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Tar na-ekpo ọkụ, Asphalt, na Ọkụ Plastic gbazere (Protocol iwepụ Bitumen)

Nọmba mberede dị iche na mba. Ibe a na-eji 911, nọmba maka United States na Canada. Ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-eji 112, 999, ma ọ bụ nọmba ọzọ. Chọta nọmba maka obodo gị.

Ọkụ nke ** tari ụlọ gbazere agbaze, asphalt ụzọ (bitumen), coal-tar pitch, ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaze adhesives, akwa sịntetik gbazere (nylon, polyester, polypropylene), egbe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na shuga ma ọ bụ wax ** na-eme ihe dị iche na ọkụ nkịtị ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ. Mgbe a na-ewepụ ihe mgbochi asphalt n'ụgbọala nkesa na \(140^\circ\text{C}\text{ ka }205^\circ\text{C}\) (\(285^\circ\text{F}\text{to}} }400^\circ\text{F}\)), ma ọ bụ mgbe a na-akwanye bitumen n'elu ụlọ. \(230^\circ\text{C}\text{ka}260^\circ\text{C}\) (\(450^\circ\text{F}\text{to}}500^\circ\text{F}\)), mmiri mmiri hydrocarbon siri ike na viscous anaghị awụpụ akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka mmiri esi esi mmiri. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ** na-etinye onwe ya n'ime ntutu isi na ridges dị ka mkpuchi mkpuchi, mkpuchi ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ **, na-aga n'ihu na-esi nri dermis dị n'okpuru, abụba subcutaneous, na akwara dijitalụ ruo ọtụtụ nkeji mgbe kọntaktị gasịrị.

Ọbụna dị ize ndụ karịa okpomọkụ nke mbụ bụ ** ihe ndị na-eguzo ma ọ bụ ndị ụjọ ji na-eme n'ime sekọnd 60 mbụ *: na-agbalịsi ike n'ebumnobi ** bee, kpụchaa, ma ọ bụ dọkasịa tar ojii siri ike ma ọ bụ rọba gbazere n'ahụ. N'ihi na tar jụrụ oyi na polymer gbazere n'ụzọ dị n'ụdị n'ime epidermis na ntutu isi, na-adọta tar siri ike ma ọ bụ nylon gbazere na akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ ** dọkasịa epidermal na akpụkpọ anụ ahụ ozugbo n'anụ ahụ, na-agbanwe oke akụkụ nke nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa ka ọ bụrụ ọnya na-agbawa obi nke na-achọ ịwa ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ. Ntuziaka a na-enye usoro ihe mberede mberede abụọ nke gọọmentị ( Usoro 1: Ngwa ngwa 20-Minute Cool Running Water Heat Extraction **, na-esote ** Usoro 2: Mgbasa Lipophilic Emollient na-adịghị egbu egbu site na iji mmanụ sunflower, mmanụ nwa, bọta, Mayonezi, ma ọ bụ American Burcint Oil). (ABA), British Burn Association (BBA), National Institute for Safety and Health Ọrụ (NIOSH), na Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO).

Mee nke a ugbu a

Ọ bụrụ na agbazere gị ma ọ bụ onye nọ nso ma ọ bụ gbaa ya ọkụ site na tar mkpuchi ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ, asphalt okporo ụzọ (bitumen), rọba gbazere, gluu na-agbaze ọkụ, uwe sịntetik gbazere, ma ọ bụ waks dị ọkụ:

