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I-Silt-Out Ephelele Emhumeni, e-Cenote, noma Ekuphukeleni Umkhumbi: Ukuthola Umhlahlandlela Olahlekile Ekubonakaleni Kungekho

Emergency numbers differ by country. This page uses 911, the number for the United States and Canada. Many other countries use 112, 999, or another number. Find the number for your country.

Ukukhahlela i-ultrafine clay sediment (bentonite, marl, noma calcium carbonate i-silt) ngaphakathi komhume ongaphansi kwamanzi, i-cenote yaseMexico, imayini egcwele izikhukhula, noma uguquko lwephaseji lokuphahlazeka komkhumbi. 50-meter (165-foot) ukubonakala okucwebezelayo odakeni olumnyama phu, olungabonakali ngaphansi kuka-3 wamasekhondi. Okubi nakakhulu, izindawo ezingaphezulu kwephezulu zivame ukuba nongqimba olubushelelezi lwesibuko lwe-organic silt olunamathela silingi, elinetha njenge-avalanche lapho amabhamuza aphumayo e-diver egcwala phezu kwe-limestone. Endaweni engaphezulu lapho amakhulu ambalwa amamitha etshe noma ipuleti lensimbi evimba noma yikuphi ukukhuphuka okuqondile ukuya phezulu, alahlekelwe ukuthinta okubonakalayo ngomhlahlandlela wenayiloni oqhubekayo (gold line / cave line)* phakathi nokukhipha udaka ngokuphelele kuyimbangela ebulalayo yokuvaleleka ngaphansi kwamanzi. Uma i-diver yethuka, i-hyperventilate ngevolumu yomzuzu wokuphefumula (RMV) kwe 45+ liters per minute, futhi abhukude ngokungaboni ngaso linye efuna indlela yokuphuma ngaphandle kokumisa i-spool yokusesha, azosha phakathi kwawo. Rule of Thirds phuma ngegesi ebekiwe ngemizuzu ngenkathi ubhukuda ujule endlini efile.

Uma umhume, umhume, noma i-wreck diver ihluleka ukubonakala ngesikhathi esihleliwe noma endaweni ngemuva kokuphuma kwe-silt-out eshiyiwe enezimpawu zemizwa noma yamaphaphu, shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni ephuthumayo (911 e-United States, eCanada naseMexico, 112 kwi-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom), xhumana ne-Divers Alert Network (DAN) Inombolo Yezimo Eziphuthumayo Yamahora angu-24 (+1-919-684-9111), isexwayiso Sokuhlenga Umgede wesifunda (IUCRR / NSS-CDS / BCRC), noma hlola inkomba yethu yomhlaba wonke ye izinombolo eziphuthumayo. Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esiphuthumayo sokutshuza kanye nesezimo eziphuthumayo, bheka Ukugeleza kwamahhala kwesilawuli se-scuba, ukuphuma emoyeni, nokukhuphuka kwe-CESA, i-scuba diving kanye nezingozi ezingaphansi kwamanzi, futhi i-caving kanye ne-spelunking entrapment, izikhukhula, nokwehluleka ukukhanya. Landela i-buoyancy-stop, i-safety-spool tie-off, ukusesha ngokushanela okuyindilinga, kanye namaphrothokholi omugqa womcibisholo oqondisayo ngezansi.

Yenza lokhu manje

  1. YEKA KONKE UKUQHUBEKA KWAKHO NGOKUSHESHA FUTHI UKHIYE UKUQHUBEKA KWAKHO: Ukubonakala kwesibili kuyehla noma uqaphela ukuthi awusaboni futhi uthinte umhlahlandlela oqhubekayo, kubanda endaweni (hover or kneel lightly if already on a solid rock floor). Yonke i-flutter ekhahlela i-silt out inyakazisa ubumba olwengeziwe ekumisweni futhi ikuqhubekisele kude nomugqa obuseduze namasekhondi angu-3 edlule.
  2. YENZA UKUPHEFUMLA KWAKHO UKUZE UVIKELE "UMTHETHO WOKUPHAKATHI KWESITHATHU" UPHUMA NGEGESI: I-Adrenaline inyusa izinga lokuphefumula kwakho ngokuphindwe kathathu, okubangela i-hypercapnia (CO2 buildup), ukuncipha kokubona, kanye nokuncipha kwethangi ngokushesha. Hofuza kancane ngaphezu kwemizuzwana emi-4 bese ukhipha umoya ngaphezu kwemizuzwana engu-6 ngenkathi uhlola i-Submersible Pressure Gauge yakho (SPG) ngokubamba ukudayela kwe-luminescent ngqo ku-faceplate yakho yemaski lapho ukukhanya kwakho okuyisipele kucindezelwe engilazini.
  3. FAKA IPHUZU LOKUGCINA LOKUGCINA ELINISIWE NGESIBANDLA SOKUPHEPHA: Ungalokothi ubhukude ungaboshiwe ubonakale uziro ufuna umhume noma ulayini olahlekile. Bopha i-spool yakho yokuphepha yomugqa olahlekile (or gap reel) ngqo entweni emile, enganyakazi lapho ume khona (a rock projection, stalagmite, pipe, or clipped onto a heavy stage bottle placed on the floor - akakaze aboshwe kumngane ontantayo).
  4. SHANELA PHANSI KANYE PHEZULU USEBENZISA I-TAUT SAFETY SPOOL EKUNWENI AMA-ARCS: Bamba i-spool yokuphepha eboshiwe uyiqinise ngesandla esisodwa ukuze uhlale uzibuyisela emuva kuhange lakho lokuqala. Nweba ingalo yakho yamahhala ishanela ukusuka phansi kuye kusilingi (using the back of your open hand or an "OK" finger ring, never clawing fingers that snag and snap the line) ku-360-degree oyindilinga noma usesho lwe-pendulum oluyindilinga*, iphuma imitha elingu-1 (amafidi angu-3.3) ukuya phambili endaweni ngayinye kuze kube yilapho umphambili wakho ubhulasha umhlahlandlela oyinhloko.
  5. QINISEKISA ISIQONDISO SOKUPHUMA NGOKUZWA IPHUZU LOMcibisholo Womugqa: Uma isandla sakho sesithinte umhlahlandlela oyinhloko, yakha "OK" zungeza umugqa ngesithupha sakho nomunwe wokukhomba (never pull hard on the line or let go of it). Slayida kancane emugqeni kuyilapho uboshelwe i-spool yakho yokuphepha kuze kube yilapho iminwe yakho ithinta ipulasitiki elingunxantathu Umcibisholo Wolayini Oqondile (Dorff Arrow): ngokuzulazula kwe-braille ethintekayo, iphoyinti elicijile elicijile lomcibisholo LIYAHLALA libheke endaweni ephumayo eseduze ephefumulayo, kuyilapho isisekelo esiyisicaba esibanzi sibheke emhumeni.
  6. PHUMELA "KUXHUMANA NOKUTHINTA" OKUQHUBEKAYO UMA IGASI I-TEAMMATE NOMA UKUKHANYA KWEHLULEKA: Yakha iketango lomuntu lefayela elilodwa kanye nomhlahlandlela: i-diver yangaphambili ibambe ulayini "OK" iluphu yomunwe ngenkathi umtshuzi ngemuva ebambe i- bicep noma ingalo yomphambili we-diver (Touch Contact), kusetshenziswa amasiginali athintayo we-squeeze-and-push ukuze udlule emikhawulweni futhi wabelane ngegesi yonke indlela ukuze uvule amanzi.

