I-Oxy-Fuel Torch Flashback, i-Welding Fume Inhalation, ne-Arc Eye Triage¶

Ukushisela, ukubhula, ukusika i-plasma, nokusika i-oxy-fuel kuveza opharetha ezingozini ezintathu ezihlukene zezimboni ngesikhathi esisodwa: amagesi kaphethiloli aqhuma ngamandla, ama-oxide ensimbi anobuthi namagesi acasula amaphaphu, kanye nemisebe eqinile ye-ultraviolet ne-infrared. Kumshini wokusika we-oxy-acetylene noma wokushisela, ithiphu lethoshi elivalekile, ipayipi le-kinked, noma ukucindezela kwesilawuli okungalungiswanga ngendlela efanele kungabangela ilangabi langaphandle ukuba lihlehle lihlehle ngephuzu elinomsindo (i-backfire) futhi liqhubeke livutha ngaphakathi libuyela emuva ngegumbi lokuxuba kanye namapayipi enjoloba abheke kumasilinda egesi acindezelweyo. Uma i-flashback yangaphakathi noma umlilo we-hose wangaphandle ushisa isilinda se-acetylene, igesi ye-acetylene ehlakazekile engazinzile ngaphakathi ingangena ekuwohlokeni okushisayo okushisayo okukwazi ukuqhumisa isilinda sensimbi njengebhomu eliqhuma kakhulu ngisho nangemva kokuba ama-valve angaphandle evaliwe.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, izinqubo zokushisela i-arc kagesi (induku ye-SMAW, i-GMAW MIG, i-FCAW flux-core, ne-GTAW TIG) isisekelo sezinsimbi ezishisa kakhulu, izimbotshana ezingaphezulu, nezinyibilikisi zamakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-3,000 kuya ku-6,000 degrees Celsius (5,400 kuya ku-10,800 degrees Fahrenheit. Ukuphefumula insimbi ewumphumela ngaphakathi kwesitolo noma ithangi elingenawo umoya ohlanzekile kungabangela i-acute metal fume fever kusuka ku-galvanized zinc oxide, i-pneumonitis yamakhemikhali esongela ukuphila kanye ne-pulmonary edema ebambezelekile evela ku-cadmium fumes noma igesi ye-phosgene (eyakheka lapho kushiswa ukukhanya kwe-UV noma ama-branches ahlanza ngokushesha) i-asphyxiation* kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwe-argon endaweni ephansi. Ngisho nokubuka kafushane okungavimbekile kwemizuzwana emi-2 kuya kweyi-10 ku-arc yokushisela kagesi kukhukhula i-cornea ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV-C kanye ne-UV-B) yamaza amafushane, okubangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu i-ultraviolet keratitis (i-arc iso noma i-flash ye-welder) emahoreni angu-4 kuya kwangu-12 kamuva. Ukwazi ukuvala i-oxy-fuel flashback ngokulandelana okuqondile kwe-valve, qaphela lapho ithangi le-acetylene elishisayo lidinga ukukhishwa endaweni ngokushesha kunokuba liphathwe, hlukanisa i-benign zinc fume fever ekulimaleni okubulalayo kwe-cadmium noma i-phosgene yamaphaphu, futhi ulawule iso le-arc elibuhlungu ngaphandle kokulimaza i-cornea nge-anesthesia yendawo kanye nemibono yokusindisa impilo ye-anesthetic.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Vala i-valve ye-oxygen yethoshi KOKUQALA, bese uvala i-valve ye-torch fuel-gas (i-acetylene) NGOKUSHESHA uma ithoshi likhala, lihayiza ngaphakathi kwesibambo, noma likhipha intuthu emnyama. I-flashback yangaphakathi idinga umoya-mpilo ophezulu ukuze iqhubeke nokuvutha ngaphakathi komzimba wethoshi namapayipi. Ngemva kokuvala womabili ama-valve okubamba ithoshi, vala ngokushesha ama-cylinder ama-cylinder amakhulu kuwo womabili amathange (ngokwewashi) kuphela uma kuphephile ukufinyelela kuwo, bese uphonsa ikhanda lethoshi elishisayo ebhakedeni lamanzi angenawo amafutha ukuze liphole.
2. KHIPHA wonke umuntu okungenani amamitha angu-100 kuya kwangu-300 (amafidi angu-330 kuya kwangu-1,000) uma isilinda se-acetylene ngokwaso sishisa, sidlidliza, siqhume, noma sibambe umlilo kusilawuli noma ipulaki elinogesi. Ungalinge unyakaze, unyakazise, ​​noma ushaye isilinda esishisayo se-acetylene; ukubola kwamakhemikhali kwangaphakathi kungabangela ukuthi isilinda siqhume ngamandla ngisho nevalvu ivaliwe. Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) ukuze izicishamlilo zikwazi ukupholisa ithangi ngemuva kwekhava kakhonkolo amahora ambalwa; hlola izinombolo eziphuthumayo.
3. Hambisa noma ubani okhwehlelayo, onesiyezi, noma ophefumulayo ngenxa yentuthu yokushisela emoyeni omusha wangaphandle ngokushesha, FUTHI UNGALOKOTHI ungene ethangini elivalekile noma umgodi lapho isishiseli se-TIG noma i-MIG siwele khona. Amagesi avikela i-argon ne-carbon dioxide asindayo kunomoya futhi akhipha umoya-mpilo ngaphansi kwamathangi nemigodi, okubangela ukuquleka kungazelelwe kabili; bona ukuphelelwa umoya endaweni evalekile.
4. Funa ukuhlolwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo esibhedlela ngokushesha uma intuthu yokushisela ivela ezingxenyeni ezine-cadmium-plated, insimbi engagqwali, i-beryllium, i-manganese, noma insimbi ehlanzwe ngesicoci se-brake esine-chlorine. Ngokungafani ne-zinc metal fume fever yesikhashana, ukuhogela intuthu ye-cadmium, i-chromium ene-hexavalent, i-nitrogen dioxide, ibangela uketshezi olukhipha i-phosyeng life ** (i-non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema)** kufika emahoreni angu-12 kuya kwangu-48 ngemva kokuchayeka, ngisho noma umshiseli ezizwa ephilile ngemva nje kokuphuma esitolo; bona i-cyanide, i-hydrogen sulfide, ne-industrial gas inhalation.
5. Khipha amalensi okuxhumana, hlala egumbini elimnyama, gcoba amajwabu amehlo apholile, futhi UNGALOKOTHI ubeke amaconsi asele (i-proparacaine noma i-tetracaine) emehlweni ukuze uthole ukukhanya kwe-welder (i-arc eye). Ukusebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe amaconsi ehlo asekhaya okubulala izinzwa kukhubaza i-corneal, kumaski kubangele isilonda esibi kakhulu futhi kubangele isilonda esibi kakhulu; bona iso into angaphandle, corneal abrasion, futhi flash Welding.
6. I-slag epholile, i-spatter, noma insimbi eshisayo iyasha ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi ahambayo apholile imizuzu engu-20 egcwele, bese ukhipha izindandatho, amawashi, nezingubo ezishunqayo. Uma isiphalaphala sensimbi encibilikisiwe siwela phakathi ebhuthini yokushisela noma igilavu, donsa ibhuthi noma iglavu ngokushesha ngaphambi kokupholisa; ungakhumuli izingubo zokwenziwa ezincibilikisiwe ezihlanganiswe nesikhumba esishile; bona ukusha.

