Whitewater Raft Capsize, Nbanye n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri, yana mgbapụta akpa¶

Idebanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmahịa ma ọ bụ nke onwe, cataraft, ma ọ bụ azụ azụ azụ na Klas III ruo Class V na-emepụta ihe egwu ndụ atọ ozugbo na nkeji ise n'ime nkeji ise mbụ: ** (1) Ngwunye ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri na mgbakwụnye n'akụkụ okirikiri ** (na-arịgo n'okpuru ọchịchịrị, ikuku na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ na-agbada ala mmiri na-agbada, nwere ike ịkwaga n'elu mgbidi siri ike. site na 200-kilogram / 440-paụnd hull, ma ọ bụ ịnweta nkwonkwo ụkwụ ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ndụ na-ejide n'ahịrị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ eriri gia), ** (2) High-Velocity Swiftwater Trauma and Foot Entrapment** (na-agbalị ibili n'úkwù dị omimi ugbu a na ịgbanye akpụkpọ ụkwụ n'etiti osimiri 3) Onye na-echekwa") sọfụ na mmiri mmiri na-asọpụ** n'ime mmiri oyi na-agbaze nke snow gbazere. Dị ka American Whitewater si kwuo (AW) ndekọ nchekwa data ihe mberede, International Rafting Federation (IRF), na Rescue 3 International, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-agba mmiri na-egbu egbu na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-egwu mmiri na-agbalị iguzo ọtọ na-agagharị ugbu a, mgbe onye na-egwu mmiri na-agbanye n'etiti raft atụgharị na ihe mgbochi siri ike (broach / wrap), ma ọ bụ mgbe onye nnapụta na-akwadoghị kee onwe ya n'ime eriri ma ọ bụ maba n'ime na-enweghị ezigbo igwe mgbapụta mmiri ọsọ ọsọ.

Ọ bụrụ na onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ onye njem anaghị anabata ya ugbu a, kechie ya n'okpuru raft a kechiri emechi, nke ejiri n'ụkwụ jide ya, ma ọ bụ na-asọba na mmiri oyi, kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị.911 na United States na Canada, 112 gburugburu European Union, 999 na United Kingdom), kpalite SOS na nkwukọrịta satịlaịtị gị (Garmin inReach, ACR ResQLink PLB, ma ọ bụ Apple Emergency SOS via Satellite), ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ anyị mba ụwa nọmba mberede ndekọ. Soro nnapụta onwe gị ozugbo, ịmezi ụgbọ mmiri, yana omume nnapụta nke akpa n'okpuru.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Ọ bụrụ na raft ahụ na-atụgharị na ị na-arịgo n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri ahụ atụgharị, atụla ụjọ n'ọchịchịrị: tinye aka abụọ n'elu ala rọba n'elu isi gị ma "gagharịa n'aka" kwụ ọtọ gaa n'ìhè kacha nso ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ elu / n'akụkụ tube : N'okpuru raft a na-atụgharị nke nwere ala nkedo na obere akpa akpa, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'etiti oghere ikuku dị n'etiti oghere ikuku. Otu nkume nke etiti mmiri, dị n'okpuru ma ọ bụ ozugbo ** mgbada ụgbọ mmiri ga-egwepịa gị n'elu nkume. Pịa aka gị aka n'okpuru ala gaa na nsọtụ ebe mgbago elu ** ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ pụọ na nkume ndị na-abịa ruo mgbe isi gị ga-apụta ìhè n'ehihie.
2. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla etinye ahụ gị n'etiti raft na-ese n'elu mmiri na nkume mgbada, bridge pier, ma ọ bụ mgbidi canyon ("High-Side / Upstream Rule")**: Mmiri mmiri dị mita 4.3 (ụkwụ 14) jupụtara na mmiri na ngwa na-eburu ** 500 ruo 1,000 kilogram (1,100 ruo 2,000 pound) nke oge. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ese n'elu n'akụkụ * mgbada* nke ụgbọ mmiri gị kwaturu ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dakwasịrị nkume, tube ahụ ga-egwepịa obi gị ma ọ bụ tụgide gị n'okpuru mmiri na nkume. Gwuo ngwa ngwa gaa n'akụkụ ** mgbago elu ** nke raft ma ọ bụ rịgoro ** n'elu ala rọba kwaturu *** ozugbo.
3. ** Ọ bụrụ na ebupụrụ gị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri banye ngwa ngwa, banye ozugbo n'ime ebe igwu mmiri na-agbachitere Whitewater (n'azụ gị, ụkwụ na-agbada n'elu elu, ebilighị ọtọ) ***: Dị ka ekpuchiri ya na anyị. Ịgafe osimiri swiftwater, strainer, na nduzi mmiri mmiri dị ala, **Agbalịla itinye ụkwụ gị n'ala osimiri ** n'ime mmiri dị omimi karịa ikpere gị: otu akpụkpọ ụkwụ nwere ogologo na-akpata ọnyà ụkwụ na-egbu egbu na sekọnd. Were ụkwụ gị na-atụ aka mgbada ala n'elu ka ọ gbapụ n'elu nkume, debe paddle gị naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị egbochi igwu mmiri, ma lelee ubu gị maka ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri gị ma ọ bụ onye na-anapụta akpa n'ikpere mmiri.
4. ** Ọ bụrụ na onye nnapụta atụpụrụ gị eriri akpa na-acha odo odo/acha ọbara ọbara, jide eriri ahụ (AGBAGHỊ akpa ahụ n'onwe ya, na ewepụla eriri ahụ n'aka gị ma ọ bụ n'úkwù) wee dọpụta eriri ahụ n'ubu gị UPSTREAM (The Pendulum Ferry Position***:
5. Jiri aka abụọ jide eriri ahụ n'obi/ọkpụkpụ gị ka eriri ahụ hapụ obi gị n'elu ** ubu kacha nso n'ụlọ akụ onye nnapụta (upstream shoulder)**.
6. ** Gịnị kpatara ubu dị elu ji dị mkpa ***: Ọ bụrụ na eriri ahụ na-agafe n'ubu gị * mgbada * (na-esi n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ), mmiri ozuzo na-ejide ahụ gị n'akụkụ elu wee kpụrụ gị pụọ * n'ikpere mmiri ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ihu gị n'okpuru mmiri. Na-agba ọsọ eriri n'elu ** elu ubu ** akụkụ ahụ gị 45 degrees * n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ ka pendulum dị ugbu a ị na-abanye n'ime ahụ.
7. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'ikpere mmiri ma ọ bụ na raft na-atụba akpa tụba onye na-egwu mmiri na nke ugbu a, ejikọtala njedebe mmiri nke ụdọ ahụ n'osisi, raft frame, ma ọ bụ úkwù nke gị **: Jide eriri ahụ mgbe niile na ** Hip Belay ** n'ebe egwuregwu kwụsiri ike nke nwere ụkwụ obosara ka ị nwee ike na-arị elu ụlọ akụ ma ọ bụ na-eje ije.V-drag) mgbe ahịrị na-aga taut.
8. ** Ọ bụrụ na ngwugwu nwere eriri apata ụkwụ tụgharịa (Capsize in a Decked or Strapped Packraft), dabere n'ihu, dọpụta otu-point-Release Long-Release Loop (Spraydeck & Thigh-Strap Bailout), ma jiri aka gị pụpụ dị ka iyipụ uwe ogologo ọkpa ***: Ejila eriri apata ụkwụ kwụ ọtọ n'ime akpa akpa nke chọrọ aka abụọ dị iche iche iji kụchie n'okpuru mmiri; na-enyocha mgbe niile ka eriri apata ụkwụ gị hapụ nke ọma tupu ịbanye ngwa ngwa.