Danger

Amaphutha Amabili Abulalayo Ku-Overhead Silt-Out: 1. Ukusesha Okungaxhunywanga ("Ukukhahlela Okubili Nje Laphaya): Ngokubonakala okuyiziro ngaphandle komkhathizwe obonakalayo, indlebe yomuntu engaphakathi (vestibular system) ilahlekelwa yikho konke ukuma kwendawo phakathinamasekhondi angu-5. Umtshuzi othatha "ukukhahlela okuthathu nje ukuya kwesokunxele" lapho azi ukuthi udonga noma ulayini wawukuwo usuke e-corkscrewing ngokudayela ephaseji eseceleni elingenamugqa elingenalo ithuba lokuthola indawo yokuqala futhi. Ungalokothi ususe imitha elingu-1 ukusuka endaweni yakho yokugcina eyaziwayo ngaphandle kokubopha i-spool yokuphepha. 2. Ukuthembela Ukukhazimula Okuluhlaza Kwe-Halocline noma Okuya Phezulu Njengendlela Ephumayo: E-Mexico cenotes naseziphethwini ze-karst zaseFlorida, abatshuzi ngezinye izikhathi babona ukukhanya okufiphele noma uphahla olwehlela phezulu bese beshiya ulayini ukuze babhukude baye phezulu eyidome eyimpumputhe (bell dome) egcwele umile, hypoxic umoya omubi (< 5% oxygen futhi phezulu CO2 ezitshalweni ezibolayo), noma ulandele umphini wasemini (skylight) emincane kakhulu ukuthi ungaphuma ngenkathi ushisa igesi yethangi esele. Ungalokothi ushiye umhlahlandlela oqhubekayo.

Isihlahla sesinqumo: ukusinda emhumeni, i-cenote, noma iphihliza i-silt out kanye nomugqa olahlekile

Sebenzisa lesi sihlahla sesinqumo seqhinga le-overhead-environment ukubonakala okusheshayo kwehlela kuqanda:

flowchart TD
    Silt["Ukubonakala KweZero Engazelele Emhumeni, e-Cenote, noma ekuphihlikeleni komkhumbi"] --> LineCheck{"1. Ingabe Iminwe Yakho Njengamanje Ithinta Isiqondiso Esiyinhloko?"}
    LineCheck -->|"YEBO: Ulayini Wokubamba"| HoldOK["GCINA 'KULUNGILE' I-LOOP YOMNWE KU-LINE: Yeka ukukhahlela, sungula umoya ongathathi hlangothi, shintsha usuka ekukhahleleni kwe-flutter uye kwesele/ukukhahlela okushintshiwe"]
    HoldOK --> BuddyCheck{"Ingabe Umngane Wakho Uxhumene Naye?"}
    BuddyCheck -->|"YEBO"| FeelArrow["Slayidela emugqeni uye kumcibisholo oseduze Wolayini Oqondisayo: Izwa ithiphu elicijile likhomba PHUMA; ubhukude uphume kancane"]
    BuddyCheck -->|"CHA: Ubhudi ulahlekile"| TieSpool["Bophela i-spool yokuphepha ngqo kumhlahlandlela oyinhloko; shanela irediyasi engu-3 ukuya ku-5 m ku-taut spool ngenkathi ushaya ibhawodi ethangini ukuze ushayele umngane"]
    LineCheck -->|"CHA: Ulahlekile Ukuthintana Nomhlahlandlela"| Freeze["1. YIMA NGOKUSHESHA: Uziro uyakhahlela; hambisa phezulu noma uphumule kancane edwaleni/edekhini eliqinile; ukuphefumula kancane (4s in / 6s out)"]
    Freeze --> AnchorSpool["2. I-ANCHOR SAFETY SPOOL: Bophela ulayini we-spool endaweni eqinile yedwala, i-stalagmite, i-wreck beam, noma isilinda sesiteji esinesisindo phansi"]
    AnchorSpool --> Sweep["3. SHANGELA I-TAUT-SPOOL CIRCULAR: Gcina umugqa we-spool uqinile; shanela ingalo yamahhala ukusuka phansi kuye ophahleni ku-1.5 m, 3 m, kanye no-4.5 m arcs"]
    Sweep --> FoundLine{"4. Ingabe Uye Wathinta Isiqondiso Esiyinhloko?"}
    FoundLine -->|"YEBO"| TieIn["Bophela i-spool yokuphepha ngqo kumhlahlandlela oyinhloko (Indawo yokufikela amamaki); sika/stow umsila wehange kuphela uma uwedwa; zizwela Umcibisholo Womugqa ubheke ngase-EXIT"]
    FoundLine -->|"CHA: Shanela Akunalutho"| EntangleCheck["Hlola amaphiko akho, ama-valve amathangi, namabhendi e-cam (Kungenzeka ukuthi uphethe umugqa ophukile/ohudulwayo egiyeni lakho); uma isalahlekile, khuphukela kusilingi odongeni bese ulondoloza igesi ukuze uhlengwe"]

Isigaba 1: I-Physics yokumiswa kwe-silt kanye nokuzinza ngokushesha

Kungani umhume noma ukuphahlazeka kuphuma udaka ngokushesha okungaka, futhi kungani ungamane “ulinde imizuzu eyi-10 ukuze udaka luzinze”?

