Meteor Airbursts, Shockwaves ụlọ ọrụ, na ihe egwu enyo oke nrụgide¶

Mgbe meteoroid (bolide) nke ruru ụlọ na-agbawa na mbara ikuku ma ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ebe a na-edebe ihe mgbochi, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, ma ọ bụ ọka silo na-agbawa ọtụtụ kilomita site na ya, ọnyà physics na-egbu egbu na-ejide ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla na-eche nche: ** nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọsọ ọkụ na ọsọ nke ụda. ** kilomita 300,000 kwa sekọnd (186,000 kilomita kwa nkeji)**, na-eru gị anya ozugbo. N'ụzọ dị iche, ihe egwu egwu egwu supersonic na-emebi emebi (**fefe overpressure wave *) na-aga n'ikuku na oke ụda ụda, ** 340 mita kwa nkeji (1,115 ụkwụ kwa nkeji, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka kilomita 1 kwa sekọnd 3 / 1 mile kwa sekọnd ise).

N'ime oge ahụ dị jụụ nke 10 ruo 150-sekọnd ka ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mbara igwe ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ dị anya, ọchịchọ mmadụ na-amanye ọtụtụ nde mmadụ ịgafe ozugbo na nnukwu windo foto, ihe mkpuchi ụlọ ọrụ enyo, na windo ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ha na-ahụ n'èzí n'okporo ụzọ anwụrụ ọkụ. Sekọnd ka nke ahụ gachara, oke nrịbama ahụ na-adịghị ahụ anya na-adaba n'ime ụlọ ahụ, na-atụgharị puku kwuru puku square mita nke iko efere ka ọ bụrụ oke mmiri ozuzo na-egbu egbu nke agụba dị nkọ na-efefe n'ime ụlọ na ** 30 ruo 60 mita kwa nkeji (65 ruo 135 mph)**. Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na nnukwu meteor airbursts na mgbawa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ na-egosi na ** ihe karịrị pasent 80 ruo 90 nke mmerụ ahụ ndị nkịtị na-akpata site na windo windo na-efe efe ** na-egbu ndị mmadụ na-aga na windo mgbe ha hụchara ọkụ. Ịmara iwu ozugbo, "Lee kọlụm ọkụ ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ: pụọ na windo ozugbo", na-echebe anya gị, akwara na ndụ gị.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. **Si na windo niile pụọ, ọnụ ụzọ ugegbe, ọkụ mbara igwe na enyo ozugbo ị na-ahụ ọkụ na-enwu enyo, ụzọ mgbawa ọkụ ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ mgbawa dị anya. Ị nwere ebe ọ bụla site na ** 3 sekọnd ruo nkeji 2.5 ** tupu nnukwu shockwave na-adịghị ahụ anya abịarute wee fụọ windo ọ bụla n'ime ụlọ ahụ ike n'ime.
2. Tụba n'ala n'ime paseeji dị n'ime ime ụlọ, steepụ, ma ọ bụ n'azụ ngwá ụlọ siri ike ma kpuchie isi na anya gị. Dina ala ma ọ bụ gbadaa ala n'azụ n'ihu enyo ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ, jiri aka gị kpuchie azụ isi na olu gị, ma mechie anya gị nke ọma ka uzuzu ikuku na-ekuku enweghị ike ịcha ọkpụkpụ gị.
3. ** Mepee ọnụ gị ntakịrị, ejikwala ihe ndị siri ike tinye ntị gị ma ọ bụrụ na ebili mmiri na-efe efe dị nso. jiri ọbụ aka gị ekpuchiri kpuchie ntị elu gị ka ị na-eme ka agba gị dị jụụ.
4. ** Kwụsị n'elu ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na-adịghị ike, mgbidi brik, na ụlọ ndị a kwụsịrị mgbe ụda ụda mbụ ahụ gasịrị.* emesia).
5. Yiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ siri ike tupu i mee otu nzọụkwụ mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ gafere, wee lelee ọbara ọgbụgba akwara. Mgbe ikuku gbawara agbawa na windo, a na-eji agịga ugegbe a na-adịghị ahụ anya kpuchie ala ọ bụla. Jiri nrụgide siri ike ma ọ bụ njem nlegharị anya jikwaa olu ọ bụla na-agba agba ma ọ bụ aka aka ozugbo (lee enyemaka mbụ na-agba ọbara), ọ dịghịkwa mgbe ịracha anya nwere uzuzu ugegbe n'ime ya.
6. ** Lelee maka ntapu gas, kpalie elu ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ahụ plume kemịkal, ma zere ijikọta netwọkụ olu ekwentị ma ọ bụrụ na ịnwee ihe mberede na-eyi ndụ egwu.** Naanị kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom; lee nọmba mberede) maka ọnyà siri ike, ọnyà tọrọ, ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ, ma jiri ozi ederede SMS lelee ndị òtù ezinụlọ ka ọwa izipu ihe mberede ghara ịda.

