Ice kpọrọ nkụ na Nitrogen Liquid Nitrogen Confined-Space Asphyxiation: Ịlanahụ Ụgbọala na Nju oyi¶

Carbon dioxide siri ike (** ice akọrọ *, na -78.5 degrees Celsius [-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit]) na cryogenic ** mmiri mmiri nitrogen (\(\ ederede {LN}_2\), na -195.8 degrees Celsius [-320.4 degrees Fahrenheit]) na-eji ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nnyefe, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ọgwụ n'efu. ngwa nri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ ma ọ bụ ihe nlere ihe gbasara ndụ, na-emepụta fatịlaịza mmemme mmemme, na desserts na-ekpo ọkụ. N'ihi na ihe abụọ ahụ na-atụgharị ozugbo site na akụkụ nke condensed ka ọ bụrụ gas na-adịghị ahụ anya, na-esi ísì ụtọ ka ha na-ekpo ọkụ, na-agbasawanye na olu site na ** 550-fold to 845-fold for dry ice ** na ** 696-fold for liquid nitrogen **, na-etinye ọbụna obere styrofoam ngwa nju oyi nke ice akọrọ ma ọ bụ ikuku nitrogen na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụgbọ ala mechiri emechi, ụlọ ịsa ahụ na-ebugharị ma ọ bụ ikuku ventilva. na-egbu egbu ngwa ngwa ** ọnụ ụlọ asphyxiation nwere oghere ***. Ọbụna nke ka njọ, gas abụọ ahụ na-egbu site na usoro ahụike dị iche iche: na-eme ka ice akọrọ na-akpata ** nnukwu hypercapnic carbon dioxide ($ ederede {CO}_2 $) nsi ** (nke na-anọgide na-egbu egbu ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku oxygen ka dị ugbu a), ebe mmiri mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na-akpata ** nkwụsị nkịtị normocapnic hypoxic asphyxiation ** (ebe onye ahụ na-enwe mmetụta efu nke iku ume na iku ume abụọ). Ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla na-ama jijiji, iku ume, ma ọ bụ amaghị ihe ọ bụla n'akụkụ ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri mmiri, kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị ozugbo (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom) ma ọ bụ lelee akwụkwọ ndekọ aha anyị. nọmba mberede. Maka mweghachi ahụike yana ihe mberede gas metụtara, gụọ ntuziaka anyị na carbon dioxide, akpụrụ akpụ sublimation, mmiri mmiri nitrogen, na asphyxiation enyemaka mbụ, Oghere asphyxiation akpọchiri: oghere, silos, na tankị, na mkpakọ gas cylinder valve shiee, tankị rọketi, na ntapu cryogenic.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-anya ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala na-ebu ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri nitrogen ma nwee mmetụta mkpụmkpụ ume na mberede, obi mgbawa ngwa ngwa, isi ọwụwa, ma ọ bụ dizziness, tụgharịa mpio niile ozugbo, gbanwee dashboard A/C na Fresh Outside Air (ENWEGHỊ recirculate), dọpụta n'enweghị nsogbu, si n'ụgbọ ahụ pụta. n'ime ogwe nke na-abanye n'ime ụlọ ahụ site na shelf azụ azụ) nwere ike ịkwanye ụlọ \(\text{CO}_2\) mkpokọta gafere akụkụ ** 30,000 ruo 50,000 kwa nde (3% ruo 5%) ** ọnụ ụzọ ihe egwu n'ime nkeji 15 ruo 40 ma ọ bụrụ na windo dị elu yana njikwa ihu igwe ga-agbanwegharị.
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị hụ ka mmadụ dina n'amaghị ama n'ime igwe nju oyi, friza, obere ebe nchekwa, igwe mbuli elu, ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala mechiri emechi nwere ice akọrọ ma ọ bụ dewar cryogenic wụfuru, abanyela ma mechie ụzọ n'azụ gị. 5 sekọnd site n'ọnụ ụzọ mepere emepe ka ị na-ejide ume gị. Ọ bụrụ na ime ụlọ ahụ jupụtara na nnukwu ikuku cryogenic na-acha ọcha sitere na nnukwu mmiri mmiri nitrogen wụfuru ma ọ bụ abịakọrọ \(\text{CO}_2\) ahịrị ahịrị, chere n'èzí maka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-eyi Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
3. ** Ya adịla mgbe ị ga-agbaba n'ime igwe elevator n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri nitrogen dewar, cylinder pressurized cryogenic, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri nke ice kpọrọ nkụ. Ọ bụrụ na igwe mbuli ahụ kwụsịrị n'etiti ala n'oge ọkụ ọkụ ka a na-akpọchi gị n'ime obere \(4\text{-cubic-foot}\) ($ 140\text{-cubic-foot}$) nke nwere tank mmiri nitrogen na-ekupụ ikuku, nitrogen na-esi nri ga-ewepụ ikuku oxygen nke ụgbọ ahụ n'okpuru pasent 10 nke ịlanarị n'ime nkeji.
4. Edokwala ice kpọrọ nkụ n'ime ite iko ikuku, karama rọba nke na-akpụ akpụ, akpa ọla edochiri, ma ọ bụ igwe nju oyi, echekwala ice akọrọ n'ime igwe nju oyi na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ friza nke ikuku. akpa na-enweghị ikuku enyemaka gas na-ewulite nrụgide karịrị ** 5,000 kilopascals (725 psi), na-eme ka mgbawa bọmbụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ihe ike ** nke na-akụjisị aka na anya ma ọ bụ fesaa ọnụ ụzọ na friza.
5. **Ozugbo onye na-amaghị ihe ọ na-amaghị bụ ice-ice ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri-nitrogen na-adọkpụrụ n'ime ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'èzí, lelee iku ume wee malite iku ume na CPR ozugbo. gas nke a chụpụrụ na alveoli ma na-eweghachi ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụrụ na ọ malitere n'ime nkeji 3 ruo 5.
6. ** Na-emeso ihe ọ bụla cryogenic akpụkpọ ma ọ bụ anya anya (-78.5°C akọrọ ice ma ọ bụ -196°C mmiri mmiri nitrogen) dị ka miri emi frostbite mmerụ, kpoo oyi kpọnwụrụ akpụkpọ na a 37°C ka 39°C (98.6°F ka 102.2°F) mmiri ịsa ahụ na mgbe na-ete ndị oyi kpọnwụrụ anụ ahụ. ilo ma ọ bụ nye ihe ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ nri "ume dragọn" nwere nitrogen mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike nke ice akọrọ, nke na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma na-asọba esophagus na afo na kọntaktị.