  1. ** Were mmiri dị jụụ jiri mmiri na-agba ọsọ were iju mmiri adherent ma ọ bụ plastik ozugbo maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 zuru oke ***:
  2. ** Akwụsịla nkeji 2 mbụ ịchọ mmanụ ma ọ bụ na-agbalị ihichapụ tar ahụ.** Tinye aka, ogwe aka, ụkwụ, ma ọ bụ ihu gị ọkụ ozugbo n'okpuru iyi siri ike nke mmiri mgbata dị jụụ ma ọ bụ eriri ubi (\(15^\circ\text{C}\text{ to }20^\circ\text{C} / 59^\circ\text{C} / 59^\circ\text{C} / 59^\circ\)text{F}\tT^{F}} ** 15 ruo 20 nkeji na-aga n'ihu ***.
  3. Mmiri dị jụụ na-ewepụta ngwa ngwa ihe dị \(200^circ\text{C}+\) thermal okpomọkụ na-esi na oyi akwa tar, na-eme ka bitumen mmiri sie ike ka ọ kwụsị ịgbasa, ma kwụsị usoro isi nri miri emi n'ime sekọnd. * (Ejila mmiri ice ma ọ bụ ice mmiri, nke na-ebute oke vasoconstriction ma mee ka necrosis anụ ahụ mikwuo emie).*
  4. **Ewepụla, họrọ, kpụchaa, ma ọ bụ dọkpụrụ tar, asphalt, ma ọ bụ plastik gbazere na akpụkpọ ahụ ***:
  5. Ozugbo mmiri jụrụ oyi, hapụ tar oji siri ike, gluu na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ uwe nylon gbazere ** na-emebibeghị kpamkpam na akpụkpọ ahụ**.
  6. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere uwe na tar na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ gbazee n'ime ọnya, ** Adọpụla akwa ahụ ***: mee ka akụkụ ahụ niile dị jụụ site na akwa mmiri na mmiri pọmpụ, wee jiri mkparị trauma bepụ naanị akwa na-adịghị ahụkebe n'akụkụ ya.
  7. **gbochie "Ọnyà njem nlegharị anya okirikiri" na mkpịsị aka, nkwojiaka na olu ***:
  8. Ka tar na-ekpo ọkụ na-ajụ oyi n'ime ihe nkedo ojii siri ike, nke siri ike n'akụkụ mkpịsị aka, nkwojiaka, ma ọ bụ ọkpọ, anụ ahụ gbara ọkụ n'okpuru na-amalite ịza ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụrụ na mgbanaka tar siri ike gbachie mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ nkwojiaka kpamkpam, ọ na-eme dị ka ** njem nlegharị anya nke na-ebipụ ọbara ọgbụgba akwara.
  9. Wepụ ihe mgbanaka ọla niile na elekere ozugbo ka ị na-awụsa mmiri, ma ọ bụrụ na tar siri ike na-eme ka eriri 360 zuru oke n'akụkụ akụkụ aka ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ, malite ** lipophilic mmanụ nro ** n'akụkụ axis ogologo ozugbo wee buru ngwa ngwa gaa na ngalaba ọkụ ụlọ ọgwụ.
  10. ** Maka tar ma ọ bụ asphalt n'anya ma ọ bụ ikpuchi ọnụ / imi, kpọọ 911 / 112 / 999 ozugbo ***:
  11. ** Ụzọ ụgbọ elu mbụ ***: Ọ bụrụ na tar na-ekpo ọkụ fesa n'ihu, mee ka mmiri dị jụụ ka ị na-ehichapụ naanị imi na oghere ọnụ ka onye ahụ nwee ike iku ume.
  12. **Anya ***: were mmiri dị jụụ ma ọ bụ saline na-adịghị ekpochapụ anya fesa anya nke ọma maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 iji wepụ okpomọkụ. ** Ọ dịghị mgbe ị ga-anwa iburu tar siri ike n'anya nku anya ma ọ bụ cornea ***; kpuchie anya na gauze na-adịghị mma nke mmanụ aṅụ na-adịghị mma nke ophthalmic erythromycin/petrolatum na-adịghị mma ma buga ya na onye na-ahụ maka anya mberede.
  13. ** Gbarie Tar ma ọ bụ Asphalt na-enweghị mgbu na-eji naanị mmanụ lipophilic dị mma ma ọ bụ ude ọgwụ nje ("dị ka agbaze dị ka")**:
  14. Mgbe ọ dị jụụ maka nkeji 20 na mmiri (ma ọ bụ naanị maka obere ọkụ, ma ọ bụ na ngalaba mberede maka ọkụ ọkụ buru ibu), gbazee tar / bitumen nke sitere na mmanụ ala site na mkpuchi ya na ** Sunflower Mmanụ **, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ (mmanụ nwa) , ** White Petrolatum (Vaseline)*, **Neosporin / Polysporin (Point-Baby) isi) ***, ** Mmanụ oliv ***, ** Mayonezi ***, ma ọ bụ ** Bọta na-enweghị nnu **, na-ahapụ ya ọbọ maka ** 30 ruo 60 nkeji ** ruo mgbe tar ojii na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị nro nke na-ehichapụ ngwa ngwa na gauze mmiri.
  15. ** ejila mmanụ ụgbọala, kerosene, mmanụ dizel, Turpentine, Acetone, Paint Thinner, ma ọ bụ WD-40 na akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọkụ**:
  16. Ndị na-arụ ebe a na-adọba ihe na ihicha ụlọ na-edobe mmanụ dizel, mmanụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ citrus/ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpocha ihe n'ụgbọala iji kpochaa ngwaọrụ. ** Awụsala ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ n'ahụ mmadụ ***: ha na-ebute nnukwu ọkụ kemịkalụ n'elu ọkụ ọkụ, na-abanye ozugbo site na blistered dermis na-ebute nsị nke hydrocarbon systemic (imeju, akụrụ, na ụmị ọkpụkpụ), ma nwee ike ịgbanye n'ime ọkụ ọkụ.

Ihe kpatara Okpokoro mkpuchi ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ na asphalt ji akpata ọkụ ka njọ karịa mmiri esi mmiri

Mmiri esi mmiri enweghị ike ịfe \(100^\circ\text{C}\) (\(212^\circ\text{F}\)) n'oke oke osimiri wee gbapụ akpụkpọ ahụ n'ihe na-erughị nkeji ise. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-etinye asphalt n'okporo ụzọ na \(140^\circ\text{C}\text{ ka }205^\circ\text{C}\) (\(285^\circ\text{F}\text{ ka }400^\circ\text{F}\)) na kettle pitch na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ bụrụ \(2text{\}\)2 }260^\circ\text{C}$ (\(450^\circ\text{F}\text{ ka }500^\circ\text{F}\)), ihe karịrị ** okpukpu abụọ okpomọkụ nke mmiri esi mmiri**, nwere ikike ikpo ọkụ dị elu na viscosity dị elu nke na-egbochi uka gbazere n'ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ. N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ epidermal mmadụ na-anwụ n'ime ** ihe na-erughị 0.1 sekọnd na $ 70 ^ circ ederede {C}$ ($ 158 ^ circ\text {F}$) **, otu nkeji ọ bụla nke igbu oge tupu ịdaba ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri na-agba oyi na-enye ohere okpomọkụ ka ọ banye n'ime omimi nke reticular dermis na abụba subcutaneous.

Ọkụ na-akwado ihe mberede na mpempe akwụkwọ bitumen

flowchart TD
    Start["Mgbasa ma ọ bụ Kọntaktị na-eji Tar na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, Paving Asphalt (Bitumen), <br/>Coal-Tar Pitch, Plastic/Nylon gbazere, Glue na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ"] --> Phase1["N'AKWỤKWỌ 1: MKPỤTA Okpomọkụ ozugbo (nke mbụ 60 Sekọnd)<br/>Jiri mmiri na-asọ oyi dị jụụ (15-20°C) wujuo akpụkpọ ahụ tar/plastic & nke gbara ya gburugburu."]

