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Monsoon Cloudbursts, Urban Underpass Flooding, and Storm Drain Entrapment

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo ziyehluka ngezwe. Leli khasi lisebenzisa u-911, inombolo yase-United States naseCanada. Amanye amazwe amaningi asebenzisa u-112, 999, noma enye inombolo. Thola inombolo yezwe lakini.

A monsoon cloudburst or extreme urban pluvial downpour occurs when a stalled convective thunderstorm, monsoon trough, or tropical atmospheric river dumps 50 to 150+ millimeters (2 to 6+ inches) of rain in a single hour onto a paved city or steep valley basin. Because concrete, asphalt, and baked desert clay cannot absorb water at that rate, almost 100 percent of the rainfall turns into immediate sheet runoff that overwhelms underground municipal storm sewers within 5 to 15 minutes. This hydraulic overload triggers three distinct urban killers: sunken highway underpasses and subterranean parking garages that fill up like concrete swimming pools in minutes, exploding cast-iron manhole covers blasted into the air by pressurized underground air/water geysers leaving invisible bottomless shafts under knee-deep street water, and storm drain / culvert delta-P suction traps that pin waders underwater with hundreds of kilograms of hydrostatic force.

According to the United States National Weather Service (NWS), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and urban flood mortality studies across North America, Europe, and Asia, more than 50 to 60 percent of all urban flash-flood deaths occur inside motor vehicles driven into flooded underpasses or low-water crossings, while the remainder occur in subterranean basements/elevators and among pedestrians sucked into open storm drains or uncovered manholes. For rural river and canyon flood dynamics, see our flash floods futhi heavy rain and downpours guides; for full vehicle sinking mechanics, see car in water escape.

Never Drive into a Highway Underpass During a Cloudburst, and Never Walk Through Street Water Near Storm Drains

Sunken railway and highway underpasses are engineered with a steep downward dip that acts as a drainage funnel for the surrounding roadway. When an underpass storm pump fails or a culvert clogs during a cloudburst, water depth at the bottom of the dip rises from 15 centimeters (6 inches) to 3 meters (10 feet) in less than 3 to 5 minutes, while the optical illusion of looking down at a flat puddle makes the water look shallow until your front bumper plunges in. At just 30 centimeters (1 foot) of water depth, an average car floats; at 60 centimeters (2 feet), SUVs and pickup trucks float helplessly into the deep center of the underpass. Similarly, walking through ankle- or knee-deep urban street water is fatal if a pressurized storm sewer has blown its \(100\text{-kilogram}\) (\(220\text{-pound}\)) cast-iron manhole cover off its ring: one step drops you straight into a subterranean concrete torrent with zero handholds.