Osisi mkpebi: ice kpọrọ nkụ na mmiri mmiri nitrogen kpachiri oghere¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ihe mberede ikuku nke Cryogenic ma ọ bụ Sublimating: Ice kpọrọ nkụ (CO2) ma ọ bụ Nitrogen Liquid (LN2)"] --> Location{"Ebee ka mkpughe ma ọ bụ mwụfu na-eme?"}

    Location -->|"1. N'ime ụgbọ ala na-ebuga ma ọ bụ dọbatara: na-ebufe ice akọrọ ma ọ bụ LN2 Dewar"| CarAction["ventilashion ụgbọ ala ozugbo: 1. Nyefee windo 4 niile kpamkpam ozugbo 2. Gbanwee HVAC ka ọ bụrụ ikuku dị n'èzí (gbanyụọ recirculation) na fan ka MAX 3. Wepụ n'okporo ụzọ, ogige, ma wepụ ụgbọ ahụ n'ime ikuku ọhụrụ 4. Bugharịa ice / dewar akọrọ iji mepee akwa akwa ma ọ bụ ogwe dị iche iche nwere windo gbawara agbawa."]

    Location -->|"2. Igwe oyi na-eje ije, friza, ma ọ bụ obere ọnụ ụlọ: Dewar wụfuru ma ọ bụ ice kpọrọ nkụ echekwara"| RoomCheck{"Mmadụ ọ dara n'ime ụlọ?"}

    RoomCheck -->|"Mba: Ntufu ma ọ bụ bulite naanị ngọngọ"| VentRoom["PROTOCOL AKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWASỊ: 1. Abanyela na-ejegharị na ngwa nju oyi ma ọ bụ mechiri emechi 2. Kwado ọnụ ụzọ mpụta 100% meghere site na iji akwa dị arọ si n'èzí 3. Gbanyụọ ụlọ iyuzucha ụlọ na eriri n'ọnụ ụzọ 4. Chere 30+ nkeji ma ọ bụ nyochaa O2>= 19.5% na CO2 na gas gas <0."]

    RoomCheck -->|"Ee: Onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye na-eguzo n'amaghị ama n'ala"| RescueTriage{"Ị nwere ike ịdọpụ ha n'ọnụ ụzọ na < 5 sekọnd?"}

    RescueTriage -->|"Ee: Onye a tara ahụhụ nọ n'ọnụ ụzọ mepere emepe"| FastDrag["2. Were iku ume n'ikuku ọhụrụ, jide ume, jide nkwonkwo ụkwụ / olu nke onye ahụ merụrụ ahụ ma dọpụta ya 3. Malite iku ume nnapụta + CPR ozugbo na ikuku ọhụrụ."]