Osisi mkpebi: oke mmiri ọcha ma ọ bụ packraft kpuchiri nlanarị na nnapụta¶

Jiri osisi mkpebi a mee ihe ozugbo ụgbọ mmiri, cataraft, ma ọ bụ nkwakọ ga-amalite ịwagharị n'elu nkume ma ọ bụ tụgharịa n'ala n'ike n'ike:

flowchart TD
    Incident["Whitewater Raft ma ọ bụ Packraft Broaching na Nkume ma ọ bụ na-atụgharị elu"] --> Phase{"Kedu ihe na-eme ugbu a?"}

    Phase -->|"1. Raft Na-akụtu Boulder & Na-amalite inye aka"| HighSide["YELL 'HIGH SIDE' -> Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri zuru ezu & tụba ibu ahụ zuru oke na tube na-ebuli elu megide nkume ahụ."]

    Phase -->|"2. Raft agbaala elu ala"| WhereAreYou{"Ebee ka I chere ihu ka Mtụgharị ahụ gasịrị?"}

    WhereAreYou -->|"N'okpuru Raft tụgharịrị"| UnderEscape["Pịa aka abụọ ahụ megide ala rọba n'elu isi -> Jiri nwayọ gaa n'ìhè ụbọchị gaa n'elu ugwu ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ pụọ na nkume."]
    WhereAreYou -->|"N'akụkụ Raft a tụgharịrị"| ClimbOrUp["Lelee ala ala maka okwute -> Ngwa ngwa rịgoro n'elu elu nke elu ala (ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ya n'akụkụ aka nri site n'ahịrị tụgharịa) -> Ọ dịghị mgbe ị na-ese n'etiti ụgbọ mmiri na nkume mgbada ugwu."]
    WhereAreYou -->|"Wepụrụ Downriver n'ụgbọ mmiri"| SwimOrHole{"Ị nọ na Open Rapids, ejidere gị n'ime oghere hydraulic, ma ọ bụ ịhụ akpa atụba?"}

