Mgbapụta nke tankị propane, ọdọ mmiri gas na okpuru ulo, yana ikpo ọkụ cylinder¶

Ọtụtụ nde ụlọ ime obodo, ugbo, ụlọ, kichin n'èzí, na ụgbọ ala ntụrụndụ na-adabere na ** Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG / propane) ** echekwara n'ime nnukwu tankị dị n'èzí (site na 450 ruo 4,000 lita / 120 ruo 1,000 US galọn) ma ọ bụ ígwè ígwè 20-po. Ọ bụ ezie na propane na gas na-esi ísì ụtọ na-esi ísì ụtọ ** ethyl mercaptan ** (nke na-esi ísì dị ka àkwá rere ure, skunk spray, ma ọ bụ kabeeji na-emebi emebi), propane na-akpa àgwà n'ụzọ dị iche na nke dị aghụghọ karịa mgbe ọ na-adaba n'ime ụlọ. Igwe ikuku (methane) dị ọkụ karịa ikuku *** (ike ndọda 0.60), yabụ ọ na-arịgo n'elu ụlọ wee wepụ windo elu. ** Propane gas dị arọ 1.52 ugboro karịa ikuku.** Mgbe propane na-esi na valvụ ọkụ dị n'okpuru ala, eriri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ pigtail ọla kọpa, gas na-adịghị ahụ anya ** na-adaba n'ala dị ka mmiri a na-adịghị ahụ anya **, na-agbada na steepụ okpuru ulo, na-agbakọ ikpere-mimi n'ime ụlọ elu, na-eche mmiri ọkụ, na-echere mmiri ozuzo sump pump float switch, ma ọ bụ friji compressor relay iji kpalite mgbawa ọkwa ntọala na-emebi emebi.

Ihe mberede abụọ ọzọ akọwapụtara nke propane na-ejide ndị nwe ụlọ na-eche nche kwa afọ: ** odorant fade *, ebe mmiri mmiri propane dị n'okpuru ala na-enyocha site na ala ma ọ bụ nchara n'ime tank ọhụrụ, na-ewepụ isi akwa rere ure ka okpuru ulo jupụta pasenti 100 gas na-enweghị isi; na ** Ọkụ na-esi mmiri na-agbasa Vapor Explosions (BLEVE), mgbe ọkụ ahịhịa, ọkụ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, ma ọ bụ mmanụ griiz na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nchara nchara dị elu nke tankị propane na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ígwè ahụ dị nro wee gbawaa n'ime nnukwu bọọlụ ọkụ na-eme rọketi. Ịmara ka esi esi n'ime ụlọ pụọ na-emetụghị otu mgba ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ekwentị mkpanaaka, otu esi emechi valve handwheel n'okpuru dome tank n'èzí, na mgbe ị ga-esi na 800 mita (½ mile) pụọ na valvụ nrụgide nrụgide tank na-azọpụta ndụ ezinụlọ gị.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-esi isi akwa rere ure ma ọ bụ ísì skunk n'ụlọ gị ma ọ bụ n'ámá gị, nụ ụda na-ada ụda site na tank propane ma ọ bụ ngwa, ma ọ bụ hụ ọkụ na-agbanye na propane cylinder, mee ihe isii ndị a ozugbo:

1. ** Wepụ onye ọ bụla n'ụlọ ozugbo, karịsịa site na okpuru ulo na ala ***: Ebe ọ bụ na propane dị okpukpu 1.5 dị arọ karịa ikuku, okpuru ulo na-agbapụta nwere ike dị elu karịa obere mgbawa mgbawa na nkwonkwo ụkwụ na n'úkwù tupu onye ọ bụla nọ n'elu ụlọ na-esi ísì ọjọọ. Nye iwu onye ọ bụla n'elu ụlọ ma si n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ pụta na ụkwụ ozugbo; agbadala n'ime ụlọ okpuru ulo ka ịlele ọkụ ma ọ bụ imi n'akụkụ ala.
2. ** Atụgharịla ọkụ ọkụ ọ bụla, wepụ ngwa ngwa, jiri akara ala ma ọ bụ ekwentị n'ime ụlọ, ma ọ bụ pịa oghere ọnụ ụzọ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala eletrik **: Mgbe ime ụlọ nwere ngwakọta ikuku ikuku n'etiti pasent 2.1 na pasent 9.5 **, arc microscopic n'ime mgbidi ka ịgbanye mgbanaka, ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ, ọnụ ụzọ ntinye ọnụ ụlọ na-enweghị isi, ma ọ bụ ihe ga-emepe ọnụ ụzọ ụgbọ ala. Hapụ ọkụ dịka ha dị wee pụọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ntuziaka akpọchighị.
3. ** Bido ma ọ bụ bugharịa ụgbọ ala, lawnmower, ma ọ bụ ụgbọ gọlfụ adọba n'ime ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ dị nso na mmiri ahụ ***: Ndị na-ebu ọkụ n'ime ime na ndị na-atụgharị catalytic na-ekpo ọkụ na-amakụ ala propane vapor ozugbo. Hapụ ụgbọ ala niile dọwara ebe ha nọ wee gaa ije opekata mpe 100 mita (ụkwụ 330) elu na n'elu ugwu site n'ụlọ ahụ.
4. ** Ọ bụrụ na ntanye ahụ enweghị ọkụ ma ị nwere ike irute nnukwu tank propane dị n'èzí gị, mechie valvụ isi na-enyefe n'akụkụ elekere **: Welite dome mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi n'elu tank propane gị dị n'èzí, chọta ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ ọla ** Ọrụ Shutoff Handwheel Valve **, wee tụgharịa ya ** n'akụkụ aka nri, ruo n'aka nri. Agbalịla imechi valvụ ma ọ bụrụ na tank ahụ na-agba mmiri mmiri n'aka gị, ọ bụrụ na tank ahụ dị n'ime olulu dị ala, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ọkụ dị n'ebe ọ bụla dị nso na cylinder.
5. **Ekwụsịla ịgbanyụ ụgbọ elu propane na-ere ọkụ na valvụ tank ọ gwụla ma ị nwere ike gbanyụọ ọkụ ọkụ ozugbo ***: Ọ bụrụ na propane cylinder na-agbapụta ọkụ na valvụ ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide, ire ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'enweghị nsogbu gas na-agbapụ n'èzí. Ọ bụrụ na i jiri ihe mkpochapụ kemịkalụ kpọrọ nkụ menyụọ ọkụ ka propane na-aga n'ihu na-awụpụ, gas na-adịghị ọkụ nke dị arọ karịa ikuku ga-agbaba n'ala wee gbawa n'ike ozugbo ọ chọtara ọkụ ọhụrụ.
6. ** Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ tankị propane ma ọ bụ valvụ nchekwa nchekwa na-amalite na-ebigbọ dị ka injin jet, wepụ 300 ruo 800 mita (1,000 feet na ½ mile) n'azụ mkpuchi siri ike ***: Tank propane kpughere ọkụ dị nso n'ihe ize ndụ nke **BLEVE (Na-esi mmiri na-agbasawanye Vapor Explosion) ***. Kpọọ mpaghara gị nọmba mberede (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom) na onye na-ebubata gas propane gị site na ebe dị anya n'elu ugwu.

Osisi mkpebi nke dabara maka ntapu propane na oke ọkụ cylinders¶

Jiri osisi mkpebi a na-arụ ọrụ iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti oghere ime ụlọ/ime ụlọ, mgbawa ahịrị mmiri dị n'èzí, yana ọnọdụ ọkụ cylinder dị ize ndụ / BLEVE.