flowchart TD
    Start["Welding, Cutting, noma Oxy-Fuel Emergency"] --> HazardType{"Isiphi isimo esiphuthumayo esenzekayo?"}
    HazardType -->|"I-Oxy-Fuel Torch Pop, i-Squeal, noma i-Hose Fire"| Flashback["1. Vala ivalve ye-TORCH OXYGEN kuqala, bese kuba iveluvu YE-TORCH FUEL<br/>2. Vala womabili ama-valve ethangi lesilinda uma kuphephile ukufinyelela<br/>3. Izwa igobolondo lesilinda le-acetylene ngesandla esingenalutho"]
    Flashback --> TankHot{"Ingabe isilinda se-acetylene siyashisa, siyahayiza, noma siyasha?"}
    TankHot -->|"Yebo: Ithangi liyashisa/ liyashisa noma liyasha ku-valve"| EvacTank["1. UNGASAKATHI noma uthinte isilinda se-acetylene<br/>2. Phuma endaweni engu-100 ukuya ku-300 m (330 ukuya ku-1,000 ft) ngemuva kwekhava eqinile<br/>3. Shayela umnyango wezicishamlilo (911/112/999) ukuze uthole ukupholiswa kwepayipi elikude"]
    TankHot -->|"Cha: Ithangi lipholile futhi umlilo ucimile"| InspectRig["Ithoshi elipholile emanzini; lahla amapayipi ashisiwe futhi uhlole izibambisi ze-flashback ngaphambi kokuphinda zisetshenziswe"]
    HazardType -->|"Ukuhogela I-Fume, Ukugodola, Ukukhwehlela, noma Ukuqina Kwesifuba"| FumeCheck{"Iyiphi insimbi noma ikhemikhali enamathelayo eyashiselwa?"}
    FumeCheck -->|"Isicoci samabhuleki esine-chlorine, i-Cadmium, iStainless, noma Isikhala Esivalekile"| HighRiskFume["INGOZI ESINGAPHILA YAMALUNGA:<br/>1. Iya emoyeni omusha futhi ugcine isisulu siphumule siqondile<br/>2. Shayela ku-911/112/999 ukuze uthole ezokuthutha zasesibhedlela<br/>3. Gada amahora angama-24 kuye kwangama-48 nge-edema yamaphaphu ebambezelekile"]
    FumeCheck -->|"Hlanza Insimbi Eyisithako (Zinc) Kuphela + Ukugodola Komkhuhlane Omaphakathi"| ZincFever["Cishe I-Metal Fume Fever:<br/>1. Umoya omusha, ukuphumula, ukufakwa kwamanzi ngomlomo, nokunciphisa umkhuhlane<br/>2. Iya ku-ER ngokushesha uma ukuphelelwa umoya, ubuhlungu besifuba, noma ukukhwehlela kuba kubi"]
    HazardType -->|"Ubuhlungu Obunzima Beso, Ukuzwa Okusanhlamvu, noma Ukuklebhuka Ngemva Kwe-Arc Exposure"| ArcEye["1. Susa amalensi othintana naye futhi ungawacikici amehlo<br/>2. Uphumule ekamelweni elimnyama ngendwangu epholile emanzi phezu kwamehlo avaliwe<br/>3. UNGALOKOTHI usebenzise amaconsi okubulala izinzwa ekhaya<br/>4. Bonana nodokotela wamehlo noma ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo ukuze ukhiphe ichashaza lensimbi elishumekiwe"]