    UnderEscape --> ClimbOrUp

    SwimOrHole -->|"Na Open Rapids"| DefSwim["Igwu mmiri nchekwa: Na azụ, ụkwụ mgbada na elu, 45-Degree Backstroke Ferry ka ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ Shore Eddy"]
    SwimOrHole -->|"Ọ tọrọ atọ na hydraulic na-emegharịgharị ('Onye nchekwa')"| HoleEscape["Na-egwu mmiri n'ikpeazụ n'akụkụ akuku/ubu nke oghere ma ọ bụ bọọlụ elu & banye n'ime omimi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ugbu a"]
    SwimOrHole -->|"Akpa atụba ihe mgbapụta"| GrabRope["Chọọ whistle -> Jide eriri (ọ bụghị akpa) -> Jide eriri n'elu ubu UPSTREAM na azụ ka ị na-aga n'ikpere mmiri."]

Nkeji 1: igbochi ntụgharị (The "High-Side" Command) na Ịlanahụ Sekọnd ise nke Mbụ nke Capsize¶

Ihe karịrị ọkara nke mmiri mmiri na-acha ọcha na-atụgharị, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọdachi ** raft wraps ** (ebe ụgbọ mmiri na-apịaji dị ka taco gburugburu nnukwu mmiri mmiri site na tọn nke nrụgide mmiri), enwere ike igbochi ya na 2 sekọnd * mgbe * raft ahụ kụrụ nkume ma ọ bụrụ na onye njem ọ bụla na-eme otu iwu dị mfe:

1. Olee otú na ihe mere na-"High-akụkụ" Mgbe a Raft kụrụ a Boulder¶

Mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-ada n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ diagonally na nkume nkume ma ọ bụ tụba n'akụkụ n'ime oghere hydraulic dị elu: 1. Mmiri dị ugbu a na-agba ọsọ megide ** upstream tube ** na-akwali tube dị ala * gbadata * n'okpuru mmiri. 2. Ozugbo tube nke dị n'elu na-adaba n'okpuru mmiri ahụ, ike zuru oke nke osimiri ahụ na-agbanye n'elu tube ahụ dị n'ime mmiri dị ka nku hydrofoil, na-agba ọsọ ngwa ngwa n'elu ọnụ ya ruo mgbe ọ na-atụgharị 180 degrees n'elu ala (ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta raft ahụ n'elu nkume na nkume na-adịgide adịgide). 3. ** Mbugharị "Elu-SIDE" aga : - Ngwa ngwa onye ndu ahụ na-eti mkpu ** "Ebe Elu" (nke pụtara akụkụ nke raft na-arị elu ** Elu elu n'ikuku **, nke bụ mgbe ọ bụla tube na-emetụ nkume ma ọ bụ mgbada mmiri nke ebili mmiri ahụ), ** onye ọ bụla nọ na raft ga-ewepụ ngwa ngwa nke obere tube dị elu ma tụba ahụ ha dum n'ofe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'elu ebe kacha elu nke tube na-ebili. - Site n'ịkọba kilogram 300 ruo 500 (660 ruo 1,100 pound) nke arọ ahụ mmadụ n'elu tube dị elu megide nkume, ị na-agbanye tube dị elu ** azụ n'elu mmiri mmiri ** ka nke ugbu a na-agafe * n'okpuru * ụgbọ mmiri ma na-amanye raft na-enweghị nsogbu n'akụkụ nkume ahụ.

2. Na-agbanarị n'okpuru Raft, Cataraft, ma ọ bụ Oar Frame¶

Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ dị elu daa na raft ahụ na-atụgharị n'elu gị: - ** Ihe ize ndụ A (Mkpụrụ osisi, Ụlọ elu ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, igwe oyi, na eriri rụrụ arụ) ***: - N'elu akwa akwa akwa akwa ma ọ bụ cataraft nwere etiti aluminom ọla, ube 2.7-mita (ụkwụ 9), igbe nkụ, na eriri cam, igwe ọla ahụ na-ekokwasị ** n'akụkụ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri ** mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-atụgharị. - Ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-agafe, tuchie agba gị, chebe isi gị n'ime okpu agha gị, yana ** kpachapụ anya n'etiti etiti ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ** ka eriri ma ọ bụ ụkwụ PFD gị ghara ijide n'etiti ogwe ụkwụ na igwe nju oyi. - ** Ihe ize ndụ B (Ọnyà na-amịpụta / ikuku-akpa n'okpuru raft nke onwe) ***: - N'okpuru ọkọlọtọ paddle raft, crosswise ** thwart tubes *** mepụta oghere akụkụ anọ dị iche iche 2 ma ọ bụ 3 n'okpuru ala. - Anwala imikpu n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ gbadaa mita abụọ (ụkwụ 6.5) gaa n'osimiri nkume ka ị si n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri pụta; N'ime oke okwute okwute na-emighị emi, ime mmiri miri emi na-akụda ikpere gị, ihu, ma ọ bụ okpu agha n'ime okwute ndị miri emi n'ime mmiri ka ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu gị. - Kama, ** nọrọ n'akụkụ okpuru ala nke raft ***, kpalie ọbụ aka abụọ kwụ ọtọ n'elu ụlọ rọba dị n'elu isi gị, chere ihu na ** ìhè kachasị na elu ma ọ bụ akụkụ a na-adịghị egbochi ya , na ** ije ije ("enwe-crawl") n'akụkụ n'okpuru nnukwu tube nke dị n'elu ruo mgbe isi gị kpochapụrụ ọkpọkọ gburugburu.