flowchart TD
    Start["Mberede Propane: Odor Egg rere ure, ọkpọkọ ọkpọ, mkpu gas, ma ọ bụ ọkụ dị nso tank"] --> Scenario{"1. Ebee ka ihe egwu dị?"}
    Scenario -->|"A. Ime ụlọ / okpuru ulo isi ma ọ bụ LPG mkpu"| NoSparks["1. emetụla ọkụ ọkụ, ekwentị, igwe ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ oghere ọnụ ụzọ ebe ndọba ụgbọala<br/>2. Abanyela n'okpuru ala"]
    NoSparks --> EvacUp["Wepụ onye ọ bụla n'èzí ozugbo; jee ije elu na UPWIND opekata mpe 100m (330 ft)"]
    EvacUp --> ShutValve{"Ị nwere ike iru tankị dị n'èzí n'ife elu na-enweghị ịgafe gas?"}
    ShutValve -->|"Ee: Tankị dị n'èzí doo anya"| TurnClockwise["Bulite dome tank ma tụgharịa isi mgbanaka aka mgbanaka CLOCKWISE (n'aka nri) ruo mgbe emechie ya"]
    ShutValve -->|"Mba: Na-eme mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ"| Call911["Nọrọ azụ 100m+; kpọọ 911/112/999 na Propane Utility"]
    TurnClockwise --> Call911
    Scenario -->|"B. Ọkụ na-agbanye ọkụ na grill cylinder ma ọ bụ nnukwu tank"| BleveCheck{"Tankị Pressure Relief Valve ọ na-ebigbọ/na-ekupụ ọwa ọkụ, ka ọ bụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ọla elu ahụ efu?"}
    BleveCheck -->|"Ee: Jet na-ebigbọ ebigbọ ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ na tank"| BleveEvac["IHE NDỊ MMADỤ NA-AKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWASỊ: Hapụ nkwụsị ozugbo; sprint 300m ruo 800m (1,000 ft ruo 1/2 mile) elu n'azụ mkpuchi ụlọ siri ike; dọrọ ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-abịarute aka ná ntị"]
    BleveCheck -->|"Mba: Obere ire ọkụ na sọks nchịkwa, tank dị jụụ"| HoseShut["Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịnweta site na elu elu na ọkụ efu na ahụ tank: Mechie wheel handwheel n'aka elekere na uwe akpụkpọ anụ ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ; ma ọ bụghị pụọ"]

Matrix ntụnyere: propane (LPG) vs. eke gas (methane) na mberede ụlọ¶

Ndị nwe ụlọ na-esi n'ụlọ obodo nke gas sitere n'okike nke obodo na-arụ ọrụ gaa n'ime ime ime obodo ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ime obodo nke propane na-arụ na-etinyekarị mmuo gas gas nke na-egbu egbu n'oge mmiri propane. Tulee omume anụ ahụ na mgbawa ha:

Miri miri 1: Kedu ka ọdọ mmiri propane dị arọ karịa ikuku na okpuru ulo yana otu esi esi pụọ n'enweghị nsogbu¶

N'ihi na vapor propane na-atụ otu ugboro na ọkara karịa ikuku, mgbawa ngwa ngwa n'ime igwe ọkụ okpuru ulo, valvụ gas ọkụ, igwe na-ehicha akwa, ma ọ bụ ihe dabara adaba na-akpa àgwà dị ka idei mmiri a na-adịghị ahụ anya na-ejuputa ọdọ mmiri site na ala elu.

   [BASEMENT PROPANE POOLING ANATOMY]

   First Floor:  [Occupants barely smell faint odor at nose height]
   ======================================================== (Floor Joists)
   Basement Ceiling:  [0.2% Propane - Clean Air]
                      |
   Mid-Wall (1.5m):   [1.0% Propane - Below LEL]
                      |
   Knee/Waist Level:  [2.1% to 9.5% PROPANE - EXPLOSIVE ZONE]
                      |  <-- Standing pilot light, sump pump switch,
                      |      or furnace igniter sits right here
   Basement Floor:    [12%+ Dense Propane Pool & Sump Pit Trap]
   ========================================================

Mgbanye ọkụ 4 zoro ezo na-akpalite nke na-agbawa propane nke okpuru ala¶

N'ime ọtụtụ ogbunigwe na-egbu egbu nke ndị NFPA na ndị ọkụ ọkụ steeti nyochara, onye nwe ụlọ na-esi ísì obere gas (ma ọ bụ nụ ka ọkụ ụgbọelu ha na-apụ) wee gbadaa na steepụ okpuru ulo iji nyochaa. Ije ije n'ime okpuru ulo nwere idei mmiri propane na-ebute mgbawa site na usoro anọ:

1. ** Ịtụgharị mgbidi mgbidi n'elu ma ọ bụ ala nke steepụ okpuru ulo ***: Mgbe ị na-atụgharị ọkọlọtọ 120-volt ma ọ bụ 230-volt ọkụ ọkụ na * ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ, kọntaktị ọla n'ime igbe mgba ọkụ na-adọta obere ọkụ eletrik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ọ bụrụ na oyi akwa propane ebilila ka ọ gbanwee ịdị elu (ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ịgbanyụ mgba ọkụ n'elu ụlọ na-adaba ọsọ ọsọ n'ime okpuru ulo), ọkụ ahụ na-agbanye igwe ojii vapor dum.
2. Ngwa okpuru ulo akpaaka na-agba ịnyịnya n'onwe ha ***: Ọ bụrụgodị na ị metụghị mgba ọkụ ọkụ, okpuru ulo gị nwere opekata mpe ngwa atọ nwere kọntaktị eletrịkị anaghị emechi emechi ** n'ime centimita 30 (inch 12) nke ala ***:
3. The ** sump pump float switch *** nọ ọdụ na olulu kacha ala nke ala okpuru ulo.
4. Igwe ọkụ ** mmiri na-eguzo ọkụ ma ọ bụ piezo spark igniter *** gbagoro 10 centimita (inch 4) n'akụkụ mbadamba ala.
5. Ihe nju oyi ** okpuru ulo, friji biya, ma ọ bụ dehumidifier compressor relay ***.
6. ** Eletrik kwụ ọtọ sitere na uwe sịntetik ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ ***: Ije ije na steepụ akọrọ akọrọ na sọks ajị anụ ma ọ bụ ịdọpụ sweta ajị anụ n'oge oyi na-ebute ọkụ static 5,000-volt nwere ihe karịrị millijoules ume iji kpalite ngwakọta stoichiometric propane-ikuku.
7. ** Ịgbalị ime ka onye na-anya mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-enwu n'onwe gị ***: Otu n'ime ọnọdụ ndị na-egbu egbu na-eme mgbe onye nwe ụlọ chọpụtara na ha enweghị mmiri ọkụ, gbadaa n'okpuru ala, hụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ, wee pịa bọtịnụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie, na-aghọtaghị na thermocouple na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ala na-ekpuchi elu ụlọ. ụkwụ ha ruo ọtụtụ awa.

Usoro nlanarị nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-enyo enyo mgbawa nke ime ụlọ¶

1. ** pụọ ​​na okpuru ulo na ebe a na-akpụ akpụ kpam kpam ***: Ya adịla mgbe ị ga-agbada n'usoro okpuru ulo iji mechie valvụ ọkụ, wepụ ihe ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ngwongwo nnapụta.
2. ** Emeghela windo okpuru ulo site n'ime ***: Mgbe a na-ekwu maka imepe windo mgbe ụfọdụ maka obere ọkụ ọkụ kichin, itinye 60 sekọnd n'ime ọnụ ụlọ jupụtara gas na-adọga na windo okpuru ulo na-adọkpụ na-ekpughe gị na mgbawa ngwa ngwa-agba agba na asphyxiation. Wepụ mmadụ ọ bụla na anụ ụlọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ozugbo.
3. ** Na-aga n'elu na ikuku na elu ***: N'èzí na ikuku mgbede dị jụụ (mgbanwe okpomọkụ), nnukwu ikuku propane dị n'èzí sitere na ahịrị liri ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka tankị na-agbada n'akụkụ ọwa mmiri, okporo ụzọ, na mgbidi na-ejigide dị ka osimiri nke igwe anaghị ahụ anya. Na-eje ije ** mgbago na mgbago elu *** opekata mpe mita 100 (ụkwụ 330) site na ihe owuwu yana oke ala.

Miri miri 2: Otu esi emechi nnukwu tank propane ma ọ bụ grill grill 20-paụnd¶

Onye ọ bụla nwe ụlọ nke na-eji propane kwesịrị ịpụ na tank ha n'ehihie taa wee chọta valvụ shutoff isi ka ha wee mechie ya n'ime sekọnd iri n'oge mberede, oké mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ ala ọma jijiji.

1. Na-emechi nnukwu tankị ebe obibi (galọn 120 ruo 1,000)¶

   [UNDER THE BULK PROPANE TANK DOME]

         +-----------------------+
        /   Hinged Metal Dome     \
       +---------------------------+
         |   [Pressure Gauge]    |
         |                       |
         |    ( === )  <-- MAIN SERVICE SHUTOFF HANDWHEEL
         |      | |        Turn CLOCKWISE (Right) to Close
         |   [brass valve] ----> [Copper Pigtail to Regulator]
       --+-----------------------+--
      /     Steel Tank Body         \