    Phase1 --> NoPeel["Iwu dị oké mkpa: Akpụchala, tụtụkọta, kpụchaa, ma ọ bụ dọpụta <br/> tar siri ike, gluu na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ uwe sịntetik gbazere n'akpụkpọ ahụ<br/>Bepụ naanị uwe na-enweghị njikọ; wepụ mgbanaka & elekere"]

    NoPeel --> TriageCheck{"Lelee ogo ọkụ & ebe: <br/>1. Ihu, Anya, Ụgbọelu, Aka, Ụkwụ, Genital, ma ọ bụ Nnukwu nkwonkwo?<br/>2. Ihe nkedo tar nke dị ogo 360 gburugburu mkpịsị aka/ọkwa aka?<br/>3. Nha ọkụ> 5% TBSA (ma ọ bụ mkpughe Coal-Tar Pitch)?"}

    TriageCheck -->|Yes to Any High-Risk Feature| HospitalBurn["Kpọọ 911 / 112 / 999 & TRANSPORT TO BURN CENTER<br/>• Maka ihe nkedo okirikiri okirikiri: Kewaa / mee ka tar dị nro ogologo oge na<br/> mmanụ mmanụ sterile / Polymyxin-Bacitracin iji gbochie ischemia dijitalụ<br/>• Maka Anya Tar Splash, tinye mmanụ otite nke minphline."]

    TriageCheck -->|No: Localized Adherent Tar or Wax Burn| MaterialSplit{"Kedu ihe mgbakwunye na-arapara na akpụkpọ ahụ?"}

    MaterialSplit -->|Petroleum Bitumen: Road Asphalt, Roofing Tar,<br/>or Asphalt Sealant| OilDissolve["NKE 2: ỌKWU LIPOPHILIC EMOLLIENT ('Dị ka agbaze ka')<br/>1. Tinye akwa oyi akwa nke mmanụ sunflower, mmanụ nwa (mmanụ ịnweta),<br/>Polysporin/Neosporin Ude, Vaseline, Bọta, ma ọ bụ Mayonezi<br/>2. Kpuchie ya na gauze maka nkeji 30-60 (ma ọ bụ n'abali maka nnukwu tar) <br/> 3. Jiri nwayọọ hichapụ bitumen ojii na-egbu egbu; Tinyegharịa ruo mgbe 100% dị ọcha<br/>( ejila mmanụ ụgbọala, diesel, kerosene, acetone, ma ọ bụ WD-40)"]

    MaterialSplit -->|Coal-Tar Pitch (Industrial Coke/Roofing Pitch)| CoalPitch["COAL-TAR PITCH PHOTOTOXICITY PROTOCOL<br/> Gbarie na mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ na-adịghị ọcha / mmanụ mmanụ petrolatum NA<br/> mkpuchi akpụkpọ ahụ nke ọma site na ìhè anyanwụ UV (nwere polycyclic aromatic<br/>hydrocarbons nke na-ebute ọkụ ọkụ UV phototoxic siri ike)"]

    MaterialSplit -->|Melted Plastic, Nylon/Polyester Fabric,<br/>Hot-Melt Glue Gun, or Candle Wax| PolymerRule["SOLIDIFIED POLYMER / WAX PROTOCOL<br/>• Candle Wax: Mee ka mmanụ nwa/mmanụ oliv dị nro wee tụgharịa nwayọọ nwayọọ<br/> analgesia"]

Physics na Pathophysiology nke Adherent Thermal Burns

Kedu ihe kpatara tar na-ekpo ọkụ, rọba gbazere, na caramel ma ọ bụ wax na-esi ísì na-ebute ọkụ na-enweghị atụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri ọkụ?

1. Okpomọkụ, viscosity, na mmetụta "Isulating Thermal Blanket"

N'ime ọkụ ọkụ ọ bụla, omimi nke ọnwụ anụ ahụ (Jackson's ** Mpaghara Coagulation ** na ** Mpaghara Stasis ) na-ekpebi site na mgbanwe abụọ: ** Okpomọkụ ($ T\()** na ** Oge kọntaktị (\) t$).

  • Na \(44^\circ\text{C}\) (\(111^\circ\text{F}\)), ọ na-ewe awa isii** iji bute necrosis epidermal.
  • Na \(55^\circ\text{C}\) (\(131^\circ\text{F}\)), zuru epidermal necrosis na-apụta na 30 sekọnd.
  • Na \(70^\circ\text{C}\) (\(158^\circ\text{F}\)), ọnwụ cell oke n'uju na-apụta na ** ihe na-erughị 1 sekọnd**.
  • Mgbe a wụrụ awụ ** okporo ụzọ asphalt ($ 150 ^ circ ederede {C} ederede { ka } 200 ^ circ ederede {C}$ ) , ** bitumen ụlọ ($ 230 ^ circ ederede {C} ederede { ka } 260 ^ circ ederede {C}\()**, ** industrial polyethylene (Acemelt polyethylene hot-Acemelt) gluu (\)170\circ\text{C}\text{ka}210\circ\text{C}\()**,ma ọ bụ **gbazere polypropylene/nylon (\)160^\circ\text{C}\text{ ka}260^\circ\text{C}$) na-adaba n'ahụ mmadụ:
  • Mpụta 0.5 millimeters nke mgbaze a wụrụ awụ na-ajụ oyi ntakịrị mgbe ikuku na akpụkpọ ahụ na-akpakọrịta, na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma, na-ekpuchi elu elu **.
  • N'okpuru eriri ahụ, isi nke tar ma ọ bụ rọba gbazere na-anọgide n'elu ** $ 100 ^\circ\text{C}\text{ ka 180^\circ\text{C}$**, na-ebugharị ike ọkụ echekwara ozugbo n'ime dermis maka ** 3 ruo 10 nkeji ** ọ gwụla ma a na-awụsa mmiri oyi na-ekpo ọkụ n'èzí iji duzie okpomọkụ.