Fiziks nke ikuku ikuku, ebili mmiri na oge igbu oge na-ada ụda¶

Ma mgbawa na-eme kilomita 25 (kilomita 15.5) kwụ ọtọ na stratosphere site na hypersonic asteroid ma ọ bụ n'ogo ala 5 kilomita (3.1 kilomita) n'ebe a na-emepụta kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa mmanụ, usoro mmerụ ahụ n'ime ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa ** mgbawa overpressure ** na ** ịgbasa ọsọ ọsọ **.

flowchart TD
    A["Flash na-ekpuchi anya na mbara igwe, okporo ụzọ uzuoku, ma ọ bụ mgbawa dị anya"] --> B["OGWU OZO: Agala ije na windo; tie mkpu 'Gaa na enyo'"]
    B --> C["Buga n'okporo ụzọ ime ime / ime ụlọ n'ime sekọnd 3"]
    C --> D["Wetuo ala, pụọ na iko, mkpuchi isi/olu, meghee ọnụ ntakịrị"]
    D --> E["ỤJỌ ỤJỤ PRIMARY : Windows shatter; ụlọ na-ama jijiji; ụda sonic ọganihu"]
    E --> F["Chere nkeji 2 ruo 3 na mkpuchi maka Shockwave nke abụọ / iko dara"]
    F --> G{"Gịnị bụ isi iyi nke shockwave?"}
    G -->|"Meteor / Bolide Airburst na Upper Sky"| H["Yiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ; na-emeso mbepụ iko; lelee igwe na-ekpo ọkụ / flues nke ebili mmiri na-akụtu"]
    G -->|"Ground-Level Industrial / Chemical / Port Explosion"| I["Lelee ụzọ ifufe; wepuo oke ikuku/ikuku elu ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa ma ọ bụrụ na anwụrụ ọkụ na-egbu egbu na-abịaru nso"]

Kedu ka ikuku meteor (bolide / superbolide) na-esi akpata oke ịma jijiji n'obodo¶

Kwa ụbọchị, obere meteoroids na-ere ọkụ n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla dị ka kpakpando na-agbapụ 80 ruo 100 kilomita (50 ruo 62 miles) n'elu Ụwa. Otú ọ dị, mgbe nkume asteroid nke nkume ma ọ bụ ígwè asteroid na-atụ ** 5 ruo 30 mita (16 ruo 100 feet) *** gafee ikuku ụwa na ọsọ ọsọ nke ** 15 ruo 40 kilomita kwa nkeji (33,500 ruo 90,000 mph, ma ọ bụ Mach 45 ruo Mach: 120)