1. Izikhathi Zokuhlala Zomthetho WaseStokes: Sand vs. Limestone Marl vs. Colloidal Clay

Uma umtshuzi ogqoke izimpiko ezijwayelekile zasemanzini avulekile enza i-flutter kick* eya phansi eduze naphansi komgede noma igumbi lenjini yokuphahlazeka komkhumbi, indiza yamanzi eya phansi iqhumisa izinhlayiya zenhlabathi ukuze zimiswe. Ngokomthetho othi Stokes' Law, isivinini sokumisa silingana nesikwele sobubanzi bezinhlayiyana:

Uhlobo lwe-Sediment / Rust Particle Imvelo Ejwayelekile Usayizi Wengxenye Isikhathi Esidingekayo Sokuqeda Ukumiswa
Isihlabathi sequartz esimahhadla / iRubble yamakhorali Iminyango yokungena emigedeni yolwandle, ukubhukuda kwamakhorali, ukuphahlazeka kwezixhobo. \(200\umbhalo{kuya }1,000\umbhalo{ }\mu\text{m}\) imizuzwana engu-30 ukuya kumaminithi angu-3 (ihlala ngokushesha uma ukukhahlela kuma).
** Fine Calcium Carbonate Marl / Rust Flakes ** I-Mexican Yucatan cenotes, izimbobo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eBahamas, ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi yensimbi (Truk, Red Sea, Great Lakes). \(10\umbhalo{kuya }50\umbhalo{ }\mu\text{m}\) imizuzu engu-30 ukuya emahoreni angu-3 (idlula ukunikezwa kwegesi ye-scuba evulekile-circuit).
**I-Colloidal Bentonite Clay & Organic Ooze ** I-Florida karst springs (Peacock, Ginnie, Madison Blue), amasump aseYurophu/UK, izimayini ezigcwele izikhukhula. \(< 2\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) (Brownian motion) Amahora angu-6 kuye kwangama-48+ (ihlala imnyama bhuqe ize igcwale amanzi angaphansi komhlaba; AWUKWAZI ukulinda).
I-Ceiling Percolation ("Bubble Rain") Imigede egeleza kancane, amakhanda aphahlazeka umkhumbi. Udaka oluxubile, ukugqwala, namacansi amagciwane. Iqaliswe ngokuqhubekayo amabhamuza akho akhuphukayo aphuma eshaya ophahleni; idinga ukuphuma ngokushesha kulayini.

2. I-Anti-Silt Propulsion kanye Nokunquma Umzimba (Why Flutter Kicks Are Banned)

Lapho ubona ifu le-silt likhuphuka ngemuva kwakho (or before entering any low-clearance restriction): 1. Yamukela Okuvundlile 0-Degree Nquma (Izinyawo Ziphakanyiswe Kancane ku 10 to 15 Degrees): Ungalokothi ubhukude “kuhhashi lasolwandle” ukuya phezulu, ukuma kwezinyawo ukuya phansi (45-degree angle), eqondisa zonke izimpiko eziphonswa ziqonde odakeni. Gcina i-torso yakho ivundlile futhi ugoqe amadolo akho 90 degrees ngakho amaphiko akho ahlale phezulu engxenyeni engenhla yekholomu yamanzi. 2. Shintshela Ngokukhethekile ku-Frog Kick, i-Modified Flutter, noma i-Pull-and-Glide: - Ukukhahlela Ixoxo: Iphusha amanzi aqonde emuva (evundlile) ngemva komtshuzi kunokuba aye phansi. - I-Modified Shuffle / Ixoxo Elincane: Ihambisa kuphela amaqakala ku-arc engamasentimitha angu-15 ngaphezu kwezinqe ukuze kube nemingcele eqinile. - Ukudonsa Uphinde Ugibele Ngeminwe (Udonga Lomgede / Uhlaka Lokuphahlazeka): Kumatshe angenalutho noma amafreyimu ensimbi aqinile (ungalokothi ube kuma-stalactites aphukayo noma insimbi egqwalile ecijile), sebenzisa iminwe emibili ukuze udonse ngobumnene futhi ushelele phambili ngomnyakazo we-zero fin. Ungalokothi uzidonsele ngesandla phezu kwesandla ngokuhudula ngokuqondile kumhlahlandlela omncane womhume wenayiloni, onqamula umugqa emaphethelweni e-limestone acijile bese uklebhula ukubophana okumaphakathi (placements).

Isigaba 2: I-Lost Guideline Drill (Taut Spool Anchor futhi Circular Sweep)

Uma ukhishwa umngane othukile emugqeni, yehlisa i-reel ngesikhathi nibophana, noma ujike ekuthatheni isithombe sangaphansi kwamanzi ukuze uzithole usucisha ngokuphelele ushokoledi wobisi ngaphandle komugqa esandleni sakho, yenza NACD / NSS-CDS / GUE Lost Line Protocol:

1. Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo Ukulandelana Kokubuyisela Okulahlekile

