Oxy-Fuel Torch Flashback, Welding Fume Inhalation, na Arc Eye Triage¶

Ịgbado ọkụ, brazing, ịkpụ plasma, na ịcha mmanụ ọkụ na-ekpughere ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe ize ndụ atọ dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ n'otu oge: ikuku mmanụ ọkụ na-agbawa elu, metal oxides vaporized na-egbu egbu na gas na-ewe iwe ọkụ, na ultraviolet na infrared radieshon. N'ime mkpọ ma ọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ oxy-acetylene, n'ọnụ ọkụ kpuchiri ekpuchi, eriri kinked, ma ọ bụ nrụgide na-achịkwa nke na-ezighi ezi nwere ike ime ka ire ọkụ dị n'èzí laghachi azụ n'ọnụ ya na nnukwu pop (ọkụ azụ) wee gaa n'ihu na-ere ọkụ n'ime ya site na ọnụ ụlọ na-agwakọta na roba hoses na-aga n'ihu gas cylinders (flash na-adịgide adịgide). Ọ bụrụ na mgbanaka n'ime ma ọ bụ eriri mpụga na-ekpo ọkụ acetylene cylinder, gas acetylene gbazere na-akwụghị ụgwọ n'ime nwere ike ịbanye n'ọkpụkpọ ikuku nke exothermic nke nwere ike ịgbawa cylinder ígwè dị ka bọmbụ na-agbawa elu ọbụlagodi mgbe agbanyụrụ valves mpụga.

N'otu oge ahụ, usoro ịgbado ọkụ ọkụ eletrik (SMAW stick, GMAW MIG, FCAW flux-core, na GTAW TIG) ọla ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mkpuchi elu, na ihe mgbaze kemịkal na okpomọkụ karịrị ** 3,000 ruo 6,000 degrees Celsius (5,400 ruo 10,800 degrees Fahrenheit)**. Iku ume na-esi na ya pụta n'ime ụlọ ahịa ikuku ikuku na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ tank nwere ike ịkpalite nnukwu ** metal fume fever ** site na galvanized zinc oxide, pneumonitis kemịkalụ na-eyi ndụ egwu na edema pulmonary na-egbu oge site na cadmium uzuzu ma ọ bụ ** phosgene gas *** (nke a na-eme mgbe ịgbado ọkụ UV ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ na-akụda chlorint siri ike ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ na-agbaze), igwu mmiri argon na obere oghere. Ọbụlagodi nlele dị nkenke 2 ruo 10 nke abụọ na-enweghị mkpuchi na arc ịgbado ọkụ eletrik na-ejupụta cornea na ultraviolet dị mkpụmkpụ (UV-C na UV-B), na-ebute nnukwu igbu oge ** ultraviolet keratitis (anya arc ma ọ bụ welder flash) 4 ruo 12 awa gachara. N'ịmara ka esi mechie ọkụ ọkụ oxy-fuel na usoro valvụ ziri ezi, chọpụta mgbe tankị acetylene na-ekpo ọkụ na-achọ ịpụpụ ozugbo kama ijikwa ya, dị iche iche na-adịghị mma zinc fume fever si na cadmium na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ phosgene nku ume, na jikwaa arc anya na-egbu mgbu na-enweghị imebi cornea na topical anesthetic tụlee na-azọpụta ndụ na ọhụụ na workhop.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** KPỤRỤ MBỤ mechie ọwa oxygen valvụ, wee mechie valvụ mmanụ ọkụ ọkụ (acetylene) ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na ọwa na-ada ụda n'ime aka ya, ma ọ bụ na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ.* Mgbe i mechichara valvụ aka abụọ nke ọkụ, ozugbo mechie valvụ cylinder isi na tankị abụọ ahụ (na elekere elekere) naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma iru ha, ma tinye isi ọkụ ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime bọket mmiri na-abụghị mmanụ ka ọ dị jụụ.
2. ** Wepụ onye ọ bụla ma ọ dịkarịa ala 100 ruo 300 mita (330 ruo 1,000 feet) pụọ ma ọ bụrụ na acetylene cylinder n'onwe ya na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ama jijiji, na-egbuke egbuke, ma ọ bụ na-agbanye ọkụ na ihe nhazi ma ọ bụ plọg fusible. Nbibi kemịkalụ dị n'ime nwere ike ime ka cylinder gbawaa n'ike ọbụlagodi na valvụ mechiri emechi. Kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gafee European Union, 999 na United Kingdom) ka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ wee mee ka tank ahụ dị jụụ n'azụ mkpuchi ihe ruo ọtụtụ awa; lelee nọmba mberede.
3. ** Bugharịa onye ọ bụla nke ụkwara, isi ọwụwa, ma ọ bụ mkpụmkpụ ume site na uzuoku ịgbado ọkụ n'ime ikuku dị n'èzí ozugbo, na abanyela n'ime tank ma ọ bụ olulu ebe TIG ma ọ bụ MIG welder daa. hụ akpọchiri oghere asphyxiation.
4. Chọọ nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ mberede ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na uzuoku ịgbado ọkụ sitere na akụkụ cadmium-plated, igwe anaghị agba nchara, beryllium, manganese, ma ọ bụ ígwè ejiri ihe nhicha breeki chlorinated kpochara. edema) ruo awa 12 ruo 48 ka ekpughere ya, ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na ahụ dị onye welder mma ozugbo ọ hapụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ahụ; hụ cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, na inhalation nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
5. **Wepu lenses kọntaktị, nọrọ n'ime ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị, tinye mkpakọ mmiri dị jụụ n'elu nkuchianaya mechiri emechi, na etinyela ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime anya (proparacaine ma ọ bụ tetracaine) n'ime anya maka ọkụ welder (anya arc)). hụ anya mba ọzọ, abrasion corneal, na welding flash.
6. ** Slag, spatter, ma ọ bụ igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ere ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri mgbata dị jụụ maka nkeji 20 zuru ezu, wepụkwa mgbanaka, elekere, na uwe na-ese anwụrụ ozugbo.* ewepụla uwe sịntetịt gbazere agbaze nke a na-ejikọta na akpụkpọ cha cha; hụ ọkụ.

