƒuƒu yia mɔzɔlawo ƒe ʋu me alo SUV ƒe agbatsɔƒe si le woƒe ʋua me evɔ womenya alesi gbegbe \(\text{CO}_2\) sesẽ la ƒua du kabakabae zua gas o, alo be carbon dioxide nye atike ƒe aɖi si le dɔ wɔm yia titina lãmekawo me, ke menye oxygen ƒe ʋuʋu bɔbɔe aɖe ko o.

1. Sublimation ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme kple ʋua ƒe lolome ƒe akɔntabubu¶

• Kekeɖenu ƒe xexlẽme: Tsikpe ƒuƒu sesẽ kilogram ɖeka (\(2.2\text{ pounds}\)) ƒe lolome anɔ abe \(0.64\text{ lita}\), gake ne ekɔ ɖe dzi va zu \(\text{CO}_2\) gas le \(20°C\) (\(68°F\)) kple yame ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu me la, ekekena va ɖoa 541 lita (19.1 cubic feet) of pure \(\text{CO}_2\) gas (kekeɖenudɔwɔwɔ ƒe xexlẽme si ade 845-ɖe-1 le eƒe lolome nu).
• Sublimation rate le ʋu si me dzo le me: Le styrofoam cooler alo pepa kotoku si wozãna ɖaa si woda ɖe \(22°C\) (\(72°F\)) ʋuxɔ me me la, tsikpe ƒuƒu sublimates abe 1% va ɖo 3% le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me ne èbɔbɔ nɔ anyi kpoo, kple va ɖo 5% va ɖo 10% le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me ne wodo go ya dzodzoe si le sisim, ɖe asi le nubablɛwo ŋu, alo wogbã pellets (abe ice-cream blasting pellets siwo me tsikpe ƒuƒu le alo ice-cream packing blocks siwo le gbadzaa ene).
• Mɔzɔlawo ƒe Ʋu si ƒe kpekpeme nye Lita 3,000: Sedan si nye compact alo midsize si wozãna ɖaa ƒe ya ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme le eme anɔ abe lita 2,800 va ɖo 3,200 (cubic feet 100 va ɖo 113).
• Be woado \(\text{CO}_2\) ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ɖe dzi le ʋuxɔ ma si ƒe lolome nye lita 3,000 me tso gota ya si sɔ (\(0.04\%\text{ alo }400\text{ ppm}\)) dzi va ɖo OSHA si nye Afɔku na Agbe alo Lãmesẽ Enumake (IDLH) ƒe dzidzenu si nye 4% (40,000 ppm) la, ebia 120 lita ko \(\text{CO}_2\) gas.
• **Wowɔa \(\text{CO}_2\) gas lita 120 to tsikpe ƒuƒu gram 220 pɛ ko (pound 0.48 / ounces 7.7) ƒe sublimation me **
• Ne ʋukula aɖe tsɔ tsikpe ƒuƒu alo xɔtunu ƒuƒu aɖaka si ƒe kpekpeme nye kilogram 10 da ɖe ʋu aɖe me eye wòtu fesrewo eye woɖo yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si le ʋua ƒe ʋuƒoa dzi ɖe "MAX A/C / Recirculate" dzi la, tsikpe ƒuƒu ma si le tsia dzi le aɖabaƒoƒo 20 va ɖo 30 me ƒe alafa memama 2.2 pɛ ko ƒoa ʋua ɖe ʋua me wòwua \(\text{CO}_2\) 4%, esime Gram 500 (pound 1.1) ƒe sublimating tua ʋua me wòtoa 9% va ɖo 10% \(\text{CO}_2\), si nye agbɔsɔsɔ si hea ʋuʋudedi, alɔ̃madɔmadɔ, kple ku vɛ le miniti ʋɛ aɖewo me (abe alesi wòdzɔ le ame gbogbo aɖewo siwo woŋlɔ ɖi siwo ku ɖe ice-cream tsɔlawo kple ƒomea me tɔwo ƒe alɔ̃dɔdɔ alo ʋukuku le ʋu siwo me tsikpe ƒuƒu le me ene).

