'Aṅụla/Aṅụla Ọṅụ' Chemical Water Advisories vs. Omimi-mmiri Notices¶

Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ime obodo ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha nyere ịdọ aka ná ntị mmiri mgbata ihe mberede, ọtụtụ ezinaụlọ na-eji ebumpụta ụwa jupụta ite n'elu stovu wee bute mmiri ahụ n'isi. Ọ bụ ezie na isi mmiri bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo maka igbu nje nje n'oge ọkọlọtọ ** Ndụmọdụ mmiri esi mmiri ** (dị ka mgbe mmiri gachara ma ọ bụ idei mmiri), ** mmiri mmiri esi mmiri n'oge "Aṅụla ihe ọṅụṅụ" ma ọ bụ "Adịla" ndụmọdụ kemikal ma ọ bụ algal toxin bụ mmejọ na-eyi ndụ egwu. Mgbe mmiri mgbata na-emetọ ya site na pipeline petroleum (benzene, toluene, xylenes, mmanụ dizel), ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (trichlorethylene, MCHM, perchlorethylene), nitrates ugbo, ọla dị arọ (lead, arsenic, ọla kọpa), ma ọ bụ ** merụọ algal bloom cyanotoxinspercystin *** cyanotoxinspermops. ibibi ihe mmeru. Kama, esi nri ** na-ebunye kemịkalụ organic na-agbanwe ozugbo na ikuku kichin gị dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu, uzuoku na-ekpo ọkụ *** ma ọ bụ ** na-ekpochapụ mmiri dị ọcha ma na-etinye nsị na nsị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ọbụna ọkwa na-egbu egbu ** n'ime ite.

Ọbụna nke ka njọ, ịsa ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-asa efere efere, ma ọ bụ na-asa uwe na mmiri nke hydrocarbons na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka ** benzene ma ọ bụ mmanụ ụgbọala ** na-atụgharị ụlọ ịsa ahụ gị ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ gas na-eku ume, na-ebuga ọrịa carcinogen dị elu site na ngụgụ na akpụkpọ gị n'ime nkeji 10 karịa ịṅụ ọtụtụ iko mmiri. Na mgbakwunye, ozugbo mmanụ ụgbọala hydrocarbons na-abanye n'ahịrị ọrụ n'okporo ámá nke ụlọ gị, ha na-adịgide adịgide ** na-agbari ma gbazee n'ime polyethylene dị elu (HDPE) na polyethylene jikọtara ya (PEX) ọkpọ mmiri plastik, na-etinye nsị n'ime mmiri mgbata gị ruo ọnwa ole na ole ka agbachara isi obodo. Ịmara kpọmkwem ọrụ dị iche n'etiti ọkwa atọ nke ndụmọdụ mmiri, otu esi amata mmetọ kemịkalụ na-amaghị ọkwa na mgbata, nke ihe nzacha ụlọ na-ada ma ọ bụ na-aga nke ọma, yana otu esi emebi mmiri ọkụ na mmiri ọkụ nke ụlọ gị, na-azọpụta ezinụlọ gị pụọ na nsị ọjọọ.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Gụọ kpọmkwem okwu nke gọọmentị njikere ozugbo: "Obụpde mmiri" vs "Aṅụla" vs. "Adịla eji."** Ọ bụrụ na njikere na-ekwu "Aṅụla" ma ọ bụ "Aṅụla", ** Ọ dịghị mgbe obụpde mgbata mmiri **. Isi nri ga-ejupụta n'ụlọ gị na vapors kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu (benzene, mmanụ ọkụ, ihe mgbaze) ma ọ bụ tinye uche n'ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ (cyanotoxins, nitrates, lead).
2. ** Gbanwee ozugbo gaa na mmiri karama mechiri emechi maka ị drinkụ mmanya niile, nkwadebe ọgwụ ụmụaka, isi nri, ịsa ezé, ime ice, na ọkwá mmiri anụ ụlọ. Anụ ụlọ na-enwekarị ike ịnweta microcystin cyanotoxins hepatotoxic na mmanụ hydrocarbons.
3. ** Kwụsị ịsa ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ma ọ bụ ngwa mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri mgbata gị na-esi ísì dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, diesel, kerosene, nail-polish remover, licorice, ma ọ bụ turpentine, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-arụ ọrụ "Aṅụla ihe ọṅụṅụ / Ejila" ọkwa na-arụ ọrụ. nke na-agafe ngwa ngwa gafere alveoli nku ume na oghere akpụkpọ ahụ mepere emepe. Weghachite ụlọ ahụ site na imepe windo na ịgbanye ndị na-ekpocha ọkụ ụlọ ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na agbanyere mgbata n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.
4. Kpọọ Control Poison ma ọ bụ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla etolite isi ọwụwa, ọnyà na-esi ísì ụtọ, ọgbụgbọ, akpịrị na-ere ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ akpụkpọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya mgbe ịṅụchara mmanya ma ọ bụ ịsa ahụ na mmiri mgbata emetọ. Na United States, kpọọ Control Poison na 1-800-222-1222 ma ọ bụ kpọọ 911 (112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom, ma ọ bụ hụ anyị. nọmba mberede ndekọ).
5. ** adaberela ọkọlọtọ activated-carbon pitcher filter (Brita, Pur) ma ọ bụ refrjiraeto nzacha ọnụ ụzọ iji mee ka mmiri "Aṅụla" mmiri dị mma.** Ihe nzacha carbon nke ezinụlọ enweghị ike iwepụ nitrates, ọla dị arọ, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mkpokọta nke kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enweta "ọganihu" ngwa ngwa mgbe hydrocarbons jupụtara, na akwadoghị ya na ọ ga-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ize ndụ.
6. ** Gbanyụọ valvụ na-enye mmiri oyi n'elu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke ụlọ gị wee gbanyụọ onye na-emepụta ice na-akpaghị aka na friji gị ugbu a *** ma ọ bụrụ na mwụfu kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ plume hydrocarbon abanyela na isi mmiri mpaghara gị. Ikewapụ tank mmiri ọkụ gị dị 150 ruo 300-lita (40-to-80-galọn) na-egbochi mmiri n'okporo ámá mmetọ ka etinyere ya na tank ma kpuchie mkpanaka anode, ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, na gaskets n'ime.