    RescueTriage -->|"Mba: N'ime ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ nnukwu igwe ojii"| CallSCBA["Chere maka nnapụta ọkụ SCBA: 1. Abanyela n'ime ụlọ nwere ikuku nitrogen na-enweghị ngwa iku ume nke onwe ya 2. Ọnụ ụzọ mepere emepe si n'èzí wee duzie onye na-efe efe n'ọnụ ụzọ 3. Kpọọ 911 / 112 / 999 maka mmịpụta ọkụ-nnapụta SCBA ozugbo."]

    Location -->|"3. Akpụkpọ anụ, Anya, ma ọ bụ MGBE GI: Imetụ ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ ilo LN2"| CryoBurn["CRYOGENIC INJURY TRIAGE: 1. Skin: Flush or imikpu akpụkpọ ahụ jụrụ oyi na 37 C ruo 39 C (98.6 F ruo 102.2 F) mmiri ọkụ (ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ete) 2. Ọ bụrụ na ice / metal kpọrọ nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na akpụkpọ ahụ, wụsa mmiri ṅara n'ọkụ n'elu nkwụsịtụ iji hapụ (ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ripges1) kpo oku ozugbo. triage; emela ka vomiting"]

Mgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ gas: gịnị kpatara 5 kilogram (paụnd 11) nke ice kpọrọ nkụ na-atụgharị ụgbọ ala ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ihe egwu.¶

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ebufe ice akọrọ n'ime ụlọ ndị njem ma ọ bụ SUV ibu ohere nke ụgbọ ala ha n'amaghị ka ngwa ngwa \(\text{CO}_2\) dị n'ime gas, ma ọ bụ na ** carbon dioxide bụ nsị kemịkalụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime usoro nhụjuanya nke etiti **, ọ bụghị naanị ikuku oxygen dị mfe.

1. Sublimation ọnụego na ọnụ ụlọ ngụkọta oge¶

• ** Mgbasawanye ruru: ** Otu kilogram ($ 2.2 ederede { pounds} $) nke ice siri ike nwere oke nke \(0.64\text{liters}\), mana mgbe ọ na-abanye n'ime \(\text{CO}_2\) gas na $20°C $ ($ 68°F$) na ikuku ikuku, ọ na-agbasa ruo ** 1541 lita cubic dị ọcha. \(\ ederede {CO}_2\) gas** (oke mgbasawanye nke ihe ruru ** 845-to-1 site na olu**).
• ** Ọnụego ntinye n'ime ụgbọ ala na-ekpo ọkụ: ** N'ime ihe nju oyi styrofoam ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ akpa akwụkwọ etinyere n'ime ụlọ ụgbọ ala \(22°C\) (\(72°F\)) pellets ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi ice-cream rụrụ arụ).
• ** Ụlọ njem njem nke 3,000-Liter: *** Otu ọkọlọtọ kọmpat ma ọ bụ midsize sedan nwere oke ikuku dị n'ime nke ruru ** 2,800 ruo 3,200 lita (100 ruo 113 cubic feet)**.
• Iji bulite ntinye \(\text{CO}_2\) n'ime ụlọ ụgbọ ala 3,000-liter site na ikuku dị n'èzí ($ 0.04%\text{ma ọ bụ }400\text{ppm}$) gaa na OSHA ozugbo dị ize ndụ na ndụ ma ọ bụ ahụike (IDLH) ọnụ ụzọ 4% (40,000 naanị ppm) \(\ederede{CO}_2\) gas*.
• ** 120 lita nke $ ederede {CO}_2$ gas na-emepụta site na sublimation nke naanị gram 220 (0.48 pound / 7.7 ounces) nke ice akọrọ **
• Ọ bụrụ na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-etinye igbe 10-kilogram (paụnd 22) nke pellet akọrọ ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi n'ime ụgbọ ala nwere windo mechiri emechi yana ikuku dashboard ka edobere na "MAX A/C / Recirculate", naanị 2.2% nke ice kpọrọ nkụ ahụ na-ebuli ihe karịrị nkeji 20 ruo 30 na-akpali ụlọ ahụ gafere 4%} $ 50 $ gram (CO1) sublimating na-akpali ụlọ ahụ gara aga **9% ruo 10% \(\text{CO}_2\), ntinye uche na-akpata nhụsianya, coma, na ọnwụ n'ime nkeji ** (dị ka e mere n'ọtụtụ ọnwụ edekọtara gụnyere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-ebuga ice-cream na ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-ehi ụra ma ọ bụ na-anya ụgbọ ala nwere ice kpọrọ nkụ).