3. Packraft Capsize Bailout: Na-agbanahụ Spraydeck, eriri apata ụkwụ, na akpa ụta.¶

N'adịghị ka rafts azụmahịa mepere emepe ebe ndị njem na-ada n'enweghị onwe ha mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ turu, azụ azụ ** ngwugwu ** nke nwere ebe mmiri na-acha ọcha (**)cruiser deck) na ime 4-point ma ọ bụ 2-point eriri apata ụkwụ ** na-ejide ahụ gị ala n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ elu ruo mgbe ị ga-eme ka ịpụpụ mmiri mmiri: 1. Tupu abanye ngwa ngwa ọ bụla (Pre-Drop Cockpit Check: - Nyochaa na ** Spraydeck Grab Loop ** (aka webbing na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ odo odo na ihu ihu nke uwe mwụda Velcro/ combings) na-arapara ** N'èzí* n'elu oche ahụ, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ọ dị n'okpuru ebe ị na-enweghị ike ịhụ ya n'akụkụ ihu na mmiri oyi. - Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji eriri apata ụkwụ n'ime **, chọpụta na etinyere ya na eriri Mwepụta Ọsọ ọsọ ** Single-Point n'etiti apata ụkwụ gị (ma ọ bụ na ikpere gị nwere ike ịpụ n'ime ya site na eriri apata ụkwụ mepere emepe na 0.5 sekọnd na-enweghị imetụ eriri). 2. ** Nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ Packraft Wet Wet Underwater *: - Nzọụkwụ A (Akwụsịla azụ; Tuck Forward): Ozugbo ngwugwu gị na-ekpudo ihu, dabere n'ọkpụkpụ gị na ọkpọiso gị ** gawa n'ihu ikpere gị *** iji chebe ihu gị na okpu agha gị n'okwute mmiri na-emighị emi. - Nzọụkwụ B (Rịp the Spraydeck Grab Loop Forward and Up): Gaa n'ihu n'apata gị ka ijide akaghị n'ihu spraydeck wee dọpụta n'ihu/elu iji wepụ uwe mwụda ahụ na mgbanaka ahụ. - ** Nzọụkwụ C (Hapụ eriri apata ụkwụ ma kwapụ dị ka iwepụ uwe ogologo ọkpa): Dụpụ eriri apata ụkwụ gị ngwa ngwa-nhapụ gị (ma ọ bụ mee ka ikpere abụọ dị n'akụkụ etiti ahụ iji wepụ aka na akpa apata ụkwụ), tinye aka abụọ n'akụkụ tubes n'akụkụ úkwù gị, ma mee ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ pụọ n'ụkwụ gị. - ** Nzọụkwụ D (Jigidere kọntaktị na ụgbọ mmiri na paddle site na iji aka naanị) ***: Ozugbo isi gị gbagoro n'akụkụ ** mgbago elu ** nke ngwugwu ahụ, jide ụta ijide aka n'otu aka na ogwe ụkwụ gị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ (ejila nkwojiaka ma ọ bụ ụkwụ ụkwụ ụkwụ na-agagharị na mmiri iyi, dị ka ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ na-eme dị ka ọnyà). Jiri otu aka tụgharịa ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị kilogram 3.5 (paụnd 7.7) kwụ ọtọ, gbadaa n'ahịrị mmiri n'ime obi gị, gbasie ike ịmalite afọ gị gafee ala etiti ka ọ na-agbago na ọdọ mmiri.