Yenza lokhu manje

  1. klzzwxh:0082 Ungayilandeli imoto ephambi kwakho emanzini: ngisho noma iloli elide liyidlulisa, igagasi elingemuva lingamisa injini yakho, futhi indawo yomgwaqo yehle kakhu phakathi nendawo engaphansi. Uma ithrafikhi kumiswa ngaphambi kwakho phakathi komgwaqo onguthelawayeka odangele noma emhubheni ngesikhathi sokuguquguquka kwamafu futhi amanzi eqala ukunqwabelana eduze kwamasondo akho, ungahlali emotweni yakho ulinde ukuhamba kwezimoto, shiya imoto ngokushesha futhi ukhuphuke ngezitebhisi zabahamba ngezinyawo noma uthango olunotshani uye ezingeni lomgwaqo.
  2. Uma imoto yakho igxilisa noma intanta ngaphakathi kwendawo engaphansi ekhukhulekayo: KHIPHA, GIQONGA AMAFASIFASI PHANSI NGOKUSHESHA, bese ugibela ophahleni noma ubhukude uye endaweni engenela engashoni. Uma amanzi efika phansi eminyango yemoto yakho, une kuphela amasekhondi angu-30 kuya kwangu-60 ngaphambi kokucindezela kwamanzi ngaphandle kwe-hydrostatic (*{0}text\(250 kilogram{0} [\)550\text{ to }1,300\text{ pounds}$] ngamandla ngokumelene nesikhumba somnyango**) kwenza kube nzima ngokomzimba ukuphusha umnyango wemoto kuze kube yilapho ikhabethe ligcwala amanzi ngokuphelele.
  3. Isinyathelo 1: Khumula ibhande lakho lesihlalo kanye nezihlalo zemoto zezingane (ezidala ukuya kwencane).
  4. Isinyathelo sesi-2: Cindezela ugesi amawindi amawindi PHANSI ngokushesha (amafasitela kagesi ayaqhubeka esebenza imizuzwana eyi-10 kuya kwengu-60 ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphambi kokunqamuka) noma phihliza iwindi lengilazi elipholile ekhoneni lalo elingezansi usebenzisa isibhakela esigcwele intwasahlobo noma isigxobo sekhanda sensimbi (ungalokothi ukhahlele iwindi langaphambili elinomoya ophansi).
  5. Isinyathelo sesi-3: Khwela efasiteleni elivuliwe ngaphambi kokuba imoto izike ngaphansi kosilingi ongaphansi; bona car in water escape.
  6. Phuma amagumbi angaphansi, izikhungo zezitolo ezingaphansi komhlaba, namagaraji okupaka angaphansi komhlaba NGOKUSHESHA ngezitebhisi, UNGALOKOTHI ugibele ikheshi ngesikhathi sezikhukhula. Uma amanzi ezikhukhula ethela phansi ngerempu yokupaka engaphansi komhlaba noma izitebhisi, aphendulela izitebhisi zibe impophoma enesivinini esiphezulu eziginqa izintaba ezikhuphukela emanzini ** \(500+\text{ kilograms}\) (\(1,100+\text{ pounds}\)) ngokumelene nezicabha zangaphansi ezijikela ngaphandle** uma amanzi ekhuphuka nje \(30\text{ ukuya }45\text{ centimeters}\) (\(12\text{ to }18\text{ amayintshi}\)) ngaphandle komnyango. Suka endaweni econsa amanzi yokuqala ngqa ungena egumbini elingaphansi noma egalaji, futhi ungalinge ucindezele inkinobho yekheshi (amakheshi ehlela ngokuzenzakalelayo emgodini ongaphansi ogcwele izikhukhula, aphume kancane, futhi abe amabhokisi omngcwabo acwile).
  7. Hlala okungenani amamitha angu-5 ukuya kwayi-10 (amafidi angu-16 ukuya kwangu-33) emiseleni yokudonsa amanzi eseceleni komgwaqo, amapayipi amanzi, ama-grate esiphepho, nemigodi egobhozayo. Umsele wokukhipha isiphepho ongavalekile noma ovaleke kancane ngaphansi kuka-\(1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) wamanzi ezikhukhula \(Defferential P (*I-Differential P) Ukucindezela kwamanzi ezikhukhula i-vortex** idonsa ngokuthi **\)300\umbhalo{ ukuya }1,500+\umbhalo{ kilograms}$ (\(660\umbhalo{ ukuya ku-}3,300+\text{ pounds}\)) wamandla okuphina. Akekho umuntu noma iqembu labatakuli elingakwazi ukukhipha umuntu egwayibeni elingaphansi kwamanzi ngamandla ngesikhathi amanzi egeleza.
  8. Uma kufanele uwele amanzi ezikhukhula angashoni ukuze ubale imoto ecwilayo noma phansi ezikhukhulayo: Phequlula isinyathelo ngasinye esingaphambili ngesigxobo eside noma udondolo bese ushesha eduze konqenqema/izindonga eziphakeme. Ngoba imisele yendle enomfutho ivamise ukuqhumisa imbobo enzima emasongweni azo ngesikhathi sokushwibeka kwamafu, amanzi athungele avulekile amasentimitha angu-20-intshi engu-60-isentimitha emgwaqeni (60-inch) (24-intshi) amashafti aqondile** awela aqonde emhubheni wendle ngaphansi komhlaba. Ungalokothi wehle phakathi nendawo noma kulayini wodoti womgwaqo ogcwele izikhukhula lapho kuhlala khona imigodi nezitsha zokubamba.
  9. Phuma kumagumbi angaphansi agcwele izikhukhula nemigwaqo enezintambo eziwile noma izindlu zangasese ezingaphansi kwamanzi, futhi ushayele abezimo eziphuthumayo endaweni eyomile ephakeme. Amanzi ezikhukhula zasemadolobheni angaba namandla abulalayo ama-vaults angaphansi kwamanzi, izibani zasemgwaqweni, noma amaphaneli angaphansi komhlaba. Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom, noma ubone konke izinombolo eziphuthumayo).

I-monsoon cloudburst, underpass, kanye neshadi eligelezayo lokusinda kwezikhukhula ezingaphansi komhlaba

Sebenzisa lesi sihlahla sesinqumo sokusinda lapho ubanjwe ukuguquguquka kwamafu kwedolobha kungazelelwe kuthelawayeka, ngaphakathi kwegalaji elingaphansi/lokupaka, noma emgwaqweni wedolobha ogcwele izikhukhula.

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Extreme Monsoon Cloudburst / I-Urban Flash Flood:<br/>50 kuya ku-150+ mm/hr (2 kuya ku-6+ phakathi/ihora) Iziphepho Ezinamandla Ezimvula Ezinamandla"] --> Environment{"Utholakala kuphi<br/>manje?"}

    Environment -->|"1. UKUSHAYELA NGIYA ENGAPHANSI, ETHWINI,<br/>NOMA EKUWENENI KWAMANZI APHANSI"| UnderpassCheck{"Ingabe imoto yakho isivele ingene<br/>emanzini ajulile?"}

    UnderpassCheck -->|"CHA: Ukusondela noma Ukuma e-Traffic Dip"| StopTurn["MISA FUTHI USHIYE UMA AMANZI EPHUMA:<br/>1. UNGALOKOTHI ushayele endaweni engaphansi lapho ama-curbs/imigqa icwile khona<br/>2. Uma uvaleleke kuthrafikhi phakathi komgwaqo onguthelawayeka oshonile noma umhubhe<br/> futhi amanzi afika kumasondo amathaya: ABANDON CAR MASINYANE<br/> bese ugibela unqenqema/izitebhisi uye kuleveli yomgwaqo ephezulu"]

    UnderpassCheck -->|"YEBO: Imoto Imile noma Intanta ku-Underpass"| CarEscape["60-IMIBILI YESIBILI UKUPHUNYUKA IMOTO (AMABHETHI EZIHLALO -> AMAFASIFA -> PHUMILE):<br/>1. Khumula amabhande ezihlalo futhi ukhulule izingane NGOKUSHESHA<br/>2. Gingqa amawindi aseceleni PHANSI (noma phihliza ingilazi yekhona eseceleni ngesibhakela)<br/> NGAPHAMBI kokukhiya izicabha ngenxa yokucindezela kwamanzi ngaphandle<br/>3. Khwela ngefasitela phezu kophahla noma ubhukude uye endaweni engajulile yokungena"]