flowchart TD
    Start["Mgbado ọkụ, ịcha ma ọ bụ ihe mberede Oxy-Fuel"] --> HazardType{"Kedu ihe mberede na-eme?"}
    HazardType -->|"Oxy-Fuel Torch Pop, Squeal, ma ọ bụ Ọkụ Hose"| Flashback["1. Mechie valvụ TORCH OXYGEN mbụ, emesia TORCH FUEL valve<br/>2. Mechie valve tankị cylinder abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma iru<br/>3. Jiri aka efu nwee mmetụta acetylene cylinder shei"]
    Flashback --> TankHot{"Silinda acetylene ọ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-agba ọsọ ma ọ bụ na-agba ọkụ?"}
    TankHot -->|"Ee: tank na-ekpo ọkụ / ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ere ọkụ na valvụ"| EvacTank["1. Emegharịla ma ọ bụ metụ cylinder acetylene aka<br/>2. Wepụ mpaghara 100 ruo 300 m (330 ruo 1,000 ft) n'azụ mkpuchi siri ike<br/>3. Kpọọ ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ (911/112/999) maka ime ka mmiri dị jụụ"]
    TankHot -->|"Mba: Tankị dị jụụ ma ọkụ apụọla"| InspectRig["Ọkụ dị jụụ na mmiri; tụfuo hoses gbara ọkụ wee lelee ndị na-ejide flashback tupu ojiji ọzọ"]
    HazardType -->|"Nkuku ọkụ, oyi, ụkwara, ma ọ bụ njigide obi"| FumeCheck{"Kedu ihe mkpuchi ọla ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ ka ọkụ?"}
    FumeCheck -->|"Ihe nhicha breeki chlorinated, Cadmium, igwe anaghị agba nchara, ma ọ bụ Oghere akpọchiri"| HighRiskFume["Ihe ize ndụ ngụgụ na-eyi ndụ: <br/>1. Gaa n'ikuku dị ọhụrụ wee mee ka onye ahụ zuo ike nke ọma<br/>2. Kpọọ 911/112/999 maka ụgbọ njem ụlọ ọgwụ<br/>3. Nyochaa awa 24 ruo 48 maka edema pulmonary na-egbu oge"]
    FumeCheck -->|"Dị ọcha Galvanized Steel (Zinc) naanị + Ọnwụ Flu dị nro"| ZincFever["Ahụ ọkụ Ọkụ Ọ nwere Yiri: <br/>1. Ikuku dị mma, izu ike, mmiri mmiri ọnụ, yana ihe na-ebelata ahụ ọkụ<br/>2. Gaa na ER ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ mkpụmkpụ ume, mgbu obi, ma ọ bụ ụkwara na-akawanye njọ"]
    HazardType -->|"Ihe mgbu anya siri ike, mmetụta na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ akwa akwa mgbe mkpughe Arc gasịrị"| ArcEye["1. Wepu lenses kọntaktị ma ghara ito anya<br/>2. Zuo ike n'ime ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị jiri akwa dị jụụ kpuchie anya mechiri emechi<br/>3. Ejila ọgwụ anestetiiki na-egbu egbu n'ụlọ<br/>4. Hụ dọkịta anya ma ọ bụ nlekọta ngwa ngwa ka ịwepụ spek ọla agbakwunyere"]

Oxy-acetylene backfire, flashback na-adịgide adịgide, na ire ere cylinder¶

Ịmata ọdịiche dị n'azụ ọkụ na-adịru nwa oge site na azụghachi azụ azụ dị ize ndụ¶

Ịgbado ọkụ na mmanụ ọkụ, brazing, na igbu ọkụ na-ejikọta oxygen dị ọcha abịakọrọ na gas mmanụ ọkụ (nke na-emekarị ** acetylene *, propane, propylene, ma ọ bụ gas) n'ime ụlọ na-agwakọta ọkụ. Acetylene (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2\))) na-emepụta ire ọkụ kacha ọkụ nke mmanụ ụgbọala ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla, na-erute n'ihe dị ka ** 3,160 degrees Celsius (5,720 degrees Fahrenheit) mgbe agwakọtara ya na oxygen dị ọcha, n'ihi na acetylene bụ ngwakọta endothermic nwere njikọ carbon atọ nke na-ewepụta ike kemịkalụ dị oke egwu.