Nkeji 2: Ịkwalite Raft Raft Mid-River (The Flip Line / Belly Strap Technique)¶

Ebe kacha dịrị nchebe ịnọ n'etiti klaasị III/IV dị ogologo na-ajụ oyi bụ **laghachi n'ime raft gị kwụ ọtọ **, ọ bụghị igwu mmiri maka mita 800 (ụkwụ 2,600) site na ogige nkume. Onye ndu nwere ahụmahụ ma ọ bụ onye na-agba mmiri nwere ike tụgharịa ụgbọ mmiri dị elu nke dị mita 4.3 (14-ụkwụ) kwụ ọtọ na ** n'okpuru 15 sekọnd ka ọ na-ese n'elu n'etiti osimiri ***:

          HOW TO FLIP AN OVERTURNED RAFT RIGHT-SIDE UP ("THE FLIP LINE")

                       [Rescuer Stands on Far Side Tube]
                              O   <-- Leans Straight Back Over the Water
                             /|\      Pulling Tight Flip Line Attached to
                              | \     Opposite Perimeter D-Ring
                             / \ \
       ======================   \ \======================
      (   Left Tube (Lifts)  )___\_\(  Right Tube (Pivot) )  <-- Overturned Raft
       ======================        ======================
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ River Surface

1. ** Nzọụkwụ 1 (Gaa n'elu ala nke mbụ) ***:
2. Rute elu, jide eriri D-mgbanaka ma ọ bụ nylon jidere ahịrị na-agba gburugburu n'èzí nke isi tube, dọba obi gị na tube ahụ, ma banye n'ala rọba kpudo dị larịị nke raft.
3. Lelee na onweghị ndị otu egwuregwu ka tọrọ atọ n'okpuru ala, ma nyere ndị na-egwu mmiri dị nso aka ka gị na ha rịgoro n'ala rọba dị larịị.
4. ** Nzọụkwụ 2 (Gbanye ahịrị tụgharịa / eriri afọ) ***:
5. Kpochapụ ahịrị ** tụgharịa ** (3-na-4-mita / 10-na-13-foot ogologo nke 2.5-centimeter / 1-inch tubular nylon webbing with a locking carabiner) echekwara na n'úkwù obere akpa ma ọ bụ kechie na PFD gị) wee kechie carabiner n'ime ** akụkụ D-mgbanaka ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke raft n'otu akụkụ.
6. • (Ọ bụrụ na ị naghị eburu ahịrị Flip raara onwe ya nye, jiri ahịrị ihe osise ụta raft ma ọ bụ eriri daisy nwere eriri siri ike nke etinyere n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, ọ dịghị mgbe eriri akpa akpa nke mita 20 mepere emepe ga-agbanye n'ụkwụ gị mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-efefe.)*
7. ** Nzọụkwụ 3 (Guzo n'akụkụ Tube dị n'akụkụ wee daa azụ n'akụkụ mgbada ala) ***:
8. Gaa n'ofe ala ahụ a tụgharịrị gaa na ** ọkpọkọ dị n'akụkụ** (na-edobe onwe gị mgbe niile ka ọ bụrụ na ị dabere na azụ wee daa n'ime mmiri, ị ga-ada n'akụkụ ** elu ugwu ** n'akụkụ raft ma ọ bụ pụọ na nkume ọ bụla na-abịa).
9. Gbanye ụkwụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma na mpụta nke tube dị nso, dọpụta mkpịsị aka ahụ na aka abụọ, yana **dabere arọ ahụ gị dum azụ azụ n'ogo ogo 45 n'elu mmiri *** dị ka ịwụpụ n'elu ugwu.
10. Dị ka tube dị anya na-ebuli elu n'ikuku gafere ogo 90 kwụ ọtọ, ** hapụ ahịrị ntụgharị ahụ wee kwapụ onwe gị azụ / n'akụkụ ụgbọ mmiri ** (ma ọ bụ tụba n'okpuru ebe a na-arị elu) yabụ tube raft dị arọ anaghị ada n'elu isi gị ka ọ na-agbada n'akụkụ aka nri.
11. ** Nzọụkwụ 4 (Ebuli elu ubu ubu PFD iji dọta ndị na-egwu mmiri agwụla agwụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri) ***:
12. Onye na-egwu mmiri na-egwu mmiri nke yi uwe akwa mmiri na PFD enweghị ike ịdọrọ onwe ya ngwa ngwa karịa tube rọba fụfụfụ dị sentimita 50 n'ogologo (inch-20).
13. Iji bughachi onye na-egwu mmiri azụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri n'ime nkeji abụọ:
    1. Tụgharịa onye na-egwu mmiri ka ** azụ ha chere ihu n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ** (ma ọ bụ ihu na-abanye ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike ịgba ma jide ihe mgbochi ahụ).
    2. Guzosie ike n'ime raft ahụ, jide ** eriri abụọ nke onye na-egwu mmiri PFD ** jidesie ike na ọbụ aka gị chere ihu n'ime, gwa onye na-egwu mmiri ka ọ "Kpọọ ma banye n'ime mmiri na atọ: 1, 2, 3", na 3, ** nọdụ ala azụ azụ n'ime ala nke raft **, na-eji ụkwụ gị dị arọ wee daa n'azụ na-adaba n'ụkwụ gị. ọphu rọba dụ l'ẹka ono.