1. ** Oke mgbarụ ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke:** Ka meteoroid na-agbada n'ime ikuku dị oke n'etiti ** 45 na 20 kilomita (28 ruo 12 miles) ** elu, ikuku dị n'ihu ya enweghị ike ịpụ n'ụzọ ngwa ngwa. Ikuku a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na plasma na-ekpo ọkụ karịa elu anyanwụ, na-enwu nwa oge karịa anyanwụ ehihie gafere radius 100-kilomita (62-mile) ma nwee ike ime ka ọkụ ọkụ ultraviolet dị nro na kpuru ìsì nwa oge nye onye ọ bụla na-ele ya anya.
2. ** Ngwunye igwe na ikuku ikuku na-akpata ọdachi: *** Mgbe nrụgide ebule stagnation na imi nke asteroid karịrị ike nrụpụta nke nkume (nke 1 ruo 10 megapascals n'ogo 20 ruo 30 kilomita / 12 ruo 19 kilomita), asteroid ahụ na-agbaji agbaji, na-agbaji agbaji, na-agbaji agbaji, na-agbaji agbaji. ** ikuku ikuku na-agbapụta *** na-ahapụ ike ya na narị kilotons nke TNT.
3. ** Cylindrical line-source shockwave:** N'ihi na meteor na-akpụ akpụ na Mach 50+ n'okporo ụzọ na-emighị emi ka ọ na-agbawa, cylindrical Mach cone ya na ebili mmiri gbawara agbawa iji ziga nnukwu ikuku na-ama jijiji na-agbada n'ala. N'ihi na mgbawa ahụ na-eme kilomita 20 ruo 30 (kilomita 12 ruo 19) kwụ ọtọ, ọ na-ewe ** 60 ruo 150 sekọnd ** maka oke ujo ahụ iji gafee ikuku wee banye n'ime obodo ndị dị n'okpuru.

Ịgbakọ mpio ngụkọ gị: tebụl oge flash-to-bang¶

N'ihi na ọkụ na-abịa n'ihe na-erughị otu millisecond ka shockwave na-eme njem na ihe dị ka mita 340 kwa nkeji (0.34 kilomita kwa nkeji, ma ọ bụ 1 mile kwa 4.8 sekọnd)** n'ikuku ọkọlọtọ (obere ngwa ngwa n'akụkụ ebe mgbawa ahụ bụ ebe ebili mmiri dị elu), ebe dị anya na mgbawa ahụ na-egosi sekọnd ole ị ga-eme ka onye ọ bụla pụọ ​​na iko:

Kedu ka mgbawa siri ike si agbaji windo n'akụkụ abụọ (nke ọma na nke adịghị mma)¶

Mwagharị nke mgbawa abụghị otu nkuku nke ifufe; ọ nwere usoro nrụgide abụọ dị iche iche na-akọwa ihe kpatara iko ji ada ma n'ime ụlọ ma n'èzí n'okporo ámá:

1. ** Usoro nrịbama nke ọma (mgbawa n'ime ime):** N'isi ihu nke ụda ujo bụ mgbidi agụba nke ikuku nwere mkpakọ, ebe nrụgide na-ebili ozugbo karịa nrụgide ikuku nkịtị. Ọbụlagodi obere nrụgide nke ** 1.5 ruo 3.5 kilopascals (0.2 ruo 0.5 pound kwa square inch / psi) ** na-arụ ọrụ ** 150 ruo 350 kilogram nke ike ịkụpịa kwa square mita (30 ruo 70 pound kwa square ụkwụ)** megide nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ windo ụlọ ọrụ. Ugegbe ese n'elu mmiri gbazere na-atụgharị banye n'ime ebe mgbawa ya wee gbawa n'ime ụlọ ahụ dị ka ogbunigwe ụrọ nke mgbịrịgba na-efe efe.
2. ** Usoro nrụgide na-adịghị mma / nke na-amịpụta (mpụta apụta):** Ozugbo n'azụ ihu nrụgide dị elu na-esote oghere oghere ebe ikuku na-agbada * n'okpuru * nrụgide ikuku nkịtị maka ọtụtụ ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke sekọnd. Ikuku ikuku siri ike tọgbọrọ n'ime ụlọ na-agbapụ na mberede n'èzí banye n'okporo ámá nwere obere nrụgide, na-adọka akụkụ windo ndị gbawara agbawa, ákwà mgbochi na ihe mkpuchi ** apụ apụ** n'akụkụ ụzọ dị n'okpuru. Nke a bụ ya mere iguzo n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ obodo ozugbo n'okpuru ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ nwere mgbidi nwere ugegbe mgbe ọkụ gachara dị ize ndụ dị ka iguzo n'ihu windo n'ime ụlọ.

