I-Tree Well and Deep Powder Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS)¶

Ukucwiliswa eqhweni Ukuphefumula (SIS), okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi Non-Avalanche Related Snow Immersion Death (NARSID), kwenzeka lapho umshibiliki we-alpine, i-snowboarder, noma umgibeli we-backcountry ewela ehlanekezelwe (kuqala) emthonjeni esihlahleni noma usebe olujulile lwempushana yesiphepho engahlanganisiwe bese iminyanisa ngaphakathi kweqhwa elixegayo. Umthombo wesihlahla uyisikhala esifihlekile, esimise okwefaneneli kanye nempushana engahlangene kuze kufike lapho 2 to 3.5 meters (6.5 to 11.5 feet) ukujula okuzungeze isiqu se-evergreen conifer elenga kancane, ngokuvamile i-subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), i-Pacific silver fir, i-mountain hemlock, noma i-Engelmann spruce, amagatsha ayo aminyene angaphansi asebenza njengesambulela, avimbe iqhwa eliwayo ukuba lingagcwali noma lihlangane ngaphansi kwesiqu. Lapho oshushuluza eqhweni noma eqhweni ebamba unqenqema noma elahlekelwa ukulawula ezihlahleni futhi ejikijela kuqala kuleyo faneli efihliwe, ama-skis akhe asindayo noma ibhodi leqhwa liba manzi emagatsheni angenhla kuyilapho ikhanda kanye nesiqu sazo ziphonseka sibheke phansi kukhoni egoqayo yempushana engahlangani.

Ekuhlolweni kwebhentshimakhi okwenziwe Northwest Avalanche Center (NWAC) kanye nabacwaningi bezokuphepha eqhweni lase-resort e-United States naseCanada, amaphesenti angu-90 amavolontiya afakwe ehlanekezelwe emthonjeni wangempela wesihlahla awakwazanga nhlobo ukuzihlenga. Ngokungafani neqhwa elisemthambekeni ovulekile, obonakala ukude, isisulu sangcwaba inhloko ngaphansi kwamagatsha ahlala eluhlaza. 3 meters (10 feet) ukugijima eqhweni okulungisiwe akubonakali nhlobo ngaphandle kwalapho uzakwethu wabo we-ski noma e-snowboard ebabukele ngaso leso sikhathi abanyamalala ngaso. Uma umlingani wakho enyamalala esihlahleni noma ewela esihlahleni emthonjeni, memeza ucele usizo, shayela i-Ski Patrol ngokuqondile (gcina Inombolo Yesimo Esiphuthumayo Se-Ski Patrol yasendaweni yokungcebeleka igcinwe ocingweni lwakho lokudayela ngokushesha) noma shayela inombolo yakho yezimo eziphuthumayo yangakini (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 yonkana European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) usebenzisa incwadi yethu izinombolo eziphuthumayo, bese uqala ukumba umngane ovundlile ngasemgwaqweni womoya wesisulu ngaphandle kokulinda umzuzwana owodwa ukuze i-Ski Patrol ifike. Ngezinkinga ezihlobene zasebusika nezintaba, thintana nabaqondisi bethu isihlahla kahle ukucwiliswa kanye ejulile iqhwa ukufutha, izingozi ze-skiing, i-snowboarding, kanye ne-slope, futhi ihlane hypothermia kanye nokusinda okubandayo.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Bamba isiqu somuthi noma amagatsha aqinile angaphakathi ngezandla zombili ngaso leso sikhathi lapho uphonsa emthonjeni wesihlahla. Uma uwela ngasemlonyeni owumpushana ojulile, ungalinge uzame "ukugibela uphume" umugqa ozungeze isiketi sesihlahla. Yeka izigxobo zakho zokushushuluza (okungafanele neze zibe nezihlakala eziboshwe izandla zakho ezihlahleni), jikela ngaphakathi ukuze ugone isiqu somuthi esiqinile sokhuni noma amagatsha angaphakathi aminyene ngazo zombili izingalo, bese ugoqa imilenze yakho esiqwini ukuze umise isilayidi sakho esibheke phansi ngaphambi kokuba ifaneli yeqhwa igwinye ikhanda lakho.
2. Yeka konke ukukhahlela, ukubhuquzisa, nokushwibeka ngokushesha uma uhlehla. Isihlahla sisebenza kahle njengesihlabathi esomile noma isisele sokusanhlamvu: ngaso sonke isikhathi uma ukhahlela imilenze yakho noma ubhuquza amahlombe akho ubheke phansi, unyakazisa amakhulu amakhilogremu eqhwa elixegayo lisuka ezindongeni ezizungezile nasemagatsheni, ukupakisha iqhwa lingakwazi ukunwebeka esifubeni sakho ukuze unganwebeki.
3. Yakha iphakethe lomoya eliphefumulayo phambi komlomo wakho nekhala bese ukhafula iqhwa. Ngaphambi kokuthi iqhwa eligobhozayo lihlale lizungeze ubuso bakho, faka inkomishi ngesandla esisodwa noma umphambili wakho emlonyeni nasemakhaleni, nyakazisa ikhanda lakho ngobumnene ukusuka kolunye kuya kolunye (5 to 8 centimeters [2 to 3 inches]) ukupakisha indawo encane yokuphefumula phambi kobuso bakho, bese udonsa ikhola yejazi lakho noma intamo enyakazayo (Buff) phezu komlomo wakho ukuze usebenze njengesihlungi seqhwa.
4. Gcina ukuphefumula kwakho kuhamba kancane futhi kungashoni, futhi ukhulule okubophezela eqhweni okukodwa noma kokubili uma ufinyeleleka ngaphandle kokungqubuza. Hofuza kancane futhi ngomoya ophansi ukuze wonge umoya-mpilo ephaketheni lakho lomoya futhi ubambezele isikhutha (CO2) ukwakha. Uma ungakwazi ukufinyelela i-lever ebopha ukushushuluza ngesandla sakho noma ukhahlele ucezu lwesithende se-ski ngokuhlanzekile ngaphandle kokubangela ukuwa kweqhwa, khulula ukushushuluza kwakho; kubhodi leqhwa, nyakazisa kancane ukuze uhlale ubambelele egatsheni ngenkathi ushaya ikhwela lakho elithi Fox 40 pealess elinamathiselwe kukhola yakho.
5. Uma ungumngane obala: UNGALOKOTHI unyathele onqenqemeni olungaphezulu lwesihlahla ngaphezu kwalowo ohlukunyeziwe. Uma uthola ama-skis kazakwenu noma ibhodi leqhwa libheke phansi libheke phansi liphuma emthonjeni, ungalokothi ukhuphuke ngaphezu kwembobo noma ungene kufaneli yeqhwa ezungeze amagatsha. Ukunyathela phezu kwesisulu kugoqa iqhwa elikhulu elixegayo liqonde ngqo ephaketheni laso lokuphefumula bese lichoboza indlela yaso yokuphefumula.
6. Imhubhe iqonde ngaphakathi ukusuka ohlangothini olwehlayo uqonde ekhanda lesisulu kanye nendlela yomoya kuqala. Sondela esihlahleni kahle ukusuka ngezansi (ekwehleni) noma eceleni, duba ngaphansi kwamagatsha ahlala eluhlaza ukuze kutholakale ikhanda lesisulu eduze nesiqu, susa iqhwa emlonyeni nasemakhaleni phakathi nemizuzwana engama-60 ukuze ubuyisele ukuphefumula nokudonsa umoya, bese ukhipha ukuphefumula. umsele ovundlile.