2. Mechanical Interlocking: Gịnị mere ịdọrọ Cooled Tar Rips Off the Dermis

Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri mmiri na \(200 ^ circ\text{C}\), bitumen a wụrụ awụ ma ọ bụ gluu na-ekpo ọkụ nwere esemokwu dị ala ma na-asọba n'ime microscopic ọ bụla ** epidermal ridge, sweat pore, na vellus ntutu follicle ** na ogwe aka ma ọ bụ aka, ka n'otu oge na-esi nri na blistering dermo-epidermal junction n'okpuru:

  • Ka tar na-ajụ oyi n'okpuru \(50^\circ\text{C}\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)), ọ na-agbake ka ọ bụrụ ihe siri ike viscoelastic siri ike nke a na-ejigidere ya na ọtụtụ puku ntutu na stratum corneum nwụrụ anwụ.
  • N'okpuru tar, okpomọkụ ekewapụla epidermis na dermis (nhazi nke ọnya).
  • Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ na-enweghị ahụmahụ na-ejide ọnụ nke tar jụrụ oyi (ma ọ bụ aka uwe nylon gbazere) na ike ma dọpụta ya, ** ụlọ dum nke epidermis na-egbuke egbuke na papillary dermis na-apụ apụ na-arapara n'okpuru ala nke tar **, na-ekpughe raw, na-agba ọbara dermal capillary akwa, na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ebibikwa akpụkpọ anụ ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. anyaaka.

3. Petroleum Bitumen (Asphalt) vs. Coal-Tar Pitch: Ọdịiche kemịkalụ dị egwu

N'asụsụ bekee kwa ụbọchị, ndị mmadụ na-eji okwu ndị a "tar," "asphalt," "bitumen," na "pitch" na-agbanwe agbanwe, mana na ọgwụ ọrụ na toxicology ha si n'ebe abụọ dị iche iche pụta:

  1. Petroleum Asphalt / Bitumen (95%+ nke okporo ụzọ na ime ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ):
  2. Anụchara nke ọma site na mgbaze akụkụ dị arọ nke ** mmanụ mmanụ aṅụ**.
  3. Ihe mejupụtara aliphatic na naphthenic dị elu-molecular arọ **asphaltene na maltene.
  4. ** Mmerụ ahụ nke Igwe ọkụ & Mechanical : bitumen mmanụ ala abụghị ** nsi kemịkalụ na-emebi emebi; Ozugbo a na-emenyụ ọkụ ya na mmiri, ọ bụ n'ezie ** sterile ** ( ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ karịa $ 200 ^ circ ederede {C}$ na kettle) wee gbazee ngwa ngwa na ọkwa nri na-abụghị polar ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọgwụ ( mmanụ sunflower, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ, petrolatum ọcha, bọta, ma ọ bụ Mayonezi*).
  5. ** Coal-Tar Pitch (Oghere Coke ụlọ ọrụ, ụfọdụ mkpuchi mmiri/Pipe, na ebe a na-adọba ụlọ elu)**:
  6. E nwetara site na nbibi nke ** coal ***.
  7. Nwere oke nsi nke nsi Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols (cresols), na acridine/pyridine bases.
  8. ** Thermal Burn + Siri UV Phototoxicity ("Pitch Smarts") ***: Na mgbakwunye na \(250 ^\circ\ ederede {C}\) ọkụ ọkụ, coal-tar pitch na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ na cornea nke anya gaa ** ultraviolet (UV-A) ìhè anyanwụ **. Ọ bụrụ na akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ anya emetọọ na coal-tar pitch na-ekpughere ìhè anyanwụ n'èzí n'oge ma ọ bụ mgbe e wepụsịrị ya, ụzarị UV na-arụ ọrụ PAH iji mepụta radicals efu nke na-akpata ** na-egbu mgbu phototoxic erythema, ọnya na keratitis. A ga-echebe ndị ọrịa nwere pitch coal-tar ọkụ ** pụọ na ìhè anyanwụ na ọkụ UV na-egbuke egbuke ** ruo mgbe a ga-ewepụ ihe ọ bụla nke pitch.