Nzaghachi nzọụkwụ site n'ọkwa n'oge ngụta ujo¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị hụ ọkụ ọkụ na-enweghị nkọwa nke na-enwu na mbara igwe ma ọ bụ na-eme ka onyinyo dị nkọ na mberede n'ehihie, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ị hụ nnukwu bọọlụ ọkụ na-acha ọcha na oroma ma ọ bụ kọlụm ero na-ebili site na mpaghara mmepụta ihe:

1. N'ime ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa¶

• ** Tie mkpu nke ọma ozugbo: ** Tie mkpu *" Shockwave na-abịa, pụọ na windo UGBUA." Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ajụ oyi ma ọ bụ na-aga na windo n'ihi na ha amaghị na ụda ujo na-esote ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke.
• ** Wepụ ụlọ ndị nwere ugegbe sara mbara ma ọ bụ ọkụ ihu:** hapụ ozugbo atrium, ụlọ anwụ, ụlọ griin haus, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ nwere ọkụ ihu igwe n'elu, na ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu nwere windo ala ruo n'uko.
• ** Tinye ọnụ ụzọ ime ụlọ siri ike ma ọ bụ mgbidi nkewa n'etiti gị na windo mpụta: ** Banye n'ime paseeji etiti na-enweghị windo, ime ụlọ ịwụ (na-ekiri enyo mgbidi), kaboodu, ma ọ bụ steepụ kọmpụta, na ** dọpụta ọnụ ụzọ ime ụlọ mechiri n'azụ gị ***. Ọnụ ụzọ osisi dị n'ime ime oghere ma ọ bụ siri ike na-akwụsị pasent 100 nke shards windo na-efe efe site n'ọnụ ụlọ dị n'èzí.
• ** Were n'ọnọdụ nchebe mgbawa:** Dadaa n'ikpere gị ma ọ bụ dina ala n'afọ gị ka ụkwụ gị tụọ aka na mgbidi mpụta na isi gị chere ihu n'enyo ọ bụla. Gafee ogwe aka gị n'azụ olu gị, tinye n'agba gị n'obi gị, mechie anya gị, ma meghee ọnụ gị ntakịrị.

2. N'èzí n'okporo ámá obodo ma ọ bụ n'èzí¶

• ** Si n'okpuru ụlọ elu ugegbe pụta na cornice masonry: *** Ọ bụrụ na ị na-aga n'okporo ụzọ ogbe ndịda mgbe ọkụ na-enwu na mbara igwe ma ọ bụ mgbawa ụlọ ọrụ dị anya na-eme, ebili mmiri dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma ga-awụsa puku kwuru puku kilogram nke iko gbajiri agbaji site na 10 ruo 40 akụkọ n'elu ruo 60 sekọnd mgbe ọganihu ahụ gasịrị.
• Agbala n'ime nnukwu ọnụ ụzọ ime ụlọ nke efere efere: Kama, gbapụ n'okpuru ụlọ siri ike siri ike gbasasịrị, banye n'ọnụ ụzọ ụgbọ oloko dị n'okpuru ala nke na-enweghị oghere iko dị n'elu, ma ọ bụ banye n'etiti ogige ogige mepere emepe ma ọ bụ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala n'ebe dị anya site na ụlọ facades na wires ndị dị n'elu, ma kpuchie isi gị.

3. Mgbe ị na-anya ụgbọ ala¶

• Akụdala brek n'etiti okporo ụzọ mgbe mbara igwe na-enwu ma ọ bụ mgbe ụda ụda na-ama jijiji n'ụgbọ ala gị: Igwe ọkụ na-akụ ụgbọ ala na-akpụ akpụ na-adị ma na-ada ụda ka taya anọ ahụ na-agbapụ n'otu oge ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala agbata obi na-ehichapụ ọnụ ụzọ gị.
• Gbanye akara ma dọta nke ọma n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ pụọ na ụlọ ugegbe, okporo ụzọ na-agafe na akara ngosi na-adịghị mma, na okporo osisi ihe eji eme ihe. Debe eriri oche gị wee lelee ntakịrị ala na dashboard ka ebili mmiri na-agafe ma ọ bụrụ na enyo enyo dị n'akụkụ na-achọ. (A na-eji ugegbe nchekwa na-ekpo ọkụ mee windo akụkụ ụgbọ ala ọgbara ọhụrụ, a na-ejikwa enyo polyvinyl butyral laminated, na-eme ka ime ụgbọ ala dịkwuo nchebe megide nrụrụ aka karịa iguzo n'akụkụ windo ezinụlọ annealed.)