I-Oxy-acetylene backfire, i-flashback eqhubekayo, nokubola kwesilinda¶

Ukwehlukanisa i-backfire yesikhashana ne-flashback eqhubekayo eyingozi¶

I-oxy-fuel welding, brazing, kanye ne-flame cutting kuhlanganisa umoya-mpilo ocindezelwe omsulwa negesi yamafutha (ngokuvamile i-acetylene, i-propane, i-propylene, noma igesi yemvelo) ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokuxuba ithoshi. I-acetylene (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2\)) ikhiqiza ilangabi elishisayo kunawo wonke lanoma iyiphi igesi evamile yamafutha ezimbonini, efinyelela cishe ku-3,160 degrees Celsius (5,720 degrees Fahrenheit)* uma ixutshwe nomoya-mpilo omsulwa, ngenxa yokuthi i-acetylene iyinhlanganisela ye-endothermic enebhondi yekhabhoni emithathu njengoba ikhulula ikhemikhali eyingozi kakhulu.

Ngenxa yokuthi isivinini sokusabalala kwelangabi lengxube ye-oxy-acetylene sishesha ngendlela emangalisayo, izenzakalo ezimbili ezihlukene zokuhlehla zomlilo zingenzeka uma ukugeleza kwegesi kwehla ngaphansi kwesivinini somlilo:

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo sesimo esiphuthumayo se-oxy-fuel torch flashback¶

Uma ithoshi liphuma futhi liqala ukuklolodela noma lijikijela umule omnyama owugqinsi kusukela phezulu, unemizuzwana engu-1 ukuya kwemi-3 kuphela ngaphambi kokuthi ilangabi langaphakathi lincibilike emzimbeni wethoshi lethusi noma lithungele amapayipi okuphakela iraba:

Isinyathelo 1: Yenza ukulandelana okuqondile kwe-valve yokuvala¶

1. Vala ivalve ye-TORCH OXYGEN kuqala (jikela uye kwewashi uqinise): I-oksijini ehlanzekile iphakela ukuvutha kwangaphakathi okunamandla ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokuxubela ithusi. Ukunqamula umoya-mpilo ngokushesha kwehlisa izinga lokushisa elivuthayo futhi kuvimbe ilangabi elingaphambili lingadli ngesibambo sethoshi noma ligijime lihlehle ngepayipi. (Ukuvala i-valve kaphethiloli kuqala kuyilapho kushiya umoya-mpilo womfutho ophezulu wegazi uvulekile kuphephula ilangabi elihlehlayo libuyele emuva epayipini likaphethiloli noma kunqamule isibambo sethusi.)
2. Vala ivalve ye-TORCH FUEL-GAS (i-acetylene) isekhondi: Phakathi nomzuzwana owodwa wokuvala ivalvu ye-oxygen esibanjeni sethoshi, vala ivalve ye-acetylene esibanjeni sethoshi ngokuphelele.
3. Vala womabili amavalvu amasilinda ayinhloko emathangini: Vala ngokushesha kokubili i-valve yesilinda somoya-mpilo kanye ne-acetylene cylinder valve (usebenzisa i-T-wrench okufanele ihlale esiqwini sethangi le-acetylene elisebenza ngesikrufu ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa).
4. Pholisa umzimba wethoshi bese ubheka amapayipi: Uma womabili amavalvu ethangi ecishiwe, faka ithiphu yethoshi elishisayo bese uxuba ikhanda ebhakedeni lamanzi ahlanzekile, angenawo uwoyela. Ungalokothi ukhanyise kabusha ithoshi ngemva kokuba i-flashback eqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho ama-O-rings, izihlalo, amapayipi, nezibambisi ze-flashback zangaphakathi sezihloliwe noma zishintshwa.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Hlola isilinda se-acetylene ukubona ukubola okushisayo¶

Lapho kunezingcindezi ezingaphezu kuka-*103 kilopascals (amaphawundi angu-15 ngegeji yesikwele eyiyintshi ngayinye / ibha engu-1.03)**, i-acetylene yamahhala ayizinzi ngamakhemikhali futhi ingaqhuma ngokushaqeka noma ukushisa ngisho nangaphandle komoyampilo. Ukugcina i-acetylene ngokuphepha cishe ku-1,720 kilopascals (250 psi), isilinda se-acetylene sigcwele i-porous calcium silicate filler mass egcwele i-acetone ewuketshezi (noma i-dimethylformamide), lapho igesi ye-acetylene incibilika khona.