2. Ihe mere nchekwa akpati ka ji abanye n'ime ụlọ ndị njem¶

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-eche na itinye ice akọrọ n'ime akpati mechiri emechi (boot) nke sedan ụzọ anọ na-ekewapụ gas kpamkpam n'aka ndị njem nọ n'ihu na oche azụ. Ndị injinia na-ahụ maka ikuku ụgbọ ala na-emepụta ụgbọ ala ndị njem ka ikuku dị ọhụrụ na-esi n'ihu oghere cowl, na-agafe n'ime ụlọ ndị njem, gafere ** site na oghere azụ azụ-shelf n'ime akpati *** wee si na valvụ flapper rọba zoro n'azụ azụ. Mgbe ụgbọ ala na-adọba ụgbọala, na-agba ọsọ, ma ọ bụ na-anya HVAC na Recirculate, sublimating \(\text{CO}_2\) pressurizes ogwe osisi wee gbasaa n'ihu site mpịaji n'azụ oche azụ ozugbo n'ime ụlọ ndị njem.

Ntụle nke akpụrụ akpụ (\(\text{CO}_2\)) vs Liquid Nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\)) vs Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\))¶

Otu esi ebufe ice kpọrọ nkụ na nitrogen mmiri mmiri n'ime ụgbọ ala n'enweghị nsogbu¶

Mgbe ọ bụla ị ga-ebufe ice akọrọ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri nitrogen dewar n'okporo ụzọ, soro usoro nchekwa gas ndị a siri ike na ihe dị ize ndụ (dakọtara na **DOT PHMSA, Compressed Gas Association [CGA] Pamflet P-12, na UK HSE / BCGA CP30 **):

1. ** Nhọrọ ụgbọ ala kachasị mma: ** Bufee ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri nitrogen n'ime ** akwa mepere emepe nke gwongworo pickup *** ma ọ bụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ** ebu nke dabara na nkebi isi igwe anaghị agba nchara ** na-ekewa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ma nwee igwe ikuku rotary.
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-eji ụgbọ ala ndị njem, SUV ma ọ bụ minivan:**
3. ** Ebubala mmiri mmiri nitrogen dewar n'ime ụlọ ụgbọ ala ndị njem *** ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ ibu ọ bụla dị; Ọ bụrụ na a manyere ya na ihe mberede, chekwaa dewar ahụ kwụ ọtọ na eriri oche ka ọ ghara ịdaba ma tụfuo nitrogen mmiri mmiri n'elu kapeeti ala n'oge breeki siri ike.
4. ** Debe opekata mpe windo abụọ (otu ihu, otu azụ azụ) tụgharịa opekata mpe 5 centimeters (2 sentimita asatọ)* maka njem ahụ dum, n'agbanyeghị mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ihu igwe oyi.
5. ** Tọọ njikwa ihu igwe ụgbọ ala ka ọ bụrụ ikuku dị ọhụrụ (gbanyụọ bọtịnụ recirculate)** ma tọọ onye na-efe efe ka ọ bụrụ ọkara ma ọ bụ dị elu ** yabụ nrụgide ikuku dị n'èzí na-aga n'ihu na-ebugharị ụlọ ahụ site n'ihu ruo azụ.
6. ** Anọdụla ala n'ime ụgbọ ala dọwara, nke anaghị ebugharị nwere ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ nitrogen mmiri mmiri **, ọbụlagodi nkeji 5 ka ị na-eche n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala.
7. ** Mgbe ị na-erute ebe ị na-aga: *** Mepee ọnụ ụzọ ụgbọ ala niile ma hapụ ikuku nke akpati / ibu mmiri maka sekọnd 60 tupu ị dabere n'isi gị n'ime nnukwu ibu dị omimi iji bulite igwe nju oyi dị arọ.

Igwe nju oyi na-eje ije, friza nke okpuru ulo, na mwụfu ụlọ nyocha cryogenic¶

Igwe nju oyi na-abanye n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, mkpuchi anụ ụlọ ahịa, ọnụ ụlọ oyi nke ụlọ ọgwụ, na ebe a na-eme mmanya ebe a na-eme mmanya bụ ** igbe mkpuchi anaghị ekpuchi ekpuchi ***. Mgbe ọkụ kwụsịrị n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa ihe nri, ndị ọrụ na-azụkarị kilogram 50 ruo 200 (110 ruo 440 pound) nke ice blocks ma tụba ya na shelf n'ime igwe nju oyi mechiri emechi ka nri ghara imebi.