Tiers gọọmentị atọ nke ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ mmiri mmiri¶

Ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri ọñụñụ n'ụwa niile, gụnyere United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ** World Health Organisation (WHO), na ** UK Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), na-ekewa ihe mberede mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ n'ime ọkwa atọ dị iche iche. Ịgwọ Tier 2 ma ọ bụ Tier 3 dị ka Tier 1 nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu.

flowchart TD
    A["Enyere ọkwa mmiri mgbata ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ísì dị iche na mgbata"] --> B{"Kedu ọkwa ndụmọdụ na-emetụta?"}
    B -->|Tier 1: Boil-Water Advisory / Notice| C["Ihe iyi egwu ndu naanị: nje, nje, Giardia, Cryptosporidium"]
    B -->|Tier 2: Do Not Drink / Do Not Boil Advisory| D["Kemịkalụ, Cyanotoxin, Nitrate, ma ọ bụ mmetọ ọla dị arọ"]
    B -->|Tier 3: Do Not Use All-Stop Order| E["Mmanụ ọkụ/ihe mgbaze dị elu, Hazmat amaghi ama, ma ọ bụ redio"]
    C --> F["Weta mmiri mgbata na obụpde maka nkeji 1 zuru oke, ma ọ bụ nkeji 3 karịa 2,000 m / 6,500 ft."]
    C --> G["Ọ dị mma maka ịsa ahụ na ịsa akwa ma ọ bụrụ na iloghị ya"]
    D --> H["Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla esi mmiri mgbata: Jiri mmiri karama mee ihe naanị maka ị drinkingụ mmanya, usoro nri, nri, ezé na anụ ụlọ."]
    D --> I{"Ọ bụ VOC/ mmanụ ọkụ na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe?"}
    I -->|Volatile: Benzene, Fuel, Solvents| J["Ọ BỤGHỊ ịsa mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe na-asa efere, ma ọ bụ mmiri ọkụ ime ụlọ: Ihe ize ndụ iku ume vapor"]
    I -->|Non-Volatile: Nitrates, Lead, Low Microcystin| K["Lelee ọkwa gọọmentị: A na-anabatakarị ịsa aka / ịsa ákwà Luke ma ọ bụrụ na etinyeghị ya"]
    E --> L["Emetụla mmiri mgbata ọkụ ma ọ bụ kpochaa ụlọ mposi: Gbanyụọ Valve Water Main House ozugbo"]