N'ihi na ọkụ na-agbasa ngwa ngwa nke ngwakọta oxy-acetylene na-adị ngwa ngwa nke ukwuu, ihe abụọ dị iche iche nke mgbagha nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku gas na-agbada n'okpuru ọsọ ọkụ:

Usoro ihe mberede nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ maka ọwa ọkụ oxy-fuel flashback¶

Mgbe ọwa na-agbapụta wee malite ịcha ma ọ bụ na-atụba soot ojii siri n'ọnụ ọnụ, ị ga-enwe naanị 1 ruo 3 sekọnd tupu ire ọkụ dị n'ime agbaze site na ahụ ọkụ ọla ma ọ bụ na-amụnye hoses roba:

Kwụpụ 1: Mezue usoro nkwụsị nke valve kpọmkwem¶

1. ** Buru ụzọ mechie valvụ TORCH OXYGEN (tụgharịa n'akụkụ elekere nke ọma):** Ọkụ oxygen dị ọcha na-enye ọkụ dị n'ime ọkụ n'ime ụlọ agwakọta ọla. Mbelata ikuku oxygen ozugbo na-agbada okpomọkụ ọkụ wee kwụsị n'ihu ire ọkụ iri site na aka ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-agbaghachi azụ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ. (Imechi valvụ mmanụ ụgbọala na mbụ mgbe ị na-ahapụ ikuku oxygen dị elu na-eme ka ire ọkụ na-alaghachi azụ n'ime eriri mmanụ ma ọ bụ na-esi na aka ọla.)
2. ** Mechie valve TORCH FUEL-GAS (acetylene) nke abụọ: ** N'ime otu sekọnd nke imechi valvụ oxygen na aka ọkụ, mechie valvụ acetylene na aka ọkụ ahụ kpamkpam.
3. ** Mechie valvụ abụọ isi cylinder na tankị: ** Ozugbo mechie ma ikuku oxygen cylinder valve na valvụ acetylene cylinder (iji T-wrench nke ga-anọgide na-adị na stem nke tankị acetylene na-arụ ọrụ n'oge eji).
4. Dịgharịa ahụ ọkụ wee lelee hoses: Ozugbo valvụ abụọ nke tankị kwụsịrị, gbanye n'ọnụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma gwakọta isi n'ime bọket mmiri dị ọcha na-enweghị mmanụ. Anwunyela ọwa mgbe ịghaghachi azụ azụ ruo mgbe enyocha ma ọ bụ dochie mgbanaka O-mgbanaka, oche, hoses na ndị na-ejide flashback.

Nzọụkwụ 2: Lelee acetylene cylinder maka ire ere ọkụ¶

Na nrụgide dị n'elu ** 103 kilopascals (paụnd 15 kwa square inch nlele / 1.03 mmanya) , acetylene gaseous free na-aghọ kemịkalụ ejighị n'aka na ike gbawara site ujo ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ ọbụna na-enweghị oxygen. Iji chekwaa acetylene n'enweghị nsogbu na ihe dị ka ** 1,720 kilopascals (250 psi), a na-ejupụta acetylene cylinder na nnukwu calcium silicate filler porous jupụtara na ** mmiri acetone ** (ma ọ bụ dimethylformamide), nke gas acetylene na-agbaze.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a flashback eru cylinder ma ọ bụ mpụga sooks ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ tank, acetylene n'ime porous uka na-amalite ** exothermic thermal decomposition ** n'ime elemental carbon na hydrogen gas ($ ederede {C}_2 ederede {H}_2 rightarrow 2 ederede {C} + ederede {H}_2 + ederede). Mmeghachi omume yinye kemịkalụ a na-ebute oke ọkụ dị n'ime yana nrụgide na-agbasa site na ndochi cylinder ihe karịrị nkeji ma ọ bụ awa ruo mgbe shei nchara gbawara nke ukwuu.

Ozugbo i mechibidoro flashback ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ obere ọkụ na-achịkwa, mee nlele ** cylinder shea na-enweghị aka ***:

1. ** Jiri nlezianya bịaruo wee jiri aka gị jiri nwayọọ metụ ubu elu na akụkụ nke acetylene cylinder aka ** (naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọkụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-adakwasị tank ahụ yana enweghị ihe na-agba ọsọ site na plọg nchekwa na-enweghị isi).
2. ** Nyochaa akara ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ire ere acetylene dị n'ime:**
3. Shei cylinder nchara na-enwe mmetụta ** na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ na mmetụ aka na-adịghị mma ** ebe ọ bụla n'elu ya, ma ọ bụ agba na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ na-acha ọkụ.
4. Silinda ahụ na-esi n'ime pụta ** ụda dara dara dara ada, pinging, ma ọ bụ mkpọtụ **.
5. Igwe nrụnye mgbanye igwe na-adịghị ahụkebe na cylinder (emebere ka ọ gbazee na ihe dịka Celsius 100 Celsius / 212 degrees Fahrenheit **) agbazeela ma na-ekupụ ụgbọ elu gas ma ọ bụ ire ọkụ.
6. Anwụrụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ galik dị nkọ ma ọ bụ isi ihe mgbaze na-esi na valvụ mechiri emechi ma ọ bụ plọg enyemaka.