Kodwa-ke, uma i-flashback ifinyelela kusilinda noma umlilo wepayipi wangaphandle ushisisa ithangi, i-acetylene engaphakathi kwesisindo se-porous iqala ukubola okushisayo okushisayo ibe yi-elemential carbon negesi ye-hydrogen ($\text{C}_2\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{C} + \umbhalo{H}_2 +\umbhalo{H}_2 +\umbhalo). Lokhu kusabela kweketango lamakhemikhali kudala ukushisa okukhulu kwangaphakathi nokucindezela okusakazeka ngesigcwalisi sesilinda ngaphezu kwamaminithi noma amahora kuze kube yilapho igobolondo lensimbi ligqabuka ngamandla.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvala i-flashback noma ukucima umlilo omncane wesilawuli, yenza ukuhlola igobolondo lesilinda elingenalutho:

1. Sondela ngokucophelela futhi uthinte kancane ihlombe elingaphezulu nezinhlangothi zesilinda se-acetylene ngesandla sakho esingenalutho (kuphela uma kungekho ilangabi elisebenzayo elinyakazisa ithangi futhi kungekho msindo ovela kumapulagi okuphepha angasebenzi).
2. Hlola izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zokubola kwe-acetylene yangaphakathi:
3. Igobolondo lesilinda lensimbi lizwakala lifudumele noma lishisa lapho ulithinta nje noma yikuphi endaweni yalo, noma upende uyabhanyaza noma uyasha.
4. Isilinda sikhipha ukudlidliza kwensimbi okufiphele, ukukhala, noma ukuduma ngaphakathi.
5. Amapulagi ensimbi asebenza kahle esilinda (eklanyelwe ukuncibilika cishe ku-100 degrees Celsius / 212 degrees Fahrenheit*) ancibilike avuleka futhi akhipha indiza ebhongayo yegesi noma ilangabi.
6. Intuthu noma iphunga elibukhali elifana nelikagalikhi noma elincibilikayo liyaphuma kuvalvu evaliwe noma ipulaki lokukhulula.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Uma isilinda se-acetylene sishisa noma sivutha ku-valve, PHUMA NGOKUSHESHA¶

Uma i-acetylene cylinder ibonisa noma yiluphi uphawu lokushisisa, ukusabela kwangaphakathi, noma ilangabi elisebenzayo kuvalvu noma ipulaki ye-fusible engacimi ngokushesha lapho uvala i-valve:

1. UNGAZAMI ukuhambisa, ukugingqa, ukutshekisa, noma ukuthwala isilinda i-acetylene eshisayo uyikhiphele ngaphandle: Ngisho nokunyakaziswa komshini okuncane okufakwe kusilinda i-acetylene ebola ngaphakathi kusheshisa ukusabela ngesigcwalisi esinezimbotshana futhi kubangele ukugqashuka ngokushesha.
2. UNGAlicishi ilangabi lejethi elivutha kupulaki ye-fusible encibilikisiwe ngaphandle uma ukugeleza kwegesi kungavinjwa: Ukucima ilangabi ngenkathi i-acetylene eshisayo iqhubeka nokuphuma igcwalisa isakhiwo ngefu lomoya we-acetylene eliqhumayo (elivutha ukusuka ku-2.5% ukuya ku-81% ukugxilisana emoyeni emoyeni) elizophuma esakhiweni sokuqala.
3. Thutha bonke abasebenzi nomakhelwane baye okungenani ngamamitha angu-100 kuya kwangu-300 (amafidi angu-330 kuya kwangu-1,000) ngemuva kwekhava eqinile: Sula isakhiwo, donsa i-alamu yomlilo, futhi uvimbe imigwaqo yokungena.
4. Shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo (911 / 112 / 999) futhi wazise ukuthunyelwa komlilo ngokusobala ukuthi unesilinda se-acetylene esishise ngokweqile noma esivuthayo: Abasebenzi bomlilo bazosebenzisa imibhobho yamanzi eqapha amanzi angenamsebenzi ngemuva kwekhava kakhonkolo ukuze bamanzise isilinda ngokuqhubekayo amahora kuze kube yilapho igobolondo lensimbi lihlala libanda ngokuphelele; bona I-valve ye-valve yegesi ecindezelweyo, ithangi le-rocketing, nokuvuza kwe-cryogenic.

Ukuhogela intuthu yokushisela: I-Metal fume fever vs. ubuthi obubulalayo bamaphaphu¶

Kungani kungeyona yonke intuthu yokushisela edala isimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha¶

Lapho i-arc kagesi noma ilangabi le-oxy-fuel lihwamulisa insimbi, okokuguquguqukayo, nezinto ezingcolisa indawo, umhwamuko oshisayo ujiya emoyeni wesitolo esipholile ube yizinhlayiya eziqinile ezincane (0.01 kuya ku-1.0 ama-micrometer ububanzi) ezincane ngokwanele ukudlula ikhala kanye nomgwaqo ongaphezulu womoya we-cilia bese ufaka umoya ojulile ngaphakathi Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla kanye nokushisa kwe-arc kuhlukanisa amagesi asemoyeni kanye nezihwamuko zamakhemikhali zibe amagesi anobuthi acasula amaphaphu.

Abashisi bavamise ukulahla ukugula kwangemva kokushiselwa njengokuthi "ukuthintwa nje ukugodola kwe-zinc" noma "umkhuhlane we-galvie." Ngenkathi uhogela intuthu ye-zinc oxide ehlanzekile evela ku-galvanized syndrome kubangela i-syndrome efana nomkhuhlane wesikhashana, ozikhawulelayo (metal fume fever), ukuhogela intuthu ebukeka njengefana noma amagesi kubangela i-acute chemical pneumonitis kanye ne-pulmonary edema ebambezeleke ebulalayo phakathi kwamahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-48.