2. Nusitae ʋudzraɖoƒe ƒe nudzraɖoƒe gakpɔtɔ doa ya ɖe mɔzɔlawo ƒe ʋua me¶

Ʋukula geɖe tsɔe be ne wotsɔ tsikpe ƒuƒu de ʋu si ƒe ʋɔtruwo le 4 ƒe agbatsɔkeke (afɔkpa) si wotu me la, eɖea gas la ɖe vovo kura tso mɔzɔla siwo le ŋgɔgbe kple megbezikpuiwo dzi la gbɔ. Ʋuwo ƒe yaƒoƒo ŋuti mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo wɔa mɔzɔlawo ƒe ʋuwo ale be ya nyui gena ɖe eme to ŋgɔgbe ʋuƒoa ƒe yadoƒewo, sina to mɔzɔlawo ƒe ʋua me, toa to megbe package-shelf yadoƒewo me yia ʋua ƒe ʋuƒoa me, eye wòdona to rababa flapper valves siwo woɣla ɖe megbe bumper megbe. Ne ʋua tɔ, le dɔ wɔm, alo le ʋu kum kple HVAC le Recirculate dzi la, subimating \(\text{CO}_2\) naa ʋua ƒe ʋua tea ʋua ƒe agba eye wòkakana yia ŋgɔ to megbezikpui ƒe megbe siwo woate ŋu abla ɖe anyi la me tẽ yia mɔzɔlawo ƒe ʋua me.

Tsikpe ƒuƒu (\(\text{CO}_2\)) kple Nitrogen Tsi (\(\text{LN}_2\)) kple Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)) tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo¶

Alesi woatsɔ tsikpe ƒuƒu kple nitrogen si nye tsi ayi ʋu me dedie¶

Ɣesiaɣi si wòle be nàtsɔ tsikpe ƒuƒu alo nitrogen dewar si nye tsi to mɔ dzi la, wɔ ɖe gas si woƒo kple nusiwo me afɔku le ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋuti se sesẽ siawo dzi (siwo sɔ kple DOT PHMSA, Compressed Gas Association [CGA] Pamphlet P-12, kple UK HSE / BCGA CP30):

1. Ʋu nyuitɔ kekeake si nàtia: Tsɔ tsikpe ƒuƒu alo nitrogen si nye tsi yi agbatsɔʋu ƒe aba si le ʋuʋu ɖi me alo yi **agbatsɔʋu si me wotsɔ gakpo si me ya megena ɖo o ƒe xɔtunu si ma agbatsɔƒea kple ʋukulaa ƒe ʋu me dome eye wotsɔ yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si trɔna le xɔta la ɖo eme.
2. Ne ele be nàzã ʋu si me amewo tona, SUV, alo minivan:
3. Mègatsɔ nitrogen dewar si nye tsi la yi ʋu si me amewo tona me gbeɖe o ne agbatsɔʋu aɖe li; ne wozi edzi le nɔnɔme kpata aɖe me la, tsɔ zikpuimeka/ka bla dewar la ɖe tsitrenu ale be wòagate ŋu aʋuʋu eye wòatsɔ nitrogen si nye tsi aƒu gbe ɖe anyigba ƒe modzakaɖebɔa dzi le brek sesẽ me o.
4. Na fesre eve ya teti (ɖeka le ŋgɔgbe, ɖeka tsi tre ɖe megbe) nanɔ anyi sentimeta 5 (inch 2) ya teti le mɔzɔzɔ bliboa me, tsidzadza alo vuvɔ metsɔ le eme o.
5. Ðo ʋua ƒe yame ƒe nɔnɔme dzikpɔkpɔ ɖe FRESH OUTSIDE AIR (wɔ Recirculate ƒe dzesi la nuwɔametɔe) eye nàɖo blower fan la ɖe Medium alo High ale be gota ya ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu nyui nayi edzi akɔ ʋua me tso ŋgɔgbe yi megbe.
6. **Mègabɔbɔ nɔ ʋu si wotɔ, si meʋãna o si me tsikpe ƒuƒu alo nitrogen si nye tsi le me gbeɖe o, aɖabaƒoƒo 5 gɔ̃ hã ne èle lalam le ʋutɔɖoƒe.
7. Ne èva ɖo afisi yim nèle: Ʋu ʋua ƒe ʋɔtruwo katã eye nàna ya nado le ʋua ƒe ʋuƒo/agbatsɔƒea sɛkɛnd 60 hafi nàtsɔ wò ta aɖo agba gogloa ƒe vudoa me be nàkɔ fafamɔ̃ kpekpe aɖe ado goe.