Umuthi Wesihlahla Nokucwiliswa Kwesithwathwa Ukuphefumula (SIS) isihlahla sesinqumo sokusinda nokuhlenga¶

Landela lokhu kugeleza kweqhinga kuye ngokuthi ingabe ungumuntu oshushuluza eqhweni owela esihlahleni kahle noma uzakwethu otakule umngane oseduze.

flowchart TD
    A["Umuthi Wesihlahla / Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sokucwiliswa Kwempuphu Ejulile"] --> B{"Iyiphi indima okuyona njengamanje?"}

    B -->|1. Victim Falling Into Tree Well or Deep Powder| C["Iphrothokholi Esheshayo Yokuzivikela Kwezisulu"]
    B -->|2. Partner / Witness on the Slope| D["I-Immediate Buddy Rescue Protocol (Imizuzu engu-4 yokuqala)"]

    C --> C1["Drop Pole Straps & Grab Tree Trunk noma Amagatsha Angaphakathi Aqinile Ngokushesha"]
    C1 --> C2{"Ingabe uye wama waqonda ubambe umboko, noma wawa ngekhanda?"}

    C2 -->|Stopped Upright Against Trunk| C3["Bamba I-Trunk Ngokuqinile, Shayela / I-Whistle Partner, Khahlela Izinyathelo noma Udedele I-Skis Ngokucophelela"]
    C2 -->|Inverted Headfirst in Loose Snow Funnel| C4["MISA KONKE UKUDLA NOKUKHAHLELA Ngokushesha (Vimbela Ukupakisha Okusheshayo nokupakisha)"]
    C4 --> C5["Inkomishi Yesandla / Ingalo Phezu Komlomo Nekhala + Ikhanda Ledwala Ngobumnene Ukuze Lenze Isikhwama Somoya"]
    C5 --> C6["Phefumula Kancane, Vuthela I-Collar Whistle, Linda I-Buddy Horizontal Dig"]