Ukuqhathanisa komtholampilo: I-Benign metal fume fever vs. Intuthu yokushisela enobuthi esongela ukuphila¶

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo usizo lokuqala lokushisela ukuhogela intuthu kanye nokuchayeka kwegesi¶

1. Vikela ukuphepha komsindisi ngaphambi kokusondela endaweni yokushisela ebhidlikile: Uma umshiseli elele equlekile ngaphakathi ethangini, kubhayela, umkhumbi womkhumbi, umsele, noma igumbi elincane elivaliwe, ungagijimi ukuze uzikhiphe. Igesi evikela i-argon engenambala, engenaphunga (okungu-38% usinda kunomoya*) amachibi angabonakali ezingeni eliphansi futhi yenza umhlengi aquleke ngamasekhondi. Vala amasilinda egesi kanye nomthombo wamandla wokushisela ngaphandle uma ufinyeleleka, vula ama-exhaust blowers, futhi ushayele abezimo eziphuthumayo (911 / 112 / 999) ukuze uthole ukutakulwa kwemishini yokuphefumula ezimele (SCBA); bona ukuphelelwa umoya endaweni evalekile.
2. Hambisa oshonile emoyeni omusha wangaphandle ngokushesha: Siza isisebenzi siphume kancane esitolo siye emoyeni ohlanzekile, noma sivule yonke iminyango namafasitela ububanzi.
3. Gcina isisulu siphumule ngokuqinile endaweni eqondile (ehlezi phakathi): Uma isisebenzi sihogela i-phosgene (kusuka kumshini wokubhuleka one-chlorinated), umusi we-cadmium, noma i-nitrogen dioxide egxilile, vimbela noma yikuphi ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba (ungabavumeli bahambe noma bakhuphuke izitebhisi). Ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba kwandisa umfutho we-pulmonary artery kanye nokuvuza kwe-capillary, kusheshisa ukulibaziseka kwe-edema yamaphaphu.
4. Lawula umoya-mpilo owengeziwe uma uqeqeshiwe, noma ulungiselele i-CPR: Thuthukisa amakholomu aqinile, amajakhethi okushisela, namabhande. Uma isisulu siqulekile futhi singaphefumuli ngendlela evamile, qala CPR ngokushesha kanye endaweni ephephile.
5. Thola okuyiyona nto insimbi, i-filler rod, i-flux, ne-solvent ehilelekile: Thatha isithombe noma ubhale phansi isisekelo sensimbi esinembile (njengensimbi eyakha uthayela, insimbi engagqwali engu-316L, noma amabhawodi acwecwe nge-cadmium), induku yokushisela noma izintambo zocingo, kanye nezithako zanoma isiphi isicoci somshini noma isicoci sebhuleki esisetshenzisiwe. Shayela isikhungo sakho sikazwelonke sokulawula ubuthi (1-800-222-1222 e-United States) noma udlulisele lolu lwazi kudokotela wezimo eziphuthumayo.
6. Yazi ukuthi ungayiphatha kanjani i-Zinc Metal Fume Fever eqinisekisiwe, engaxakile ngokuphepha ekhaya (kuphela lapho ubuthi obuyingozi bukhishiwe):
7. Uma uqinisekile ngo-100% isishiseli sishisisa kuphela insimbi ehlanzekile ethathiwe noma ithusi, esetshenziswa iziro izinyibilikisi ezine-chlorinated noma ama-cadmium alloys, futhi sinokugodola okufana nomkhuhlane okubambezeleke kakhulu, umkhuhlane wezinga eliphansi, ukunambitheka kwensimbi, nobuhlungu bemisipha obuqala emahoreni angu-3 ukuya kwangu-10 ngemva komsebenzi ngokuphefumula okuvamile:
8. Gcina umuntu ephumule ekamelweni elifudumele emoyeni ohlanzekile futhi unikeze uketshezi oluningi ngomlomo (amanzi noma isixazululo se-electrolyte). (Qaphela: Ukuhlakanipha kwabantu ukutshela abashiseli ukuthi baphuze ubisi ngaphambi noma ngemva kokushisela insimbi ebilisiwe kuyinganekwane; ubisi aluvimbeli noma lwenza kube lula ukumuncwa kwe-zinc oxide emaphashini, nakuba ukugeleza kwamanzi okuvamile kusekela ukululama.)
9. Izinciphisi zemfiva ezijwayelekile (ezifana ne-acetaminophen/paracetamol noma ibuprofen, uma ziphephile kumuntu ngamunye) zidambisa ukuqhaqhazela nobuhlungu bomzimba kuze kube yilapho isifo siphela phakathi kwamahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48.
10. Yiya emnyangweni wezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha uma umuntu eba nokuphelelwa umoya lapho ephumule, ehefuzela, ebuhlungu esifubeni, esiphinki isikhwehlela esinamagwebu, noma imfiva ethatha amahora angaphezu kwama-48.

I-Welder's flash (i-arc iso / i-ultraviolet photokeratitis) nokulimala kwamehlo okushisayo¶

Kungani iso le-arc libuhlungu amahora ngemuva kokuyeka ukushisela¶

I-arc ye-welding kagesi ikhipha imisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV-C ne-UV-B, 180 kuya ku-315 nanometers) emuncwa ungqimba lwangaphandle olusobala lweso (the corneal epithelium). Ngisho nemizuzwana embalwa yokubuka i-arc engavinjiwe (noma ukubamba i-flash eseceleni ibonakale ezindongeni ezikhanyayo noma i-arc yozakwenu ngenkathi i-hood yakho iphenyisiwe) ishisa ilanga futhi ibulale amaseli e-epithelial angaphandle amboze i-cornea.