Fafamɔ̃ siwo wotsɔna zɔa mɔe, nufamɔ̃ siwo wotsɔna tsia anyigbae, kple nudokpɔƒe ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si kɔ ɖe anyigba¶

Nuɖuɖudzraƒewo ƒe fridzi siwo woate ŋu azɔ ayi, fiase gãwo me lãdzraɖoƒewo, kɔdzixɔ siwo me vuvɔ le, kple ahadzraƒewo ƒe lãgbalẽgoewo nye aɖaka siwo me ya megena ɖo o siwo wotu ɖe yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nu. Ne elektrikŋusẽ nu tso nuɖuɖudzraƒe alo nuɖuɖudzraƒe aɖe la, zi geɖe la, dɔdzikpɔlawo ƒlea tsikpe ƒuƒu siwo ƒe kpekpeme nye kilogram 50 va ɖo 200 (pound 110 va ɖo 440) eye woƒoa wo nu ƒu ɖe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe siwo le fafamɔ̃ si wotu la me be nuɖuɖu nagagblẽ o.

1. Ku ƒe Mɔ̃ si Faa Azɔli Le¶

• Fafamɔ̃ si wozãna ɖaa si nye \(2.4\text{-by-}3.0\text{-by-}2.4\text{-meter}\) (\(8\text{-by-}10\text{-by-}8\text{-foot}\)) ƒe lolome ememetɔ nye lita 17,280 (cubic feet 640) eye ya nyui gege ɖe eme ƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃ zero (eƒe ya si xaxa ɖe aɖakaa me koe evaporator fans gbugbɔa tsatsam).
• Ne wotsɔ Tsikpe ƒuƒu kilogram 25 (pound 55) de fafamɔ̃ ma si wotu me zã ɖeka la, esia naa \(\text{CO}_2\) gas** dzadzɛ lita 13,500 dona, si trɔa afɔdzideƒea ƒe fafamɔ̃ si le anyime meta 1.5 (afɔ 5) wòzua 50% va ɖo 70% \(\text{CO}_2\) gasxɔ.
• Le ŋufɔke la, dɔwɔla aɖe ʋu ʋɔtru si me woate ŋu ato age ɖe eme si kpekpe la, eɖe afɔ ɖe eme be yealé nuɖuɖu ƒe agba aɖe, ena ʋɔtru si me spring le la ƒo ɖe wo megbe, gbɔgbɔ eve \(\text{CO}_2\) 50%, eye wòdze anyi ɖe anyigba, afisi \(\text{CO}_2\) ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme sɔ gbɔ ɖo wu, eye wòkuna le miniti 3 me negbe ɖe ame aɖe si le egodo kpɔ wo ko hafi to fesre aɖe nu.

2. Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Ðoɖowɔɖi si Wobia be Woazã le Tsikpe ƒuƒu Zazã le Fafamɔ̃ alo Nufamɔ̃ Siwo Wotsɔa Azɔli Me Le Nufamɔ̃wo Me:¶

1. De dzesi gã aɖe si woate ŋu akpɔ nyuie AFƆKU - TSI ƑUƑOƑO (\(\text{CO}_2\)) ASPHYXIATION HAZARD - MÈGAGE GE ÐE AME ME MELE YA ƑOA NU O si wolé ɖe gota ʋɔtrua ƒe asiléƒe tẽ eye nàda nufamɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe si woate ŋu age ɖe eme alo xɔ si me tsikpe ƒuƒu le la ƒe ʋuƒo.
2. Mègage ɖe fafamɔ̃ si me woate ŋu azɔ age ɖo si me tsikpe ƒuƒu le zã bliboa me gbeɖe o vaseɖe esime nàtsɔ ʋuƒo kpekpe aɖe atɔ ʋɔtru gã la wòʋu 100 le alafa me eye nàtsɔ aɖaka me fesre aƒo ya nyui ɖe eme aɖabaƒoƒo 15 va ɖo 20 ya teti.
3. Mègaɖe mɔ gbeɖe be afɔdzideƒe ƒe ʋɔtru si me spring le la natu esime nèle eme ne wodzra tsikpe ƒuƒu, nitrogen si nye tsi, alo biya/soda tsidzɔƒe ƒe tsigoe siwo womiã ɖe aɖaka la me ɖo.
4. Kpɔ ememe keklẽ le viviti me Emergency Door Release Plunger hafi nàzã azɔlizɔzɔ ƒe fafamɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe ale be nàte ŋu atutu ʋuƒoa aʋu tso eme ne viviti do keŋkeŋ gɔ̃ hã.

Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ na dzobibi siwo tso cryogenic, ŋutigbalẽ ƒe ƒoƒo ɖe ame ŋu, kple nitrogen si nye tsi si le nuɖaɖa me ɖuɖu¶

1. Cryogenic ŋutigbalẽ kple ŋku ƒe kadodo (-78.5°C Dry Ice alo -196°C Liquid Nitrogen) .¶

• Nusitae nitrogen si nye tsi si ƒona kpuie la ʋuʋuna le ŋutigbalẽ ŋu (The Leidenfrost Effect), kple nusita awu xɔdzowo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu: Ne nitrogen si nye \(-196°C\) (\(-320°F\)) ƒe tsi ʋee aɖewo ƒo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ ƒuƒlu si le dzo dam eye wòle ƒuƒuie dzi la, tsi si le tsia me la ƒoa enumake ne wodo go, si wɔnɛ be nitrogen ƒe ya ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si le sue ŋutɔ le tsitetea te (Leidenfrost ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi) si xea mɔ na ŋutigbalẽa hena sɛkɛnd 1 va ɖo 2 esime tsiteteawo le ʋuʋum afɔku aɖeke manɔmee. Gake ne nitrogen si nye tsi ƒo ɖe kotokuwuwo, afɔkpa siwo wotsɔ avɔ wɔe, gaƒoɖokuiwo, alo dedienɔnɔ ƒe asigɛ ƒe asibide me la, avɔa xɔa nitrogen si nye tsi la helénɛ ɖe ŋutigbalẽa ŋu tẽ hena sɛkɛnd 10 va ɖo 60, si wɔnɛ be ŋutigbalẽa, ami si le ŋutigbalẽ te, kple lãkusiwo sesẽna va ɖoa ƒua gbɔ.
• Afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe Cryogenic Burn Kpekpeɖeŋu Gbãtɔ:
• Ne nitrogen si nye tsi ƒo tsi ɖe asigɛ, sox, alo abɔta: He awu si le gbadzaa la ɖa enumake ne mexɔ tsikpe ɖe ŋutigbalẽa ŋu haɖe o. Ne awua alo tsikpe ƒuƒu/ga fafɛ aɖe tsikpe sesĩe ɖe ŋutigbalẽa ŋu la, MÈGAHEE alo avuvui ɖa o, eye nàvuvue aɖaɖe lãkusi bliboa si xɔ dzo la ɖa. Ke boŋ, kɔ pɔmpi me tsi fafɛ (\(37°C\text{ va ɖo }39°C\) [\(98.6°F\text{ va ɖo }102.2°F\)]) ɖe nusi lé ɖe eŋu la dzi vaseɖe esime tsikpe ƒe kadodoa naƒo eye wòaɖe asi le eŋu dzadzɛ.
• Gbugbɔ do dzo na ŋutigbalẽ si xɔ dzo kabakaba le \(37°C\text{ va ɖo }39°C\) (\(98.6°F\text{ va ɖo }102.2°F\)) ƒe tsilele si le tsatsam me hena miniti 15 va ɖo 30 vaseɖe esime ŋutigbalẽ si le ɣie, sesẽ, si le abe wax ene la natrɔ pink/dzẽ eye wòate ŋu abɔbɔ. Mègazã tsi dzodzoe si wu \(42°C\) (\(108°F\)) gbeɖe o, mègazã dzoxɔxɔ ƒuƒu si klẽna gbeɖe o (abe yamenutome dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ ene), eye mègatutu alo asisi ŋutigbalẽ si xɔ dzo gbeɖe o (etutu tsikpe ƒe kristalo ememetɔwo ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe lãkusiwo ŋu).
• Xlãe ɖe gaze ƒuƒu si me dɔlékui mele o me (tsɔ gaze-kpluwo de asibidɛ alo afɔbidɛ siwo ŋu dɔlélea le dome), mègaɖe ʋuʋudedi siwo me kɔ o, na ibuprofen si woano ne èle ŋudzɔ, eye nàdi atikewɔlawo.
• Ne nitrogen si nye tsi ƒo ɖe ŋkuawo me: Klɔ ŋku si le ʋuʋu ɖi la enumake kple tsi fafɛ gbogbo aɖe alo dze si me dɔlékui mele o hena miniti 15, tsɔ atike si me dɔlékui mele o tsyɔ ŋku eveawo dzi gbadzaa nyaƒoɖeamenu manɔmee, eye nàxɔ ŋkudɔdala kpata.