  1. Isinyathelo 1: Misa, Hambisa phezulu, bese Uhlola Umzimba Wakho Okokuqala (First 10 Seconds):
  2. Imvamisa, isizathu sokuthi umhlahlandlela "unyamalale" ingoba uxhumeke ku-imishini yakho (wrapped around a tank valve, stage bottle bolt snap, dive computer strap, or fin heel strap) futhi uyihudule nawe etsheni layo.
  3. Ngenkathi umile ngokuphelele, shanela izandla zakho ngokucophelela phezu kwamaphiko akho, amadolo, ithini elikhanyayo, nentamo yethangi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umugqa awukakahlangani emzimbeni wakho.
  4. Isinyathelo sesi-2: Sebenzisa futhi Ugxilise I-Spool Yakho Yokuphepha (Point of Last Contact):
  5. Khipha i-spool yakho yokuphepha (45 meters / 150 feet of #24 braided nylon line with a double-ended stainless steel bolt snap) kusuka ngemuva noma okhalweni lwakho lwe-D-ring.
  6. Yehlela phansi noma emaceleni ukuze uthole indawo eqinile, emile (a bedrock horn, stalagmite base, heavy shipwreck pipe, or your own lead weight/stage bottle placed on the floor). Goqa umugqa we-spool kabili etsheni bese unamathisela i-ender ephindwe kabili emuva emugqeni omile.
  7. Kuthiwani uma uzulazula phakathi nendawo yodaka engenasici esinamatshe anguziro ongaboshelwa kuwo? Shayela ummese wokuntywila, umcibisholo/ikhukhi lomugqa we-titanium, noma ibhawodi lakho eliyisipele lichofoze liqonde phansi endaweni yobumba eqinile njengesigxobo sesikhashana - ungalokothi useshe ngaphandle kwe-pivot emaphakathi egxilile.
  8. Isinyathelo sesi-3: I-Pendulum Yokushanela Eqondile / Ukusesha Kwendingilizi:
  9. Bamba i-spool yokuphepha uyiqinise ngesandla sakho sobunxele (keeping tension on the line so you cannot drift away from your anchor).
  10. Gxumela ubheke ngaphandle amamitha angu-1.5 (amafidi angu-5) uze umiswe ulayini we-spool.
  11. Ngoba imihlahlandlela yomhume nokuphahlazeka akuvamile ukuba isicaba phansi - ngokuvamile iboshelwa 0.6 kuya ku-1.5 amamitha (amafidi angu-2 kuya ku-5) phezulu odongeni noma ilengiswe phakathi namanzi - kufanele ushanele ingalo yakho yesokudla ngokuqondile ukusuka phansi kuze kufike ophahleni esinyathelweni ngasinye njengoba uzungeza indilinga.
  12. Gcina isandla sakho sokushanela sivuleke ngeminwe ndawonye (ushanela ngengalo nesihlakala) ukuze uzwe ulayini wenayiloni we-taut uxubha engalweni yakho kunokuwuhuka ngeminwe egwegwile bese uwukhipha endaweni yawo etsheni.
  13. Uma i 1.5-meter indilinga yeradiyasi (noma i-180-degree-wall-to-wall arc) ayixhumani nomugqa, khipha amanye amamitha angu-1.5 (5 amafidi) omugqa we-spool (now at 3 meters / 10 feet radius) bese ushanela ngendlela ephambene. Phinda kokuthi 4.5 meters (15 feet). Ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angama-95 wezigameko zolayini olahlekile zenzeka phakathi kwamamitha ama-3 omugqa omkhulu.
  14. Isinyathelo 4: Ukuhlanganisa Isiqondiso Esiyinhloko kanye Nezimpawu Zokufunda Ezithintayo:
  15. Ngokushesha ingalo yakho ibhulasha isiqondiso esiyinhloko, yakha i "OK" zungeza umugqa oyinhloko ngesithupha sakho nomunwe wokukhomba ukuze ungaphinde ukulahlekele.
  16. Goqa i-spool yakho yokuphepha kabili esiqondisweni esikhulu bese unamathisela ibhawodi lakho elineziphetho ezimbili emugqeni we-spool (locking your search line onto the main highway).
  17. Uma uwedwa (noma umngane wakho osenawe kakade), zihlehle emuva eduze kwe-spool ukuze ubuyise isiphetho sakho sehange, noma usike futhi ubuyise umugqa wokusesha ngokuhlanzekile ukuze ungashiyi umugqa oyingozi "umugqa wokuphuma wamanga" ulenga emhumeni.

2. I-Tactile Braille Navigation emgqeni: Imicibisholo (Dorff), Amakhukhi, kanye Nezimpawu ze-REM

Ekubonakaleni kukaziro lapho udaka lulugqinsi kangangokuthi ukucindezela a 1,500-lumen ukukhanya okuyinhloko kwe-canister ngqo ngokumelene nengilazi yemaski kubonisa ukukhanya okunsundu kuphela, kufanele uhambe ngokuphelele ngokuthi thinta (Braille Out):

Uhlobo Lomaka Lomugqa Ukuma Kwenyama (Kuzwakala Ngamagilavu/Iminwe Engenalutho) Incazelo Yomgede Wendawo Yonke/Yokuphahlazeka Ungayifunda Kanjani Ngokungabonakali Kweqanda
Umcibisholo Womugqa Oqondile (Dorff Arrow) ** Unxantathu wepulasitiki oyisicaba (-7 cm long) ilulwe emugqeni** ngephuzu elithi elicijile eliwumngcingo ekugcineni kanye nesisekelo esiyisicaba esibanzi ngakolunye. IPHUZU ELIbukhali LIHLALE LIKHOMBA ENDLELENI ESEDUZE EMBUSWENI OPHEFUMULELAYO. Imicibisholo emibili ibhekene (mid-point) kusho ukuphuma okubili kuyalingana. Slayida iminwe yakho kancane phezu komaka ngaphandle kokuslayidela eduze komugqa: zwa ukuthi iyiphi indawo ecijile, qondisa umzimba wakho kulelo phuzu, bese ulandela umugqa uphume.
Ikhukhi elijikelezayo (Non-Directional Personal Marker) Idiski yepulasitiki eyindilinga ebushelelezi (-5 cm diameter) enezikhala ezimbili. Imaka ubukhona bomuntu siqu noma indawo yokugxuma/yokuxhumanisa yeqembu elithile (ayibonisi* indlela yokuphuma ngejamo kuphela). Uma uhlangabezana ne-jump spool eboshelwe emugqeni oyinhloko eduze kwekhukhi, yizwa ukuthi umugqa weqa uholela ubheke noma kude ukusuka endaweni ecijile yomcibisholo oseduze.
Ireferensi Umaka Wokuphuma (REM / Isipini Sezingubo / Umaka Onophawu Oluyisikwele) Ithebhu yepulasitiki engunxande ene-amaqhubu athintekayo aphakanyisiwe noma i-V-cut enophawu olulodwa ohlangothini olulodwa nohlangothi olubushelelezi kolunye. Umaka weqembu oqondene nawe ohlanganisa i-ID yeqembu nesiqondisindlela esithintekayo (uhlangothi olubushelelezi/elinophawu oluqondiswe ekuphumeni ngesithangami ngasinye seqembu). Funda amabhampa/inotshi ethintekayo ngesithupha sakho ukuze uqinisekise kokubili ubunikazi beqembu futhi uphume lapho usiya khona ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo eziyinkimbinkimbi T.