Ngoba i-cornea surface iphendula njengesikhumba esishiswe yilanga, i-ultraviolet photokeratitis (i-arc eye noma i-welder's flash) ayivamisile ukuba buhlungu ngesikhathi sokuchayeka. Esikhundleni salokho, amahora angu-4 kuya kwangu-12 ngemva kokuphela koshintsho lokushisela (ngokuvamile ukuvusa i-welder phakathi nobusuku), amangqamuzana ekhone alimele angaphandle ayahlehla, aveze izinkulungwane zeziphetho ze-corneal nerve ekugcineni esweni elicwayizayo.

Izimpawu zakudala ze-flash ye-welder zifaka:

• Ukuvutha okukhulu, ubuhlungu obubuhlungu ku-womabili amehlo (noma iso elilodwa uma libheke eceleni) obuqala 4 amahora kuya kwangu-12 ngemva kokuchayeka kwe-arc.
• Umuzwa onamandla othi isihlabathi esishisayo, inhlansi, noma ingilazi ephukile ehlikihlwa ngaphansi kwamajwabu amehlo ngakho konke ukucwayiza.
• Ukuzwela okudlulele ekukhanyeni (photophobia), ukuminya ijwabu leso okungahleliwe (blepharospasm), ukuklebhuka kwamanzi amaningi, ne-conjunctiva ebomvu.

Usizo lokuqala lwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo se-welder's flash (i-arc eye) ngokumelene nomzimba wangaphandle we-slag oshisayo¶

Noma nini lapho umshicileli eba nobuhlungu bamehlo, hlukanisa sakaza ukushiswa kwe-UV flash kokuthi insimbi eshisayo engena noma eshunyekiwe noma umzimba wangaphandle we-slag:

1. Ngena egumbini elinokukhanya kalufifi bese ufaka izibuko zelanga ezimnyama ezimbozekile: Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kwasendlini kubangela ukunyakaziswa kwe-iris ebuhlungu kanye ne-ciliary muscle.
2. Geza izandla zakho bese ukhipha amalensi okuxhumana ngokushesha: Shiya amalensi okuxhumana ngaphandle kuze kube yilapho i-cornea isilaphe ngokuphelele futhi isuswe udokotela wamehlo ukuze uvimbele izilonda ezithathelwanayo zamehlo.
3. Hlola ngobumnene ichashaza lensimbi noma ukusha kwe-slag ngaphandle kokuhlikihla iso:
4. Uma ubuhlungu buqala ngokushesha ngenkathi ugaya, ukuxubha, noma ukuhlikihla i-slag, noma uma ubona ichashaza elimnyama noma indandatho yokugqwala ku-cornea, ungazami ukukukhetha ngama-tweezers, ama-swabs kakotini, noma uzibuthe. Amachashaza ensimbi ashisayo ayancibilika ku-cornea futhi akhe iringi yokugqwala kwensimbi okufanele ikhishwe udokotela wamehlo noma udokotela wamehlo ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu selambu elisikiwe; bona iso into angaphandle, corneal abrasion, futhi flash Welding.
5. Uma ucezu lwesondo lokugaya olunesivinini esikhulu noma ucingo lubhoboze inhlamvu yeso, noma uma umfundi ebukeka emise okwezinyembezi, vala iso ngesivikelo esiqinile (noma ngezansi kwenkomishi yephepha eqoshiwe) ngokucindezela okunguziro embulungeni futhi uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha; bona ukulimala kwamehlo.
6. Faka amaconsi agcoba esweni angenalutho, angalondolozi (izinyembezi zokwenziwa) kanye nokuminyanisa okupholile:
7. Faka izinyembezi zokwenziwa ezingenalutho ezivikelayo ukuze uvale i-cornea eluhlaza ngaphansi kwejwabu leso elicwayizayo.
8. Phumula ngokuthi amehlo womabili avaliwe bese ubeka indwangu ehlanzekile emanziswe ngamanzi kampompi apholile ngobumnene kumajwabu amehlo avaliwe imizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20 ngesikhathi. (Ungalokothi ubeke ubisi, ukudla okuluhlaza, noma uketshezi lwasekhaya olungahlanzekile ngaphakathi esweni olunokukhanya kwe-welder, njengoba i-cornea e-denuded isengozini enkulu yokutheleleka ngegciwane.)
9. Sebenzisa izidambisi zinhlungu zomlomo futhi uhlele ukuhlolwa komtholampilo: Ama-analgesics omlomo (njenge-ibuprofen noma i-acetaminophen/paracetamol, uma kuphephile kumuntu) anciphisa ubuhlungu be-corneal nerve ngenkathi i-epithelium iphulukisa ngaphezu*24 kuya kumahora angu-72. Cela udokotela wamehlo, udokotela wamehlo, noma udokotela onakekela ngokushesha ahlole amehlo ngodayi we-fluorescein ukuze akhiphe insimbi egxilile futhi anikeze isigcobo se-prophylactic antibiotic uma kudingeka.