1. Ọnyà Ọnwụ Na-eje ije na-ajụ oyi¶

• Ọkọlọtọ \(2.4\text{-by-}3.0\text{-by-}2.4\text{-meter}\) (\(8\text{-by-}10\text{-by-}8\text{-foot}\)) igwe nju oyi nwere olu dị n'ime nke ** 17,280 lita (640 cubic feet) na-ebupụ ya ** Fans na-emegharị ikuku tọrọ atọ n'ime igbe).
• Ịtụnye ** kilogram 25 (paụnd 55) nke ice kpọrọ nkụ** n'ime igwe nju oyi ahụ mechiri emechi na-ebute ** 13,500 lita nke $ ederede{CO}_2$ gas**, na-atụgharị 1.5 mita (ụkwụ 5) nke ala ngwa nju oyi ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ **50% ruo 70% \(\text{CO}_2\) gas ụlọ.
• N'ụtụtụ echi ya, onye ọrụ na-emepe ọnụ ụzọ ịbanye n'ụzọ siri ike, banye n'ime ụlọ iji jide tray nri, hapụ ọnụ ụzọ mmiri juru n'ọnụ ụzọ mechie ha n'azụ, kuru ume abụọ nke 50% \(\text{CO}_2\), wee daa n'ala, ebe \(\text{CO}_2\) kacha elu, na-anwụ n'ime nkeji 3 ọ gwụla ma mmadụ na-ahụ ha site na windo.

2. Usoro nchekwa amanyere iwu maka iji ice kpọrọ nkụ n'ime igwe nju oyi ma ọ bụ friza:¶

1. ** Tinye nnukwu ihe egwu dị elu - Dry ICE (\(\text{CO}_2\)) ASPHYXIATION HAZARD - abanyela na-enweghị akara ikuku nke etinyere ozugbo n'ofe ọnụ ụzọ mpụta yana kpọchie ihe nju oyi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ime ụlọ nwere ice kpọrọ nkụ.
2. Abanyela igwe nju oyi nke jigidere ice kpọrọ nkụ n'abali ruo mgbe i meghere ọnụ ụzọ isi 100% ghe oghe na akwa dị arọ wee fesa ikuku ọhụrụ n'ime ya na fan igbe maka opekata mpe nkeji 15 ruo 20.
3. ** Ekwela ka ọnụ ụzọ igwe nju oyi na-ebugharị mmiri mechie mgbe ị nọ n'ime** ma ọ bụrụ na echekwara ice ọ bụla kpọrọ nkụ, nitrogen mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ \(\text{CO}_2\) biya/soda fountain cylinders n'ime igbe ahụ.
4. ** Lelee ntọhapụ ọnụ ụzọ mberede na-egbuke egbuke dị n'ime ụlọ ** tupu iji ngwa nju oyi ọ bụla ka ị nwee ike imeghe oghere ahụ n'ime ime ọbụlagodi n'ọchịchịrị zuru oke.

Enyemaka mbụ maka ọkụ cryogenic, nrapanye anụ ahụ, na nri nri nitrogen ingestion¶

1. Cryogenic akpụkpọ na kọntaktị anya (-78.5°C Dry Ice ma ọ bụ -196°C Liquid Nitrogen)¶

• ** Kedu ihe kpatara obere mmiri mmiri nitrogen na-agbapụ na akpụkpọ ahụ (The Leidenfrost Effect), na ihe kpatara uwe mmiri ji bụrụ ọdachi: *** Mgbe ntakịrị ntakịrị $ -196 ° C $ ($-320 ° F $) mmiri mmiri nitrogen na-efesa na iferi, na-ekpo ọkụ, akpụkpọ anụ, mmiri mmiri mmiri na-esi ngwa ngwa na kọntaktị, na-emepụta ihe ntanye microscopic nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. nke na-ekpuchi akpụkpọ ahụ maka 1 ruo 2 sekọnd ka ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-agbapụ n'enweghị nsogbu. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na nitrogen mmiri mmiri na-efesa n'uwe owu, akpụkpọ ụkwụ kanvas, eriri nche, ma ọ bụ n'ime oghere nke uwe nchekwa **, akwa ahụ na-amịkọrọ ma jide nitrogen mmiri mmiri ozugbo na akpụkpọ ahụ maka 10 ruo 60 sekọnd, na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ, abụba subcutaneous, na akwara siri ike n'ọkpụkpụ.
• ** Nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ enyemaka mbụ Cryogenic Burn:**
• ** Ọ bụrụ na nitrogen mmiri mmiri etinyela n'ime uwe, sọks, ma ọ bụ aka uwe:** Wepụsịa uwe ahụ rụrụ arụ ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na ọ kabeghị oyi na akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na uwe ma ọ bụ otu mpempe ice / igwe oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na akpụkpọ ahụ, adọkapụla ya ma ọ bụ dọkasịa ya nkụ, na-adọkapụ ya na-adọkasị epidermis oyi kpọnwụrụ. Kama, wunye ** mmiri mgbata na-ekpo ọkụ (\(37°C\text{ ka }39°C\) [\(98.6°F\text{ ka }102.2°F\)])** n'elu ihe rapaara ruo mgbe njikọ ice gbazere wee wepụta nke ọma.
• Megharịa ngwa ngwa akpụkpọ ahụ jụrụ oyi na ederede \(37°C ruo }39°C\) (\(98.6°F\text{na}102.2°F\)) na-ekesa mmiri ịsa ahụ ruo nkeji 15 ruo 30 ruo mgbe akpụkpọ ahụ chara acha, siri ike, na-acha odo odo na-atụgharị pink/acha ọbara ọbara ma na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ejila mmiri ọkụ karịa \(42°C\) (\(108°F\)), ejila ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ kpọrọ nkụ (dị ka igwe na-ekpo ọkụ), na ** ekwela ka ete ma ọ bụ ịhịa aka n'ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ jụrụ oyi** (ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-egweri kristal dị n'ime ime megide membranes cell).
• Kechie nke ọma na gauze na-adịghị ọcha (itinye akwa gauze n'etiti mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ mkpịsị ụkwụ emetụtara), agbapụla ọnya doro anya, nye ibuprofen ọnụ ma ọ mara mma, wee chọọ nlekọta ahụike.
• ** Ọ bụrụ na nitrogen mmiri mmiri na-efesa n'anya:** Were mmiri dị nro ma ọ bụ saline na-adịghị mma saa anya ghe oghe ozugbo nkeji iri na ise, kpuchie anya abụọ ahụ nke ọma na patch na-adịghị mma na-enweghị nrụgide, wee nweta nlekọta anya mberede mberede.