Kwụpụ 3: Ọ bụrụ na acetylene cylinder dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ere ọkụ na valvụ ahụ, wepụ ngwa ngwa.¶

Ọ bụrụ na cylinder acetylene na-egosi ** akara ọ bụla nke kpo oku, mmeghachi omume n'ime, ma ọ bụ ire ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na valvụ ma ọ bụ plọg fusible nke na-adịghị apụ ozugbo mgbe imechi valvụ:

1. Agbalịla ịkwaga, tụgharịa, tutuo, ma ọ bụ buru acetylene cylinder dị ọkụ n'èzí: Ọbụlagodi ntakịrị ihe nrụnye a na-etinye na acetylene cylinder nke na-ere ere dị n'ime na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ahụ dịkwuo elu site na ndochi porous wee kpalite mgbawa ozugbo.
2. Enyụla ọkụ jet na-ere ọkụ site na plọg na-agbaze agbaze ma ọ gwụla ma enwere ike ịkwụsị ikuku gas: Imenyụ ọkụ ka acetylene na-ekpo ọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-apụ apụ na-ejupụta ụlọ ahụ na ikuku ikuku acetylene na-agbawa ọkụ (na-ere ọkụ site na ** 2.5% ruo 81% itinye uche na ikuku ***) nke ga-agbawa ihe owuwu ahụ na ọkụ mbụ.
3. ** Wepụ ndị ọrụ na ndị agbata obi ọ dịkarịa ala mita 100 ruo 300 (330 ruo 1,000 ụkwụ) n'azụ mkpuchi siri ike: ** Kpochapụ ụlọ ahụ, dọpụta mkpu ọkụ, ma gbochie ụzọ ụzọ.
4. ** Kpọọ ọrụ mberede (911/112/999) ma gwa izipu ọkụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ị nwere acetylene cylinder na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ere ọkụ: ** Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọkụ ga-eji mmiri na-enweghị ọrụ na-enyocha mmiri n'azụ ihe mkpuchi na-ekpuchi cylinder ahụ ruo ọtụtụ awa ruo mgbe shea nchara na-adị jụụ kpamkpam; hụ mkpakọ gas cylinder valve shiee, tankị rọketi, na ntapu cryogenic.

Inhalation uzuoku ịgbado ọkụ: Ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ na-egbu egbu¶

Kedu ihe kpatara na anwụrụ ọkụ ịgbado ọkụ niile na-ebute otu ihe mberede ahụike¶

Mgbe ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ígwè, mkpuchi flux, na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'elu, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ ahịa oyi na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ihe siri ike microscopic (* 0.01 ruo 1.0 micrometers na dayameta **) obere iji gafere imi na elu airway cilia ma tinye ya ozugbo n'ime salungcveolar airway. N'otu oge ahụ, oké ultraviolet radieshon na okpomọkụ nke arc na-ekewa ikuku ikuku gburugburu na vapors nke kemịkal ghọọ gas na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu.

Ndị welders na-eleghara ọrịa mgbe ịgbado ọkụ gachara anya dị ka "naanị mmetụ nke chills zinc" ma ọ bụ "galvie flu." Ọ bụ ezie na ikuku uzuzu zinc oxide dị ọcha sitere na igwe galvanized na-akpata nwa oge, ọrịa flu-dị ka ọrịa na-egbochi onwe ya (** metal fume fever ***), ikuku ọtụtụ uzuzu ma ọ bụ gas na-akpata ** nnukwu pneumonitis kemịkalụ na egbu egbu egbu egbu egbu egbu n'ime awa 12 ruo 48.

Ntụnyere ụlọ ọgwụ: Benign metal fume fever vs. uzuoku ịgbado ọkụ na-egbu egbu na-eyi ndụ egwu¶