1. ** nso nso site na elu elu ***: Tupu ịgagoro na tankị propane dị n'èzí, kwụsịtụ 15 mita (ụkwụ 50) pụọ. Chọọ ** igwe ojii dị oke ọcha nke uzuoku na-ekpo ọkụ ** na-ekpugharị gburugburu tank ma ọ bụ ala, ma gee ntị maka ụda mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ mkparị. Ọ bụrụ na propane mmiri na-efesa site na valvụ gbawara agbawa ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ọkụ dị n'ebe ọ bụla dị nso na tank, ** Abịarutela ***; laghachi 300+ mita (1,000+ ụkwụ) wee kpọọ 911/112/999.
2. ** Welie igwe mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi mkpuchi plastik ***: N'elu tankị kwụ ọtọ (ma ọ bụ vetikal) bụ mkpuchi mkpuchi gbara okirikiri. Dọrọ ntụtụ ahụ wee fegharịa dome ahụ oghe.
3. ** Chọta Multi-Valve Service Handwheel ***: Ị ga-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe nrụnye ọla na-esi n'elu tank (nnukwu valvụ na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo, valvụ mmiri na-ekpuchi mmiri dị ogologo n'etiti, ihe nrịba mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na-egosi pasent tank, na ** gburugburu scalloped brass ma ọ bụ aluminum handwheel aluminom na-eduga na pigulator nke mbụ).
4. ** Tụgharịa wiilịgharị aka CLOCKWISE (n'aka nri) ruo mgbe ọ ga-adị mma *: Ọ dịghị ihe nkedo achọrọ na valvụ ọrụ tankị propane (n'adịghị ka mita gas). Jide ụkwụ aka gburugburu, yi uwe aka ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụrụ na bras dị oyi, ma tụgharịa ya ** n'akụkụ elekere ("nke ziri ezi") ọtụtụ ntụgharị zuru oke ruo mgbe ọ nọdụrụ ala wee kwụsị. Nke a na-ewepụ pasenti 100 nke mmiri mmiri na uzuoku dị n'ime tank site na ọkpọkọ ụlọ gị n'okpuru ala.

2. Ijikwa ntapu ma ọ bụ oyi 9-kilogram (20-paụnd) obere barbecue / RV cylinder¶

Silinda ndị a na-ebugharị ebugharị a na-eji na gas grills, patio heaters, na RV trailers na-etolite leaks bụ isi site na isi mmalite abụọ: eriri igwe na-achịkwa rọba ojii gbawara agbawa (nke a na-atakarị squirrels ma ọ bụ ụmụ oke n'oge oyi) ma ọ bụ n'ime ** mmiri na-ebu nrụgide nrụgide (PRV)** na-emepe emepe n'ihi na cylinder ahụ ** juputara n'elu 80% nke anwụ na-anọ ọdụ n'oge okpomọkụ.

• ** Ọ bụrụ na cylinder na-ama jijiji nke ukwuu site n'akụkụ azụ nke valvụ ọla (Nrụgide Relief Valve venting) ***:
• Dị ka tank propane na-ekpo ọkụ na ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem, mmiri mmiri propane dị n'ime na-agbasa ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụrụ na ihe na-adịghị mma OPD (Ngwaọrụ Mgbochi Mgbochi) na-ese n'elu ekwe ka tank ahụ jupụta na pasent 80 nke mmiri mmiri, mmiri na-agbasawanye enweghị ebe ọ ga-aga, na-eme ka nrụgide dị n'ime ya gbasaa n'elu ** 2,585 kilopascals (375 psi) **.
• Na 375 psi, valvụ nchekwa nchekwa na-ebu mmiri na-agbapụta na-eji ụda * HISS-POP * na jets a plume nke propane gas n'ikuku iji gbochie ígwè cylinder ịgbawa, wee mechie ozugbo nrụgide dara, na-emegharị kwa nkeji ole na ole.
• ** Ihe ị ga-eme ***: Gbanyụọ ọkụ niile mepere emepe, sịga na ihe ọkụ ọkụ n'ime mita 30 (100 ụkwụ). Agbalịla ịkụnye ma ọ bụ kụchie valvụ enyemaka ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na cylinder adịghị ọkụ ma ị nwere ike fesa ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla site na mita 5 ruo 10 (16 ruo 33 feet) pụọ na ** oghere ubi **, na-efesa mmiri dị jụụ n'èzí nke tankị ígwè na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ya dị jụụ, tụda nrụgide dị n'ime n'okpuru 375 psi, ma kwe ka valvụ enyemaka ahụ nọrọ n'enweghị nsogbu. Ozugbo ọ kwụsịrị ịgba ọsọ, kpọọ onye na-ebu propane ma ọ bụ ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ ka ọ gbapụta ma tụfuo tank ahụ nwere nkwarụ.