2. Nuɖaɖa "Ʋɔ driba ƒe gbɔgbɔ" / Tsi Nitrogen Cocktail Mimi (Gastric Barotrauma) .¶

Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, ahadzraƒewo, nudzraƒewo, kple ice-cream yeyewo zãa nitrogen si nye tsi alo tsikpe ƒuƒu sesẽ tsɔ wɔa kɔktail siwo me atama le alo nuku siwo wotsɔa bli wɔe ("Ʋɔ driba ƒe Gbɔgbɔ"). US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kple nuɖuɖu ƒe dedienɔnɔ dɔwɔƒewo le xexeame godoo siaa xlɔ̃ nu be ele be nitrogen si nye tsi kple tsikpe ƒuƒu sesẽwo katã nazu ya alo aɖiɖi 100 le alafa me HAFI woatsɔ nuɖuɖu alo nunonoa ade asi na nuƒlela. - Nukae adzɔ ne ame aɖe mi nitrogen si nye tsi mililita 5 va ɖo 10 (teaspoon 1 va ɖo 2) alo tsikpe ƒuƒu kakɛ aɖe gɔ̃ hã: 1. Enaa nu, lãkusi, nuɖuɖutome, kple dɔgbo ƒe gli ƒe cryogenic necrosis si ƒe titrime bliboa katã dzɔna enumake. 2. Le dɔgbo si me dzoxɔxɔ le si ƒe home nye dɔlar 37°C$ (\(98.6°F\)) me la, nitrogen tsi mililita 10 ƒona enumake zua nitrogen gas si wotsɔ nyaƒoɖeamenu le lita 7 (galɔn 1.85) kabakaba wu alesi nuɖuɖutome ƒe lãkusi ate ŋu adoe. Dɔgboa ya dzona abe balloon ene eye wòwóna (gastric barotrauma / stomach perforation), tsɔa gas kple dɔgbo me acid ƒua gbe ɖe peritoneal cavity (tension pneumoperitoneum), si tutua dzi ɖe diaphragm dzi eye wònana gbɔgbɔtsixe kple dzitɔtɔ. - Kpekpeɖeŋu Gbãtɔ Enumake: Ƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999 enumake hena amekoko ƒe ʋuɖoɖo kpata. Mègahe ʋuʋudedi vɛ gbeɖe o eye mègazi dɔnɔa dzi be wòano tsi gbogbo aɖe ɖe dɔgbo si me do le me o; na dɔnɔa nanɔ anyi ɖe tsitrenu afã kple afã be gbɔgbɔ nabɔbɔ vaseɖe esime kpekpeɖeŋunalawo nava.