Isigaba sesi-3: Ukuqaqa ukugoqa komugqa nokusebenzisa ukuphuma kwethimba elithi "Touch-Contact"

Izinkinga ezimbili ezengeziwe zivame ukuhlanganisa i-silt-out engabonakali: umugqa obambekayo (umugqa oxegayo womhume noma isondo eliphukile eligoqa amavalvu ethangi lakho noma amaphiko) kanye nokungaphumeleli kwegesi/ukukhanya okudinga ukuphuma kweqembu elingaboni.

1. Ungakusula Kanjani Ukuboshelwa Komugqa Ongabonakali Ngaphandle Kokusika Umgwaqo Omkhulu

UMTHETHO OBALULEKILE: Ungalokothi ukhiphe ummese wokucwilisa bese usika ngobumpumputhe inkombandlela ye-taut egoqwe eduze kwakho ukuze ungabonakali ziro ngaphandle uma usuvele ubophe i-spool yokuphepha yebhuloho ezinhlangothini zombili ze-tangle. Uma usika umhlahlandlela oyinhloko womhume ngaphandle kokuwuvala kuqala, iziphetho ezimbili ezisikiwe zihlehla amamitha angu-3 zibheke ezinhlangothini eziphambene odakeni olumnyama bhu, zikushiye kanye nawo wonke umtshuzi ekujuleni komhume nihlukaniswe unomphela ekuphumeni: 1. Yeka Ukuhamba bese Usayina Umngane Wakho (Never Twist or Kick): Ukuzulazula okomgqomo kugoqa iluphu eyodwa yomugqa wenayiloni ibe ukhokho onamajika angu-10 ezizungeze izigaba zakho zokuqala kanye nepayipi le-SPG. 2. Lindela Umngane Wakho Akuqaqe Ngokuthinta: Uma umngane wakho exhumene naye, hlala unganyakazi nhlobo (hands in front of your face holding the intact line coming from the exit side) kuyilapho umngane wakho esebenzisa iminwe yakhe ukuze aphakamise kancane iluphu exegayo phezu kwephuzu lakho noma ivalve yethangi. 3. **Uma I-Solo noma Yokubili I-Divers Iphikisiwe - Ibhuloho Ngaphambi Kokusika **: - Finyelela phambili phambi kokubambezeleka kwakho ukuze ubambe inkombandlela eyinhloko ku-uhlangothi lokuphuma, futhi ufinyelele ngemuva kwakho (noma wenze umngane wakho afinyelele) ukuze ubambe umhlahlandlela oyinhloko ku-in-mhume ohlangothini. - Bopha i-spool yakho yezokuphepha ngokuvikelekile emugqeni omkhulu Oseceleni A, uyigijimise idlule emzimbeni wakho, bese uyibopha ngokuvikelekile emugqeni omkhulu Oseceleni B (creating a continuous bypass bridge). - Kuphela ngemva kokuba sekuboshiwe ibhuloho lokudlula lapho ungasebenzisa ummese ongu-Z ogadiwe / umsiki womugqa (never a long pointed stiletto blade that can puncture a drysuit or LP inflator hose in the dark) ukusika iluphu eyodwa ephithene egiyeni lakho.

2. Iphrothokholi ye-Tactile Signaling "Touch-Contact" ye-Zero-Visibility Exit

Lapho uphuma emhumeni ohlelelwe udaka noma uphahlazeka njengeqembu (ikakhulukazi ngenkathi wabelana ngegesi nge-2.1-imitha / 7-foot ubude obude bokulawula ipayipi), amasiginali wezandla abonakalayo namasignali alula akusizi ngalutho. Kufanele usebenzise Izignali ze-Touch-Contact (Tactile): - Ukuma komzimba: - I-Diver #1 (Ithenda Yomugqa / Umholi) ibhukuda phambili kancane, ibambe umhlahlandlela oqhubekayo ngokukhululekile ngaphakathi "OK" iluphu yesithupha neminwe (arm extended forward to feel walls and restrictions before the head hits them). - I-Diver #2 (Elandelayo / Isamukeli Esiphuma Emoyeni) ibambe Ingalo engaphezulu ye-Diver #1 (i-bicep) noma ingalo iqinise ngesandla esisodwa (creating an unbroken physical circuit: Guideline -> Diver 1 -> Diver 2). Uma iphasishi lincipha libe umkhawulo oqinile wefayela elilodwa lapho ukubhukuda eceleni necele kungenakwenzeka, i-Diver #2 islayida ngokuqondile ngemuva kwe-Diver #1 futhi ibambe Ithole/iqakala le-Diver #1 noma phansi kuyilapho igcine esinye isandla sayo emugqeni. - Amasiginali Wokukhama Ngesandla Okuthinta Konke: - Phushela Phambili Engalweni Yozakwethu: "Hambisa phambili / Qhubeka ubhukude." - Donsela Emuva Engalweni Yozakwethu: "Yima / Yenza Ikhophi yasenqolobaneni." - Ukuminya Oku-1 Okuqinile (Wait for 1 Squeeze Back): "Naka / Bamba indawo (isb., ukuma kancane ukuze uhambe phakathi komcibisholo wokubopha noma womugqa)." - 2 Ukuminya Okuqinile (or Rapid Repeated Squeezes): "Isimo Esiphuthumayo / Ukuphuma Emoyeni / Okubambekile - YEKA MASHESHA."