I-spatter yokushisela encibilikisiwe, i-hot slag, nokusha kwezingubo zokushisa¶

Ishawa yokushisela ne-oxy-fuel cutting cutting opharetha ngamaglobule ensimbi amhlophe-hot kanye ne-ncibilike ye-flux slag ku-*1,500 degrees Celsius (2,700 degrees Fahrenheit)**:

1. I-spatter eshisayo ewela ngaphakathi kwebhuthi yokushisela noma i-gauntlet cuff: Uma insimbi encibilikisiwe yehlisa i-cuff evulekile yebhuthi noma igilavu, isha ku-dermis ngemizuzwana. Khipha ibhuthi noma igilavu ​​ngokushesha, bese usula indawo eshile ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi apholile ahambayoimizuzu engu-20; bona ukusha.
2. Ukushiswa kwe-slag endlebeni (i-welding ephezulu ngaphandle kwama-earplug): Uma inhlansi eshisayo igingqika embotsheni yendlebe phakathi nokushiselwa phezulu (okubangela ukucwebezela, ubuhlungu obuhlabayo, i-vertigo, noma i-eardrum enembobo), ungatheli amanzi abandayo noma amafutha endlebeni futhi ungaphenyi ngamaswabs. Vala indlebe yangaphandle ngengubo eyomile eyinyumba futhi uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo noma uchwepheshe wendlebe, ikhala, nomphimbo (ENT) ngokushesha.
3. Impahla noma i-butane lighter lighter: Ungalokothi uphathe i-plastic butane lighter ephaketheni lakho ngenkathi ushisela; ithonsi elilodwa le-spatter elishisayo liyancibilika egobolondweni lepulasitiki bese lithungela i-fireball ye-butane. Gqoka izingubo zikakotini ezingashi noma zesikhumba nezikhafu zebhulukwe ezidlula amabhuzu esikhumba angenazintambo.

Ukushisela i-workshop kanye nohlu lokuhlola ukuphepha kwe-oxy-fuel¶

• Izibambisi ezimbaxambili ze-flashback namavalvu okuhlola: Faka i-UL/ISO-certified flame-arresting flashback arrestor (okufaka i-valve yokuhlola engabuyisi, isithiyo se-sintered steel flame, kanye ne-thermal cutoff) kukho kokubili izilawuli zomoya-mpilo kanye nophethiloli.
• Umthetho wengcindezi ephezulu yesilawuli se-acetylene (103 kPa / 15 psi): Ungalokothi usethe ingcindezi yokulethwa kwesilawuli se-acetylene ngaphezu*103 kilopascals (15 psi / 1.03 bar).
• Umthetho oqondile we-acetylene cylinder: Gcina futhi usebenzise amasilinda e-acetylene ngokuqinile (uma isilinda silele phansi, yimise siqonde amahora angu-1 kuya kwangu-2 ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa* ukuze i-acetone ewuketshezi ihlale). Vula ama-valve asebenza ngesikrufu angabi ngaphezu kokuthi ½ kuya ku-1.5 amajika bese ushiya isikrufu sika-T esiqwini sevalvu ngenkathi usebenza.
• Izincibilikisi ezineklorini engu-Zero eduze nezindawo zokushisela: Vimbela izinto zokuhlanza amabhuleki ezine-chlorine (i-tetrachlorethylene, i-trichlorethylene, i-methylene chloride) kunoma yisiphi isitolo sokushisela noma sokusika.
• Ukukhipha umoya wendawo kanye nokuvikela ukuphefumula: Beka ihood yokukhipha intuthu phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-30 ukuya kwangu-45 (amayintshi angu-12 ukuya kwangu-18) wepulangwe elishiselayo, ugaye uthayela obungu-2.5 kuya ku-5 amasentimitha (1 kuya ku-2 amayintshi) ukusuka ekuhlanganyeleni ngaphambi kokushisela, kanye ne-PAP1 igqoke i-Pr.
• I-ANSI Z87.1+ izibuko zokuphepha ze-polycarbonate ezigqokwa ngaphansi kwe-hood yokushisela: Izibuko ezicacile zokuphepha ze-polycarbonate zimunca ngaphezu kuka-99% wemisebe ye-UV, ivikela amehlo akho ekukhanyeni okuseceleni kwengozi noma nini lapho ihood yakho yokushisela iphendulwa phezulu.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Ngesikhathi se-oxy-acetylene torch flashback, kufanele yini uvale ivalvu ye-oxygen noma i-acetylene fuel valve kuqala?¶

Vala njalo i-valve ye-oxygen yethoshi kuqala, kulandele umzuzwana owodwa kamuva i-valve ye-torch fuel-gas (i-acetylene), bese uvala womabili ama-valve ethangi amakhulu kumasilinda. Ngenkathi uvala ivalvu ye-acetylene kuqala ngesikhathi sokuvala ilangabi elivamile ukuze uvimbele i-carbon pop, i-flashback yangaphakathi esebenzayo iyisimo esiphuthumayo lapho ilangabi livutha lihlehle libheke emuva ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokuxuba ithoshi. Okuhlanzekile okucindezelwe komoyampilo kuphakela lowo mlilo wangaphakathi; ukuvala i-valve ye-oxygen yethoshi kuqala ngokushesha kubulala ukusha kwe-oxidizer yayo futhi kuvimbele ilangabi ukuthi lingancibiliki ngesibambo sethusi noma livuthele epayipini likaphethiloli.