Miri miri 3: Cylinder na-ekpo oke ọkụ na BLEVE (ihe na-esi ísì mmiri na-agbasa vapor mgbawa)¶

Otu ihe egwu mgbawa kacha eme ihe ike n'ime ebe obibi na mgbanyụ ọkụ n'ime ime obodo bụ **BLEVE (akpọrọ "blev-ee"): Mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na-agbasawanye uzuoku mgbawa ***. Ịghọta kpọmkwem physics nke otu propane tank BLEVEs si akọwa ihe kpatara na ị gaghị egbu oge ịlụ ọgụ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, oche, ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa ozugbo ọkụ ruru tank propane.

Ihe anatomi nke 4 nke tank propane BLEVE¶

   [HOW A PROPANE TANK BLEVE DEVELOPS]

   1. External Fire Heats Tank   --->  Liquid propane boils violently; internal
                                       pressure hits 2,585 kPa (375 psi).

   2. Relief Valve Pops Open     --->  A 3-to-10-meter (10-to-33-foot) blowtorch of
                                       fire roars out the top relief valve, dropping
                                       the liquid level inside the tank.

   3. "Mgbidi akọrọ" Steel Weakens   --->  Below the liquid line, boiling propane keeps
      Above the Liquid Line            the steel cool. ABOVE the liquid line (the
                                       vapor space), flames heat the dry steel above
                                       600°C (1,100°F) until it loses 70% of its
                                       tensile strength and bulges like a blister.

   4. Catastrophic Split &       --->  The weakened upper steel rips open; superheated
      270:1 Flash-Boil Fireball        liquid propane flashes instantly into a 100-meter
                                       (330-foot) fireball and launches steel shrapnel
                                       up to 500 meters (1,600 feet) away.

Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị na-enweghị mgbagha nke BLEVE dị nso (pụọ ozugbo)¶

Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ arụrụala, ọkụ ụgbọ ala, ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa rutere n'ụgbọ mmiri propane dị n'èzí ma ọ bụ cylinder mkpanaka, lelee ma gee ntị maka akara ịdọ aka na ntị BLEVE anọ ndị a **:

1. ** The Pressure Relief Valve na-eji igwe jet-engine na-akụ ntị na-eme mkpọtụ ***: Mgbe valvụ nchekwa nchekwa tank ga-emepe n'okpuru ọkụ ọkụ, ọ na-agbapụ ọkụ kwụ ọtọ nke ire ọkụ na-acha ọcha-oroma 5 ruo 15 mita (16 ruo 50 ụkwụ) n'ikuku. Ọ bụ ezie na valvụ enyemaka ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ya, ọ nweghị ike igbochi BLEVE ma ọ bụrụ na ọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-ekpo ọkụ nchara nchara dị elu nke tank.
2. ** Oghere nke valvụ enyemaka na-ebigbọ na-arị elu (Rising Whistle)**: Ka mmiri mmiri na-agbapụ ma tank ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ụda mkpu nke gas na-agbapụ na-arịgo n'ụkwụ dị ka nnukwu ite tii.
3. Ihe na-egbuke egbuke, agba agba, ma ọ bụ ọla na-acha uhie uhie / oroma na ọkara nke elu nke tank ***: Nke a na-egosi na nchara nke oghere ikuku dị n'elu ọkwa mmiri dị elu karịa 550 degrees Celsius (1,020 degrees Fahrenheit) na sekọnd dị anya site na nkwụsị nhazi.
4. ** Oge site na kọntaktị ọkụ ozugbo na BLEVE nwere ike ịdị mkpụmkpụ dị ka 8 ruo 15 nkeji ***: NFPA na US Department of Transportation (DOT) Akwụkwọ Nzaghachi Mberede (ERG Guide 115) ule na-egosi na tank propane na-adịghị mma nke na-agbanye ọkụ nwere ike ịgbawa na ** n'okpuru 10 nkeji ***.