Nkeji 3: Na-agbanahụ Hydraulic Whitewater na-emegharịgharị ("Oghere Nchekwa / Ngbanwe")¶

N'adịghị ka mmiri mmiri dị ala nke mmadụ mere (nke gbasara osimiri dum site n'akụkụ mmiri ruo n'akụkụ nke nwere mgbidi siri ike), mmiri ọcha ** Hydraulic ("Hole", "Stopper", ma ọ bụ "Nchekwa") na-etolite ebe mmiri na-awụsa n'elu nnukwu nkume nkume ma ọ bụ shelf, na-emepụta ebili mmiri na-acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke nke na-emegharị ihe dị n'elu:

Nkeji 4: Otu esi eme nnapụta akpa-atụfu na-emikpughị onye ihe ahụ metụtara ma ọ bụ onwe gị.¶

A ** Tụba akpa *** (akpa na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie nke nwere mita 15 ruo 23 / 50 ruo 75 ụkwụ nke na-ese n'elu 8-to-9.5-millimeter / 0.31-to-0.37-inch polypropylene ma ọ bụ Dyneema-core eriri) bụ otu ngwá ọrụ mgbapụta mmiri dị mkpa na mmiri ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, ịtụba ya n'ọnọdụ na-ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ kechie ya nwere ike ịtụgharị nnapụta oge niile ka ọ bụrụ mmiri iri abụọ:

1. Ebe onye nnapụta ga-eguzoro n'ikpere mmiri (Downstream of the Hazard, Above a Clean Eddy)¶

1. Lee ebe onye na-egwu mmiri ga-efegharị mgbe eriri na-aga nke ọma (The Pendulum Path*:
2. Mgbe onye na-egwu mmiri na-ejide eriri gị n'etiti ọwa, nke dị ugbu a na-atụgharị ha na nnukwu arc gburugburu nkeji anọ (pendulum) onye radius hà nhata ogologo eriri pụta.
3. ** Lelee pendulum arc tupu ị tụfuo : Ọ bụrụ na osisi dara ada ( strainer*) ma ọ bụ nkume dị n'okpuru n'etiti onye na-egwu mmiri na mmiri dị n'okpuru gị, ịtụba ụdọ si n'elu mmiri nke osisi ahụ ** pendulum onye na-egwu mmiri ga-abanye n'osisi ahụ gbadara na tether siri ike **, na-agbanye ha n'okpuru mmiri ebe ha na-enweghị ike ịgbanarị. Na-agagharị mgbe ọ bụla nke ihe nrịbama ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ahịrị iji duzie ha ka ọ banye n'ọcha dị ọcha.
4. ** Onye nnapụta & Hip Belay (Akwụsịghị ya)**:
5. Jide eriri / ngwụcha nke eriri ahụ n'aka ** nke dị n'elu ** (anaghị ekpuchi ya n'aka ma ọ bụ mkpịsị aka gị), nyefee eriri n'azụ / hips gị (Hip Belay) yabụ esemokwu n'úkwù gị na-eburu ibu ahụ, werekwa ** aka mgbada* gị tụba akpa ahụ site n'iji aka, aka, ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ atụgharị** kpọmkwem na ma ọ bụ 1 mita (ụkwụ 3) n'elu isi onye na-egwu mmiri.
6. ** Tie mkpu ma ọ bụ tie mkpu n'otu ụda dị nkọ na fhịhị gị (1 Blast = "Attention / Look Here")** ozugbo tupu ị tụfuo, onye na-egwu mmiri tụgharịrị isi wee hụ eriri na-efesa n'obi ha.
7. ** Otu esi atụtu oge nke abụọ (Re-Throw) Ọ bụrụ na ị na-atụ uche:
8. Ị na-enwekarị sekọnd 60 iji nwetaghachi ihe dị mita 20 (ụkwụ 65) nke eriri azụ n'ime obere akpa nylon tupu onye na-egwu mmiri na-asa ahụ gburugburu gbagọ.
9. Kama nke ahụ, ** gbanye eriri mmiri ahụ ngwa ngwa na nnukwu, loops dị mma n'ime aka gị na-adịghị atụba, were ọkara lita mmiri mmiri n'ime akpa nylon efu dị n'aka ị na-atụba maka ịdị arọ **, wee tụba akpa mmiri ahụ buru ụzọ soro ọkara nke abụọ ka e mesịrị site n'ịtụpụ eriri igwe mepere emepe n'aka nke ọzọ.The Split-Coil Re-Throw).
10. ** Usoro "Vector Pull" iji mee ka onye na-egwu mmiri na-agafe n'ahịrị Eddy ***:
11. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-egwu mmiri na-ekokwasị n'elu ụdọ ị na-atụba na ike siri ike ma na-efegharị nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ụlọ akụ, onye nnapụta nke abụọ nọ n'ikpere mmiri nwere ike ijide n'etiti eriri ụdọ siri ike na ** dọpụta n'akụkụ n'ogo 90-degree (Vector Pull*** ma ọ bụ gbaga ozugbo n'ime ime obodo gbagoro n'akụkụ osimiri, na-eme ka onye na-egwu mmiri na-agba ọsọ okpukpu abụọ ka ọ gbapụ ha gafee ahịrị ọgba aghara tupu ha asacha n'ime ọsọ ọsọ.