    Environment -->|"2. NGAPHAKATHI KWEPATEMENTE ESINGAZISEKO, UJWAYELEKILEYO,<br/>NOMA igaraji LOKUPAKA ELIPHANSI KOMHLABA"| Subterranean["UKUPHUMA OKUSHESHAYO OKUQONDILE:<br/>1. PHUMELA IZITEPISI ogwini lokuqala lwamanzi ageleza ku<br/> (Linda imizuzu emi-5 = 40 cm amanzi emnyango = 500 kg amandla okukuvalela ngaphakathi)<br/>2. UNGALOKOTHI USEBENZISE AMALIFSHI (ehlela emgodini ogcwele izikhukhula)<br/>3. Ungalokothi ushayele irempu yegalaji egcwele izikhukhula emanzini angenayo"]

    Environment -->|"3. NGEZINYAWO ESIGWAQWENI SASEDOLOBHENI ESIKHUPHUMILE"| StreetWalk["UKUGWEMELA KOKUKHIPHA AMADODA KANYE NEZIVUNGUVUNGU:<br/>1. Hamba ngokushesha ungene esitezi sesi-2 sesakhiwo esiqinile esiseduze<br/>2. UNGALOKOTHI uhambe eduze kwamagatha emigwaqo (ama-storm grates) noma ama-centerlines (ama-manholes)<br/>3. Phequlula phambili ngesigxobo/isambulela semijondolo ephephuka umoya<br/>4. Uma othile ephiniwe ku-storm grate: UNGAgxumi ngokuqondile;<br/> hlanganisa kusuka ebhange elomile, imfucumfucu ye-wedge ukuze kunqamuke uphawu, futhi shayela ku-911/112/999"]

Ukuqhathanisa amapayipi amanzi asemadolobheni ayingozi angu-5 kanye nezihibe zezikhukhula

Izazi ze-hydraulic zasemadolobheni kanye namaqembu okusindisa amanzi e-swiftwater akhomba izakhiwo ezinhlanu ezinobunjiniyela eziphendula ukuqhuma kwemvula yemvula eyimizuzu engama-30 kube ugibe olusongela ukuphila olusebenzisa amanzi.