Nutome ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo ku ɖe nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo ŋu kple dɔwɔƒea ƒe ɖoɖowo¶

• United States: Ƒo ka na 911 enumake hena teƒe si woxe ƒe mumu ɖesiaɖe, ʋu \(\text{CO}_2\) aɖi, alo cryogenic nuɖuɖu, eye nàgblɔ na ame si tsɔe ɖo ɖa la tẽ be carbon dioxide (tsikpe ƒuƒu) alo nitrogen tsi ƒe gbɔgbɔ le eme ale be dzotsilawo tsɔ 4-gas / \(\text{CO}_2\) ŋkuléleɖenuŋuwo vɛ eye SCBA ƒe agbalẽa. Ne èdi nyabiase siwo metsɔ ɖeke le ame ƒe agbe me o la, ƒo ka na Aɖidzikpɔƒe le 1-800-222-1222. OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1000: \(\text{CO}_2\) gaƒoƒo 8 ƒe PEL = 5,000 ppm; NIOSH STEL = 30,000 ppm; IDLH = 40,000 ppm [4%]; oxygen si le dedie suetɔ kekeake = 19.5%) ye ɖoa seɖoƒe na dɔwɔƒewo.
• Canada: Ƒo ka na 911 hena xɔname kpata, alo 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) na aɖi ƒe dɔwɔƒewo. Wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖe tsikpe ƒuƒu kple nitrogen si nye tsi ƒe tsɔtsɔ yi teƒe bubuwo ŋu le Transport Canada TDG (Afɔkunuwo ƒe Ʋuɖoɖo: UN1845 Carbon Dioxide, Solid; UN1977 Nitrogen, Refrigerated Liquid) te.
• United Kingdom: Ƒo ka na 999 alo 112. Lãmesẽ Kple Dedienɔnɔ Dɔwɔƒe (HSE) (EH40 Dɔwɔƒe ƒe Seɖoƒewo: \(\text{CO}_2\) 8-hr LTEL = 5,000 ppm, 15-min STEL = 15,000 ppm) kple Britain Compressed Gases Association (BCGA) Dɔwɔnawo ƒe Sewo (CP26 na Bulk Liquid Nitrogen, CP30 na Tsi Nitrogen Dewars Zazã Dedie, kple GN11 na Oxygen Yamenutome Siwo Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ).
• Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ: Ƒo ka na 112 le EU dukɔwo katã me. Europa Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Yawo Habɔbɔ (EIGA) ƒe dedienɔnɔ ƒe dzidzenuwo (EIGA Doc 44: Afɔku siwo le Ya siwo mewɔa dɔ o kple Oxygen ƒe vɔvɔ me kple EIGA Doc 67: Carbon Dioxide-goewo kple Tsikpe Ƒuƒuwo Ŋudɔwɔwɔ Dedie) ye kpɔa edzi.
• Australia kple New Zealand: Ƒo ka na 000 le Australia (Aɖi Ŋuti Nyatakaka 13 11 26) alo 111 le New Zealand (Dukɔa ƒe Aɖi Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe 0800 764 766). Safe Work Australia kple AS 5034 (Ga siwo mewɔa dɔ o dede kple wo zazã hena ahanono kple nudzraɖoƒewo) ye ɖoe.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Ðe mɔ̃ si wozãna tsɔ dea dzesi ya si woyɔna be carbon monoxide (CO) si wozãna le aƒeme la ƒoa ɣli ne tsikpe ƒuƒu yɔ xɔ aɖe me fũ kple ya si woyɔna be carbon dioxide (CO2)a?¶

Ao, carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$) detector kple carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) monitor nye dɔwɔnu eve siwo to vovo kura siwo ƒe cross-sensitivity zero. Aƒeme kple dɔwɔƒe ƒe $\text{CO}$ ɣlidodo siwo wozãna ɖaa zãa elektrikŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃memi si wɔa dɔ ɖe carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$, si tso dzobibi alo ya si dona me) ko dzi. Ne tsikpe ƒuƒu si le tsia dzi si le tsia dzi yɔ xɔ alo fafamɔ̃ si wotsɔna zɔa mɔe me kple carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) si wua ame 10% (100,000 ppm) alo nitrogen si le ƒoƒom na oxygen ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ va ɖo 5% hã la, carbon monoxide detector si wozãna ɖaa axlẽ 0 ppm eye maƒo ɣli gbeɖe o. Ele be nuɖuɖudzraƒewo, ahadzraƒewo, kple dodokpɔxɔwo nade infrared $\text{CO}_2$ ŋkuléleɖenuŋu tɔxɛwo kple elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Oxygen ($\text{O}_2$) ƒe vɔvɔ ƒe ɣlidodo siwo woda ɖe gbɔgbɔ ƒe kɔkɔme kple sentimeta 30 (inch 12) siaa tso anyigba dzi.