Kungani ukusebenzisa i-automotive brake cleaner ensimbi ngaphambi kwe-TIG noma i-MIG yokushisela kungase kubulale?¶

Amabhuleki amaningi okuhlanza amabhuleki nama-degreasers aqukethe izinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon ezine-chlorine njenge-tetrachlorethylene (perchlorethylene), i-trichlorethylene, noma i-methylene chloride. Lapho imisebe ye-ultraviolet noma ukushisa okudlulele okuvela ku-arc yokushisela kushayisa ngisho nomhwamuko wokulandelela walezi zincibilikilisi ezine-chlorine, kwephula amabhondi amakhemikhali akhe igesi ye-phosgene ne-hydrogen chloride. I-Phosgene iyi-ejenti ebulalayo yamaphaphu evamise ukubangela ukucasuka komphimbo okuncane ekuqaleni, okulandelwa emahoreni ama-4 kuya kwangama-24 kamuva ukunqwabelana koketshezi olusongela ukuphila emaphashini (i-edema yamaphaphu ebambezelekile).

Ingabe ukugqoka izibuko zokuphepha ze-polycarbonate ezicacile ngaphansi kwesigqoko sami sokushisela kuvimbela iso le-arc uma othile eshaya i-arc eduze kwami?¶

Yebo, ukugqoka i-ANSI Z87.1 noma i-EN 166 ilinganisele izibuko zokuphepha ze-polycarbonate ecacile ngaphansi kwesigqoko sakho sokushisela sivikela ekukhanyeni kwe-welder ngengozi (i-ultraviolet photokeratitis). Ipulasitiki ye-Polycarbonate ngokwemvelo imunca ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-99 emisebe ye-ultraviolet yamaza amafushane namaza aphakathi nendawo (UV-C kanye ne-UV-B), okuyimisebe enesibopho sokushiswa kwe-corneal epithelium. Nakuba izingilazi ze-polycarbonate ezicacile zingakuvimbi ukukhanya okukhazimulayo okubonakalayo noma ukushisa kwe-infrared ngesikhathi sokushisela okuqhubekayo, ukuzigcina zimise ukukhanya okufushane okusemaceleni kanye nokushaywa kwe-arc ngengozi ekushiseni ama-cornea akho lapho ihood yakho iphakanyisiwe.

Ngingawubona kanjani umehluko phakathi kwemfiva yensimbi engenangozi ye-zinc kanye nokuhogela okuyingozi kwe-cadmium?¶

Emahoreni okuqala angu-4 kuya kwangu-8 ngemva kokushisela, awukwazi ukwehlukanisa ngokuthembekile ngezimpawu zodwa, ngoba kokubili i-zinc oxide (evela ensimbini eyakha uthayela) ne-cadmium oxide (kusuka kumabhawodi e-cadmium-plated noma ama-alloys e-silver-brazing) ekuqaleni kubangela ukunambitheka kwensimbi, ukukhwehlela okomile, ukugodola okuqhaqhazelayo, umkhuhlane, nobuhlungu bemisipha. Nokho, nakuba i-zinc metal fume fever engaxakile ixazululeka phakathi kwamahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48 ngaphandle kokulimala kwamaphaphu, intuthu ye-cadmium ibhubhisa izicubu ze-alveolar futhi iqhubekela phambili emahoreni angu-12 kuya kwangu-36 ibe ubuhlungu obukhulu besifuba, isikhwehlela esinamagwebu, kanye ne-pulmonary edema esongela ukuphila. Noma ubani okungenzeka ube ne-cadmium eshisayo noma onenkinga yokuphefumula noma ukucinana kwesifuba kufanele aye emnyangweni wezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha.

Lo mhlahlandlela uhlinzeka ngokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo kanye nolwazi losizo lokuqala lokushisela, ukusika i-oxy-fuel, kanye nezigameko zentuthu yaseshabhu futhi awuthathi indawo yokuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kwemboni okuqinisekisiwe noma ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha komtholampilo. Cabangela ukuthatha usizo lokuqala olugunyaziwe, i-CPR, kanye nesifundo sokuphepha emsebenzini esivela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma inhlangano yakho yezokuphepha kazwelonke.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Into yangaphandle yeso, ukuhuzuka kwe-cornea, kanye ne-welding flash
• Ukulimala kwamehlo nokuchaphaza kwamakhemikhali
• I-Cyanide, i-hydrogen sulfide, ne-industrial gas inhalation
• I-valve ye-valve yegesi ecindezelwe, ithangi le-rocketing, nokuvuza kwe-cryogenic
• Ukuphelelwa umoya endaweni evalekile emigodini, eziseleni, nasemathangeni
• Ukusha kwe-thermal, amakhemikhali, nogesi

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): I-Welding, Cutting, and Brazing Standard (29 CFR 1910.252 / 1910.253), Ukulawula Imfucumfucu Eyingozi kanye Negesi Ngesikhathi Sokushisela, kanye Nesexwayiso Sengozi Ezincibilikisweni Ze-Chlorinated / Phosgene
• I-Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Ukusebenza Ngokuphephile nge-Acetylene (INDG327), Isu Lomlilo Nokuqhuma Kwe-Acetylene Cylinders, kanye ne-Welding Fume Control Guidance (WL3)
• I-Compressed Gas Association (CGA, United States): Ukuphatha Ngokuphephile Amagesi Acindezelwe Eziqukathi (CGA P-1) kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokuphatha Amasilinda E-Acetylene Abandakanyeka Emlilweni (CGA SB-4)
• I-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): I-Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards for Zinc Oxide, Cadmium Fume, Phosgene, and Nitrogen Dioxide
• I-American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO, United States): Ukuphathwa Komtholampilo kwe-Ultraviolet Keratitis (Photokeratitis / Welder's Flash) kanye Nezingozi Zokuhlukumeza Okudabukisayo