Ukwakheka Kwedolobha / Ingozi Ihluleka kanjani ku-Cloudburst Ukujula Kwamanzi Okubalulekile noma I-Force Threshold Okwenza Izisulu Zingakwazi Ukubalekela Kalula Umthetho Wokusinda
1. Sunken Highway / Railway Underpass Izungezwe izimpambuko zemigwaqo eziyi-4 nezindonga ezibamba ukhonkolo; uma amaphampu kagesi esump ephelelwa amandla noma udoti uvala i-drate engaphansi, indlela engaphansi iqoqa ukugeleza kusuka kumahekthali omgwaqo omkhulu futhi ikhuphuke imitha elingu-1 njalo ngemizuzwana engama-60 ukuya kwangu-90. \(15\umbhalo{ cm}\) (\(6\text{ in}\)) amatafula ama-exhausts/ama-intake aphansi;
\(30\text{ cm}\) (\(12\text{ in}\)) izimoto ezintantayo;
\(60\umbhalo{ cm}\) (\(24\text{ in}\)) intanta ama-SUV nama-pickup.		 Abashayeli abakubukeli phansi ukujula phansi kwejika; uma isintanta, imoto ikhukhuleka iye ku-\(3\text{ to }5\text{ m}\) (\(10\text{ to }16\text{ ft}\)) endaweni ejulile ngaphansi kwedekhi yebhuloho lapho izicabha zivaleleke khona ngenxa yokucindezela kwamanzi. Ungalinge ungene endaweni engaphansi komhlaba enamanzi amile. Hlola okupendiwe Ama-Flood Depth Gauge Rulers ezinsikeni zebhuloho; uma amanzi ekhuphuka eduze kwezimoto ezimisiwe, shiya imoto ngezinyawo ngokushesha.
2. Igaraji Lokupaka elingaphansi komhlaba / Umhubhe Womgwaqo (isb., Zhengzhou 2021, Cheongju/Osong 2023, Valencia 2024) Uma amanzi omgwaqo edlula \(15\text{cm}\) curb lip phezulu kwerempu yegalaji eya phansi, irempu iba umfucumfucu wesivinini esiphezulu 10,000+ amalitha ngesekhondi ebhokisini elingaphansi elivalekile elingenayo indawo yokuphuma. \(15\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-30\umbhalo{cm}\) (\(6\umbhalo{ kuya }12\umbhalo{ in}\)) owehla ngerempu yegalaji engu-\(15\%\) uhamba ngo *\(3\text{ ukuya }5\text{ m/s}\) (\(10\text{ ukuya }18\text{ km/h. ukuya ku-\)) ushayele ukhuphukele phezulu, akunakwenzeka Izakhamizi zehla ezitezi "ukuyohlenga imoto yazo emile" ngesikhathi kunesiphepho; amanzi angena emgwaqeni athengisa imoto yabo emthambekeni, abashanele ezinyaweni, futhi agcwalise igaraji ophahleni lukakhonkolo avale wonke amaphakethe omoya. UNGALOKOTHI wehlele egalaji lokupaka elingaphansi komhlaba ngesikhathi sezikhukhula ukuze uhambise imoto yakho. Phuma ngezinyawo ngezitebhisi zesakhiwo sangaphakathi ngaphambi kokuba amanzi afinyelele erempini.
3. Ifulethi Elingaphansi Elinomnyango Ovula Ngangaphandle / Imithombo Yewindi (isb., I-NYC Hurricane Ida 2021, Seoul 2022) Izitebhisi ezishonelwe zangaphandle noma iwindi elingaphansi ligcwala kahle ukugeleza komgwaqo njengobhavu wokugeza. \(30\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-45\umbhalo{ cm}\) (\(12\text{ to }18\text{ in}\)) wamanzi emi ngaphandle komnyango ojwayelekile usebenzisa **\(300\text{ to }600\text{kg}\) (\(660\text{ to }1,320\text{ lb force*\)) Awukwazi ukusunduza umnyango ongaphansi ojikela ngaphandle uvule kanye namachibi amanzi angama-40 cm ngaphansi kwezitebhisi ezingaphandle; ngemva kwesikhashana, iwindi lengilazi liyaqhuma lingene ngaphakathi ligcwalise igumbi elingaphansi emizuzwini emi-2. Susa amayunithi angaphansi uye esitezi esiphezulu okwamanje amachibi emvula enamandla emgwaqeni/umgwaqo oseceleni, ngaphambi kokuba kungene iconsi elilodwa esitezini; qiniseka ukuthi amafasitela ekamelo elingaphansi anemigoqo ye-egress yangaphakathi ekhishwa ngokushesha.
4. Ikhava Yomgodi Womgodi Oshaywe Kabanzi / Umgodi kaGeyser Amanzi esiphepho anomfutho angena emiseleni yokungenela engaphansi komhlaba acindezela amaphakethe omoya avaleleke (entrapped air geysering) futhi akhe ikhanda elisebenza ngogesi eliqhuma **\(50\text{ ukuya }kuya ku-150\text{kg}\) (\(110\text{kuya }330\text{ lb}\)1) cast lids }10\text{ meters}$ emoyeni. Ishiya okungabonakali \(60\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-90\text{ cm}\) (\(24\text{ to }36\text{ in}\)) imbobo ebanzi yehlisa \(3\text{ ukuya }15\text{ metres}\) (\(10\text{ to }50\text{ feet}\)) iqonde phansi emfuleni ongaphansi komhlaba ogcwele indle. Amanzi omgwaqo anodaka ansundu asifihla ngokuphelele isivalo esingekho; umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo odabula ezitebhisini zamanzi omgwaqo abonakala engenangozi amasentimitha angu-20 (8 in) angene emgodini bese enyamalala khona manjalo ngaphansi komhlaba. Ungalokothi ungene emanzini ezikhukhula zomgwaqo amdaka. Uma uphoqeleka ukuba uhambe uye endaweni ephephile, hlala emigwaqweni ephakeme kude nemigwaqo emaphakathi futhi uphenye zonke izinyathelo ezingaphambili ngodondolo oluqinile.
5. Storm Drain Grate & Culvert Pipe Suction (\(\Delta P\)) Umsele oseceleni komgwaqo noma umsele womgwaqo wokudonsa amanzi epayipini elingaphansi komhlaba eligijima ngokugcwele. Ipayipi elicwilisiwe elingu-\(60\text{ cm}\) (\(2\text{ ft}\)) ngaphansi nje kokuthi \(1.2\text{ m}\) (\(4\text{ ft}\)) wekhanda lamanzi likhiqiza \(>340\text{kg}\) (\(>750\text{ lb}\)) yamandla okuphina*. Uma ingane, umuntu omdala, noma isilwane esifuywayo sishelela emseleni ogcwele amanzi noma kuthango, umfutho wamanzi ohlukile (\(\Delta P\)) umunca umzimba noma umlenze ku-ayina grate noma ngaphakathi kwepayipi njengomcoci omkhulu we-vacuum cleaner. Hlala amamitha angu-5+ emuva emiseleni egcwele izikhukhula kanye nemisele yamanzi; ungalokothi uzame ukusula amaqabunga/udoti ku-grate yesiphepho esingaphansi kwamanzi ngezinyawo noma ngezandla zakho ngesikhathi kunesiphepho.

I-Deep dive 1: I-physics ye-buoyancy yezimoto nokuthi kungani ama-SUV esindayo namaloli eveni entanta ngamasentimitha angama-60 emanzini

Ngokwezibalo, abashayeli bama-SUV amakhulu adonsa ngamasondo amane kanye namaloli bangabashayeli okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi bashayele eduze kwezithiyo "Ezivaliwe Zomgwaqo" emigwaqweni engaphansi egcwele izikhukhula ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi isisindo esisindayo semoto yabo (\(2,500\text{ kilograms}\) / \(5,500\text{ pounds}\)) kanye nokuhamba kwezinyawo kuzogcinwa endaweni ephakeme.