Ntụle Nna-ukwu nke Adherent High-Temperature Burn Agents

Adherent ihe & Isi mmalite Okpomọkụ na-agbaze / ngwa Mmanụ ọ na-agbaze ya? Usoro enyemaka mbụ na mwepụ nke akọwapụtara
** Asphalt n'okporo ụzọ & Bitumen ime ụlọ *** ( asphalt na-ekpo ọkụ, mkpuchi mgbape, mops / kettles elu ụlọ) \(140^\circ\text{C}\text{ka }260^\circ\text{C}\) (\(285^\circ\text{F}\text{ ka }500^\circ\text{F}\)) ** EE *** (Na-agbaze na triglycerides ogologo agbụ na paraffin / petrolatum mmiri) 1. Jụụ na mmiri pọmpụ 15 ruo 20 min.
2. Gbarie ya na mmanụ sunflower, mmanụ nwa, mmanu polysporin/Neosporin, Vaseline, bọta, ma ọ bụ Mayonezi karịa 30 ruo 60+ min.
*3. Jiri nwayọ hichapụ; megharịa akwa mmanụ ruo mgbe tar niile ga-apụ.
** Coal-Tar Pitch & Creosote Pitch *** (elu ụlọ ọrụ, aluminom na-agbaze electrodes, ihe mkpuchi mmiri / akụrụngwa) \(180^\circ\text{C}\text{ka }260^\circ\text{C}\) (\(356^\circ\text{F}\text{ ka }500^\circ\text{F}\)) ** EE *** (Na-agbaze na mmanụ ịnweta, petrolatum, na ** Polyethylene Glycol [PEG 400] *** ma ọ bụrụ phenolic) 1. Jụụ na mmiri pọmpụ 15 ruo 20 min.
2. Debe ndidi na ìhè anyanwụ (na-egbochi ọkụ ọkụ PAH phototoxic siri ike).
3. Gbarie na mmanụ petrolatum/mineral na-adịghị mma (ma ọ bụ PEG 400 ma ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya creosote/phenol dị elu).
** Hot-Glue Glue Gun Adhesive** (Egbe ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ [obere okpomọkụ vs. elu okpomọkụ] na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ EVA/polyamide gluu) Egbe Obere Oge: \(120^\circ\ederede{C}\) (\(250^\circ\text{F}\)).
** Igwe ọkụ dị elu / Industrial **: \(195^\circ\text{C}\text{ka }215^\circ\text{C}\) (\(380^\circ\text{F}\text{ka} }420^\circ\text{F}\)).		 ** N'akụkụ dị iche iche na-atọpụ ọnụ naanị *** (Polymer siri ike nke EVA anaghị agbaze na mmanụ, mana mmanụ na-eme ka ọnya-glue interface) 1. Tinye mkpịsị aka gị n'ime mmiri dị jụụ ozugbo maka 15 ruo 20 min ** (ejila mkpịsị aka gị ọzọ pịgharịa ma ọ bụ hichaa gluu gbazere, nke na-ere aka nke abụọ ọkụ).
2. Ekepụla gluu siri ike.** Tinye n'ime ** mmiri ncha ọkụ + mmanụ oliv/petrolatum/Polysporin ude**; ka mmiri ọnya dị n'okpuru na-akwakọba ihe karịrị awa 12 ruo 24, jiri mkpa mkpasa na-adịghị mma belata akụkụ ndị gbapụrụ agbaze.
** A na-agbaze akwa sịntetik & Plastics ** (Nylon, Polyester, Polypropylene, Polyethylene, ABS plastic) \(160^\circ\ederede{C}\ederede{ka }265^\circ\text{C}\) (\(320^\circ\text{F}\text{ ka }510^\circ\text{F}\)) **Mba *** (Plastic sịntetik siri ike bụ nke a na-apụghị ịsacha na mmanụ ụlọ) 1. Jiri mmiri na-agba ọsọ dị jụụ ozugbo 15 ruo 20 min.
2. Jiri mkpasa gbuchapụ ákwà na-adịghị ahụkebe gburugburu ọkụ ahụ; AKWỤGHỊ ịdọpụ plastik gbazere agbaze na akpụkpọ ahụ.
**3. Kpuchie ya na gauze petrolatum na-adịghị mma ma gaa na ngalaba ọkụ ụlọ ọgwụ maka ịwa ahụ n'okpuru analgesia.
** Candle Wax, Paraffin, & Depilatory ntutu na-ewepụ ihe** (kandụl ite agbafuru, batik wax, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ ịchọ mma) \(60^\circ\text{C}\text{ka}150^\circ\text{C}\) (\(140^\circ\text{F}\text{ka} }300^\circ\text{F}\), elu ma ọ bụrụ na waksị enweta ọkụ) ** EE *** (paraffin wax na-adị nro na ịnweta / mmanụ nwa na mmanụ oliv) 1. Jụụ n'okpuru mmiri pọmpụ maka nkeji 15 ruo 20.
2. Jiri nwayọọ na-ete mmanụ nwa ọhụrụ, mmanụ oliv ma ọ bụ Vaseline n'ọnụ ọnụ wax jụrụ oyi ka o wee pụọ n'akpụkpọ ahụ na-adịghị mma; Hapụ wax ọ bụla rapaara n'ahịhịa akpụkpọ ahụ nke tara akpụ naanị maka iwepụ ahụike.
** Sugar na-esi esi, Caramel, Toffee na Napalm dị ka kichin Syrups ** (ịme swiiti, mkpuchi shuga tanghulu, jam na-ekpo ọkụ) \(150^\circ\text{C}\text{ga }190^\circ\text{C}\) (\(300^\circ\text{F}\text{ ka }375^\circ\text{F}\)) Mmiri-Soluble (Na-agbaze na mmiri dị jụụ, ọ bụghị mmanụ) **1. Banye ozugbo n'ime mmiri ọfụfụ dị jụụ maka nkeji 20 ruo 30 zuru ezu ***: N'adịghị ka tar ma ọ bụ rọba, iko shuga siri ike ** na-agbaze kpamkpam na mmiri dị jụụ ** ebe mmiri na-ewepụta okpomọkụ. Ewepụla shuga siri ike na mkpịsị aka akọrọ.

Ndakpu miri: Usoro usoro ọgwụgwọ nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ maka iwepụ tar na asphalt ("dị ka agbaze ka")

Ozugbo ịmechara ** Nkeji 1 (nkeji 15 ruo 20 nke mmiri na-agba ọsọ na-aga n'ihu)** yabụ tar na-ajụ oyi kpamkpam, kedu ka ndị na-agba ọkụ na ndị na-aza ajụjụ mbụ si ewepụ eriri bitumen ojii na-adọkaghị otu milimita akpụkpọ ahụ?

1. Chemistry nke Safe Lipophilic Solvents

Bitumen mmanụ nwere nwere ụdọ mmiri na-abụghị polar nke ndị agha van der Waals jikọtara ọnụ. Mmiri siri ike, ọ nweghị ike ịbanye bitumen ma ọlị. Agbanyeghị, mmanụ na mmanụ lipophilic na-abụghị polar *** na-agbasa ozugbo n'ime matrix bitumen, na-agbaji njikọ intermolecular n'etiti asphaltene ma na-atụgharị tari ojii siri ike ka ọ bụrụ mmiri dị nro, na-agba agba n'ime ụlọ:

  1. ** Ọgwụ ahụike nke mbụ na mgbaze bitumen ezinulo (100% ọ dị mma na Dermis gbara ọkụ)**:
  2. Mmanụ sunflower ma ọ bụ mmanụ oliv ***: Ebipụtara ọmụmụ ihe n'etiti ọkụ (gụnyere usoro iwu nke British Burn Association na ụlọ ọkụ Europe nakweere) na-egosi na ** mmanụ sunflower nri larịị na-agbaze ụzọ asphalt na bitumen ụlọ ngwa ngwa ma dị ọcha karịa ihe mgbaze ọ bụla azụmaahịa azụmahịa n'ime ** 20 ruo 40 nkeji ***, yana ego efu.
  3. Mmanụ ịnweta (Paraffin Liquid / Mmanụ Na-esighi Isi) ***: dị ngwa ngwa n'ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ na ezinụlọ ọ bụla; wụsara n'elu gauze mpe mpe akwa nke edobere n'elu tar.
  4. ** Polymyxin-Bacitracin ma ọ bụ Neomycin-Polymyxin-Bacitracin Ude (Polysporin / Neosporin Ude) ma ọ bụ White Petrolatum (Vaseline) ***: Na-eji 100% ọcha petrolatum hydrocarbon base nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ emulsize tar mgbe na-enye topal antimicrobial prophylaxis ọkụ n'okpuru n'okpuru. * (Rịba ama: Jiri ** Ude **, ọ bụghị "Ude," n'ihi na ude mmiri na-enwe obere ihe mgbaze petrolatum).
  5. Bọta na-enweghị nnu ma ọ bụ Mayonezi **: Na mberede ubi ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ ebe ngwa enyemaka mbụ enweghị mmanụ nwa ma ọ bụ mmanụ mmanụ mmanụ, ọkwa nri ** bọta na-enweghị nnu, margarine, ma ọ bụ Mayonezi ** (nke bụ 75% ruo 80% soybean / canola mmanụ emulsified na egg nkochi ime akwa lecithin) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mberede mberede.
  6. ** Commercial Citrus-Peel D-Limonene / Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan (Tween-80 / De-Solv-It) Medical Burn Cleaners **: kpọmkwem chepụtara na-abụghị ionic surfactant / ester ọgwụ sprays stocked na ọrụ ọkụ ụlọ (ọ dịghị mgbe dochie ngwaike-ụlọ ahịa agba strippers).

2. Usoro nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ ("Soak, Hichapụ, Tinyegharịa: Ọ dịghị mgbe ihicha")

  1. Sachaa ma jiri nwayọọ kpoo ọkụ akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu ka emechara ncha mmiri dị jụụ nkeji iri abụọ.
  2. ** Tinye akwa oyi akwa 3 ruo 5-millimeter ** nke ** Mmanụ sunflower, mmanụ nwa, mmanụ ọcha, ma ọ bụ ude Polysporin ** n'elu elu na nsọtụ nke tar jụrụ oyi.
  3. ** Kpuchie ya na gauze na-adịghị mma nke nwere mmanụ** ma kechie ya nke ọma na bandeeji iji jide mmanụ na kọntaktị na tar maka ** 30 ruo 60 nkeji **.
  4. ** Kpughee ma jiri nwayọọ hichaa, ghara ịsachapụ *: Mgbe nkeji 30 ruo 60 gasịrị, akwa akwa tar siri ike ga-agbaze ka ọ bụrụ sludge mmanụ ojii. Jiri gauze dị nro mee ka mmiri dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ karịa ka ọ were nwayọ ** hichapụ naanị tar nke nwere mmiri ara ehi na-apụta na enweghị nguzogide efu.
  5. klzzwxh:006: Ọ bụrụ na nnukwu isi tata na-arapara n'ahụ nke nwere ọnya, amanyela ya. Tinyeghachi akwa akwa petrolatum na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ude ọgwụ nje, dozie ọnya ahụ, ma chere ọzọ ** 4 ruo 12 awa *** (ma ọ bụ hapụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọkụ na-agbagharị uwe ahụ n'ụtụtụ echi ya). N'ime awa 12 ruo 24 n'okpuru uwe mmanu na-adịghị ahụkebe, 100 pasent nke tar fọdụrụ na-ese n'elu kpamkpam n'efu ka dọkịta nwee ike nyochaa kpọmkwem omimi nke ọkụ dị n'okpuru.

3. Ihe Mberede Anatomical Pụrụ Iche: Anya, Ihu, na Ihe Nkedo Mkpịsị Aka okirikiri

  • ** tar ma ọ bụ asphalt na anya ***:
  • Jiri mmiri mgbata dị jụụ ma ọ bụ saline na-adịghị mma saa anya mepere emepe maka ** nkeji iri na ise ruo iri abụọ** ka ọ dị jụụ bitumen wee sachaa ahịhịa na-adịghị mma.
  • Agbalịla iwepụta tar siri ike n'elu cornea, conjunctiva, ma ọ bụ nku anya na tweezers ma ọ bụ swabs akọrọ.
  • Na ngalaba mberede, ndị na-ahụ maka anya na-etinye sterile ** ophthalmic erythromycin ma ọ bụ mmanụ bacitracin (na mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ na-adịghị ọcha / petrolatum ophthalmic base)** ozugbo n'ime akpa conjunctival kwa awa ole na ole; ude ophthalmic na-adịghị ahụkebe na-agbaze tar na cornea na nku anya ihe karịrị awa 12 ruo 24 ma na-echekwa epithelium corneal.
  • ** Ihe nkedo tar gburugburu na mkpịsị aka, aka, ma ọ bụ nkwojiaka ***:
  • Mgbe onye ọrụ tụbara aka efu n'ime bọket tar na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ fesa ogo 360 n'akụkụ mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ nkwojiaka, tar ahụ jụrụ oyi na-etolite shea siri ike na-adịghị ada ada. Ka edema ọkụ na-aza anụ ahụ dị nro n'ime shea ahụ n'ime awa 1 ruo 3 na-esote, nrụgide anụ ahụ na-arị elu ọbara mgbali elu (** syndrome syndrome / digital ischemia**).
  • ** Emergency Emergency **: Bulie aka n'elu ọkwa nke obi, gbanye ngwa ngwa niile nkedo tar na nnukwu ** mmanụ sunflower, mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ, ma ọ bụ mmanụ mmanụ ala *** ka ị na-aga ụlọ ọgwụ ka shei ahụ siri ike na-adaba n'ime mado na-agbanwe agbanwe, wee lelee mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka capillary na-enwe mmetụta kwa nkeji iri ọ bụla. N'ebe a na-ere ọkụ, ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ na-ekewa tar nkedo ahụ dị nro ogologo oge (ma mee escharotomy ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na eschar akpụkpọ anụ ahụ dị oke na-egbochi eruba ọbara).