Enyemaka mbụ nke nzọụkwụ-site-nsọ maka ịgbado ọkụ inhalation na ikpughe gas¶

1. ** Chebe nchekwa nke nnapụta tupu ị bịaruo onye weda dara ada:** Ọ bụrụ na onye welder dinara amaghị ihe ọ bụla n'ime tankị, igwe mmiri ọkụ, ụgbọ mmiri, trenchi, ma ọ bụ obere ọnụ ụlọ mechiri emechi, ** agbala ọsọ banye ka ịdọpụ ha ***. Na-enweghị agba, gas na-echebe argon enweghị isi (nke bụ ** 38% dị arọ karịa ikuku ***) ọdọ mmiri a na-adịghị ahụ anya na ọkwa ala ma mee ka onye nnapụta ghara ịma ihe n'ime sekọnd. Gbanyụọ cylinder gas na isi iyi ịgbado ọkụ site n'èzí ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike, gbanye ndị na-ekpocha ọkụ, ma kpọọ ọrụ mberede (911 / 112 / 999) maka mgbapụta ume iku ume (SCBA); hụ akpọchiri oghere asphyxiation.
2. ** Bugharịa onye ọ matara na ikuku dị n'èzí ozugbo: ** Nyere onye ọrụ aka ka ọ jiri nwayọ pụọ na ụlọ ahịa ahụ banye n'ikuku dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ mepee ọnụ ụzọ mmiri na windo niile.
3. ** Debe onye a na-ata ahụhụ na izu ike n'otu ebe kwụ ọtọ (ọkara-nọdụ ala):** Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ahụ na-ekuru phosgene (site na breeki chlorinated), uzuzu cadmium, ma ọ bụ nitrogen dioxide, ** gbochie mgbatị ahụ ọ bụla ** ( ekwela ka ha gagharịa ma ọ bụ rịgoro steepụ). Mgbagwoju anya nke anụ ahụ na-abawanye ọbara mgbali elu nke akwara pulmonary na ntapu nke capillary, na-eme ka edema akpa ume na-egbu oge.
4. ** Nyefee oxygen agbakwunyere ma ọ bụrụ na a zụrụ ya, ma ọ bụ kwadoo maka CPR:** Tọpụ akwa olu, jaket ịgbado ọkụ, na eriri. Ọ bụrụ na onye a tara ahụhụ amaghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ naghị eku ume, malite CPR ozugbo na ikuku dị mma.
5. ** Chọpụta kpọmkwem igwe, mkpanaka ndochi, flux, na ihe mgbaze gụnyere:** Foto ma ọ bụ dee kpọmkwem metal ntọala (dị ka galvanized ígwè, 316L igwe anaghị agba nchara, ma ọ bụ cadmium-plated bolts), mkpara ịgbado ọkụ ma ọ bụ waya nhazi ọkwa, na Efrata nke ọ bụla dereaser ma ọ bụ breeki Cleaner eji. Kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nsi nke mba gị (1-800-222-1222 na United States) ma ọ bụ nyefee onye dibịa mberede ozi a.
6. ** Mara ka esi ejikwa ahụ ọkụ Zinc Metal Fume Fever na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya n'ụlọ (naanị mgbe a na-ewepụ ihe ndị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ):**
7. Ọ bụrụ na ị mara 100% *** onye welder naanị kpo oku galvanized ígwè ma ọ bụ ọla dị ọcha, ejiri ** efu ** chlorinated solvents ma ọ bụ cadmium alloys, ma nwee naanị oge oyi na-egbu oge dị ka oyi, ahụ ọkụ dị ala, uto dara, na ahụ mgbu na-amalite awa 3 ruo 10 mgbe ọrụ na ** iku ume nkịtị:**
8. Debe onye ahụ na-ezu ike n'ime ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku dị ọcha ma nye ọtụtụ mmiri ọnụ (mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta electrolyte). *(Rịba ama: Amamihe ndị mmadụ na-agwa ndị welder ka ha ṅụọ mmiri ara tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe ịgbado ọkụ galvanized steel bụ akụkọ ifo; ** mmiri ara ehi anaghị egbochi ma ọ bụ wepụ zinc oxide absorption na ngụgụ *, n'agbanyeghị na hydration nkịtị na-akwado mgbake.)
9. Ndị na-ebelata ahụ ọkụ nke ndị na-ere ahịa (dị ka acetaminophen/paracetamol ma ọ bụ ibuprofen, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma maka onye ahụ) na-ebelata ịma jijiji na ahụ mgbu ruo mgbe ọrịa ahụ kwụsịrị n'ime awa 24 ruo 48.
10. **Gaa na ngalaba mberede ozugbo *** ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ amalite iku ume na izu ike, iku ume, mgbu obi, sputum frothy pink, ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ na-adịgide karịa awa 48.

Welder's flash (arc eye / ultraviolet photokeratitis) na mmerụ anya slag na-ekpo ọkụ¶

Kedu ihe kpatara anya arc na-afụ ụfụ awa mgbe ịgbado ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị¶

Igwe ịgbado ọkụ eletrik na-ewepụta radieshon ultraviolet (UV-C na UV-B, 180 ruo 315 nanometers) nke na-etinye uche ya na oyi akwa mpụta nke anya (** corneal epithelium**). Ọbụna sekọnd ole na ole nke ilele arc na-enweghị mkpuchi (ma ọ bụ ijide n'akụkụ-flash na-egosipụta na mgbidi na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ arc nke onye ọrụ ibe gị mgbe mkpuchi gị na-atụgharị elu) anwụ na-acha ọkụ wee gbuo sel epithelial elu na-ekpuchi cornea.

N'ihi na elu corneal na-emeghachi omume dị ka akpụkpọ anụ anwụ na-acha, ** ultraviolet photokeratitis (anya arc ma ọ bụ welder's flash) adịghị adịkarị njọ n'oge mkpughe. Kama, ** 4 ruo 12 awa mgbe ngbanwe ịgbado ọkụ ahụ kwụsịrị *** (na-akpọte onye welder n'etiti abalị), mkpụrụ ndụ corneal dị n'èzí mebiri emebi na-agbapụ, na-ekpughe ọtụtụ puku akwara corneal raw na nkuchianaya na-egbuke egbuke.