I-Archimedes' Principle of Buoyancy ifakazela ukuthi kungani isisindo singalondolozi imoto yesimanje: 1. Kungani Izimoto Zesimanje Ziyizikebhe Ezingangeni moya Emasekhondini Okuqala angama-60: - Izimoto zesimanje zabagibeli, ama-SUV, namaloli akhiwe anezicabha zenjoloba ezicijile zesicabha sezulu kanye namapani aphansi avaliwe ukuze avimbe umsindo womgwaqo nemvula. - Ngoba u-\(1\text{ cubic meter}\) wamanzi ezikhukhula unesisindo esingu-*\(1,000\text{ kilograms}\) (\(2,204\text{ pounds}\)), njalo \(30\text{ centimeters}\) (\(1\text{ foot}\)) yokujula kwamanzi ukukhuphuka kwemoto engangenisi amanzi ihambisa imoto ephansi ngekhilogremu\(60\umbhalo oyisilinganiso esingamakhilogremu angu\)60$$ (\(1,500\text{ pounds}\)) yokukhuphuka okunamandla. 2. Ukulahlekelwa Ukungqubuzana Kwesondo Kwenza Kade Ngaphambi Kokuthi Imoto Intante: - Amabhuleki akho nesiteringi kusebenza kuphela inqobo nje uma amathayi akho enjoloba ecindezela phansi kanzima endaweni egandaywe yitiyela (amandla avamile \(\times\) coefficient of friction). - Uma amanzi efika ku-\(30\text{ centimeters}\) (\(12\text{ inches}\), cishe ubude bamahabhu esondo ku-sedan), ukukhuphuka kwe-buoyancy kuphakamisa u-\(680\umbhalo{kg}\) wesisindo emasondo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhambisa amanzi asunduza emaceleni ngokumelene nephrofayili ebanzi yezicabha zemoto namasondo kusebenza \(200\text{ ukuya }500\text{ kilograms}\) of lateral hydrodynamic drag force (\(F_d = \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 C_d A\)). - Isisindo esicishe sibe nguziro esiphansi esisele emathayeni, ngisho nomsinga ohamba kancane othi \(2\text{ ukuya }3\text{ metres ngomzuzwana}\) (\(4.5\text{ to }7\text{ mph}\)) iphusha imoto entantayo iqonde emaceleni isuke kumqhele womgwaqo noma iyidonsele phansi ngomthambeko ingene ku-\(4\text{-meter}\)-idlule phakathi nendawo engaphansi komgodi. 3. I-Hydro-Lock Yenjini Yenzeka ngokushesha uma Amanzi Engena Emoyeni: - Ngokungafani nomoya, amanzi awuketshezi awacindezeleki ngokuphelele. Izimoto eziningi zesimanje zidonsa umoya ovuthayo wenjini ngepayipi lokungenisa elingemuva kwe-bumper grille yangaphambili noma ngaphakathi kwesondo langaphambili kahle (\(35\text{kuya }60\text{cm}\) isuka phansi). - Uma ushayela endaweni engaphansi komhlaba engu-\(25\text{ km/h}\) (\(15\text{ mph}\)), ibhampa yakho yangaphambili iphushela phezulu igagasi lomnsalo ngamasentimitha angu-30 ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi amile. Ngesikhathi lapho i-bow wave imuncwa kumoya wenjini kusilinda esiminyaniswa ku-3,000 RPM, i-piston ishaya amanzi aqinile angenakucindezelwa (hydrostatic lock / hydro-lock), ehlwitha izinsimbi zokuxhuma ibhulokhi yenjini engxenyeni yomzuzwana futhi ikushiye ufile emanzini ngaphandle kwesiteringi samandla noma amandla enjini.

I-Deep 2: I-Differential Pressure (\(\Delta P\)) ukumunca amanzi esiphepho kanye nokuqhuma kwe-manhole physics

Amandla amabili angabonakali e-hydraulic aguqula izikhukhula zasemadolobheni ezingashoni zibe ugibe olubulalayo lwabahamba ngezinyawo nabahlengi:

1. I-Differential Pressure (\(\Delta P\)) Ukungena kokuthi Storm Drain Grates kanye namaCulverts

Lapho amanzi ezikhukhula \(1\text{ to }2\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }6.5\text{ feet}\)) ejulile ohlangothini oluphezulu lomfula wepayipi elingaseceleni komgwaqo noma ngaphezu kwe grate yokudonsa amanzi emgwaqeni kuyilapho amanzi egeleza ngokukhululeka ephuma epayipini elingezansi lomfula, umehluko omkhulu we-hydrostatic pressure (P*$:Del) $\(\text{Pinning Force } (F) = \rho \cdot g \cdot h \cdot A\)$ - Isibalo Sesibonelo: Ake sithi i-culvert yesiphepho eseceleni komgwaqo ingama-\(45\text{ centimeters}\) (\(18\text{ inches}\)) ububanzi** (indawo ephambanayo \(A = 0.16\text{ m}^2\)) kanye nezikhukhula zime $1.5\umbhalo\umbhalo ojulile wamamitha \(5) uvula ipayipi elijulile{}\)5 - Uma ingane noma umuntu omdala eshibilika emseleni futhi inqulu yakhe noma umhlane uvimbe lowo \(45\text{-cm}\) ovulekayo, ikholomu yamanzi ngaphezu kwawo icindezela umzimba wayo epayipini ngokuthi: $\(F = 1,000\text{ kg/m}^3 \izikhathi 9.81\text{ m/s}^2 \izikhathi 1.5\text{ m} \izikhathi 0.16\text{ m}^2 = 2,354\text{ Newtons} \approx \mathbf{240\text{3kgs{30}{101}umbhalo oqhubekayo amandla okuchoboza}}\)$ - Okwenza Ungavele Uzikhiphe: Ukuzama ukudonsa isisulu uhlehle uhlehle uhlehle usuka ku-\(\Delta P\) storm grate kudinga ukunqoba amakhilogremu angu-240 kuya ku-1,000+ we-hydrostatic vacuum seal, okungenakwenzeka ezingalweni zomuntu. - Indlela Abahlengi Be-Swiftwater Abaphula Kanjani Isiphepho I-Grate \(\Delta P\) Seal: 1. Ungalokothi ungene endaweni yokuncela ngokwakho ngaphandle kwehhanisi le-swiftwater eliboshiwe kanye nejakhethi yempilo (PFD). 2. Shayela ku-911/112/999 ngokushesha futhi ubambe ikhanda/umzila womoya wesisulu ngaphezu kwamanzi uma utholakala ebhange noma intambo yokuxhumanisa eqinile. 3. Slayidela ibhodi eliyisicaba eliqinile, ishidi leplywood, uphawu lomgwaqo, umata wemoto, noma amagatsha emaceleni phakathi komzimba womuntu ohlukunyeziwe nezinsimbi zensimbi ukuze uvumele amanzi ageleze ngaphansi kwawo futhi uphule isivalo sevacuum, NOMA phakamisa i-grate enamahinge ndawonye isisulu usebenzisa ibhande lokudonsa imoto noma i-pry bar.