    D --> D1["Gcina I-Visual Fix Yangempela Esihlahleni + Memeza Ngosizo & Shayela I-Ski Patrol"]
    D1 --> D2["UNGALINDI I-Ski Patrol: Qala Ukumba Ngokushesha (4-Min Asphyxia Clock)"]
    D2 --> D3["Sondela Esihlahleni Kahle Kusukela NGEZANSI (Ekwehleni): UNGALOKOTHI Unyathele Kwi-Top Rim"]
    D3 --> D4["Hlola / Dada Ngaphansi Kwamagatsha ukuze Uthole Inhloko & Usule Indlela Yomoya KUQALA"]
    D4 --> D5["Khipha Izibophelelo ze-Ski/Snowboard + Genda Umsele Ovundlile Uphume Esiqwini"]
    D5 --> D6{"Ingabe Ukuphefumula Kwesisulu Kwake Kukhishiwe?"}
    D6 -->|Yes| D7["Umlomo Ocacile, Gxilisa Emakhazeni, Gada I-Hypothermia & I-Pulmonary Edema"]
    D6 -->|No: Unresponsive & Apneic| D8["Sula Iqhwa Elipakishiwe Ku-Oropharynx + Qala Ukuphefumula Kokuphefumula & ne-CPR Ngokushesha"]

I-Anatomy yesihlahla se-conifer kahle kanye ne-physics ye-asphyxiation yeqhwa ehlanekezelwe¶

Abaningi abashibilika eqhweni abanokuhlangenwe nakho nabasebenzisa ama-snowboarders abagqoka izigqoko zokuzivikela futhi baphathe ama-avalanche transceiver endaweni engemuva bayithatha kancane imithombo yezihlahla ngenxa yokuthi isihlahla sibukeka njengempushana engenangozi, ephaphazelayo ngaphansi kwesihlahla esihle esihlala siluhlaza. Ukuqonda isayensi yezitshalo ze-subalpine conifers kanye nemishini ewuketshezi yeqhwa elingahlanganisiwe kuchaza ukuthi kungani umthombo wesihlahla ubulala kangaka.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       ANATOMY OF A SUBALPINE FIR / SPRUCE TREE WELL & INVERTED FALL     |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                         |
|                     / \                                                 |
|                    / | \    Conifer Crown (Umbrella Effect)             |
|                   /  |  \   Blocks falling snow from compacting         |
|  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/~~~|~~~\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <-- Deep Snowpack   |
|  Consolidated   /    |    \      [Skis / Board]         (2 to 3m deep)  |
|  Snowpack      /     |     \      Wedged in Boughs                      |
|  Wall         /      |      \        \   /                              |
|              |  LOOSE|POWDER |       [Legs]                             |
|              |  FUNNEL VOID  |         ||                               |
|               \      |      /       [Torso] <-- Snow packs tight around |
|   [RESCUER]    \     |     /          (Head)    chest if victim kicks   |
|   Digs Inward   \    |    /       (Air Pocket)                          |
|   HORIZONTALLY ==\==>|   /        Next to Trunk                         |
|   From Below      `--|--'                                               |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Indlela isihlahla esakheka ngayo nokuthi kungani sihlala sifihliwe¶

Phakathi nemijikelezo yesiphepho sasebusika esinamandla epaki yeqhwa yasolwandle naphakathi kwezintaba (njengeCascade Range yaseWashington ne-Oregon, iBritish Columbia's Coast and Columbia Mountains, iSierra Nevada yaseCalifornia, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, kanye nezintaba ze-deep-powder Yuki-gun zaseHokkaido naseHonshu eJapane), 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16 feet) iqhwa elinqwabelana phansi ehlathini: - Amagatsha alenga phansi e-subalpine fir, i-fir emhlophe, i-hemlock, ne-spruce izihlahla zinwebeka 1 to 2 meters (3.3 to 6.5 feet) ngaphandle ukusuka esiqwini bese wehlela phansi njengophahla lwetende oluyindilinga. - Ngenkathi isikhwama seqhwa esingaphandle komugqa wokuconsa wamagatsha sihlala futhi sihlanganisana sibe yisisekelo esisekelayo, isikhala ngaphansi kwamagatsha ngokuqondile esizungeze isiqu sihlala singenalutho olungenalutho (1 to 3 meters deep) egcwele kuphela izimpaphe zeqhwa elihlungwe ngokukhanya okukhulu, elingaminyana kangako. - Njengoba iqhwa elipheshulwa ngumoya litshuza libheke ngaphandle kwamagatsha angezansi, lakha i-umjikelezo obonakalayo ongelona iqiniso (isiketi sesihlahla) esifihla umgodi ojulile ozungeze isiqu kuze kube yilapho umshushuluzi oshushuluza eqhweni noma esnowboarder ephenduka eduze kakhulu ne-canopy yesihlahla futhi unqenqema lwazo lubhodloze ikhethini langaphandle lamagatsha lingene kufaneli engapheli.