[SURFACE EXIT] <--- (Sharp Tip of Line Arrow) <--- [Main Guideline]
                                                         |
                                              ("OK" Finger Loop)
                                                         |
                                              [Diver 1: Line Leader]
                                                         |
                                           (Hand Grips Bicep / Forearm)
                                                         |
                                              [Diver 2: Follower]

Isigaba sesi-4: Okufanele ukwenze uma konke ukusesha kuhluleka futhi igesi iyancipha (Air Bell vs. Wall Crest)

Kuthiwani uma umtshuzi ongaqeqeshiwe ebhukuda eshona emhumeni wolwandle, e-cenote, noma ebhidlika ngaphandle kwerili noma umhlahlandlela, akhiphe i-silt-out isiyonke, engenayo i-spool yokuphepha, futhi uphansi 50 bar (700 psi) wegesi? 1. Bheka noma yikuphi ukukhanya kwemini okufiphele (Turn Off Your Dive Light for 10 Seconds): - Endaweni yomhume noma kuphahlazeke umkhumbi phakathi kwamamitha angu-60 (amafidi angu-200) ukusuka emnyango emini, i-LED yakho ekhanyayo ebonisa udaka olunsundu phambi kwemaski yakho (backscatter) kukuphuphuthekisa ngokuphelele ukukhanya okufiphele okuluhlaza/okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka komnyango. - Cupha isandla esisodwa phezu kwekhanda lakho elikhanyayo le-dive (turning the beam completely dark) futhi uvumele abafundi bakho banwebe imizuzwana emi-5 ukuya kweyi-10 ngenkathi beqalaza ama-degree angama-360. Ngisho naphakathi kodaka olucinene, ukukhanya okufiphele okuvame ukuvela kwembula lapho umlomo womhume noma i-wreck hatch. 2. Khuphuka uye Ephuzwini Eliphakeme Kakhulu Lokuhlangana Kophahla / Odongeni: - Ngenxa yokuthi amabhamuza kagesi akhuphukayo kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile kuvame ukukhukhula 15-centimeter (6-inch) ungqimba lwamanzi acwebe kancane ngakwesokudla ekhoneni eliphezulu elisuka kusilingi ukuya odongeni (or inside a ceiling dome), ukwenyuka kancane kuze kube ingemuva lethangi lakho lithinta usilingi kungase kubeke imaski yakho ngaphezu kwepulangwe eliwugqinsi eliwugqinsi - futhi ngezinye izikhathi kungase kwembule iphakethe lomoya eliphefumulayo (air bell) eshubhuni lentaba-mlilo elingashoni noma emhumeni wasolwandle onamagagasi. - ISIXWAYISO ESIBALULEKILE EZIMBHELENI ZOMGOMO: Ungalokothi ususe isilawuli sakho se-scuba endaweni enophahla olumnyama bhuqe uze* usuhlole igeji yakho yokujula (is the ceiling at 0 meters / surface atmospheric pressure, or is it a pressurized pocket at 6 meters?)** futhi uthathe isivivinyo esisodwa sokuhogela ngenkathi ubambe isilawuli sakho esandleni sakho. Izindlu eziningi ze-limestone ezingaphakathi nezwe ziqukethe i-oxygen engu-zero kanye nokugxila okuyingozi kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2noma i-hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ukucwiliswa kwexhaphozi elibolayo ngaphezulu. Hlala njalo uphefumula isilinda sakho se-scuba wehle uze ufike ekuphuzeni kokugcina kwegesi ngezinga elincane lokugaya (resting completely motionless against the rock) ngenkathi ulinde abatshuzi bemigede, ushaya isinqamu sebhawudi elingenasici noma i-rock enesigqi ngokumelene nesilinda sakho (3 clangs... pause... 3 clangs) ngakho-ke ama-acoustic hydrophone nabatshuzi bangangena kuwe.

Tip

** Ungalokothi Ufake Noma Iyiphi Imvelo Ephezulu Ngaphandle Kwe "Imithetho Emihlanu Yegolide Ye-Cave Diving"**: Ingozi ihlaziywa yiNational Speleological Society Cave Diving Section (NSS-CDS) kanye ne-Divers Alert Network (DAN) bonisa ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-100 omhume obulalayo kanye nokuminza kwe-silt-out ephahlazekayo kuhilela abatshuzi abaphule umthetho owodwa noma ngaphezulu kwemihlanu yendawo yonke eyaklanywa u-Sheck Exley: 1. Ukuqeqeshwa: Ungalokothi udlule endaweni yemvelo yokukhanya kwemini (the Cavern Zone) ngaphandle kwesitifiketi esisemthethweni somgede noma isitifiketi sokungena kwe-Technical Wreck Penetration. 2. Isiqondiso Esiqhubekayo: Njalo gcina isiqondiso senayiloni esisodwa, esinganqamuki, esiqhubekayo kusukela emanzini avulekile kuze kuyofika kumtshuzi. 3. Ukuphathwa kwegesi (Rule of Thirds): Sebenzisa okungaphezu kuka-⅓ kwegesi yakho yokuqala* ukuze ungene, ushiye u-⅓ ukuze uphume* kanye nokuthi ⅓ ubekelwe ukuze uthole izimo eziphuthumayo zomngane wakho ongaziboni. 4. Imikhawulo Yokujula Okukhulu: Ungalokothi weqe ukujula okukhulu kokusebenza (MOD) yegesi yakho yokuphefumula (1.4 ATA pO2). 5. Izibani Ezintathu Ezingadingeki: Phatha isibani esisodwa se-canister esiyinhloko kanye okungenani namalambu amabili azimele asekelayo asebenza ngebhethri nge-diver ngayinye, kanye ne-spool yokuphepha nesisiki solayini esigadiwe. Thatha isifundo esisemthethweni se-Cavern / Intro to Cave (NSS-CDS, NACD, TDI, GUE, IANTD, noma CDAA) futhi ugcine isitifiketi samanje se- CPR ne-Oxygen First Aid esivela ku-DAN, i-Red Cross, noma i-St John Ambulance.