2. Ihe ị ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na a "na-ekpuchi" Raft Ground a Boulder Mid-River (Na Otu esi agbaji 3: 1 Z-Drag)¶

Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụnye ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ cataraft n'akụkụ n'akụkụ okwute na ngwa ngwa ugbu a: 1. ** Wepụ mmadụ niile n'elu nkume (ma ọ bụ n'ikpere mmiri site na akpa ịtụfu) nke mbụ *** tupu ichegbu onwe gị banyere ụgbọ mmiri. 2. ** Ejila aka gị ma ọ bụ ụkwụ gị gbadaa n'akụkụ elu ụgbọ mmiri kpuchiri ekpuchi** mgbe mmiri na-awụsa n'elu ya: ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-atụgharị site na centimita 10 (inch 4) megide nkume ahụ, ọ nwere ike iji 1,000 kilogram (2,200 pound) nke ike hydraulic jide ogwe aka gị ma ọ bụ ụkwụ gị. 3. ** Chere ka ị gbutu eriri ma ọ bụ kpochapu tubes ruo mgbe kwụsiri ike ***: Ebibila tube raft mepere emepe ka ọ bụrụ ebe mbụ; ọkpọkọ akpọsara akpọnwụ na-enye ebili mmiri dị mkpa ozugbo agbapụrụ n'elu nkume ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, tinye eriri nchekwa na ụta ma ọ bụ azụ azụ ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ghara ịsachapụ Unmanned ozugbo ọ gbapụtara n'efu, wee si n'ikpere mmiri pụta na ** elu njedebe ma ọ bụ n'ihu D-mgbanaka ** iji ** 3: 1 Z-Drag mechanical advantage system *: - Kpee èbè steepụ n'akụkụ osisi siri ike dị n'ikpere mmiri (Anchor) ma kewaa carabiner mkpọchi na ** Single Pulley #1. - Gbaa eriri nnapụta gị kwụ ọtọ site na ** Wrapped Boat's Bow/Stern D-Ring **, site na ** Pulley #1 n'elu osisi **, laghachi azụ n'akụkụ osimiri (The Haul Line). - Kee a ** Prusik hitch *** n'elu eriri isi esemokwu na-eduga n'ụgbọ mmiri, clip ** Pulley #2 ** n'ime aka Prusik ahụ, wee tinye ọdụ ọdụ ahụ site na Pulley # 2 iji mepụta ** 3: 1 uru ọrụ **, na-amụba ọnụ mmiri nke mmadụ 3 na-adọta n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilogram 700 (1,500 pounds).

Mgbe mmiri oyi ọ bụla na-egwu mmiri n'ime mmiri ọcha, wepụ akwa akwa akwa ozugbo, yikwasị ajị anụ / ikpo ọkụ sịntetik na shei mkpuchi ikuku, na-eri nri nwere calorie dị elu ma ọ bụrụ na ịma jijiji dị nro, ma gwọọ maka ikpughe oyi na-eji anyị. ọzara hypothermia na oyi lanarị ndu.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Kedu ihe kpatara onye na-egwu mmiri na-anata akpa ịtụfu ihe ga-eji jide eriri n'ubu ha UPSTREAM kama ubu ala ala ha?¶

Mgbe ị na-ese n'elu azụ gị na ụkwụ gị na-atụ aka mgbada ma na-ejide eriri nnapụta na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke kegidere ma ọ bụ na-esi n'akụkụ osimiri, ọnọdụ nke eriri n'ofe obi gị na-achịkwa akụkụ ahụ gị n'oge a (nke gị). Akụkụ ụgbọ mmiri). Ọ bụrụ na eriri ahụ gafere gị upstream ubu (Ubu kacha nso onye nnapụta dị n'ikpere mmiri), esemokwu ahụ na-atụgharị isi na ubu gị 45 degrees n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ, na-enye ohere ka mmiri mmiri na-asọba n'akụkụ gị wee jiri nwayọọ gafee osimiri ahụ banye n'ikpere mmiri dị jụụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị jide eriri n'elu gị mgbada ubu, ugbu a catches na-ezighị ezi n'akụkụ gị ahu na ụgbọ elu ị pụta n'ime n'etiti osimiri mgbe Rolling gị ihu-ala n'ime mmiri.