Enyemaka izizi maka oke mgbawa na mmerụ ahụ enyo gbajiri agbaji¶

Ozugbo ebili mmiri mbụ na mgbawa nke abụọ gafeworo, lekọta ndị merụrụ ahụ site na iji ihe ndị dị mkpa trauma ahaziri maka mgbawa na usoro ugegbe:

Ihe ize ndụ ụlọ mgbe ọ gbasasịrị: flues gas, iko ikowe, na plumes na-egbu egbu¶

Mgbe ọganihu ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe mberede abụọ bụ isi nke abụọ na-eyi ndị lanarịrị egwu na-adabere ma ọ bụ ihe ịma jijiji sitere na ikuku meteor ikuku ma ọ bụ mgbawa n'ala ụlọ ọrụ:

1. Carbon monoxide na ihe ize ndụ gas na-eme mgbe nrụgide nrụgide gasịrị¶

Mgbe ebili mmiri na-efefe n'obodo (karịsịa n'oge oyi, dị ka ọ dị na Chelyabinsk na mwepu 15 Celsius C / 5 Celsius F), ikuku ikuku na-adị mma na adịghị mma na-agbadata chimni ọ bụla na ikuku elu na iri puku kwuru puku ụlọ n'otu oge:

• ** Ọkụ a kwụsịrị na anwụrụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ:** Nrụgide na-agbada n'ụlọ anwụrụ ọkụ na-efesa ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ igwe anaghị agba nchara ozugbo n'elu igwe ikuku gas na ọkụ ụlọ, ma ọ bụ daa n'elu igwe anwụrụ ọkụ n'ime mgbidi. Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu mgbe a na-eji plywood abanye na windo n'elu oyi oyi, enweghị isi ** carbon monoxide (CO) *** na-eju ụlọ; hụ carbon monoxide nsi.
• ** Nyochaa ọkpọkọ ikuku ikuku ozugbo ozugbo ebili mmiri gachara:** Lelee mkpuchi mpempe akwụkwọ na ọkpọkọ iyuzucha n'elu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na ọkụ gị tupu ikpo ọkụ, wee na-esi isi maka akwa mercaptan gas rere ure na mita gị; hụ gas ntapu ihe a ga-eme.

2. Na-ekpochapụ "guillotine" nke kwụgidere na windo windo¶

Ekwela ka ndị ezinaụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ibe gị gaa ije n'okpuru okpokolo agba agbajiri na windo ka ha zachaa ala ruo mgbe enyochara okpokolo agba nke elu. Window otu pane na pane nwere okpukpu abụọ na-ahapụ ịdị arọ, mma mgbịrịgba triangular triangular kpọgidere n'ụkwụ na-adaba n'elu ọwa sash dị elu nke na-ada dị ka guillotine mgbe ọnụ ụzọ kụdara ma ọ bụ mkpọmkpọ ọkụ na-ama jijiji na mgbidi ahụ. Yiri uwe gauntlet akpụkpọ anụ dị arọ, akpụkpọ ụkwụ nwere ụkwụ siri ike, na enyo nchekwa, wee kpatụ shards elu ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe gbadara n'ime igbe kaadiboodu dị arọ ma ọ bụ n'elu tap siri ike na-eji ogologo broom site n'akụkụ tupu onye ọ bụla aga ije na nso sill; hụ mmezi mberede windo gbajiri agbaji.