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo zesifunda kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-ejensi

Uma umtshuzi esedlulelwe yisikhathi ngaphakathi komhume ongaphansi kwamanzi, i-cenote, intwasahlobo, imayini, noma ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi, umzuzu ngamunye ubalulekile. Amaphoyisa ajwayelekile noma amathimba e-scuba omnyango wezicishamlilo AKUMELE angene emhumeni ongaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kokuhlenga emhumeni, noma azoba yizidumbu zesibili; ngokushesha wazise amayunithi akhethekile Wokuhlangula Umgede eduze ne-EMS:

  • I-United States, i-Canada, ne-Mexico (i-Florida Springs, i-Yucatan Cenotes, i-Great Lakes Wrecks):
  • Shayela 911 ngokushesha (isebenza kulo lonke elase-US, Canada, naseQuintana Roo / Mexico).
  • Ukuhlenga Nokubuyiselwa Komhume Ongaphansi Kwamanzi Wamazwe Ngamazwe (IUCRR - 24/7 North America & Florida Karst Emergency Dispatch): Shayela 911 futhi yazise IUCRR / NSS-CDS Emergency Callout nge-County Sheriff Dispatch (eFlorida: iSuwannee, Columbia, Jackson, Levy, Hernando, kanye ne-Wakulla County Sheriffs banezixhumanisi eziqondile zokwenza kusebenze i-IUCRR).
  • I-Mexico (Tulum, Playa del Carmen, Akumal Cenote Corridor - Quintana Roo): Shayela 911, thintana I-Protección Civil Tulum (+52 984 871 2688), futhi yazise Isevisi yokuhlenga yase-Mexican Cave / Cinco Elementos / Quintana Roo Hyperbaric Chamber Network (Playa del Carmen / Cozumel) kanye ne-*DAN (+1-919-684-9111)**.
  • Amachibi Amakhulu / Ukuphahlazeka Kwemikhumbi Yasogwini: Isichotho U.S. Unogada wasogwini (USCG) / I-Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ku-VHF Channel 16* bese ushayela u-DAN (+1-919-684-9111).
  • I-United Kingdom ne-Ireland (Yorkshire Dales, Peak District, Mendips, South Wales Sumps & Scapa Flow Wrecks):
  • Dayela 999 noma 112, cela Amaphoyisa ku-opharetha, futhi usho ngokucacile: "Isimo Esiphuthumayo Sokuntywila Emgedeni - Vuselela UMkhandlu Wokuhlenga Womgede WaseBrithani (BCRC) / Iqembu le-Cave Diving (CDG) I-Sump Rescue."
  • Nge-Scapa Flow (Orkney)* noma ukubamba ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi ogwini, shayela **999 ye-HM Coastguard ** kanye ne-National Hyperbaric Centre (0345 408 6008 eScotland / 07831 151 523 e-England naseWales).
  • I-European Union (France Dordogne/Lot Caves, Sardinia, Spain, Alpine Sumps):
  • Dayela 112 kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU.
  • I-France (Lot / Dordogne / Ardèche): Shayela 112 noma 15 futhi ucele kusebenze Spéléo Secours Français (SSF - Inombolo Yamahhala Yamahhala engu-24/7 Yokutakula Emhumeni: 0 800 121 123 noma +33 4 72 53 06 74).
  • I-Italy (iSardinia / Veneto Caves): Shayela 112 noma 118 ye-*CNSAS (Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico - Squadra Forre e Speleosubacquea)**.
  • I-Australia ne-New Zealand (Mount Gambier Sinkholes, Nullarbor Caves, Poor Knights):
  • Australia (South Australia / Mount Gambier / Nullarbor): Shayela 000 (112 kusuka kumaselula) we ** Amaphoyisa aseNingizimu Australia (SAPOL) Ukusebenza Kwamanzi**, thintana ne-Cave Divers Association yase-Australia (CDAA), bese ushayela i- Divers Emergency Service (DES) kwe 1800 088 200.
  • I-New Zealand (Riwaka / Pearse Resurgence / Poor Knights): Shayela 111 ye-NZ Police National Dive Squad / Cave SAR kanye ne NZ DES (0800 4 DES 111).

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Kungani kungafanele uzame ukubhukuda uzungeze ufuna umhume olahlekile noma umhlahlandlela wokuphahlazeka ngaphandle kokubopha i-spool kuqala?

Ekubonakaleni okuphelele kwe-ziro ngaphansi kwamanzi, awunawo umkhathizwe obonakalayo futhi awunasisindo, okubangela ukuthi indlebe yomuntu yangaphakathi (isistimu ye-vestibular) ilahlekelwe yikho konke ukuqondiswa komugqa oqondile phakathi namasekhondi angu-5. Umtshuzi obhukuda engaboshelwe "ukukhahlela okumbalwa" okholelwa ukuthi uya ngqo odongeni cishe njalo ujikajika endaweni ezungezayo ekude nomhlahlandlela, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola indawo yokuqala futhi. Ngokuma ngokushesha futhi ubophe i-spool yokuphepha endaweni eqinile yedwala noma ifreyimu ephahlazekile endaweni yakho Yokuthintana Nokugcina, usungula i-tether engashintshi ukuze ushanele ngaphandle ngama-arcs alawulwayo angama-1.5-metres, 3-metres, kanye namamitha angu-4.5 futhi uhlale uzihlikihla ngokuphepha ubuyele phakathi nendawo.

Umcibisholo Wolayini Wepulasitiki ongunxantathu ukhomba ngayiphi indlela emgedeni ongaphansi kwamanzi noma umhlahlandlela wokuphahlazeka?

Ngomhlangano wamazwe ngamazwe wokuntywila emgedeni (owasungulwa yi-NSS-CDS, NACD, CDAA, ne-CDG), indawo ecijile, ewumngcingo yepulasitiki engunxantathu Umcibisholo Womugqa Wokuqondisa (Umcibisholo we-Dorff) UHLALA ukhomba endaweni eseduze yokuphuma ephefumulayo, kuyilapho isisekelo esiyisicaba esibanzi sibheke ngaphakathi emuva emuva komhume. Ekubonakaleni okuyiziro lapho ungeke ukwazi ukubona khona umcibisholo, wenza indandatho yomunwe ethi "KULUNGILE" uzungeze umhlahlandlela bese uslayida iminwe yakho engenalutho noma igilavu elincanyana kancane phezu komaka wepulasitiki: zwa ukuthi iyiphi indawo ecijile, jikisa umzimba wakho kuleyo ndawo, bese ulandela umugqa uphume.