Kedu ihe kpatara na ị gaghị ejide akpa nylon na njedebe nke eriri atụba?¶

Mgbe onye nnapụta tụpụrụ akpa ịtụba ihe dị mita 20 (ụkwụ 65) n'ofe osimiri, akpa nylon dị na njedebe ka nwere eriri na-enweghị eriri nke fọdụrụ n'ime ya. Ọ bụrụ na ị jide akpa naịlọn n'onwe ya kama ijide eriri odo dị n'elu akpa ahụ, eriri nke fọdụrụ na-anọgide na-akwụ ụgwọ n'ọnụ akpa ahụ ruo ọtụtụ mita ka a na-ekpochapụ gị n'ihu ala, na akpa naịlọn mmiri na-adịghị mma na-esi na mkpịsị aka oyi pụta mgbe njedebe nke ahịrị ahụ na-apụ na mberede. Jide mgbe niile eriri n'onwe ya jiri aka abụọ jide gị n'obi.

Ọ ka mma iyi akpa azụ mgbe ị na-akwakọba ihe, ma ọ bụ kegide akpa azụ na ụta nke ngwugwu?¶

Ya adịla mgbe ị na-eyi akpa azu paaki n'ubu gị mgbe ị na-akwa akwa na mmiri na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ mmiri ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-akpu mgbe ị na-eyi akpa azu, mkpọ ahụ na-ejide mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri ugbu a, na-emebi ikike ị ga-atụgharị ma ọ bụ igwu mmiri n'ebe a na-egwu mmiri na-agbachitere, na-adaba n'elu nkume ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì, ma na-echekwa elu elu nke ngwaọrụ Flotation nkeonwe gị (PFD) ịkwanye ihu gị n'okpuru mmiri. Na-echekwa ngwa gị mgbe niile n'ime akpa akpa akwa zippered (Ibu ibu / TiZip) ma ọ bụ tie mkpọ ahụ nke agbachiri ahụ nke ọma na nke siri ike na oche ụta na ọdụ ọdụ na-adịghị atọ ụtọ.

Kedu ihe nrịbama mmiri ọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ na akara aka pụtara n'oge ihe mberede osimiri?¶

N'okpuru eluigwe na ala International Rafting Federation (`IRF`) na American Canoe Association (`ACA`) akara swiftwater: Otu mfụfụ pụtara "Ntị / lee anya otu a"; Mgbawa fhịhị atọ pụtara "MGBE mberede / enyemaka chọrọ ozugbo". Maka akara ngosi aka/paddle: ijide paddle ma ọ bụ ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ kwụ ọtọ pụtara "Ihe niile doro anya / dị mma ịga n'ihu / Soro ahịrị a"; na-efefe paddle ma ọ bụ ogwe aka kwụ ọtọ n'elu site n'akụkụ ruo n'akụkụ pụtara "Kwụsị / ihe egwu dị n'ihu / Eddy pụọ ozugbo"; ma na-atụ paddle ma ọ bụ ogwe aka diagonally n'ogo ogo 45 na-atụ aka n'ebe ahụ ebe nchekwa ma ọ bụ akụkụ osimiri iwere (adịghị atụ aka n'ihe ize ndụ ahụ n'onwe ya; na-atụ aka mgbe niile n'ebe ụzọ dị mma dị mma).

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• American Whitewater (AW) Ebe nchekwa data ihe mberede mba na koodu nchekwa nke American Whitewater: Ntụle nke Whitewater Rafting, Kayaking, na Packrafting Fatalities, Entrapment Mechanics, and Rescue Protocols.
• Ndị otu ụgbọ mmiri Amerịka (ACA) & Nnapụta 3 Mba Nile: * Ọkachamara Nnapụta Swiftwater (SRT) Akwụkwọ ntuziaka: Tụba-akpa Belay Mechanics, Raft Flip Recovery, na Hydraulic Hole Escape*.
• International Rafting Federation (IRF): * Nduzi Ọzụzụ & Ọzụzụ (GTE) Ọkọlọtọ: Siding dị elu, usoro ntụgharị ahịrị, akara nrịbama/aka, na nkwụsi ike ụgbọ mmiri*.
• Ndị otu American Packrafting Association (APA): * Ntuziaka nchekwa ihe ngwugwu: Sistemu ntọhapụ ngwa ngwa nke apata ụkwụ, ụgbọ mmiri dị ọcha, na mkpuchi mmiri oyi.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ịgafe osimiri Swiftwater, ọnyà ụkwụ, ihe mgbochi na ihe mgbochi isi dị ala
• Ikpu ụgbọ mmiri na nlanarị mmiri oyi
• Kayak oké osimiri na paddleboard nke dị n'ikpere mmiri na-efesa nlanarị
• Ọhịa hypothermia, ike ọgwụgwụ mmiri-oyi na-ekpo ọkụ
• Mmiri mmiri: nnapụta mmiri na ntughari
• Nọmba mberede site na obodo