2. Kungani amakhava omgodi we-Cast-Iron Aqhuma phezulu Njengamabhola enganono phakathi Nemvula Yezimvula

Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma okukhulu kwamafu, izigidi zamalitha amanzi awela phansi ezitsheni ezibanjwayo emigwaqweni emikhulu evundlile exhumanisa iziphepho ezingaphansi komhlaba. 1. Njengoba amanzi egcwalisa umhubhe ongaphansi kusukela kuzo zombili iziphetho, abamba amaphakethe amakhulu womoya ophahleni lwepayipi likakhonkolo. 2. Amanzi agubhayo asebenza njenge-hydraulic piston, ecindezela lokho okuvale iphakethe lomoya elingaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni eziningana zokucindezela. 3. Uma ibhamuza lomoya elicindezelwe lifika kumgodi womhobho ome mpo, lijikela phezulu njenge-geyser (stormwater geysering), liqhumisa \(100\text{-kilogram}\) (\(220\text{-pound}\)) ikhava yomgodi wensimbi amamitha ambalwa emoyeni bese iyiphonsa phezu komgodi ovulekile. 4. Uma i-geyser ibohla ngemva komzuzu, amanzi agcwele udaka emgwaqweni ageleza kahle phezu komgodi ovulekile, ashiye ukwehla okungabonakali, okungagadiwe okuqondile ngqo emfuleni wendle ongaphansi komhlaba.

I-Basement Door Hydrostatic Lock: Kungani Ukulinda Imizuzu emi-5 Ukuze Uphume Efulethini Elingaphansi Kungabulala

Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamafu amakhulu emadolobheni (okufana ne-Hurricane Ida yangoSepthemba 2021 e-New York City naseNew Jersey eminza abantu abangu-43, ikakhulukazi ezindlini ezingaphansi, noma ngezikhukhula zango-Agasti 2022 eSeoul banjiha), izisulu zashona ngoba zichithe klzzwxh:01 - Uma isicabha sakho esingaphansi sishwibeka ngaphandle** esitebhisini sangaphandle icwile, nje *\(30\text{ centimeters}\) (\(1\text{ foot}\)) wamanzingaphansi kwezitebhisi uphusha nyango uvale \(280\text{kilograms}\) (\(620\text{ pounds};\))e forcekokuthi **zzwxh:0115 (\(2\text{ feet}\)), amandladlula \(1,100\text{ kilograms}\) (\(2,400\text{ pounds}\)), akekho umuntu ongaphusha lowo mnyango uvuleke. - Uma isicabha sakho esingaphansi sishwibeka ngaphakathi bese udonsa isibambo selashi lapho amanzi ejule ngo-\(1\text{ meter}\), umnyango uqhumela ngaphakathi njengenqama eshayayo, uquleke futhi ugcwalise igumbi ngamasekhondi angu-60. - Umthetho: Uma uhlala noma usebenza efulethini elingaphansi kwebanga elingaphansi noma esitolo esingaphansi komhlaba, ** phuma ukhuphukele esitezi sokuqala noma sesibili amagatha omgwaqo osheshayo aphuphuma eceleni komgwaqo, NGAPHAMBI kokuthi amanzi aqale ukuhlehla ezitebhisini zakho ezingaphansi **.

Uhlu lokuhlola lokulungela i-cloudburst yangaphambi kwemonsoon kanye ne-urban cloudburst

Ngaphambi kwesizini yeziphepho zeziphepho noma okukhishwayo Isexwayiso Sesikhukhula Esikhanyayo / Isexwayiso Semvula Enkulu:

  • Khweba ithuluzi le-spring breaker-windows / seatbelt-cutter esibukweni semoto yakho noma ikhonsoli emaphakathi: Ungalokothi uligcine ebhokisini legilavu noma ephaketheni lesicabha lapho imfucumfucu entantayo iyifihla khona lapho imoto itshekisa ikhala phansi endaweni engaphansi.
  • Hlola amafasitela efulethi elingaphansi ukuze uthole ukuphuma okusheshayo: Igumbi lokulala ngalinye elingaphansi kwebanga elingaphansi kufanele libe newindi elisebenzisekayo noma ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka okuvuleka ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokhiye, amathuluzi, noma okhiye ukuze abahlali bakwazi ukukhuphuka uma izitezi zikhukhula.
  • Sula ama-grate okugeza amanzi asemgwaqweni phambi kwekhaya lakho NGAPHAMBI kokuthi kuqale imvula (akukaze kube phakathi nezikhukhula): Ukushanela amaqabunga, izinalithi zikaphayini, nezikhwama zikadoti zepulasitiki emseleni wesiphepho lapho umgwaqo uwomile kuvimbela ukuchibiyela komgwaqo endaweni; lapho amanzi ezikhukhula ajulile emboza i-grate, qhela kuwo.
  • Faka i-Sump Pump esekelwa ibhethri kanye Nevaluvu Yamanzi Angemuva Kwendle: Ezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba, iveluvu yokuhlola ipayipi lendle le-PVC elivimba amanzi epayipi elihambisa indle elicindezelayo likamasipala ukuthi liqhume indle eluhlaza ihlehle emuva ngomsele wakho ongaphansi kanye nezindlu zangasese; bona wethu umhlahlandlela wezikhukhula.