2. Kungani ukuzabalaza kubangela "I-Snow Quicksand" kanye nokuphefumulelwa ngokushesha¶

Uma oshushuluza eqhweni noma eqhweni ejikijela kuqala kuleyo faneli engahlanganisiwe, ukufa kwenzeka nge- izinqubo ezintathu ezigqagqene zomzimba ngaphakathi kwemizuzu emi-4 ukuya kweyi-15:

1. Ifaneli Ehlanekezelwe / Umthelela Wokuhlanganiswa Kwesilo Sezinhlamvu (i-Mechanical Asphyxia):
2. Ngenxa yokuthi umthombo wesihlahla umise okwefenisha engu-V encipha ibheke ezimpandeni, isisulu sihlala sibheke phansi (180 degrees inverted) ikhanda namahlombe abo ngaphansi kwekhoni encane futhi amabhuzu abo enqunywe ku-a 170-centimeter i-pair of skis noma a 160-centimeter i-snowboard ephithene emagatsheni aqinile phezulu.
3. Lapho isisulu esithukile sizama ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhahlela imilenze yaso, ukusonta izinqulu, noma ukusunduza phezulu endaweni eyimpushana engapheli, kwenzeka izinto ezimbili: umzimba waso ushona ujule esihlokweni esiwumngcingo sekhoni, futhi ukushaya kwaso kuzamazamisa amakhulu amakhilogremu eqhwa elixegayo ezindongeni zeqhwa ezizungezile namagatsha phansi azungeze umzimba wawo.
4. Phakathi nemizuzwana engu-15 yokuzabalaza, lelo qhwa elixegayo liyahlala futhi izinsalela esifubeni naseziswini zabo njengokhonkolo omanzi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi isisulu ekhipha futhi ivolumu yesifuba saso sincipha 2 centimeters, ikholomu esindayo yeqhwa ishelela ngaphakathi ukuze ivale isikhala, ivala ubambo lwazo ukuze zingakwazi ukuhogela ekuphefumuleni okulandelayo (compressive / positional asphyxia).
5. Ukuxhuma okuqondile kwe-Airway ("I-Snow Cork"):
6. Uma isisulu sihefuzela ngaphandle kokuvala umlomo waso noma ukubhekisa ubuso baso esiqwini, iqhwa elicolekile lipakisha emakhaleni, emlonyeni, nakumapharynx angemuva, enze ipulaki elineqhwa elivimba ngokuphelele ukugeleza komoya.
7. I-Hypercapnia (CO2 I-Narcosis) kanye ne-Ice-Mask Glazing:
8. Ngisho noma isisulu sidala iphakethe lomoya elincane elingangenqindi, umoya ofudumele okhishwayo (37°C / 98.6°F) lincibilikisa ingaphakathi leqhwa, eliphinde libe yiqhwa ngokushesha libe icwecwe elingangeneki leqhwa elivimba umoya omusha ukuze ungasakazeki eqhweni kuyilapho libamba ikhabhoni ekhishwa umoya (CO2), okubangela ukulahlekelwa ukwazi phakathi nemizuzu.

Ukuqhathanisa: I Well Tree / Deep Powder (SIS) vs. Ukungcwatshwa kwe-Slab Avalanche¶

Iphrothokholi yesinyathelo nesinyathelo ye-Buddy Rescuer: Ungamkhipha kanjani uzakwethu ngaphansi kwemizuzu emi-4¶