Ebe dị anya ịwepụ maka tankị propane nwere ọkụ (DOT ERG Guide 115)¶

• ** Maka obere 9-to-45-kilogram (20-na-100-paụnd) obere grill ma ọ bụ RV cylinder n'ime ọkụ **: Wepụ onye ọ bụla ma ọ dịkarịa ala ** 100 ruo 300 mita (330 ruo 1,000 feet) ** pụọ wee gaa ** n'azụ mgbidi mgbidi siri ike nke ụlọ ọzọ ** (ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla na-ere ọkụ na-enwu ọkụ na-enwu ọkụ) grill, dị ka roket cylinders 20-paụnd rọketi n'akụkụ ngere na mkpuchi ụgbọ ala).
• ** N'ihi na nnukwu 450-to-4,000-liter (120-to-1,000-galọn) nnukwu tank tank na ọkụ **: ozugbo pụọ ** 800 mita (½ mile) ** n'akụkụ niile, na ọ dịghị mgbe guzo n'ahịrị na ** abụọ mechie nsọtụ (ndị isi) nke axis cylinder pụọ n'oge ogologo rocket nke axis cylinder pụọ.

Ime miri 4: iwu nchekwa propane gafechara na mgbe iju mmiri gachara¶

Ọbụlagodi mgbe ọkụ anaghị arụ ọrụ, ihe omume ezinụlọ abụọ a na-eme oge niile, ** na-agwụ na propane n'oge oyi *** na ** mmiri idei mmiri na-ebuli tankị dị n'èzí *** na-emepụta ihe egwu mgbawa na-egbu oge ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya nke ọma.

1. Gịnị mere na ị ga-adịghị atụgharị a "na-agba ọsọ" propane tank azụ na-enweghị ọkachamara leak check¶

Ọ bụrụ na nnukwu tank propane gị na-agba ọsọ kpamkpam n'etiti oge oyi (ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ị mechie valvụ tank isi n'oge ihe mberede): - Ọkụ niile na-anya ụgbọ elu na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri ochie, igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe a na-ere ọkụ, na ebe dị iche iche na-apụ apụ, na eriri gas dị ala na-arụkọ ọrụ na oyi. - Ọ bụrụ na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-ejupụta tank ahụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nwe ụlọ na-atụgharị valvụ tank azụ azụ, na-ebughị ụzọ nyochaa valvụ ọ bụla ma na-eduzi ule nkwụsịtụ nke manometer ** (nke chọrọ ** NFPA 54 / National Fuel Gas Code **), propane na-adịghị ọkụ nwere ike ịwụpụ na valvụ ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emeghe n'ime okpuru ulo. - ** Iwu nchekwa ***: Ọ bụrụ na gas agwụla tank gị, mechie valvụ ngwa niile wee chọọ ka onye na-ahụ maka propane nwere ikike ka ọ rụọ ule nyocha nke sistemu zuru oke wee nwunye ọkụ ọ bụla na-anya ụgbọ elu tupu iweghachi ọrụ.

2. Ndị na-ahụ maka idei mmiri ma ọ bụ snow lie na tankị¶

• ** Debe oghere ndị na-ahụ maka snoo na ice ***: Onye na-ahụ maka propane ọ bụla n'èzí nwere obere ikuku na-eche ihu n'ala ** ikuku iku ume ** nke ihuenyo ahụhụ na-echebe. Ọ bụrụ na nnukwu mmiri mmiri, mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ icicle plọg na-emechi emechi, diaphragm dị n'ime ahụ enweghị ike ịkwaga iji dozie nrụgide, na-eziga mmiri mmiri / vapor propane dị elu na-abanye ozugbo n'ime ngwa ụlọ gị ma na-afụ ọkụ pilot. Jiri nwayọọ na-ehichapụ snow n'elu dome tank gị na onye na-achịkwa ya na broom dị nro (ejila shọvel ọla mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-edozi ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ ndị na-achịkwa ọla).
• ** tankị na-ese n'elu mmiri na idei mmiri ***: Tank propane zuru ezu na-ama jijiji nke ukwuu, ọ ga-ese n'elu dị ka okwuchi na 60 centimeters (2ụkwụ) nke idei mmiri, na-akụda ahịrị ụlọ ọla kọpa siri ike. Ọ bụrụ na enyere ịdọ aka ná ntị idei mmiri, mechie valvụ aka nke isi n'okpuru dome tank tupu ịpụpụ nke mere na ọ bụrụ na tank ahụ fepụ ma jide ọkpọkọ ahụ, propane efu na-esi na tank ahụ pụta.