3. Industrial chemical plumes vs. meteor uzuzu na-adịghị emerụ ahụ¶

• ** Ọ bụrụ na ebili mmiri ahụ sitere na ikuku meteor dị elu: ** Igwe ojii na-acha ọcha na-acha uhie uhie hapụrụ kpọgidere 20 ruo 40 kilomita (12 ruo 25 miles) n'elu stratosphere bụ nkume silicate vaporized, iron-nickel oxides, na ice crystals; ọ na-ebute kemịkalụ efu efu nye ndị nọ n'ala. (Ọ bụrụ na ịchọta obere meteorites ojii, fusion-crusted stony meteorites na snow ma ọ bụ pavement mgbe ikuku gbasịrị, ha anaghị adị ọkụ ọkụ na ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu, ọ bụ ezie na iberibe ọhụrụ nwere ike ịdị oyi ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ; metụ ha aka naanị uwe ma ọ bụ mkpuchi dị ọcha ma ọ bụrụ na-echekwa ha maka ọmụmụ sayensị.)
• ** Ọ bụrụ na ebili mmiri sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ụlọ nrụpụta, ma ọ bụ mgbawa ụgbọ oloko:** Were ya na oji ojii na-arị elu, oroma-agba aja aja (nitrogen dioxide sitere na ammonium nitrate), ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha odo odo nwere ** ihe egwu iku ume na-egbu egbu (anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen flugene, ma ọ bụ sulfur dioxide). Ngwa ngwa lelee ụzọ ifufe si efe: ọ bụrụ na eriri ahụ na-efega n'akụkụ agbata obi gị, pụọ na 90-degree crosswind / upwind angle, ma ọ bụ mechie onwe gị n'ime ime ụlọ na-adịghị mma nke nwere windo niile gbajiri agbaji kpuchie na mpempe plastik na teepu duct na ndị niile na-akwado HVAC kwụsịrị; hụ kemịkalụ mwụfu na mwepụta hazmat.

Ụdị ugegbe ihe owuwu na otú ha si ada n'okpuru mgbawa overpressure¶

Ọ bụghị mpio niile na-akpa otu ụzọ mgbe oke ikuku na-akụ ya. Ịmara ụdị glazing arụnyere n'ime ụlọ ndị gbara gị gburugburu na-enyere gị aka ịchọpụta ihe ize ndụ ị na-eme ozugbo n'oge ihe mberede:

Protocol pụrụ iche maka ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ na ebe a na-ezukọ ọnụ¶

Mgbe ọkụ meteor na-ekpuchi anya ma ọ bụ mgbawa ụlọ ọrụ dị anya na-eme n'ime ụbọchị izu, ndị nkuzi, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ na ndị na-ere ahịa na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ narị mmadụ ma ọ bụ narị mmadụ ga-eji obi ike gbaga na windo n'otu oge ahụ:

1. N'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ nkuzi:
2. Ekwela ka ụmụ akwụkwọ gbaba na windo klaasị ka ha lee anya n'ihu igwe na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ nkuku. N'ihe omume ikuku nke mere eme, ụmụaka nwere oke nhụsianya ihu na anya n'ihi na klaasị dum juru n'ọnụ na windo klaasị toro ogologo n'oge igbu oge nkeji iri itoolu tupu ịrị elu sonic abịarute.
3. ** Mee ngwa ngwa "dobe, mkpuchi, ma jide (Ebe si na iko)" ma ọ bụ Nyefee Hallway: ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ihe karịrị 15 sekọnd (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụzọ meteor dị elu na mbara igwe), jiri nwayọọ na-apụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ niile pụọ na klaasị windo n'ime oghere ime ụlọ na-enweghị windo, dọpụta ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma mee ka onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nọdụ ala n'okpuru mgbidi ha. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị oge ịpụ na klaasị, nye nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla iwu ka ọ daa ozugbo n'okpuru osisi siri ike / ígwè ha chere ihu * pụọ na mgbidi windo, dị ka ọ dị na ala ọma jijiji.
4. N'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka:
5. ** Akwa wiil na incubators pụọ na windo mkpọda ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ha 180 degrees: ** Ọ bụrụ na akwa onye ọrịa na-adịghị aga n'akụkụ windo mgbe ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ kọlụm anwụrụ ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ dị anya pụtara, dọpụta ákwà mgbochi nzuzo dị arọ na windo kpuru ìsì, hapụ brek nke ihe ndina, ma dọba ihe ndina n'ime paseeji ma ọ bụ tụgharịa isi nke ihe ndina ka akpụkpọ ụkwụ ahụ chere ihu na windo ahụ ma dọpụta ya n'elu akwa mkpuchi ahụ ma dọpụta ya n'elu akwa mkpuchi ahụ. tupu ebili mmiri akụọ.
6. N'ụlọ ahịa, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na-ere ahịa, na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe:
7. Mee ka ndị na-azụ ahịa pụọ na nnukwu ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke enyo dị n'ihu ma pụọ ​​na n'okpuru ọkụ ihu igwe ma ọ bụ akwa akwa akwa akwa akwa (ebe ikuku ikuku 5-kilopascal na mberede nwere ike ịkwatu ngwa ahịa n'elu shelf).