Miri miri 2: ákwà sịntetik gbazere (Nylon, Polyester, Fleece) na "Tanghulu" Sugar Glass Scalds

1. Gịnị mere uwe sịntetik ji agbaze n'ime eriri plastik na akpụkpọ ahụ

N'adịghị ka 100 percent eke ** owu, ajị anụ, linen, ma ọ bụ silk ** (nke char n'ime kenkuwa ash mgbe ekpughere ire ọkụ na-enweghị agbaze), sịntetik petrochemical eriri dị ka nylon, polyester, polypropylene, acrylic, na spandex/elastane gbazee n'etiti \(160^\circtext{0} circtext{C} (\)320^\circ\text{F}\text{ga }}500^\circ\text{F}$) n'ime ihe na-agbapụta, rọba mmiri arapara n'ahụ nke na-agbadata nke ọma megide ahụ onye nwe ya:

  • ** Kwụsị, dobe, tụgharịa, na jụụ site na akwa ákwà ***: Ọ bụrụ na uwe ogologo ọkpa synthetic nke mmadụ, jaket ajị anụ, ma ọ bụ uwe elu polyester na-enweta ọkụ, gbanyụọ ọkụ ozugbo yana ** ide mmiri gbazere na mmiri dị jụụ maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 TUPU ịnwa ịwepụ ebe ahụ gbara ọkụ **.
  • Kpee ya gburugburu, Apụla Epeepụ: Jiri mkpachapụ anya na-adịghị mma were bepụ uwe niile tọgbọrọ chakoo, agbazeghị agbaze gburugburu mkpọ ọkụ ahụ. ** Hapụ n'agwaetiti ọ bụla nke nylon gbazere ma ọ bụ polyester nke etinyere n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nke ọma, kpuchie ya na gauze petrolatum na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi plastik dị ọcha, ma buru onye ọrịa ahụ gaa ụlọ ọkụ ụlọ ọgwụ ebe ndị dọkịta nwere ike ihichapụ polymer n'okpuru analgesia intravenous ma ọ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ.

2. "Tanghulu" na-esi sugar na Caramel Kitchen Ọkụ Ọrịa

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na ndị okenye na-ere ọkụ n'ụwa nile akọpụtawo mmụba dị ukwuu na aka miri emi na ihu ọkụ nke ** esi esi sugar syrups ("Tanghulu" ntụ ọka mkpụrụ osisi candied, caramel, na toffee) ** kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na iko microwave ma ọ bụ ite stovu na ** $ 150 ^ circ\text {C}\text ^ {} $ 175 (\(300^circ\text{F}'ederede{ka }350^\circ\text{F}\))**:

  • ** Gịnị kpatara esi esi sugar ji arụ ọrụ dị ka kichin Napalm ***: sucrose sirop nwere ma oke okpomoku ($ 160 ^ circ\text{C}+$) yana viscosity dị elu nke na-ekpuchi mkpịsị aka ya wee sie ike n'ime shea swiiti siri ike, dị ka iko n'ime sekọnd. Ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị ma ọ bụ okenye na-agbalị ** ịkwanye, hichaa, ma ọ bụ bepụ shuga siri ike n'aka nke ọzọ **, shuga a wụrụ awụ na-ebufe n'aka nke abụọ wee dọkasịa akpụkpọ ahụ tara akpụ n'aka abụọ n'otu oge.
  • ** Gịnị kpatara mmiri na-agba mmiri dị jụụ ji bụrụ ihe dị jụụ na ihe mgbaze maka ọkụ ọkụ **: N'adịghị ka petroleum tar (nke chọrọ mmanụ) ma ọ bụ plastik gbazere (nke na-achọ iwepụ ịwa ahụ), ** sugar siri ike na caramel bụ 100 pasent mmiri-soluble . Jide aka mkpuchi shuga n'okpuru iyi dị nro nke ** mmiri mgbata na-agba ọsọ maka nkeji 20 ruo 30 zuru oke n'otu oge na-ewepụta ihe dị \(160^\circ\text{C}\) okpomọkụ ma gbazee shei swiiti siri ike kpamkpam n'akpụkpọ ahụ gbawara agbawa na-adọwaghị epidermis.

Ndepụta mgbochi mgbochi ụlọ na ebe ọrụ

  • ** Yiri akwa 100% dị arọ ma ọ bụ na-eguzogide ọkụ (FR) akwa eriri eke mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Asphalt na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ kettles ụlọ **: Ya adịla mgbe eyiri polyester, naịlọn, ma ọ bụ uwe egwuregwu sịntetịtic na paving ma ọ bụ ndị na-arụ ụlọ; yiri ogologo uwe ogologo ọkpa denim dị arọ nke a dọpụtara * n'èzí akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ dị elu, uwe ogologo ọkpa akpụkpọ anụ nke nwere snug cuff, na ọta zuru oke n'elu enyo nchekwa.
  • ** Kwakọba ụgbọ ala ọ bụla na akwa mkpuchi ụlọ nwere karama mmanụ sunflower abụọ dị lita 1 ma ọ bụ mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ na galọn 5 nke mmiri jụrụ oyi **: Chekwaa mmanụ na-agbari lipophilic bitumen na ngwugwu mmanụ mmanụ na-adịghị mma n'ime ngwa enyemaka mbụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ihi na ọ nweghị onye na-arụ ọrụ na-enwe nkụda mmụọ.
  • ** Debe nnukwu efere mmiri oyi na-esote egbe ọ bụla nwere okpomọkụ dị elu ma ọ bụ ite shuga dị elu **: Mgbe ị na-eji \(200 ^\circ\ ederede {C}\) ọkụ na-agbaze egbe ma ọ bụ sugar na-esi nri n'ụlọ, tinye nnukwu efere nke mmiri mmiri dị jụụ na counter tupu ịgbanwuo ọkụ ka ọ bụla ntapu na mkpịsị aka nwere ike ịdaba na mmiri 1 sekọnd.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị

Onye mụ na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ nwetara asphalt okporo ụzọ na-ekpo ọkụ fesa n'ihu aka nkeji ise gara aga. Onye ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri chọrọ iji nkịrịka nke etinyere na mmanụ dizel ma ọ bụ WD-40 n'ụgbọala ahụ hichapụ ya. M kwesịrị ịhapụ ha?