I-Deep dive 3: Ukusinda emhubheni ogcwele izikhukhula ongaphansi komhlaba, isiteshi sesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba, noma igaraji lokupaka elinamazinga amaningi

Ukuqhuma kwamafu kwamadolobha okwedlulele kwakamuva, okuhlanganisa Julayi 2021, Zhengzhou, China cloudburst (\(201.9\text{ millimeters}\) [\(7.95\text{ inches}\)] yemvula ngehora elilodwa, ekhukhule ku-Jingguang North Road Tunnel kanye nomzila ongaphansi komhlaba ongu-Line 5), umzila ongaphansi komhlaba ongu-July 2023/Osong e-Cheong ne-South Korea* 2024 Valencia, Spain Izikhukhula ze-DANA**, zibonise ukuthi imigudu yemigwaqo emikhulu enemizila eminingi namagaraji okupaka angaphansi komhlaba yizicupho zikakhonkolo ezibulalayo kakhulu emadolobheni anamuhla:

  1. Umthetho othi "5-Minute Tunnel Abandontion":
  2. Umhubhe wemigwaqo yasemadolobheni enemizila eminingi ecindezelekile (\(500\text{ to }4,000\text{ meters}\) ubude) uhlala ngaphansi komfula ozungezile noma ibanga lomgwaqo futhi uncike eziteshini zokupompa zikagesi ukuze zihlale zomile.
  3. Lapho amanzi ezikhukhula edlula izindonga ezibamba iphothali kuzo zombili iziphetho zomhubhe ngesikhathi esisodwa, amashidi amanzi ehla ngazo zombili izindlela zokungena aye endaweni emaphakathi ephansi yomhubhe.
  4. Okwenza Abashayeli Bafe Emigwaqweni Yezimoto Emhubheni: Abashayeli banamathelane kubhampa-to-bumper ngaphakathi emhubheni ngesikhathi kunesiphepho behlala ngaphakathi ezimotweni zabo ezineziphephetha-moya becabanga ukuthi isiminyaminya sizohamba maduzane. Phakathi** nemizuzu engu-5**, amanzi ehla ezimpambanweni afinyelela \(40\umbhalo{kuya }60\umbhalo{ centimeters}\) (\(16\text{ to }24\text{inches}\)) ukujula, kuntanta amakhulukhulu ezimoto ezingenalutho nezihlezi zingene ku-logjam ephithene evimba usilingi womhubhe ophahleni ngenkathi amanzi ekhuphuka.
  5. Isenzo Esisheshayo: Uma umiswa ngaphakathi emhubheni womgwaqo noma umgwaqo onguthelawayeka ocindezelekile phakathi nokuqubuka kwefu elinamandla futhi ubona ukugeleza okunsundu kugeleza phansi endaweni yokungena kudlule amathayi akho, **cisha injini yakho, shiya okhiye ngaphakathi, ukhulule wonke umuntu, bese uhamba ngokushesha uphume emhubheni ukhuphuke ukhuphuka umgwaqo wabahamba ngezinyawo noma udlula endaweni eluhlaza okotshani i-Exgedspace \(100\umbhalo{ukuya }ku-250\text{ metre}\) eduze kwezindonga zethaneli zesimanje).
  6. Ukuphuma Kwenkundla Yesitimela Esingaphansi Nomhlaba Kajantshi:
  7. Uma amanzi eqala ukuthela ezitebhisini zokungena esiteshini esingaphansi komhlaba njengempophoma, ungahlali endaweni yesitimela ephansi ulinde isitimela esilandelayo (amandla okudonsa ayanqanyulwa ngokushesha lapho amanzi ethinta ujantshi wesithathu noma umbhede wethrekhi, futhi izitimela ezingenayo zizomiswa).
  8. Hamba ngokushesha uye ekugcineni okuphambene kwenkundla yesiteshi ukuze uthole isitebhisi sesibili sokuphuma esisendaweni ephakeme yomgwaqo, ubambe uqine enqoleni yensimbi, bese ukhuphuka uye ezingeni lomgwaqo ngaphambi kokuba isivinini sezitebhisi sidlule \(2\text{ metres per second}\) (\(6.5\text{ feet per second}\)).

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Kungani ama-SUV adonsa ngamasondo amane namaloli elayisha entanta emanzini angamasentimitha angu-60 kuphela?

Abashayeli bavame ukuthatha i-SUV engu-2,500-kilogram (5,500-pound) noma iloli lisinda kakhulu ukuthi linganyakaziswa amanzi afika emadolweni. Kodwa-ke, amakhabhinethi neminyango yezimoto zesimanje kuthinteke kakhulu emoyeni nasemvuleni, okusho ukuthi ingxenye engezansi yemoto ifana nomgodi wesikebhe ongenalutho, ongenamanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-cubic mitha yamanzi ezikhukhula inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1 000 (amakhilogremu angu-2 204), njalo ngemva kwamasentimitha angu-30 amanzi akhuphukela ezansi emotweni asusa cishe amakhilogremu angu-680 okuphakama okukhuphukayo okukhuphukayo. Kumasentimitha angu-45 kuya kwangu-60 (amayintshi angu-18 kuya kwangu-24) ukujula kwamanzi, ukunyakazisa phezulu kuphakamisa cishe sonke isisindo semoto emasondo ayo; njengoba kusele isondo elinguziro endaweni egandayiwe, ngisho nomsinga othambile uphusha iloli elintantayo emaceleni emanzini ajulile.