Kungani ungakwazi ukuhlala unganyakazi futhi ulinde udaka ukuze luzinze emhumeni ongaphansi kwamanzi?

Nakuba isihlabathi sezixhobo zamatshe olwandle siphuma emanzini emizuzwini engu-1 kuya kwemi-3, inzika etholakala phansi nasezindongeni zemigede ye-limestone yamanzi ahlanzekile, ama-cenotes aseMexico, izimayini ezigcwele izikhukhula, nokuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi ejulile kuhlanganisa i-calcium carbonate marl encanyana, i-iron-oxide rust flakes, kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane ze-colloidal bentonite ezinobumba oluncane lwamamitha angu-2. Ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Stokes, izinhlayiya zobumba ezicwebezelayo zihlala zilenga emanzini anganyakazi amahora angu-6 kuya kwangu-48 - ubude obuphindwe kashumi kunegesi kunoma iyiphi i-open-circuit scuba cylinder. Akumelwe neze uthembele ekulindeni udaka lodaka; esikhundleni salokho, kuzomele uthole umhlahlandlela bese ukhipha i-tactile ("braille") ngokushesha.

Uyini "Umthetho Wesithathu" emhumeni nasekuphathweni kwegesi yokudilika ebhidlizayo?

Umthetho Wesithathu ubeka ukuthi i-diver ingase isebenzise okungaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (1/3) yokucindezela kwegesi yesilinda ukuze ibhukude endaweni engaphezulu, igcine ingxenye yesibili eyodwa kwezintathu (1/3) ukuze iphume ibuyele phezulu, futhi igcine ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (1/3) ingakathintwa njengendawo yokugcina izimo eziphuthumayo. Leyo ngxenye yesithathu yokugcina iklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlinzeka umngane omlawuli wakhe noma ithangi elihlulekayo endaweni ekude kakhulu yokungena, noma ukuthenga isikhathi esengeziwe esidingekayo lapho i-zero-ukubonakala kwe-silt-out kunciphisa isivinini sakho sokuphuma sokubhukuda ngesigamu.

Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ngihideka kumhlahlandlela ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwe-silt-ukubonakala okuyiziro?

Okokuqala, yeka ukusonta, ukukhahlela, noma ukuphotha ngokushesha, njengoba ukuzungeza kuguqula i-single-loop snag ibe i-cocoon eqinile ezungeze amavalvu akho ethangi namapayipi. Uma umngane wakho ethintana naye, hlala unganyakazi ngenkathi ephakamisa ulayini oxegayo usuka empangeni noma iveluvu yakho ngokuzwa. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, UNGALOKOTHI ukhiphe ummese futhi usike ngobumpumputhe umhlahlandlela oyinhloko womhume ngaphandle uma uqale ubophe i-spool yokuphepha ngaphesheya kwe-tangle (uxhuma umugqa oyinhloko ophambi kwakho emgqeni oyinhloko ngemuva kwakho njengebhuloho elidlulayo eliqhubekayo); ukusika isiqondiso esingafinyeziwe kubangela ukuthi iziphetho zombili zidlulele ebumnyameni, kubambe wena nanoma ubani ekujuleni kwakho.

Uxhumana kanjani nomngane wakho we-dive ngokubonakala kweziro ezimnyama bhuqe uma uphuma kumhlahlandlela?

Abatshuzi basebenzisa i-"Touch Contact" ukuxhumana okuthintayo: i-lead diver ibamba isiqondiso ngokukhululekile ngaphakathi kwesiyingi somunwe "OK" ngenkathi i-diver yesibili ibambe i-bicep ye-lead diver noma i-forearm ngokuqinile ngesandla esisodwa. Ukuphushela phambili engalweni yomholi kusho ukuthi "Hamba / Hamba phambili"; ukudonsela emuva kusho "Misa / Yenza isipele"; ukuminya okukodwa okuqinile (kuphendulwe ukukhama okukodwa) kusho "Ukunakwa / Ukumisa isikhashana lapho kuxhunywana khona noma umcibisholo womugqa"; futhi ukuminya okubili noma ngaphezulu okusheshayo, okuqinile kusho "Isimo Esiphuthumayo / Ukuphuma Emoyeni / Okubambekile - Yima ngokushesha."

Iziqondiso ezihlobene

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni

  • I-National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section (NSS-CDS) kanye Nenhlangano Kazwelonke Yokuntywila Emgedeni (NACD): I-Basic Cave Diving: I-Blueprint for Survival (Sheck Exley) & Imanuwali Yomfundi Ye-Silt-Out Prevention, I-Lost Line Drills, kanye Nokuphuma Kwe-Touch-Contact.
  • I-Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) kanye neTechnical Diving International (TDI): Izinqubo Zemvelo Ephezulu: I-Anti-Silt Frog Kick Propulsion, Omaka Bolayini Abathintekayo (Arrows, Cookies, and REMs), kanye Nezihibe Zokubopha.
  • Iqembu le-Cave Diving yase-Great Britain (CDG) kanye ne-Cave Divers Association yase-Australia (CDAA): I-Sump ne-Sinkhole Zero-Visibility Navigation kanye ne-Emergency Line-Search Protocols.
  • Ukuhlenga Nokubuyiselwa Komhume Ongaphansi kwamanzi Wamazwe Ngamazwe (IUCRR) kanye noMkhandlu WaseBrithani Wokuhlenga Umgede (BCRC): Ukuhlaziywa Kwengozi Ye-Diving Overhead kanye Nokudidiyelwa Kokutakulwa Kwendawo Engaphansi Kuya Kumhlaba.
  • I-Divers Alert Network (DAN): Umbiko Wonyaka Wokuntywila: Ukuhlaziywa Kwezimpande Zokufa Emhumeni, Emgodini, Nokuphahlazeka Komkhumbi UkuDiving.