Na-akwado ụlọ gị, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ azụmahịa gị megide ihe egwu enyo gbawara¶

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ebi ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime kilomita 5 (kilomita 3) nke ebe a na-esi mmanụ mmanụ, ugbo nchekwa mmanụ, igwe mbuli ọka, ebe a na-ebu agha, ma ọ bụ ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma ọ bụ na-achọ naanị ichebe nnukwu windo site na mkpọmkpọ ebe na oké ifufe:

• ** Tinye 4-mil ka 8-mil (100-to-200-micron) polyester doro anya ihe nkiri Window Anti-Shatter Safety: ** arụnyere nke ọma ma ọ bụ ngwa ihe nkiri nchekwa ụbọchị DIY na-ejikọta ya na iko windo dị ugbu a. Mgbe ebili mmiri na-akụrisị pane ahụ, ihe nkiri polyester siri ike na-ejide pasent 95 nke iko iko ndị gbajiri agbaji jikọtara ọnụ n'otu mpempe akwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe kama ikwe ka ọtụtụ puku mgbịrịgba ndị rụrụ arụ efefe n'ime ụlọ ahụ.
• ** Wụnye iko nchekwa laminated (ANSI Z97.1 / EN 356) mgbe ị na-edochi nnukwu windo foto: ** sandwiches enyo enyo nwere ihe mkpuchi polyvinyl butyral (PVB) siri ike n'etiti iko abụọ, dị ka ikuku ikuku ụgbọ ala.
• ** Kpookwasi ákwà mgbochi siri ike ma ọ bụ akwa mkpuchi akwa n'azụ nnukwu windo:** Idobe akwa akwa ma ọ bụ nke siri ike na-adọta n'ofe windo iko na-ejide akụkụ dị ukwuu nke iberibe iko iko dị obere ọsọ n'oge mmemme oke nrụgide.
• Hazie akwa, cribs, na desks ụlọ ọrụ ka ha ghara itinye n'otu n'otu na nnukwu windo mpụta: Edokwala akwa ụmụaka ma ọ bụ akwa ụmụaka ozugbo n'okpuru nnukwu windo iko annealed.

Onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịtụle ịmecha aka na ** Enyemaka Mbụ, Kwụsị Ọbara, na usoro CPR ** site na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ mberede mpaghara ka ị nwee ike ijikwa akwa iko iko na nkeji oge dị oke egwu tupu ụgbọ ala abịarute.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Kedu ihe kpatara enwere ogologo oge ịgbachi nkịtị n'etiti ịhụ bọọlụ meteor ma ọ bụ mgbawa dị anya na ịma jijiji na-akụ?¶

Ìhè sitere na ikuku meteor ikuku ma ọ bụ mgbawa ụlọ ọrụ na-eme njem na 300,000 kilomita kwa nkeji (186,000 kilomita kwa nkeji), na-eru gị anya ozugbo. Otú ọ dị, ụda mgbawa nke anụ ahụ bụ ebili mmiri nke na-agafe ikuku na nso ọsọ ụda, ihe dị ka mita 340 kwa nkeji (ihe dịka 1 kilomita kwa sekọnd atọ, ma ọ bụ 1 mile kwa sekọn ise ọ bụla). Ọ bụrụ na meteor gbawara kilomita 30 (kilomita 19) n'elu, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nnụcha gbawara kilomita 6 (3.7 kilomita) site na ya, a ga-enwe oghere dị jụụ nke 18 ruo 90 sekọnd ka ọkụ ahụ na-egbukepụ egbukepụ tupu ebili mmiri na-ebibi ihe abịarute wee fesa na windo.