Tebụl ntụle nna ukwu: Obụpde-mmiri vs. Aṅụla ihe vs. Ejila¶

• (Maka ntuziaka mgbochi microbiological zuru oke n'oge ezumike isi Tier 1, lee Isi ezumike mmiri na ndụmọdụ mmiri esi mmiri n'ofe obodo.)*

Kedu ihe kpatara mmiri kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ mmiri Cyanotoxin ji egbu egbu¶

Ịghọta kemịkalụ dị n'azụ kpọmkwem ihe mmetọ mmiri mgbata na-akọwa ihe kpatara ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na-ekwusi ike "Adịla esi" na mkpụrụedemede ukwu n'oge ihe mberede mmiri na-abụghị nke ndu.

1. Ngwakọta Organic na-agbanwe agbanwe (VOCs) na Hydrocarbons mmanụ¶

Mmebi nke usoro nkesa obodo site na ** benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, na xylenes (BTEX) ***, mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ ụgbọ elu (JP-5 / JP-8), mmanụ dizel, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ** trichlorethylene (TCE), tetrachlorethylene (PCE), na 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol na-eme n'oge ụgbọ oloko ụlọ ọrụ * nke dị nso oriri osimiri, ọkụ ọhịa nke na-agbaze ọkpọkọ ọrụ plastik ma na-amịpụta anwụrụ ọkụ benzene n'ime mmiri mmiri dara mbà n'obi, ma ọ bụ ihe mberede azụ azụ njikọ.

• ** Iwu Henry na Mwepu Ikuku Ime Ime: *** Ngwakọta organic na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere oke uzuoku yana obere mmiri solubility. Mmiri emetọọ n'oge na-ahapụ ọkpọkọ a na-agbanye n'ọkụ site na igwe ikuku, isi ịsa ahụ, ite na-esi esi, ogwe mmiri na-asa efere, ma ọ bụ igwe ihe na-eme ihe, ** pasent 70 ruo 90 nke benzene gbazere ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze na-esi na mmiri pụta n'ime ikuku ụlọ **.
• ** Igwe na-asa ahụ na mmiri na-esi nri: *** Ngosipụta sayensị nke US EPA na ATSDR gosipụtara na ịwụ mmiri ọkụ ** 10 ruo 15 nkeji ** na benzene- ma ọ bụ mmiri mmetọ TCE na-emepụta ** inhalation na transdermal n'ime ime nke kwekọrọ na ị drinkingụ 2 lita (0.5 galọn mmiri na-esi esi mmiri), ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. Pasent 100 nke kemịkalụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ozugbo na ihu onye ahụ na-esi nri.

2. Algal Bloom na-emerụ ahụ (HAB) Cyanotoxins: Microcystin, Cylindrospermopsin, na Anatoxin-a¶

N'ime ọnwa okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mmiri mmiri na-edozi ahụ na-akpalite nnukwu ifuru nke ** cyanobacteria (acha anụnụ anụnụ-acha anụnụ anụnụ)* n'ime ọdọ mmiri ọñụñụ nke ime obodo (dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Erie na 2014 Toledo, Ohio nsogbu ma ọ bụ Willamette River basin reservoirs na Oregon). Cyanobacteria na-emepụta nsị intracellular dị ike:

• ** Microcystins na Cylindrospermopsin (Hepatotoxins na Nephrotoxins):** Na-awakpo imeju na akụrụ, na-ebute nnukwu vomiting, afọ ọsịsa, mgbu afọ, ọnya n'ọnụ, na nke nwere ike igbu ** nnukwu imeju ọdịda ***.
• ** Anatoxin-a na Saxitoxins (Neurotoxins):** Na-eme ka egbugbere ọnụ egbugbere ọnụ na mkpịsị aka aka na-agbagharị ngwa ngwa, mgbaka ahụ ike, nkwụsị nhazi, na mkpọnwụ iku ume.
• Ihe kpatara esi esi eme Cyanotoxins ka njọ: Microcystin bụ molekul heptapeptide nke na-adịgide adịgide nke na-adịgide adịgide na-adịgide adịgide ọbụna n'oge gara aga ** 300 degrees Celsius (572 degrees Fahrenheit)**. Na-esi mmiri mgbata na 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) maka 5 ma ọ bụ 20 nkeji ** na-ebibi efu microcystin ***. Kama nke ahụ, esi ** lyses (ruptures) mkpụrụ ndụ cyanobacteria ọ bụla na-adịghị emebi emebi ka kwụsịtụrụ n'ime mmiri, na-atụba ụlọ ahịa nsị nke dị n'ime ha n'ime mmiri mmiri ka ọ na-esipụ oke mmiri, ** na-abawanye ntinye nsị na iko gị ma ọ bụ karama nwa.

3. Nitrates na ọla dị arọ (Lead, Arsenic, Copper)¶

• Nitrates ("Blue Baby Syndrome" / Methemoglobinemia): Fatịlaịza ugbo ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'olulu mmiri obodo na-emighị emi ma ọ bụ usoro mmiri ime obodo na-ebute ọkwa nitrate dị elu.> 10 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen). N'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ na-erubeghị ọnwa 6 ** (yana ndị dị ime na ndị nwere ụkọ G6PD), nje bacteria na-agbanwe nitrate.NO3-n'ime nitrite (NO2-), nke na-eme ka hemoglobin dị n'ime ** methemoglobin **, ụdị ígwè ọbara nke ** enweghị ike ibu oxygen **. Egbugbere ọnụ, imi, na mkpịsị aka nwa na-atụgharị slate-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ chocolate-aja aja, na-eduga na ntachi. **Mmiri esi esi nri maka usoro ụmụaka na-ekpochapụ mmiri dị ọcha ma na-eme ka mkpokọta nitrate dị elu **, na-eme ngwa ngwa methemoglobinemia na-egbu egbu.
• Lead, Arsenic na ọla kọpa: kemịkalụ mmiri na-emebi emebi, ọgba aghara arụ ọrụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ mwepu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahapụ ọla dị arọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. N'ihi na ọla enweghị ike ịpụ na uzuoku, nkeji ọ bụla ị na-esi mmiri mgbata na-abawanye milligrams kwa liter nke lead ma ọ bụ arsenic hapụrụ n'ime ite ahụ.

Ịchọta mmetọ kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ ụgbọala na-ekwupụtaghị na mgbata gị¶

N'ime nnukwu ọdachi mmetọ mmiri n'ụwa (dị ka 2014 Elk River MCHM wụsara na Charleston, West Virginia; 2021 Red Hill jet-fuel contemination na Oahu, Hawaii; na mgbe ọkụ ọkụ benzene ọkpọkọ na California na Colorado), ** ndị bi na-esi ísì ma ọ bụ detụ kemịkalụ kemịkalụ na kichin ha agbasa awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị tupu a ṅụọ mmanya.

Ọkọlọtọ na-acha uhie uhie Sensory: Kwụsị iji mmiri mgbata ozugbo ọ bụrụ na ị chọpụta nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a¶

Ihe kpatara ihe nzacha mmiri ụlọ na-ada n'oge ndụmọdụ kemịkalụ¶

N'oge ihe mberede nke "Aṅụla ihe ọṅụṅụ", ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ na-ekweta na ha nwere ike ịwụsa mmiri mgbata emetọ site na nzacha countertop, ihe nzacha ọkụ ọkụ, ihe nkesa mmiri refrjiraeto, ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ndụ nke ịma ụlọikwuu.