Kungani ungakwazi ukuvula umnyango wemoto yakho ngemva kokushayela kuthelawayeka ogcwele amanzi, futhi yini okufanele uyenze esikhundleni salokho?

Ngokushesha nje lapho amanzi ezikhukhula ekhuphuka ngaphezu kwesinqe esingaphansi somnyango wemoto yakho (cishe amasentimitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-60 phezulu kwephaneli yomnyango), isisindo samanzi angaphandle sicindezela ngaphakathi endaweni enkulu yomnyango ngamakhilogremu angu-250 kuya ku-600+ (amaphawundi angu-550 kuya kwangu-1,300+) we-hydrostatic force. Akekho umuntu ongaphusha isicabha semoto sivuleke kulowo mfutho wangaphandle kuze kube yilapho ingaphakathi lemoto ligcwala ngokuphelele amanzi ukuze alinganise umfutho, ngaleso sikhathi imoto ivame ukucwiliswa emanzini amnyama, anodaka. Kunalokho, ngokushesha nje lapho imoto yakho ishaya amanzi ajulile, qaqa ibhande lakho bese uhlehlisa ngokushesha amafasitela akho kagesi aseceleni (noma uphihlize ikhoneni elingezansi lewindi elipholile ngesibhakela sengilazi esigcwele intwasahlobo) phakathi nemizuzwana yokuqala engu-30 kuya kwengu-60 bese ukhuphuka uphume ngewindi elivulekayo.

Yini ebangela ukuthi izimbobo zomgodi wensimbi ezisindayo ziphephezele emoyeni phakathi nesiphepho esikhulu?

Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma okukhulu kweziphepho ezinamandla, amanzi amaningi agelezayo emigwaqweni awela phansi ngamapayipi esiphepho angaphansi komhlaba asuka ezindleleni eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. La manzi agijimayo abamba amaphakethe amakhulu omoya ophahleni lomhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba futhi awucindezele lowo moya njengepiston elidonsa amanzi. Lapho iphakethe lomoya elicindezelweyo namanzi akhuphukayo lifika emgodini womgodi oqondile, liqhuma liye phezulu njenge-geyser, liphakamise kalula futhi lijikijele isivalo somgodi wensimbi esingamakhilogremu angu-220 ngamamitha ambalwa ukusuka. Uma izinga lamanzi selimboze umgwaqo, ishafti eqondile evulekile ayibonakali nhlobo ngaphansi kwamanzi aludaka, okudala ingozi ebulalayo yokuwa kunoma ubani ohamba ngomgwaqo.

Kungani kungenakwenzeka ukukhipha umuntu ngesandla esivunguvungwini esingaphansi kwamanzi, futhi angakhululwa kanjani?

Uma ipayipi elikhipha isiphepho noma ipayipi le-culvert licwiliswa ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-2 (amafidi angu-3 kuya kwangu-6.5) amanzi ezikhukhula kuyilapho lidonsela epayipini eliphansi elingezansi, isisindo sekholomu yamanzi ngaphezu kwe-grate sidala i-vacuum seal enamandla ye-Differential Pressure (Delta-P). Ngisho nokuvuleka komsele omncane okungamasentimitha angu-45 (18-intshi) ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1.5 wamanzi usebenzisa amakhilogremu angaphezu kuka-240 kuya ku-500 (amaphawundi angu-530 kuya kwangu-1,100) wamandla okuphina awela phansi emzimbeni womuntu, okwenza kube nzima ngokomzimba ukuwadonsa aqonde phezulu ngezandla zakhe. Ukuze baphule i-Delta-P suction seal ngokuphepha endaweni eboshelwe ebhange, abatakuli kumele bajike ibhodi eliqinile eliyisicaba, ishidi le-plywood, noma amagatsha esihlahla phakathi kwesisulu nezigxobo ze-grate ukuze baphule uphawu futhi bavumele amanzi alingane ngaphansi kwazo, noma bakhiphe lonke uhlaka lwe-grate phezulu kanye nesisulu.

Imithombo ihloliwe

  • Isevisi Yesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke (NWS / NOAA, United States): "Jikela, Ungaminzi" I-Urban Underpass kanye ne-Low-Water Crossing Hydrodynamic Vehicle Buoyancy Standards.
  • I-World Meteorological Organization (WMO) kanye neHhovisi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Lokuncishiswa Kwezinhlekelele (UNDRR): Ukulawulwa Kwezikhukhula Emadolobheni, Ukukhushulwa Kwengqalasizinda engaphansi komhlaba (Amahubhu, Imigwaqo Engaphansi, kanye Namagaraji Okupaka Angaphansi Komhlaba), kanye Nezinqubo Zokuqala Zesexwayiso Ze-Monsoon Cloudburst.
  • I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States) kanye neNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA): NFPA 1006 / 1670 Swiftwater and Flood Search and Rescue Standards (Differential Pressure [\(\Delta P\)] Storm Drain Entrapment and Subterranean Egress).
  • Inyuvesi yaseManitoba (uDkt. Gordon Giesbrecht) kanye ne-American Red Cross: Operation Alive and Well, Vehicle Submersion Survival Timeline (SWOC: Seatbelts Off, Windows Open, Out Immediate, Children First).
  • I-American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) kanye Ne-Ejensi Yokuvikela Imvelo (EPA): I-Urban Stormwater Geysering, i-Manhole Cover Displacement Mechanics, kanye Nokuphepha Okuhlanganisiwe Kwendle (CSO).

Iziqondiso ezihlobene