Ngenxa yokuthi ukulimala kobuchopho ngenxa yokuphefumula i-anoxic kuqala phakathi4 nemizuzu engu-6 lapho indlela yokuphefumula yesisulu ixhunywe yiqhwa, futhi ngenxa yokuthi kuthatha ngisho nendawo yokungcebeleka eshesha kakhulu i-Ski Patrol imizuzu engu-10 kuya kwengu-20 ukuthola ucingo, ukugibela i-chairlift, nokushushuluzela ukuya esihlahleni, **ukusinda kwesisulu kuncike ngamaphesenti angu-100 ekushushuluzeni kozakwethu manje.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|     RIGHT VS. WRONG EXCAVATION PATH FOR A TREE WELL BUDDY RESCUE        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                         |
|   [WRONG: Stepping on Top Rim]          [RIGHT: Horizontal Tunneling]   |
|                                                                         |
|     Rescuer steps on top of               Rescuer approaches from       |
|     snow rim above branches:              BELOW (downhill) side:        |
|                                                                         |
|        [Rescuer Steps Here]                      / \                    |
|            |    / \                             / | \                   |
|            v   / | \                           /  |  \ [Skis Visible]   |
|     ~~~~~~~|~~/~~|~~\~~~~~~~          ~~~~~~~~/~~~|~~~\~~~~~~~          |
|     COLLAPSES/   |   \                       /    |    \                |
|     SNOW    /  [Head] \         [RESCUER] ==/====>| [Head / Airway]     |
|     ONTO   /  CRUSHES  \        Digs Straight     |  Cleared First      |
|     VICTIM   AIR POCKET         Inward to Trunk   |  in < 60 Seconds    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Isinyathelo 1: Ungalokothi ulahlekelwe othintana naye obonakalayo: Gcina umthetho othi "Uzakwethu Obonakalayo".¶

1. Lapho ushushuluza noma u-snowboarding ezihlahleni ngosuku lwempuphu (30+ cm / 12+ inches kweqhwa elisha), ungalokothi "uqhume i-leapfrog" (lapho umuntu oyedwa eqhweba eqhweni ukuze angabonwa futhi alinde phansi ekugijimeni). Ugibela ngendlela eqinile ukwakheka kokubukwayo ubheke ngqo ngemuva kozakwenu, noma sebenzisa indawo yesihlahla esifushane lapho oshwiba ohamba phambili emi endaweni ephephile kuyilapho egxilise amehlo kumlingani ongaphezulu kuyo yonke indlela eya phansi.
2. Uma Umaqondana Wakho Enyamalala Ngokushesha:
3. Gxilisa amehlo akho kokuthi isihlahla noma isici sezwe lapho ugcine khona ukubona ibhantshi lazo noma isifutho seqhwa.
4. Memeza kakhulu ("SIZA, SIKIER EMTHENI") ukuze uqashe noma yibaphi abashwibi abadlulayo eduze kwendlebe, shaya ikhwela lakho kathathu, futhi uma umuntu wesithathu ekhona, mcele ashayele Ski Patrol Dispatch kanye negama lokugijima kanye nenombolo yombhoshongo ngenkathi uqala ukumba ngokushesha.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Sondela ukusuka NGEZANSI (Ekwehleni): Ungalokothi unyathele unqenqema olungaphezulu¶

1. Ungazami ukubamba i-skis/ibhodi leqhwa lesisulu bese ulihudulela phezulu usuka phezulu:
2. Lapho i 80-kilogram (176-pound) umuntu omdala ungcwatshwa phezulu 2 meters kweqhwa nge 30 kilograms kweqhwa elibekwe esifubeni nasemahlombe abo, ukudonsela phezulu emaqakaleni noma izibopho ze-snowboard ** ngeke zibakhiphe **; izokwelula imisipha yamadolo kuphela ngenkathi inyakazisa amathani eqhwa elixegayo lisuka emagatsheni lehlele ebusweni bawo.
3. Yehlisa Umqansa Ngaphansi Komthombo Wesihlahla:
4. Skibela noma ujike ujike uye ohlangothini olwehlayo (ongezansi) lomthombo wesihlahla.
5. Khumula eyakho i-skis noma ibhodi leqhwa ngokushesha ukuze ube nonyawo lwebhuthi oluzinzile.
6. Dada ngaphansi kwamagatsha ahlala eluhlaza (noma phula/phusha amagatsha aphansi endleleni) ukuze ulunguze emgodini ongenalutho eduze kwesiqu.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Sula indlela yomoya FIRST phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-60¶

1. Landela Umzimba Womuntu Oyisisulu Kwehle Kuye Ekhanda Lawo:
2. Usebenzisa izandla zakho noma i-avalanche blade (iqhwa elishanelayo kude nobuso besisulu futhi wehle umqansa uphume emgodini), landela umzimba womuntu ohlukunyeziwe uye phansi ngasesiqwini sesihlahla ukuze uthole isigqoko, ubuso, umlomo, nekhala.
3. Shanela Umlomo Nekhala Hlanza futhi Uhlole Ukuphefumula:
4. Sula ububanzi 30-centimeter (12-inch) Umhubhe ophefumulayo ozungeze ikhanda nesifuba ukuze amaphaphu azo ande ngokukhululeka.
5. Sebenzisa iminwe emibili yamagilavu ​​ukushanela noma yiliphi "ukhokho" weqhwa eligcwele emlonyeni nasemakhaleni.
6. Babuze kakhulu ukuthi bangaphefumula yini. Uma ubuso nesifuba sabo sembulelwe umoya omusha wangaphandle, iwashi lokuminyanisa eliyimizuzu emi-4 liyama, okukunikeza isikhathi sokukhulula imilenze nokubopha ngokuphephile.