2. Culinary "ume Dragon" / Liquid Nitrogen Cocktail Ingestion (Gastric Barotrauma)¶

Ogwe, ihe ngosi, na ụlọ ahịa ice-cream ọhụrụ na-eji mmiri mmiri nitrogen ma ọ bụ akpụrụ akọrọ siri ike mepụta mmanya na-ese anwụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ọka ("Dragon's Breath"). Ma ụlọ ọrụ ** US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)** yana ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa nri n'ụwa niile na-adọ aka na ntị na ** nitrogen mmiri mmiri niile na akpụrụ akọrọ siri ike ga-ekpochapụ pasenti 100 tupu enyefe nri ma ọ bụ ihe ọ drinkụ drinkụ ahụ n'aka onye ahịa**. - ** Kedu ihe na - eme ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ilo ọbụna 5 ruo 10 milliliters (1 teaspoons 2) nke nitrogen mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ obere ice kpọrọ nkụ:** 1. Ọ na-ebute oke ibu cryogenic necrosis nke ọnụ, pharynx, esophagus, na mgbidi afọ. 2. N'ime afọ $ 37 Celsius C ($ 98.6 ° F $) na-ekpo ọkụ, milliliters 10 nke nitrogen mmiri mmiri na-esi n'otu ntabi anya banye ** 7 lita (1.85 galọn) nke ikuku nitrogen arụrụ arụ ** ngwa ngwa karịa sphincter esophageal nwere ike ịpụpụ ya. Afọ na-efe efe dị ka balloon wee gbawaa (** gastric barotrauma / afo perforation ), na-atụba gas na afo acid n'ime oghere peritoneal ( ụjọ pneumoperitoneum ), nke na-ebuli elu na diaphragm ma na-ebute iku ume na njide obi. - ** Enyemaka mbụ ozugbo: *** Kpọọ 911/112/999 ozugbo maka njem ịwa ahụ mberede. ** Ewelitela vomiting ma amanyekwa onye ọrịa ka ọ ṅụọ nnukwu mmiri n'ime afọ gbawara agbawa; debe onye nrịanrịa ka ọ nọ ọdụ ọkara kwụ ọtọ ka ọ dị mfe iku ume ruo mgbe ndị ọrụ ahụike rutere.