Ndepụta nchekwa nyocha nke onye nwe ụlọ propane¶

Chebe ezinaụlọ gị pụọ na ngwunye gas dị arọ karịa ikuku na ịpụpụ isi site na imecha ndepụta ntụaka ise a:

• ** Wụnye ihe nchọpụta UL 1484 propane gas na ọkwa FLOOR ***: nkwụnye mgbanye (ya na nkwado batrị) mkpuchi gas na-agbawa ** 15 ruo 30 centimeters (6 ruo 12 sentimita) n'elu ala *** n'ime okpuru ulo gị n'akụkụ ọkụ/ọkụ ọkụ yana na kichin dị nso na nso propane. (Cheta: anwụrụ ọkụ ọkọlọtọ na mkpu carbon monoxide adịghị achọpụta ** Ọ BỤGHỊ *** achọpụta ntachi propane na-adịghị ọkụ ọ gwụla ma akwadoro ya dị ka akụkụ CO + Explosive Gas nke abụọ.)
• ** Echekwala 9-kilogram (20-paụnd) grill cylinders n'ime ụlọ, n'ime ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, ma ọ bụ n'ime okpuru ulo ***: NFPA 58 amachibidoro ịchekwa ihe mapụtara ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ 20-paụnd propane cylinders n'ime ụlọ ọ bụla, okpuru ulo, sunporch, ma ọ bụ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala. Na-echekwa obere cylinder ndị a na-ebugharị n'èzí kwụ ọtọ n'ebe nwere ndò, nke ikuku na-ekuku nke ọma na-adịghị na ikuku ihie nkụ na windo okpuru ulo.
• ** Mee "Nnwale mmiri ncha ncha" n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla na grill hoses ***: Tupu ịgbanye grill propane barbecue nke mbụ oge ọ bụla, gwakọta ncha na mmiri mmiri 50/50 n'ime karama ịgba mmiri, mepee valve cylinder na ihe ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ, ma fesaa njikọ nhazi brass na ogologo ogologo ogologo. Ọ bụrụ na afụ na-eto n'ebe ọ bụla n'akụkụ kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụ eriri, mechie valvụ tank ozugbo ma dochie eriri nchịkwa tupu ị gbanye ihe ọkụ ọkụ.
• ** Tee nnukwu tankị naanị ọkụ, agba na-egosipụta okpomọkụ ***: A na-ese tankị propane dị n'èzí na-acha ọcha, ọlaọcha, ma ọ bụ pastel isi awọ site n'iwu (NFPA 58) iji gosipụta radieshon anyanwụ. Edela tankị propane gbara ọchịchịrị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, oji ma ọ bụ aja aja gbara ọchịchịrị ka ọ “nagide” ya n'ogige gị; Agba gbara ọchịchịrị na-amịkọrọ anwụ anwụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ebugharị nrụgide tank dị n'ime n'elu ebe mgbapụ valvụ enyemaka 375-psi.
• ** Jiri osisi snow toro kaa akara dome gị n'okpuru ala ***: Na mpaghara nwere oke snow oyi, kwọọ stake fiberglass dị mita 1.8 (ụkwụ 6) n'akụkụ ebe nchekwa tank gị propane na onye na-achịkwa ya ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na ndị na-agba snow anaghị ada akara ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ lie onye na-ahụ maka njikwa.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): NFPA 58 (Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code) na NFPA 54 (National Fuel Gas Code: Leak Testing, Odorant Fade, and Cylinder Storage Standards).
• United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB, United States): * Akwụkwọ akụkọ nchekwa na Propane Odorant Fade, Mbugharị Ọkụ n'okpuruala, na Mgbawa okpuru ulo*.
• Ngalaba Ụgbọ njem nke United States (DOT / PHMSA), Transport Canada, na Secretary of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (Mexico): * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nzaghachi mberede (ERG Guide 115: Gases - Flammable, Gụnyere Refrigerated Liquids / LPG BLEVE Excuation Distances)*.
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE) na Liquid Gas UK (United Kingdom): * Ojiji nchekwa na nchekwa nke Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) n'ime ụlọ na azụmahịa*.
• Propane Education & Council Research (PERC, United States): * Ntuziaka nchekwa Propane nke ndị ahịa, Iju mmiri & Iju Mmiri Weather Protocol, yana Ọzụzụ BLEVE na-azaghachi Mberede.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Nchọpụta ntapu gas na nkwụsị mberede
• Ọkụ ikuku eke gbawara okpomoku mgbanwe na azụ azụ
• Nchekwa ọkụ ụlọ na mpụ
• Ọkụ siri ike na nsị kemịkalụ
• Hypothermia na nlekọta frostbite
• Ndekọ nọmba mberede