Nukatae carbon dioxide (CO2) 8% wua ame le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me ne oxygen 19% gakpɔtɔ le xɔa me gɔ̃ hã?¶

To vovo na nitrogen, helium, alo argon, siwo nye ya siwo mewɔa dɔ le ŋutilã me o siwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu ne wotu oxygen ƒe alafa memamã ɖe anyi wu 16% va ɖo 19.5% ko la, carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) nye lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe gbeɖuɖɔ si le dɔ wɔm si wòle be wò ŋutilã natsɔ aƒu gbe tso wò lãkusi me ɣesiaɣi be wò ʋu ƒe pH nanɔ $7.40$. Ne $\text{CO}_2$ 5% va ɖo 8% le ya si nègbɔna me xoxo la, ya si nègbɔna la ƒe tsɔtsɔme le wò ʋukawo me trɔna: wò lãkusiwo megate ŋu doa $\text{CO}_2$ o, eye $\text{CO}_2$ si nègbɔna la ƒuna ɖe wò ʋukawo me wòzua carbonic acid ($\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3$). Le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me la, ʋukawo me ʋu ƒe pH ɖiɖina wu $7.0$ (**profound acute respiratory acidosis**), si wɔnɛ be ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe ʋukawo kekena, tagbɔ ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu dzina ɖe edzi, dzi ƒe ʋuʋu, alɔ̃madɔmadɔ, kple gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia dzodzodzoe, ne oxygen 19% gakpɔtɔ le xɔa me gɔ̃ hã.

Ðe mate ŋu ado yagbɔgbɔmɔ̃ si woyɔna be cartridge alo N95 dust mask atsɔ aɖe ame aɖe si mu le fafamɔ̃ si me woate ŋu azɔ ayi si me tsikpe ƒuƒu alo nitrogen si nye tsi yɔ fũu mea?¶

Mègage ɖe teƒe si oxygen mele o alo si me $\text{CO}_2$ sɔ gbɔ ɖo gbeɖe o eye nèdo N95 ƒe ametakpɔnu, mo afã ƒe organic-vapor gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe mɔ̃, alo gas mask o. Ðeko yagbɔgbɔmɔ̃ siwo kɔa ya ŋu la ɖea nu suesuesuewo alo woɖea atikewo ƒe yaƒoƒo ɖa le ya si ƒo xlã wo me; wometsɔa oxygen naa ame o eye womate ŋu atutu $\text{CO}_2$ 50,000 ppm ɖa o. Ne ège ɖe walk-in cooler si me nitrogen-displaced alo $\text{CO}_2$-floded me eye nèdo filter mask la awu wò le gbɔgbɔ eve ma ke me abe alesi nège ɖe eme kple mo ƒuƒlu ene. **Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)** si ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu nyui le si si eya ŋutɔ ƒe ya si woƒo ƒu alo ya si wotsɔ na yameʋudɔwɔƒe ƒe yagbɔgbɔmɔ̃ le koe naa ya si woate ŋu agbɔ.

Ðe alilikpo ɣi si le nitrogen si nye tsi alo tsikpe ƒuƒu tame lae nye gas ŋutɔŋutɔa?¶

Afu ɣi si wokpɔna si le ʋuʋum tso tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe agba me alo nitrogen si kɔ tsi me la menye $\text{CO}_2$ alo $\text{N}_2$ gas o, carbon dioxide kple nitrogen gas siaa nye esiwo womekpɔna o le alafa me eye amadede mele wo ŋu o. Ðeko alilikpo ɣia nye tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si sɔ le xɔa me ya si ƒo ƒu zu tsi suesuesuewo (alilikpowo) le esi ya fafɛ si womekpɔna o la fa miamiamia vɔ megbe. Vevietɔ la, ne $\text{CO}_2$ alo $\text{N}_2$ gas la le dzo dam to xɔa ƒe zãmu ƒe teƒea la, **fu ɣia nu yina keŋkeŋ esime ya si womate ŋu akpɔ o si xɔa ame me la gakpɔtɔ le xɔa alo ʋua me**. Mègasusui gbeɖe be teƒe aɖe le dedie be woagbɔ le esi afu ɣi si wokpɔna la kɔ ta ko o.

Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ kae wòle be mana amesi gbɔ CO2 si me wode tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe fafamɔ̃ me teti koe nye ema eye wòle ya ƒom fũu akpa kple taɖuame si le ƒoƒom sesĩe?¶

Ʋu amea enumake yi gota ya nyui me le adzɔge tso ʋua alo xɔa gbɔ, eye nàna wòanɔ tsitrenu le nɔnɔme si me wòanɔ bɔbɔe me. Esi wònye be $\text{CO}_2$ si wogbɔna la hea ahɔhɔ̃meka ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe dɔwɔwɔ vevie vɛ ta la, amea agbɔ kabakaba eye wòagbɔ ya goglo aɖabaƒoƒo 5 va ɖo 15 esime woƒe lãkusiwo le $\text{CO}_2$ si me tsi sɔ gbɔ ɖo la ƒom eye ʋu ƒe pH gaɖo eƒe nɔnɔme nyuitɔ me. Ka ɖe edzi na wo, ɖe kɔla sesẽwo ɖa, na ɔksidzin kpeɖeŋutɔ ne woli, eye nàƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999 ne woƒe susu bu ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe, akɔtave wo, tɔtɔ atraɖii, alo ŋku ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie. CPR kple kpekpeɖeŋunadɔ gbãtɔ wɔwɔ le asi me tso Atitsoga Dzĩ Habɔbɔ, St John Ambulance, alo nutoa me dɔwɔƒe aɖe si dzraa wò ɖo be nàwɔ nu ɖe ​​gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo ŋu.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Carbon dioxide, tsikpe ƒuƒu ƒe sublimation, nitrogen si nye tsi, kple kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ si nana ame ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ƒo
• Yame ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame ƒo: do siwo me amewo tona, silo, kple tsidzɔƒe
• Gas ƒe tsilindo ƒe ʋuƒo si woƒo ɖe enu ƒe ʋuʋu, tukpewo ƒe tsigoe, kple cryogenic ƒe tsi si le dodom
• Dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ kple vuvɔ ƒe kpekpeɖeŋunana kpata

Dzɔtsoƒewo kple dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe mɔfiame¶

• Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Kple Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔkpɔha (OSHA) kple Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Kple Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔ (NIOSH): Afɔku Ŋuti Nuxlɔ̃ame: Mɔxexe Ðe Ame Siwo Ku Le Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) kple Liquid Nitrogen Asphyxiation me le Teƒe Siwo Woxe, Azɔlizɔzɔ ƒe Fafamɔ̃wo, Kple Ʋu Siwo Wotsɔna Yia Nu Me.
• Compressed Gas Association (CGA) kple Europa Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Gases Habɔbɔ (EIGA): CGA Pamphlet P-12 (Cryogenic Liquids ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ Dedie), CGA G-6.1 (Carbon Dioxide / Dry Ice Dedienɔnɔ), kple EIGA Doc 44 (Afɔku siwo le Ya siwo mewɔa dɔ o kple Oxygen ƒe vɔvɔ me).
• United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) kple Britain Compressed Gases Association (BCGA): BCGA ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖo CP30 (Nitrogen Dewars Tsi Zazã Dedie Vaseɖe Lita 500) kple GN11 (Oxygen Yamenutome Siwo Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ le Cellars kple Coolers me).
• United States Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (FDA): Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Nuxlɔ̃ame le Nitrogen Tsi kple Tsikpe ƒuƒu Dede Nuɖuɖu Kple Nunono Ŋu le Nudzraƒe si Wodzraa Nu Le (Gastric Barotrauma kple Cryogenic Perforation).
• Dɔlélewo Dzi Kpɔkpɔ Kple Mɔxexe Ðe Enu Dɔwɔƒewo (CDC / MMWR): Dɔvɔ̃ŋutinunya Ŋuti Nyatakakawo tso Carbon Dioxide ƒe Mumu Si Wu Ame Le Ʋuwo Ƒe Ʋuʋu Kple Tsikpe Ƒuƒuwo Dzraɖoƒe Ŋu.