Nọmba mberede mpaghara na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ¶

• United States: Kpọọ 911 ozugbo maka ndakpọ oghere ọ bụla, ụgbọ \(\text{CO}_2\) toxicity, ma ọ bụ ingestion cryogenic, gwa onye na-ezipụ ya kpọmkwem na ** carbon dioxide (akpụkpọ nkụ) ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri nitrogen asphyxiation** na-etinye aka ka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ weta 4-gas / $\text{CO}_2. Maka ajụjụ mkpughe na-adịghị egwu ndụ, kpọọ ** Njikwa nsi na 1-800-222-1222**. A na-ahazi oke ebe ọrụ site na ** OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1000: \(\text{CO}_2\) 8-hour PEL = 5,000 ppm; NIOSH STEL = 30,000 ppm; IDLH = 40,000 ppm [4%]; kacha nta oxygen oxygen = 19.
• Canada: Kpọọ 911 maka nnapụta mberede, ma ọ bụ 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669* maka ebe nsi. A na-ahazi ụgbọ njem nke ice kpọrọ nkụ na mmiri mmiri nitrogen n'okpuru ** Transport Canada TDG (Mbufe ngwa ahịa dị ize ndụ: UN1845 Carbon Dioxide, Solid; UN1977 Nitrogen, Refrigerated Liquid)**.
• United Kingdom: Kpọọ 999112. Ndị isi ** Health and Safety Executive (HSE) na-achịkwa ( EH40 Oke ekpughere ebe ọrụ: \(\text{CO}_2\) 8-hr LTEL = 5,000 ppm, 15-min STEL = 15,000 ppm**) na ** GACP Compressed Gases Association (*BC2) maka nnukwu Nitrogen Liquid Liquid, CP30 maka Ojiji Nitrogen Dewars Liquid Liquid, yana GN11 maka Mbelata Oxygen Atmospheres).
• ** European Union: *** Kpọọ ** 112 ** gafee mba ndị otu EU niile. Ndị ** European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA)** na-achịkwa ụkpụrụ nchekwa (** EIGA Doc 44: * Ihe ize ndụ nke Gases Inert na Oxygen Depletion ** na ** EIGA Doc 67: * Njikwa nchekwa nke Carbon Dioxide Containers na Dry Ice***
• Australia na New Zealand: Kpọọ 000 na Australia (ozi nsi 13 11 26) ma ọ bụ 111 na New Zealand (National Poisons Center 0800 764 766). Edere ya bụ ** Ọrụ Safe Australia** na AS 5034 (Nwụnye na ojiji nke gas inert maka inye ihe ọ drinkụ andụ andụ na cellars).

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Ọ na-egosi ihe ngosi ọkọlọtọ carbon monoxide (CO) mgbe ice kpọrọ nkụ jupụtara n'ime ụlọ na carbon dioxide (CO2)?¶

Mba. Ihe nchọpụta carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$) na ihe nleba anya carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) bụ ngwá ọrụ abụọ dị nnọọ iche na-enwe mmetụta uche efu. Ezinụlọ na ebe ọrụ $\text{CO}$ mkpu na-eji cell mmanụ ọkụ electrochemical na-anabata naanị carbon monoxide ($\text{CO}$, site na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ iyuzucha). Ọbụlagodi na akpụrụ akpụ akọrọ na-ejupụta n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ igwe nju oyi nwere ihe na-egbu egbu 10% (100,000 ppm) nke carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na-agbada ọkwa oxygen ruo 5%, onye na-achọpụta carbon monoxide ga-agụ 0 ppm na ọ gaghị ada mkpu. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ebe a na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ, na ụlọ nyocha ga-etinyerịrị ihe nleba anya $\text{CO}_2$ raara onwe ya nye na electrochemical Oxygen ($\text{O}_2$) mgbakwasa n'ogo iku ume na 30 centimeters (12 sentimita) n'elu ala.

Kedu ihe kpatara 8% carbon dioxide (CO2) ji egbu egbu n'ime nkeji ọ bụrụgodị na ụlọ ahụ ka nwere 19% oxygen?¶

N'adịghị ka nitrogen, helium, ma ọ bụ argon, nke bụ gas inert physiologically nke na-akpata mmerụ ahụ mgbe ha na-agbanye pasentị oxygen n'okpuru 16% ruo 19.5%, carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) bụ ngwaahịa mkpofu metabolic na-arụ ọrụ nke ahụ gị ga-anọgide na-awụpụ na ngụgụ gị iji debe pH ọbara gị na $ 7.40 $. Mgbe ikuku ị na-ekuku nwere 5% ruo 8% $\text{CO}_2$, gradient nke dị n'ofe alveoli gị na-atụgharị: ngụgụ gị enwekwaghị ike ikupụ $\text{CO}_2$, wee kuru $\text{CO}_2$ gbazee n'ime ọbara gị ka ọ mepụta carbonic acid ($\text{H}_2$). N'ime nkeji oge, pH ọbara akwara na-agbada n'okpuru $ 7.0 $ (** nnukwu nnukwu iku ume acidosis **), na-akpata vasodilation cerebral, nrụgide intracranial dị elu, arrhythmias obi, coma, na iku ume, ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku ụlọ ka nwere 19% oxygen.

Enwere m ike iyi mkpuchi iku ume katrij ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi uzuzu N95 iji napụta onye dara n'ime igwe nju oyi jupụtara na ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ nitrogen mmiri mmiri?¶

Abanyela oghere ikuku oxygen-$\ ederede{CO}_2$ dị elu ma ọ bụ dị elu na-eyi nkpuchi N95, ikuku ikuku organic-vapor nke ọkara ihu, ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi gas. Ndị na-eku ume na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha na-enyocha naanị ụmụ irighiri ihe ma ọ bụ na-achọpụta vapors kemịkalụ site na ikuku gburugburu; ha anaghị enye oxygen na enweghị ike ịchapụ 50,000 ppm nke $\text{CO}_2$. Ịbanye n'ụdị nitrogen chụpụrụ ma ọ bụ $\text{CO}_2$ -mmiri mmiri na-ejegharị na igwe nju oyi nke yi nkpuchi nzacha ga-egbu gị n'otu iku ume abụọ dị ka iji ihu efu abanye. Naanị nrụgide dị mma ** Ngwa na-eku ume nke onwe (SCBA)** nwere tankị ikuku abịakọrọ nke ya ma ọ bụ ikuku ikuku na-eku ume na-enye ikuku iku ume.