Ihe mgbaàmà kpochapụrụ nke welder flash gụnyere:

• Ọkụ siri ike, mgbu na-egbu mgbu na ** anya abụọ ** (ma ọ bụ otu anya ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya n'akụkụ) na-amalite ** 4 ruo 12 awa ** mgbe ekpughere arc.
• Mmetụta dị ike nke ** ájá na-ekpo ọkụ, grit, ma ọ bụ iko gbajiri agbaji* na-eji ntugharị ọ bụla na-ehicha n'okpuru nku anya.
• Mmetụta dị ukwuu na ìhè (photophobia), ntanye nkuchianaya nkuchi anya (blepharospasm), na-adọka mmiri, na conjunctiva na-acha ọbara ọbara.

Enyemaka mbụ nke nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ maka flash welder (arc eye) vs. a na-ekpo ọkụ slag mba ọzọ¶

Mgbe ọ bụla welder na-etolite mgbu anya, kewapụ iche ** na-agbasa ọkụ ọkụ UV na-agba ọkụ ** site na igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-abanye ma ọ bụ agbakwunyere ma ọ bụ slag si mba ọzọ **:

1. ** Banye n'ime ụlọ na-enwu enwu wee yikwasị ugogbe anya anwụ gbara ọchịchịrị:** Ọkụ ime ụlọ na-egbuke egbuke na-ebute iris na-egbu mgbu yana spasm muscle ciliary.
2. Sachaa aka gị ma wepụ lenses kọntaktị ozugbo: Hapụ lenses kọntaktị ruo mgbe a ga-agwọta cornea kpamkpam ma kpochapụ ya site na dọkịta anya iji gbochie ọnya corneal na-efe efe.
3. ** Nyochaa nwayọ maka speck ọla ma ọ bụ slag na-ere ọkụ na-eteghị anya:**
4. ** Ọ bụrụ na ihe mgbu malitere ozugbo na-egweri, waya-brushing, ma ọ bụ chipping slag**, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ị na-ahụ ọchịchịrị speck ma ọ bụ nchara mgbanaka na cornea, ** anwala iji tweezers, owu swabs, ma ọ bụ magnetik wepụ ya. Nkịta igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaze n'ime cornea wee ghọọ mgbanaka nchara ígwè nke onye na-ahụ maka anya ma ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ịhụ anya ga-ewepụrịrị n'okpuru microscope nke slit-lamp; hụ anya mba ọzọ, abrasion corneal, na welding flash.
5. ** Ọ bụrụ na mpempe igwe na-egweri ma ọ bụ waya dị elu mapuo bọọlụ anya**, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na nwa akwụkwọ ahụ yiri akwa anya mmiri, were ** ọta nchekwa siri ike kpuchiri anya** (ma ọ bụ iko mpempe akwụkwọ n'ala) na nrụgide efu n'ụwa wee gaa na ụlọ mberede ozugbo; hụ mmerụ anya.
6. ** Tinye mmiri na-adịghị mma, anya mmiri na-adịghị mma mmanye (anya mmiri artificial) na mkpakọ dị jụụ:**
7. Tụnye anya mmiri arụrụ arụ na-enweghị ihe nchekwa iji mee ka cornea dị ndụ dị n'okpuru nkuchianaya na-egbuke egbuke.
8. Zuo ike na ** anya abụọ mechiri *** ma tinye akwa dị ọcha nke ejiri mmiri mgbata dị jụụ mee ka ọ dị nro gafee nku anya mechiri emechi maka nkeji 15 ruo 20 n'otu oge. (Enyela mmiri ara ehi, nri raw, ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri arụrụ n'ụlọ na-adịghị ọcha n'ime anya site na ọkụ welder, n'ihi na cornea denuded na-enwekarị ọrịa nje.)
9. Jiri ihe mgbu nke ọnụ ma hazie nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ: Oral analgesics (dị ka ibuprofen ma ọ bụ acetaminophen/paracetamol, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma maka onye ahụ) belata mgbu akwara corneal ebe epithelium na-agwọta ihe karịrị awa 24 ruo 72 **. Nwee onye na-ahụ maka anya, onye na-ahụ maka anya, ma ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka nlekọta ngwa ngwa jiri ihe na-acha fluorescein na-enyocha anya iji wepụ ọla agbakwunyere ma nye ọgwụ ude prophylactic ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ya.