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Khipha i-ski noma ibhodi leqhwa elibophezelayo futhi ukhiphe ngokuvundlile¶

1. Khulula izinyawo ezingaphezulu:
2. Ngenkathi uvikela indlela yokuphefumula evulekile ngezansi, finyelela phezulu (noma wenze umhlengi wesibili afinyelele ukusuka ohlangothini) ukuze ucindezele phansi i-lever yesithende ye-ski bindings noma uqaqa amabhande eqakala nezinzwane ze-snowboard binding ukuze amabhuzu wesisulu akhululeke ngokuphelele ebhodini/iskithi esijike emagatsheni.
3. Khipha Isisulu Emseleni Ovundlile:
4. Bamba umsele wokuphuma ovundlile uye ngaphandle ukusuka esiqwini ohlangothini olwehlayo, usekele ikhanda lesisulu kanye nomgogodla womlomo wesibeletho, bese ukuslayidela ngaphandle ngokuvundlile eqhweni eliqinile.
5. ** Ukuvuselelwa Ngokushesha uma I-Apneic (Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest):**
6. Ngoba ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo emthini kubangelwa hypoxia/asphyxiation (njengokuminza noma ukungcwatshwa kwe-avalanche), **ukuphefumula kokutakula (ukuphefumula umoya) kubalulekile **. Sula lonke iqhwa emlonyeni, vula indlela yomoya (head-tilt/chin-lift noma jaw-thrust uma kusolwa ukuhlukumezeka komgogodla), hambisa ** ukuphefumula kokuqala kwe-5 ** okulandelwa yi-standard 30: 2 CPR (ukucindezela kwesifuba kwe-30 kukuphefumula kokuhlenga okungu-2), futhi usebenzise i-AED ngokushesha nje lapho i-Ski Patrol ifika. Sincoma ngokuqinile ukuthatha isifundo se-CPR kanye ne-First Aid esivela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma umhlinzeki wakho wendawo wokuhlenga ezintabeni.

I-Global ski patrol kanye nezimiso zokuhlenga izintaba zezimo eziphuthumayo zemithombo yesihlahla¶

• I-United States ne-Canada (Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, Rockies, Sierras):
• I-In-Bounds Ski Resort: Shayela indawo yokungcebelekainombolo eqondile ye-Ski Patrol Emergency Dispatch (ephrintwe kumephu yendlela, i-chairlift tower, noma uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Epic/Ikon; igcine kokuthi Izintandokazi zakho ngaphambi kokugijima kwakho kokuqala) noma umake phansi umqhubi we-lift oseduze noma umlindi onejakhethi ephuzi/ebomvu. Iyafona 911 ukusuka emizileni ye-ski slope ukuya kumthumeli wesherifu wesifunda esigodini okumele adlulisele ucingo emuva ku-Ski Patrol, kubiza amaminithi angu-3 kuya kwangu-5 ayigugu.
• Izwe Elingasemuva / Izwe Eliseceleni (Ingaphandle Kwemingcele): Shayela 911 bese ucupha Garmin inReach noma Personal Locator Beacon yakho (PLB) ukuhlanganisa i-County Search and Rescue (SAR) noma Parks Canada Visitor Safety.
• I-European Union & Switzerland (Alps, Pyrenees, Dolomites, Scandinavia):
• Dayela 112 (Inombolo Yezimo Eziphuthumayo YaseYurophu) noma shayela imvamisa yokuhlenga ye-alpine eqondile: ** France (112 / PGHM)**, Switzerland (1414 REGA), Austria (140 Alpinnotruf), Italy (118 / 112 CNSAS).
• Japan (Hokkaido: Niseko, Rusutsu, Furano, Kiroro; Honshu: Hakuba, Nozawa Onsen, Myoko):
• Izihlahla eziphakeme eziphakeme zase-Japan ze-birch kanye ne-bamboo (Sasa) zihlanganiswe ne-subalpine conifers kanye 15+ meters Ukuwa kweqhwa kwaminyaka yonke kudala izingozi zokucwiliswa kwempuphu ejulile (okuhlanganisa nezimbobo ezifihliwe ze-geothermal creek). Ngaphakathi kwemingcele ye-resort, shayela inombolo ethi Ski Patrol ephrintwe ku-lift pass yakho; ngezimo eziphuthumayo ezingaphandle kwemingcele, shayela ku-110 (I-Police Mountain Rescue) noma 119 (Umlilo/I-Ambulance).
• I-Australia ne-New Zealand: Shayela 000 (Australia Ski Patrol / Alpine Police Rescue in NSW and Victoria) noma 111 (New Zealand Ski Patrol / LandSAR).