Mba: kwụsị ha ozugbo. Ejila mmanụ dizel, mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ ọkụ, WD-40, breeki Cleaner, pen thinner, ma ọ bụ acetone n'ahụ mmadụ gbara ọkụ. Ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ na mmanụ ọkụ ndị ahụ bụ hydrocarbons na-egbu egbu nke na-ekesa na kemịkalụ na-ere dermis ahụ agbasaworị, na-abanye ngwa ngwa banye n'ọbara site n'ọnya ọkụ ahụ mepere emepe iji bute nsị n'usoro, na-ebute nnukwu ihe egwu ọkụ. Kama nke ahụ, jide aka onye gị na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ n'okpuru mmiri na-asọ oyi maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 zuru ezu ugbu a iji kwụsị ikpo ọkụ ka ọ na-ere ọkụ. Ozugbo asphalt ahụ zuru oke, were mmanụ sunflower dị larịị, mmanụ ihe oriri, mmanụ nwa, bọta, Mayonezi, ma ọ bụ Neosporin/Polysporin ude, nke na-agbaze asphalt mmanụ n'enweghị nsogbu na n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ.

Eji m égbè gluu ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ gbaa isi mkpịsị aka m ma jiri aka nke ọzọ dọpụta eriri nke gluu ọkụ. Ugbu a, a na-akpọ isi mkpịsị aka abụọ ọkụ ma otu mkpị siri ike ka na-arapara n'ọnya ahịhịa. Kedu ka m ga-esi wepụ gluu ndị ọzọ?

Nke mbụ, jide mkpịsị aka abụọ n'okpuru mmiri mgbata dị jụụ maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 iji wepụ okpomọkụ niile fọdụrụnụ. Adọkapụla ma ọ bụ ghota na gluu nke fọdụrụ sie ike rapaara na ọnya a na-adịghị ahụkebe, n'ihi na ịdọrọ ya ga-adọkasị elu ụlọ nke ọnya ahụ kpamkpam wee kpughee oghere dị omimi. N'adịghị ka mmanụ ala tar, siri ike ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaze gluu bụ plastic polymer nke na-adịghị agbaze n'ime mmiri mmiri na mmanụ; Otú ọ dị, iji Vaseline ma ọ bụ Polysporin ude n'okpuru bandeeji na-ekpuchi gluu na ọnya na-emesapụ aka na-eme ka njikọ anụ ahụ dị nro ebe ahụ gị na-agbakọba mmiri n'ime ọnya dị n'okpuru ya. N'ime awa 24 ruo 48, gluu ga-ebuli n'efu na nsọtụ ka ị nwee ike ihichapụ ya n'enweghị mgbu, ma ọ bụ onye dọkịta n'ụlọ ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ngwa ngwa nwere ike wepụ ya n'enweghị nsogbu.

Kedu ihe kpatara o ji dị mkpa ịhapụ tar na akpụkpọ ahụ mgbe ị na-eji mmiri na-ajụ oyi maka nkeji 20, kama iji mma ma ọ bụ osisi ihichapụ tar na-ekpo ọkụ ozugbo?

N'ime 2 ruo 5 sekọnd nke kụrụ akpụkpọ ahụ gị, akwa oyi akwa nke tar a wụrụ awụ ma ọ bụ rọba gbazere abanyelarị n'ime ntutu isi gị wee gbachie akwa akwa nke epidermis gị. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-agbalị iji osisi, mma ma ọ bụ nkịrịka ihichapụ tar ahụ n'ime nkeji mbụ, ọ bụghị naanị na ị na-ewepụ tar: ị na-eji ígwè na-akpacha akpụkpọ ahụ dum epidermal dị ndụ na ya, na-ahapụ ọnyá ọhụrụ, na-agbapụta oke ọnya. Iju mmiri tar na mmiri dị jụụ na-eduzi okpomọkụ ahụ site na oyi akwa tar dị obere n'ime sekọnd, na-eme ka tar ahụ sie ike, ma chekwaa 100 pasent nke akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'okpuru gị ka e wee were mmanụ gbazee tar ahụ nke ọma ka nkeji iri abụọ gachara.

  • Ntuziaka a bụ maka ebumnuche ozi na ọ dịghị edochi nlekọta ahụike ọkachamara na ụlọ ịgba ọkụ agbaara agbapụta. N'ihi na ọkụ ọkụ siri ike nwere ike ime ka ọzịza ikuku, hypovolemic ujo, na ọrịa, anyị na-akwadosi ike ka ị nweta usoro enyemaka mbụ kwadoro site na International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), Red Cross Society, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ mpaghara.

enyochara isi mmalite

  • American Burn Association (ABA): * Advanced Burn Life Support (ABLS) Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Onye na-enye: Ahụhụ Ọkụ Pụrụ Iche, Tar na Asphalt Burns*.
  • Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọkụ nke Britain (BBA) & NHS Ọkụ Networks: * Ntuziaka Omume Clinical maka Enyemaka Mbụ na Mwepụ Emollient nke Bitumen (Tar/Asphalt) Burns (Oil Sunflower na Liquid Paraffin Protocols)*.
  • Ụlọ ọrụ National Institute for Safety and Health Ọrụ (NIOSH, United States) & Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC): * Nyochaa Ihe ize ndụ: Mmetụta Ahụ Ike nke Nkpughe Ọrụ na Asphalt na Coal-Tar Pitch *.
  • Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) & International Society for Burn Injuries (ISBI): * Ntuziaka Omume ISBI maka Nlekọta ọkụ: Enyemaka Mbụ na-ajụ oyi na Adherent Agent Management *.

Ntuziaka emetụtara