Mgbado mgbado ọkụ a wụrụ awụ, slag na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbanye uwe na-ere ọkụ¶

Welding na mmanụ oxy-ọkụ ịsa ahụ onye ọrụ na-acha ọcha na-ekpo ọkụ nchara globules na gbazere flux slag na **1,500 degrees Celsius (2,700 degrees Fahrenheit) ***:

1. ** Ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-adaba n'ime akpụkpọ ụkwụ ịgbado ọkụ ma ọ bụ gauntlet cuff:** Mgbe nchara a wụrụ awụ dara na oghere nke akpụkpọ ụkwụ ma ọ bụ uwe aka, ọ na-ere ọkụ n'ime dermis n'ime sekọnd. ** Dịpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ma ọ bụ uwe aka ozugbo, wee kpochaa ọkụ ahụ n'okpuru mmiri mgbata dị jụụ maka nkeji iri abụọ **; hụ ọkụ.
2. ** Ọ bụrụ na ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaba n'ọwa ntị n'oge ịgbado ọkụ n'elu (na-akpata nhụsianya, mgbu dị nkọ, vertigo, ma ọ bụ eardrum gbawara agbawa), ** etinyela mmiri oyi ma ọ bụ mmanụ n'ime ọwa ntị** ma ejikwala swabs nyochaa. Jiri akwa akwa kpuchie ntị nke mpụta wee gaa na ụlọ mberede ma ọ bụ ọkachamara ntị, imi na akpịrị (ENT) ozugbo.
3. Uwe ma ọ bụ butane ọkụ ọkụ: Ebula ihe ọkụ butane plastik a ga-atụfu n'akpa gị mgbe ị na-agbado; otu mkpọsa ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaze site na shea rọba wee gbaa bọọlụ butane. Yiri owu ma ọ bụ uwe akpụkpọ anụ na-eguzogide ire ọkụ nwere pant cuff na-ekpuchi akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ na-enweghị lace.

Ịgbado ụlọ ọrụ na ndepụta nchekwa nchekwa mmanụ ọkụ¶

• ** Ndị na-ejide flashback abụọ na valvụ nlele:** Wụnye UL/ISO enwetara** ndị na-ejide ọkụ na-ejide flashback ** (tinyere valvụ nlele na-adịghị alaghachi azụ, ihe mgbochi ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na mbelata ọkụ) na ma oxygen na mmanụ ọkụ.
• ** Acetylene regulator kacha nrụgide iwu (103 kPa / 15 psi):** Edola nrụgide nnyefe acetylene regulator n'elu 103 kilopascals (15 psi / 1.03 bar).
• ** Acetylene cylinder iwu kwụ ọtọ: *** Chekwaa ma jiri cylinder acetylene kwụ ọtọ (ọ bụrụ na cylinder adaala, kwụ ọtọ maka awa 1 ruo 2 tupu ejiri ya mee ihe ** ka acetone na-edozi). Mepee valvụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-adịghị karịa ** ½ ruo 1.5 ntụgharị ** wee hapụ T-wrench na valvụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ.
• ** Ihe mgbaze efu chlorinated n'akụkụ ebe ịgbado ọkụ:** Machibido ndị na-ehicha breeki chlorinated (tetrachlorethylene, trichlorethylene, methylene chloride) n'ụlọ ahịa ịgbado ọkụ ma ọ bụ igbutu ọ bụla.
• ** Kwụsị ikuku ventilashị na nchekwa iku ume:** Debe mkpuchi mkpuchi uzuzu n'ime 30 ruo 45 centimeters (12 ruo 18 inches) nke weld plume, ghee ihe mkpuchi galvanized 2.5 ruo 5 centimeters (1 ruo 2 sentimita) site na nkwonkwo tupu ịgbado ọkụ, na-eyiri N95/P100 ress.
• ** ANSI Z87.1+ polycarbonate ugogbe anya nchekwa nke a na-eyi n'okpuru mkpuchi ịgbado ọkụ:** Igwe nchekwa nchekwa polycarbonate doro anya na-amịkọrọ ** ihe karịrị 99% nke radieshon UV, na-echebe anya gị pụọ na flash n'akụkụ mberede mgbe ọ bụla agbagoro mkpuchi ịgbado ọkụ gị.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

N'oge ọkụ oxy-acetylene na-atụgharị azụ, ị ga-ebu ụzọ gbanyụọ valvụ oxygen ma ọ bụ valvụ mmanụ acetylene?¶

Gbanyụọ valvụ oxygen mgbe ọ bụla na mbụ, na-esote otu sekọnd mgbe e mesịrị site na valvụ mmanụ ọkụ (acetylene), wee mechie valves abụọ bụ isi na cylinders. Mgbe ị na-ebu ụzọ mechie valvụ acetylene n'oge nkwụsị ọkụ nkịtị iji gbochie ikuku carbon, mgbanaka dị n'ime na-arụ ọrụ bụ ihe mberede ebe ire ọkụ na-ere azụ azụ n'ime ụlọ na-agwakọta ọkụ. Ọcha oxygen na-akpakọrịta dị ọcha na-enye ọkụ dị n'ime; na-emechi valvụ oxygen ọkụ na-ebu ụzọ mee ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ọkụ ọkụ nke oxidizer ya ma kwụsị ire ọkụ ka ọ gbazee site na aka ọla ma ọ bụ ịgbanye n'ime eriri mmanụ ọkụ.