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Ingabe ama-snowboarders noma abashushuluzi basengozini enkulu yokufela esihlahleni kahle?¶

Kokubili abashushuluzi nabashushuluza eqhweni benza amasheya alinganayo okushona emthonjeni wesihlahla (cishe 55 kuya ku-60% abashushuluza eqhweni nabasuka ku-40 kuya ku-45% abashwibeka eqhweni kuzo zonke izizindalwazi zezigameko zaseNyakatho Melika), kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zemishini ezihluke kancane. A kwe-skier Izibopho ze-DIN ezingakhululwa zingakhulula i-ski eyodwa ngesikhathi sokuwa okusontayo, kodwa uma umshushuluzi eshiya izandla zakhe ngaphakathi izintambo ze-ski pole wrist, izigxobo zifaka izingalo zazo ngaphezu kwekhanda ukuze zingakwazi ukususa isikhwama somoya. Ngokuphambene, a i-snowboarder izibopho zebhande ezingakhululeki zigcina izinyawo zombili zikhiyelwe unomphela endaweni ebanzi 155 kuya ku-165 cm ibhodi elisebenza njengehange eliminyene emagatsheni angenhla, okwenza kungenzeki ukujikela kwesokudla uye phezulu kuze kube yilapho uzakwethu eqaqa izibopho.

Kungani kungafanele ngizame ukushushuluza eduze neziqu zesihlahla lapho impushana ingathintwa khona?¶

Ngemva kwesiphepho lapho kulandelwa ukugijima okuvulekile, abashushuluzi nabahamba eqhweni bayalingeka ukuba bajike kwesokudla ngaphansi kwamagatsha angaphandle ezihlahla ezihlale ziluhlaza lapho iqhwa libukeka lijulile futhi lingalandelwa. Leyo aproni "engalandelwanga" ngaphansi kwamagatsha ayiwona umthambeka oqinile; yi uphahla lwamanga lomuthi ongenalutho. Njalo gcina amathrekhi akho e-ski noma e-snowboard ngaphandle i-drip-line yangaphandle ye-canopy yesihlahla, ungalokothi uhlose phansi kwe-conifer ukuze ulawule isivinini sakho, futhi uhlale ubheka izindawo ezivulekile phakathi kwezihlahla kunokuba agqolozele izihlahla ngokwazo.

Uma ngiwela kumpushana ojulile endaweni eyisicaba noma e-engeli ephansi ebalekela izihlahla, ngingakwazi yini ukuminca?¶

Yebo, kuyilapho cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu Zokucwiliswa Eqhweni Ukuphefumula (I-SIS) ukufa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwemithombo yesihlahla se-conifer, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu esele ivela kuyo impushana ejulile evulekile (`> 60 to 90 cm / 2 to 3 feet` yeqhwa elingahlanganisiwe) lapho oshushuluza eqhweni noma eqhweni ebamba ithiphu ("tomahawks" noma "augurs in") kuqala endaweni ejulile yokukhukhuleka, umbhede womfula, noma ukudangala kwendawo. Uma ufika kuqala endaweni evundlile ejulile, hlala uzolile, yeka ukushayeka, nyakazisa ikhanda lakho ukuze udale isikhala somoya, bese ugingqika uye ohlangothini lwakho noma uhlehle uvundlile kunokuba uzame ukuphusha uqonde phansi eqhweni elingenasiphelo.

Kungani u-90% wezifundo zokuhlolwa zehluleka ukubalekela isihlahla kahle ekuhloleni kwesayensi?¶

Ezivivinyweni ezidumile ezilawulwayo eziholwa iphayona lokuphepha emthonjeni U-Paul Baugher (Isikhungo saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Avalanche / Crystal Mountain Ski Patrol), abashibiliki eqhweni abafaneleka kahle kanye nama-snowboarders bafakwa emthonjeni wangempela wesihlahla lapho abantu bemi eduze futhi batshelwa ukuthi bazikhiphe. Izifundo eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi zehlulekile ngokuphelele futhi kwadingeka ukuthi ikhishwe ithimba lezokuphepha ngenxa yokuthi noma yikuphi ukunyakaza kwezingalo, umzimba, noma imilenze yavele yadilika ngokushesha izindonga zefaneli yeqhwa ngaphakathi, izigqibe zajula futhi zaphina isifuba ngemizuzwana engu-30.