Ígwé ojii na-acha ọcha nke dị n'elu mmiri mmiri nitrogen ma ọ bụ ice kpọrọ nkụ ọ bụ gas n'onwe ya?¶

Igwefoji na-acha ọcha a na-ahụ anya nke na-agbapụ n'efere nke ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri nitrogen wụfuru abụghị $\text{CO}_2$ ma ọ bụ $\text{N}_2$ gas, ma carbon dioxide na gas nitrogen bụ 100% anaghị ahụ anya na enweghị agba. Ígwé ojii na-acha ọcha bụ naanị iru mmiri ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ nke gbadara n'ime ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ahụ anya (igwe ojii) mgbe ikuku oyi na-adịghị ahụ anya jụrụ oyi. N'ụzọ dị oke mkpa, ka $\text{CO}_2$ ma ọ bụ $\text{N}_2$ gas na-ekpo ọkụ gafere ebe igirigi dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ** ụfụfụ ọcha na-apụ n'anya kpamkpam ebe ikuku asphyxiating na-adịghị ahụ anya ka nọ n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala **. Ya adịla mgbe ị ga-eche na oghere dị mma iku ume naanị n'ihi na ekpochapụla uzuzu ọcha a na-ahụ anya.

Kedu enyemaka mbụ m ga-enye onye na-eku ume CO2 siri ike site na ngwa nju oyi na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-enwe oke ikuku na isi ọwụwa?¶

Bugharịa onye ahụ ozugbo banye ikuku dị n'èzí pụọ na ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ụlọ, ma mee ka ha nọdụ ala n'ọnọdụ dị mma. N'ihi ikuru ume $\text{CO}_2$ na-akpalite mkpali siri ike nke ụbụrụ iku ume center, onye ahụ ga-eku ume ngwa ngwa na miri maka nkeji 5 ruo 15 ka ngụgụ ha na-agbapụ nfefe gbazere $\text{CO}_2$ wee weghachi pH ọbara nkịtị. Mesie ha obi ike, tọghee olu ike, nyekwuo oxygen ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, ma kpọọ 911/112/999 ma ọ bụrụ na ha enwetaghị mmụọ nkenke ọ bụla, mgbu obi, mgbagwoju anya na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara anya. Inweta aka na CPR na enyemaka enyemaka mbụ sitere na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mpaghara na-akwadebe gị ịzaghachi ihe mberede asphyxial.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Carbon dioxide, akpụrụ akpụ sublimation, nitrogen mmiri mmiri, na asphyxiation enyemaka mbụ
• Oghere asphyxiation akpọchiri: oghere, silos, na tankị
• Shiee valvụ gas cylinder agbakwunyere, tankị rọketi, na ntapu cryogenic
• Hypothermia na frostbite enyemaka mberede

Isi mmalite na nduzi ọchịchị¶

• ** Nchekwa ọrụ na nlekọta ahụike (OSHA) na National Institute for Safety and Health Ọrụ (NIOSH):** * Ihe Nlebaanya Ọdachi: Igbochi ọnwụ sitere na Carbon Dioxide (Ice akọrọ) na Nitrogen Asphyxiation Liquid Nitrogen Asphyxiation na Oghere Mkpọchi, Na-eje ije na Coolers, na Ụgbọ Ebufe.
• ** Mkpakọ Gas Association (CGA) na European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA): *** * CGA Pamflet P-12 (Nchekwa Nlekọta nke Cryogenic Liquids), CGA G-6.1 (Carbon Dioxide / Dry Ice Safety), na EIGA Doc 44 (Ihe ize ndụ nke Inert Gases na Oxygen Depletion)*.
• United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) na British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA): * Usoro Omume nke BCGA CP30 (The Safe Use of Liquid Nitrogen Dewars to 500 Litres) na GN11 (Mbelata ikuku oxygen na cellars na Coolers)*.
• ** Nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ nke United States (FDA): *** * Nchekwa Nchekwa na Ịgbakwunye Nitrogen Liquid Liquid na Dry Ice na Nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ere ahịa (Gastric Barotrauma na Cryogenic Perforation)*.
• ** Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC / MMWR): *** Akụkọ gbasara ọrịa na-efe efe nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nke Carbon Dioxide na-egbu egbu n'oge njem ụgbọ ala na nchekwa nke ice kpọrọ nkụ*.