Ikike nzacha vs. Ọganihu dị ize ndụ¶

1. ** Ihe nzacha ịma ụlọikwuu microbiological (Oghere-Fiber membrane straws, Sawyer, LifeStraw, seramik gravity filter):**
   • ** Mwepụ kemịkalụ efu ma ọ bụ nsí:** Microfiltration na ultrafiltration membranes nke pere mpe.0.1 ka 0.2 microns) nje bacteria na protozoa n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ** ma gbazere molekul nke benzene, mmanụ ọkụ, pesticides, nitrates, lead, na microcystin cyanotoxins gbazere bụ ọtụtụ puku ugboro pere mpe karịa 0.1-micron pore wee gafere ozugbo na 100% itinye uche **.
2. ** Carbon arụ ọrụ granular (GAC) Pitchers na ihe nzacha refrigerator (Brita, Pur, Zerowater, Fridge katrij):**
   • ** Enwetaghị akwụkwọ maka mwụfu kemịkalụ a na-edochaghị anya:** Standard NSF/ANSI 42 (ụtọ/isi) ma ọ bụ NSF/ANSI 53 (kpọmkwem ihe mmetọ ahụ ike na ọkwa dị ala na-adịghị ala ala) ihe nzacha carbon bụ ** naanị emebere ya iji kpochaa mmiri nke dabara n'ụkpụrụ iwu mmiri ọ drinkụ mmanya dị mma.
   • ** Saturation ngwa ngwa na "Mbipu mkpofu":** Carbon na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịgbasa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime oghere microscopic. Mgbe nnukwu mmanụ hydrocarbons, ihe mgbaze, ma ọ bụ algal toxins kụrụ obere katrijị olulu, ihe ndina carbon na-eju ngwa ngwa n'enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị anya ("mmepe"). Nke ka njọ, ozugbo jujuru, mmiri na-abata nwere ike ** desorb (tupu) kemịkalụ dabara na mbụ laghachi n'ime iko mmanya gị n'ogo dị elu karịa mmiri mgbata.
3. ** N'okpuru-Sink Reverse Osmosis (RO) Sistemụ (NSF/ANSI 58 kwadoro):**
   • Ọ bụ ezie na sistemụ reverse Osmosis multi-stage (nke ụzọ abụọ tupu carbon blocks, a semi-permeable RO membrane, and post-carbon) wepụ ** nitrates, arọ ọla (lead, arsenic), na microcystin cyanotoxins , ** ọkọlọtọ polymeric RO membranes na-abanye ma na-emebi anụ ahụ site na obere-molekụla-molecule-weights na peat. benzene), ma metọọ tankị nchekwa eriri afọ ha nwere nrụgide mgbe ekpughere ya na plọm kemịkal. ** Ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na-adụ ọdụ ka ha ghara iji sistemu RO ụlọ n'oge ndụmọdụ na-agbapụta kemịkalụ na-arụ ọrụ **, n'ihi na mmiri emetọghị na-emebi akpụkpọ ahụ na tankị nchekwa.

Na-echebe Plumbing gị ugbu a yana na-ekpocha ụlọ gị mgbe "Ihe niile doro anya"¶

Ozugbo mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'ime ụlọ gị, naanị ichere ka obodo mara ọkwa na mmiri dị n'okporo ámá dị ọcha ** ezughi oke. Ụlọ gị na-ejide ** 150 ruo 350 lita (galọn 40 ruo 90) nke mmiri mmetọ** tọrọ n'ime igwe ọkụ gị na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkpọkọ mmiri oyi, akwa resin nro na ahịrị ngwa.

Nkeji 1: Mwepu Plumbing ozugbo (Mgbe Ndụmọdụ ahụ Na-arụ ọrụ)¶

Ọ bụrụ na ekwupụta ndụmọdụ Tier 2B (Chemical/Fuel Volatile) ma ọ bụ Tier 3 (Ejila) ndụmọdụ:

1. ** Gbanyụọ valvụ ntinye mmiri oyi n'elu igwe ọkụ gị na-ekpo ọkụ ** (tụgharịa na elekere elekere maka valvụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá, ma ọ bụ 90 degrees perpendicular na ọkpọkọ maka valvụ bọl).
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nwere gas ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na ị gaghị eji mmiri ọkụ, gbanwee ọkụ ọkụ na "PILOT / VACATION" (gas) ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ya (eletrik) ** ka ọ ghara ikpo ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na nrụgide daa.
3. ** Gafere ihe nro ụlọ gị dum ma ọ bụ nzacha carbon ụlọ ** na-eji 3-valve ma ọ bụ push-pull bypass manifold n'azụ ngalaba isi. Ọ bụrụ na mmanụ ala hydrocarbons ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ dị arọ na-abanye n'ime tank resin bead ion-exchange nke softener, beads resin na-amịkọrọ kemịkalụ na-adịgide adịgide ma a ga-edochi ya na ọnụ ahịa dị elu.
4. ** Tụgharịa ogwe aka mgbapụta waya elu (ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ) na igwe na-eme ice na-akpaka nke friji gị.**

Nkeji 2: Nzọụkwụ-Szọụkwụ ga-agafe-Ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ Ngwọta mkpochapụ Plumbing Protocol¶

Emela ** amalitela ịkwanye ọkpọkọ ụlọ gị ruo mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mmiri gị na-ekwupụta ọkwa na ** Aṅụla mmanya / Ejila ** ebulila iwu maka mpaghara nrụgide gị kpọmkwem (ihe eji eme ihe na-ekpochapụ hydrants n'okporo ámá na mpaghara usoro ka ndị nwe ụlọ ghara ịdọrọ kemịkalụ isi n'ime ahịrị ọrụ ụlọ).

Ozugbo a kpochapụrụ mpaghara okporo ámá gị n'ụzọ iwu:

1. ** Wetuo ụlọ ahụ dum tupu imepe oghere ọ bụla:**
   • Ọ bụrụ na mmetọ ahụ metụtara ogige organic na-agbanwe agbanwe (benzene, mmanụ ọkụ, MCHM, ihe mgbaze), ** mepee windo niile, gbanye ụlọ ịsa ahụ na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ kichin, tinyekwa ndị ọkpọ igbe na-afụ apụta *** tupu ịgbanye mmiri. Ịgba ngwa ngwa ọ bụla iji wụsa ọkpọkọ ga-ahapụ obere ikuku kemịkalụ n'ime ikuku ime ụlọ; ndị dị ime, ụmụ ọhụrụ na ndị nwere ụkwara ume ọkụ kwesịrị ịpụ n'èzí ma ọ bụ chere n'ime ụlọ ikuku na-eku ume mgbe otu okenye na-emepe taps.
2. ** Wepu ma hichaa ihe niile na-ekuku mmiri na isi mmiri ịsa ahụ:**
   • Mepee obere ntupu ** enyo aerator *** site na ndụmọdụ nke kichin ọ bụla na igwe ịsa ahụ ọ bụla. Akpachapụta nchara, akpịrịkpa ndu, carbon granules na mmanu mmanu na-ada n'azụ ihuenyo ndị a ozugbo. Wunye ha na mmiri dị ọcha na mmanya mmanya, were brush hichaa ha, hapụ ha ** gbanyụọ ** ruo mgbe mmiri oyi gwụchara.
3. ** Wepu ọkpọkọ mmiri oyi site na ala dị ala ruo n'ala kachasị elu (nkeji 15 ruo 30):**
   • Mepee eriri mmiri dị n'èzí maka nkeji 5 iji dọpụta mmiri dị n'okporo ámá ọhụrụ site na ahịrị ọrụ n'okpuru ala gị.
   • Na-esote, mepee ** mmiri mmiri oyi niile *** (ebe ịsa ahụ, ebe ịsa ahụ, ebe a na-asa ákwà, ebe a na-esi nri, ebe ịsa ahụ) na-amalite na okpuru ulo ma ọ bụ n'ala ma na-arịgo n'elu ụlọ.
   • Kwe ka ọkpọ mmiri oyi niile na-agba ọsọ n'otu oge na oke zuru oke maka ** opekata mpe 15 ruo 30 ** (ma ọ bụ oge akọwapụtara nke ọrụ gị nyere iwu) ruo mgbe mmiri na-agba oyi kpamkpam yana enweghị isi ísì kemịkalụ efu ma ọ bụ sheen ***.
4. ** Wepu ma kpochaa tankị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ kpamkpam:**
   • N'ihi na onye na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri 200-lita (50-galọn) na-agwakọta mmiri na-abata kama ịkwanye ya ozugbo, ** ị ga-ekpochapụ tank mmiri ọkụ iche iche ***:
   • Ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ọkụ ọkụ / gas, tinye eriri ubi na valvụ mgbapu ọla nke ala nke tank ahụ, kpochaa tank ahụ kpamkpam, jupụta na mmiri oyi dị ọhụrụ, ** OR ** mepee ihe niile ** mmiri ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ** n'ime ụlọ ma mee ya maka ** opekempe 45 ruo 60 nkeji ** (maka ọkọlọtọ 150-to--200-200-liter + tank maka 200-200-liter + tank). 80-galọn tank) iji gbanwee opekata mpe abụọ ruo atọ zuru oke.
5. ** kpochaa igwe ịsa efere, igwe ịsa ihe na ndị na-eme ice:**
   • Gbaa efere efere efu gafere ** okirikiri ịsa mmiri ọkụ abụọ zuru ezu ** na-enweghị efere.
   • Gbaa akwa akwa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla site na ** otu ncha ọkụ zuru oke wee kpochaa okirikiri ***.
   • Jiri ** ma ọ dịkarịa ala 8 ruo 12 lita (galọn 2 ruo 3)** nke mmiri na-ekesa mmiri refrjiraeto, jiri katrij ọhụrụ dochie katrij mmiri refrjiraeto, yana ** gbapụ ma tụfuo nnukwu mmiri mmiri atọ mbụ zuru ezu nke cubes ice ọhụrụ ** tupu iri ice ọ bụla.
6. ** Dochie katrij nzacha ihe eji eme ihe niile:**
   • Tụfuo katrij nzacha ọ bụla metụrụ mmiri emerụ emerụ (nzacha ihe nzacha, carbon blocks, sediment/carbon cartridges, na ihe nzacha ịsa ahụ), jiri ncha efere na mmiri dị ọcha sachaa ụlọ rọba ahụ, ma wụnye katrij ọhụrụ.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water: Ndụmọdụ ahụike mmiri maka Cyanotoxins (Microcystins na Cylindrospermopsin), Iwu mmiri mmiri nke mbụ nke mba.40 CFR Part 141) maka Benzene, VOC, Nitrates, na Lead, yana * Ntuziaka mmetọ VOC na-ekesa ọkụ ọkụ*.
• ** Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States):** * Igbe nzikọrịta ozi ndụmọdụ mmiri ị drinkụ mmanya* (Nkọwa ọrụ na ntuziaka ọha maka ndụmọdụ mmiri esi mmiri, Aṅụla ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ, na ejikwala ndụmọdụ).
• ** Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO, Mba Nile):** * Ntuziaka maka Ịdị Mma-mmiri (Mbipụta nke anọ)*: Ihe Mberede Kemịkalụ, Nsí Cyanobacterial, na Nitrate/Nitrite Methemoglobinemia thresholds.
• ** Ụlọ ọrụ maka ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na ndekọ ọrịa (ATSDR / CDC, United States): *** Profaịlụ toxicological maka Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Trichlorethylene (TCE), na 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM)* (Dermal na inhalation ikpughe na esi n'oge ngosi ụlọ).
• ** American Water Works Association (AWWA) na Purdue University Center for Plumbing Safety:** Premise Plumbing Decontamination and Flushing Protocols Following Hydrocarbon and Chemical Intrusion Events (HDPE na PEX pipe permeation and stagnation sampling).

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Isi ezumike mmiri na ndụmọdụ mmiri esi mmiri n'ofe obodo
• Nchekwa mmiri na ọkwa obụpde
• Tide na-acha uhie uhie, ifuru algal na-emerụ ahụ, na nsị mmiri nke cyanobacteria
• Mgbawa ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, ndakpọ ụgbọ oloko, yana akara ebe nchekwa
• Ịchọta mkpofu mkpofu ma ọ bụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị
• Enyemaka mbụ na-egbu egbu
• Nọmba mberede