Ingabe kufanele ngiqinise izilungiselelo zami ze-DIN ezibopha i-ski ngifike ezingeni eliphezulu ngosuku lwempushana ejulile ukuze ngingalahlekelwa ukushushuluza?¶

Cha, ukwehlisa amanani akho okukhululwa okubopha i-ski (`DIN`) ngaphezu kweshadi lakho eliqinisekisiwe lobude/isisindo/uhlobo lwe-skier ukuze i-ski yakho "ingalokothi ikhishwe ngaphambili ibe yimpushana" iyingozi kakhulu ezihlahleni. Uma uphonsa ikhanda kuqala esihlahleni esinezibopho ze-DIN eziqiniswe kakhulu (noma izibopho ze-telemark/tech ezingakhipheki ezikhiyelwe ngaphakathi `Tour/Ski-Lock` imodi yokukhuphuka), yakho `180-centimeter` ama-skis azohlala ekhiyelwe emabhuthini akho futhi ajike emagatsheni esihlahla phezulu, akubambe ubheke phansi. Kunalokho, gcina izibopho zakho endaweni efanele yokukhululwa futhi unamathisele inayiloni ekhanyayo izintambo zempuphu / amaribhoni ungene ku-cuff yebhulukwe lakho uma ukhathazekile ngokuthola i-ski ekhululiwe eqhweni elijulile.

Umuntu angaphila isikhathi esingakanani ebheke phansi esihlahleni uma enza iphakethe lomoya elihle?¶

Isikhathi sokusinda sincike ngokuphelele kusayizi wephakethe lomoya nokuthi indlela yokuphefumula icacile: uma umlomo nekhala kugcwele iqhwa, ukuquleka kwenzeka Imizuzu emi-2 ukuya kwemi-3 nokulimala kobuchopho okungenakulungiseka kuqala Imizuzu emi-4 ukuya kweyisi-6. Kodwa-ke, uma isisulu sihlala singanyakazi, sivikela ubuso baso ngomphambili noma ikhola yejakhethi ukuze silondoloze 15-amasentimitha (6-intshi) iphakethe lomoya eduze kwesiqu somuthi, futhi uphefumula kancane, abasindile emhlabeni wangempela bahlale beqaphele Imizuzu engama-30 kuye kwengama-90+ waze wahlengwa.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ukucwiliswa kahle kwesihlahla kanye nokuminyanisa kweqhwa elijulile
• Izingozi ze-skiing, i-snowboarding, ne-slope
• I-Wilderness hypothermia kanye nokusinda okubandayo
• Ukuwa kweCrevasse, ukuhamba kweqhwa, ukuzibopha, nokuwa kwebhuloho leqhwa
• I-snowmobile noma i-ATV igqekeze eqhweni lechibi noma ibhajwe endaweni ejulile yokutholwa kwempushana kanye nendawo yokukhosela ye-hypothermia

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni¶

• I-National Ski Areas Association (NSAA) & DeepSnowSafety.org (United States & Canada): Imihlahlandlela Esemthethweni Yokuphepha Kwesihlahla Neqhwa Elijulile, Isizindalwazi Sezibalo Se-NARSID / SIS, kanye Nezivumelwano Zozakwethu-in-Sight (Ucwaningo Lwesikhungo Se-Avalanche saseNorthwest).
• Inhlangano Yezokwelapha Ehlane (WMS, United States): Iziqondiso Zokusebenza Zomtholampilo Zokuvimbela Nokuphathwa Kwezisulu Zeqhwa kanye Nezisulu Zokungcwatshwa Kweqhwa Ezingezona Iziqhwa.
• I-National Ski Patrol (NSP) & I-Canadian Ski Patrol (CSP, eNyakatho Melika): Ukunakekelwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Kwangaphandle (OEC): I-Tree Well Extrication Mechanics, I-Airway Clearance, kanye ne-Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation.
• Ikhomishini Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuhlenga I-Alpine (ICAR / CISA-IKAR, International): Ukuvuselelwa Kokungcwatshwa Kweqhwa kanye Nezisulu Zokuphefumula Ezindaweni Zase-Alpine.
• I-European Resuscitation Council (ERC) & American Heart Association (AHA): Izimo Ezikhethekile Zokuvuselela: I-Accident Hypothermia kanye ne-Snow Burial Airway/I-Ventilation Priority.