Kedu ihe kpatara iji igwe breeki ụgbọ ala na igwe tupu ịgbado ọkụ TIG ma ọ bụ MIG nwere ike ịnwụ?¶

Ọtụtụ ndị na-ehicha breeki azụmahịa na ndị na-emebi emebi nwere ihe mgbaze hydrocarbon chlorinated dị ka tetrachlorethylene (perchlorethylene), trichlorethylene, ma ọ bụ methylene chloride. Mgbe radieshon ultraviolet ma ọ bụ oké okpomọkụ sitere na arc ịgbado ọkụ na-adaba ọbụna vapors nke ihe mgbaze chlorinated ndị a, ọ na-agbaji njikọ kemịkalụ iche wee mepụta gas phosgene na hydrogen chloride. Phosgene bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke na-ebute naanị iwe akpịrị dị nro na mbụ, na-esote 4 ruo 24 awa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị site na mmụba mmiri na-eyi ndụ egwu na ngụgụ (edema na-egbu oge).

Yi enyo nchekwa polycarbonate doro anya n'okpuru okpu agha ịgbado ọkụ na-egbochi anya arc ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ etie arc n'akụkụ m?¶

Ee, iyi ANSI Z87.1 ma ọ bụ EN 166 gosiri enyo nchekwa polycarbonate doro anya n'okpuru okpu agha ịgbado ọkụ gị na-echebe megide ọkụ welder mberede (ultraviolet photokeratitis). Polycarbonate plastic na-amịkọrọ ihe karịrị pasent 99 nke obere ebili mmiri ultraviolet radieshon (UV-C na UV-B), nke bụ ụzarị ọkụ na-akpata ọkụ epithelium corneal. Ọ bụ ezie na enyo polycarbonate doro anya anaghị egbochi ọkụ ọkụ a na-ahụ anya ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ infrared n'oge ịgbado ọkụ na-aga n'ihu, na-edebe ha na nkwụsị nke obere akụkụ-flashes na arc mberede na-ada site na ọkụ corneas gị mgbe a na-ebuli mkpuchi gị.

Kedu ka m ga-esi amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahụ ọkụ ọla ọcha zinc na-adịghị emerụ ahụ yana ikuku ume ọkụ cadmium dị ize ndụ?¶

N'ime awa 4 ruo 8 nke mbụ mgbe ịgbado ọkụ gachara, ị nweghị ike ịgbaghara ha naanị site na mgbaàmà naanị, n'ihi na ma zinc oxide (nke sitere na galvanized steel) na cadmium oxide (site na bolts cadmium-plated ma ọ bụ ọla ọla ọcha) na-ebute uto ọla, ụkwara akọrọ, ịma jijiji, ahụ ọkụ, na ahụ mgbu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ahụ ọkụ zinc metal na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya na-edozi n'ime awa 24 ruo 48 na-enweghị mmebi ngụgụ, uzuzu cadmium na-ebibi anụ ahụ alveolar na ọganihu na awa 12 ruo 36 n'ime nnukwu mgbu obi, sputum frothy, na edema na-egbu ndụ. Onye ọ bụla nke nwere ike iwere cadmium dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ nwee mkpụmkpụ ume ma ọ bụ njigide obi ga-agarịrị na ngalaba mberede ozugbo.

• Ntuziaka a na-enye nkwado ndabere na mpaghara ihe mberede na ozi enyemaka mbụ maka ịgbado ọkụ, ịcha mmanụ ọkụ, na ihe omume uzu ogbako na anaghị edochi ọzụzụ nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ akwadoro ma ọ bụ nlekọta ahụike ụlọ ọgwụ. Tụlee ịnara enyemaka enyemaka mbụ, CPR, na nchekwa nchekwa ebe ọrụ sitere na Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ma ọ bụ nzukọ nchekwa obodo gị.*

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Anya ihe mba ọzọ, abrasion corneal, na ọkụ ịgbado ọkụ
• Ahụhụ anya na mwụsa kemịkalụ
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, na inhalation nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
• Shiee valvụ gas cylinder agbakwunyere, tankị rọketi, na ntapu cryogenic
• Oghere asphyxiation dị n'ime oghere, silos, na tankị
• Thermal, kemịkalụ, na ọkụ eletrik

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• Nchekwa Ọrụ na Nlekọta Ahụ Ike (OSHA, United States): Welding, Cutting, and Brazing Standard (29 CFR 1910.252 / 1910.253), Ịchịkwa uzuzu na Gases dị ize ndụ n'oge ịgbado ọkụ, na ihe ize ndụ na Chlorinated Solvents / Phosgene
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na Acetylene (INDG327), Ọkụ na Mgbawa Strategy maka Acetylene Cylinders, na Welding Fume Control Guide (WL3)
• Njikọ Gas agbakwunyere (CGA, United States): Ejikwa nchekwa nke gas agbakwunyere n'ime akpa (CGA P-1) yana ntuziaka maka ijikwa cylinder acetylene etinyere na ọkụ (CGA SB-4)
• Ụlọ ọrụ mba maka nchekwa na ahụike ọrụ (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Ntuziaka akpa maka ihe ize ndụ kemịkalụ maka Zinc Oxide, Fume Cadmium, Phosgene, na Nitrogen Dioxide
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO, United States): Nlekọta ahụike nke Ultraviolet Keratitis (Photokeratitis / Welder's Flash) na ihe ize ndụ nke Mmegbu Anestetiiki Topical