Kedu ihe kpatara ọtụtụ mmadụ ji merụọ ahụ site na iko n'oge ikuku meteor ma ọ bụ mgbawa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri?¶

N'ihi na ọkụ na-ekpuchi anya nke ìhè ma ọ bụ kọlụm anwụrụ ọkụ na-abata na nzuzo na mbụ, ọchịchọ ịmata ihe mmadụ sitere n'okike na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ọfịs na-aga ije ruo nnukwu windo iji lee anya n'èzí ma mee ihe nkiri na mbara igwe. Sekọnd ma ọ bụ nkeji ole na ole ka e mesịrị, mgbe ebili mmiri na-adịghị ahụ anya na-adaba n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ọ na-akụri enyo windo anneal n'ime puku kwuru puku agụba dị nkọ na-abanye n'ime ụlọ dị na mita 30 ruo 60 kwa nkeji (65 ruo 135 mph), na-eti onye ọ bụla guzo n'ihu iko ahụ n'ihu, anya na olu.

Ekwesịrị m imeghe ọnụ m ma ọ bụ kpuchie ntị m mgbe m matara na ụda mgbawa na-achọ ịda?¶

Ee, ha abụọ: si na windo dapụ, kụchie ọbụ aka gị n'elu ntị elu gị (ma ọ bụ jiri aka gị kpuchie isi na olu gị), wee jiri agba dị jụụ meghee ọnụ gị ntakịrị. Imeghe ọnụ gị na-enye ohere ikuku ikuku na-eju oke na mberede ka ọ na-agbago tube Eustachian gị n'ime ntị etiti n'otu oge ahụ ọ na-agbanye n'èzí nke eardrum gị, na-enyere aka ịhazi nrụgide n'ofe akpụkpọ ahụ tympanic na ibelata ohere nke eardrum gbawara agbawa.

Ọ bụ meteorites na-ada n'ala mgbe ikuku ikuku gbasịrị ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ?¶

Ee e, meteorites eke sitere na asteroids abụghị redioactive, na megidere akụkọ ifo ndị a ma ama, obere iberibe meteorite na-erute ala mgbe ikuku ikuku gbasịrị na-adịkarị oyi ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-emetụ ya. Naanị elu 1-millimita dị n'elu na-agbaze n'ime obere sekọnd ole na ole nke ntinye ikuku hypersonic tupu afụpụ eriri ahụ na nkume ahụ daa na 20 kilomita ikpeazụ (kilomita 12) ruo ọtụtụ nkeji site na oyi na-atụ mwepu 40 ° C (mwepu 40 ° F) ikuku stratospheric. Agbanyeghị, emetụla ihe ọla na-ese anwụrụ na-amaghị ama ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere ike ịbụ irighiri ikuku ikuku nke nwere ihe na-egbu egbu hydrazine.

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• National Aeronautics na Space Administration (NASA Planetary Defence Coordination Office, United States): Bolide Airburst Physics, Chelyabinsk Superbolide Injury Epidemiology, and Asteroid Impact Nkwadebe
• Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mberede Federal (FEMA, United States): * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka iji belata ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nwere ike ime na mwakpo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe megide ụlọ (FEMA 426: Mfefe oke nrụgide na Nchedo glazing)*
• Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC, United States): * Mgbawa na mmerụ ahụ: A Primer maka ndị dọkịta (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Blast Trauma)*
• Onye isi ahụike na nchekwa (HSE, United Kingdom): * Mgbawa Cloud Cloud, Mpaghara Mgbawa Mgbawa nke ụlọ ọrụ, yana njikwa ihe egwu na-egbuke egbuke na windo.
• Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations maka Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) na International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN): * Ozi nchekwa ọha maka ikuku ikuku Bolide*

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ọbara siri ike na ngwa nlegharị anya
• Mmerụ anya anya: mkpọsa kemịkalụ, ihe ndị mba ọzọ, na trauma
• Window agbajiri agbaji: bọọdụ mberede na nchekwa iko
• Mwụfu kemịkalụ na mwepụta ihe ndị dị ize ndụ
• Nsi nke carbon monoxide