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I-Superfog Eminyene, Inkungu Ye-Tule, kanye Nokusinda Kwenqwaba Yezimoto Eziningi

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo ziyehluka ngezwe. Leli khasi lisebenzisa u-911, inombolo yase-United States naseCanada. Amanye amazwe amaningi asebenzisa u-112, 999, noma enye inombolo. Thola inombolo yezwe lakini.

I-Superfog, inkungu evuthayo ("inkungu yesobho likaphizi"), kanye ne-tule fog ukucisha okubonakala kusezingeni eliphansi okungazelelwe okubangela ukunqwabelana kwezimoto eziningi ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni wezokuthutha, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa izimoto ezingu-50 kuya kwezingu-200+ emaminithini ambalwa wokushayisana kwengozi. Nakuba inkungu evamile eminyene inciphisa ukubonakala komshayeli kube cishe amamitha angu-400 (0.25 amamayela), inkungu ye-tule (inkungu eyingozi eshisa izikhotha egcwalisa i-Central Valley yaseCalifornia nemifula ejulile emhlabeni wonke ebusika) yehlisa ukubonakala ngaphansi30 kuya ku-60 wamamitha (100 kuya ku-200 amafidi), kanye nenkungu ejulile, i-perfog noma i-superfog intuthu yomlilo wequbula ixutshwa nomoya obandayo ogcwele amanzi) yehlisa ukubonakala ku- ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-3 (amafidi angu-3 ukuya kwangu-10), kuphuphuthekise abashayeli ngaphambi kokuba babone ngisho nomhlobiso wehood yemoto yabo.

Ngokusho kwe-United States Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), iNational Weather Service (NWS), iNational Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), kanye noMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-UK, inqwaba yemigwaqo emikhulu ehlobene nenkungu ibulala amakhulu abashayeli bezimoto minyaka yonke ngenxa yezicupho ezimbili eziyingxube. Okokuqala, enkunguni ephansi engenazo izindawo eziyireferensi ezimile eziseceleni komgwaqo, ubuchopho bomuntu buba nenkohliso ebonakalayo (i-contrast-induced speed underestimation) eyenza abashayeli bazizwe sengathi bayakhasa kuyilapho empeleni beshayela amakhilomitha angu-90 kuya kwangu-110 ngehora (amamayela angu-55 kuya kwangu-70 ngehora)**, ibanga elingase likwazi ukudalula isibani esihamba phezu kwekhanda* lakho likwazi ukuveza ibanga elisheshayo* elihamba phezu kwemoto. Okwesibili, uma ukushayisana kokuqala kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwendawo yenkungu engabonakali, abashayeli abakhumula amabhande abo bese bephumela emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka ukuze bahlole umonakalo omkhulu bashayiswa futhi babulawe imizuzwana kamuva ngamaloli amancane kanye nezimoto ezilima zingaboni kumvikeli ngemuva.

Ungalokothi Ushaye Amabhuleki Akho Phakathi Nomzila Wethrafikhi Lapho Ungena Odongeni Lwenkungu Kungazelelwe

Lapho abashayeli abahamba ngesivinini somgwaqo omkhulu beshayisa ngokuzumayo udonga olungabonakali lwe-superfog* noma i-tule fog, i-panic reflex yabo iwukushayeka kanzima ku-pedali yebhuleki bese befika ime ifile khona kanye kumzila wohambo osebenzayo. Ukuma kumgwaqo onguthelawayeka ophilayo ngaphakathi kwenkungu eminyene kuqinisekisa ukuthi imoto engemuva kwakho, engaboni ngokuphelele futhi engena odongeni lwenkungu efanayo imizuzwana emi-2 kamuva ku-100 km/h (60 mph), izoshaya iqonde kubhampa wakho ongemuva. Kunalokho, phakamisa unyawo lwakho ngokushelela usisuse kusisheshisi, khansela isilawuli sokuhamba ngokushesha, khanyisa amalambu aphansi bese uvala amalambu akho angemuva, ucime amalambu angemuva imizila yemigwaqo egandayiwe futhi idlule ihlombe/unogada** uma ukubonakala kwehlela kuziro.

Yenza lokhu manje

  1. Shintsha Izibani zibe IZINGOSI EZINGAPHANSI ngokushesha futhi UNGALOKOTHI usebenzise Imishayo Ephakeme (Ama-Brights) enkunguni. Amalambu angaphambili ane-high-beam angle akhanya phezulu emaconsini amanzi amisiwe kanye nezinhlayiya zentuthu zosebe lwenkungu, okubonisa ukucwayiza okumhlophe okuphuphuthekisayo (backscatter) ngqo emuva kwamehlo akho njengokukhanyisa isibani esibukweni. Shintsha mathupha usuke kokuthi "Okuzenzakalelayo" uye kokuthi Ama-Low Beam, khanyisa ngaphambili kanye namalambu enkungu angemuva uma afakwe, futhi fiphaza isikrini sakho sangaphakathi sedeshibhodi ukuze abafundi bakho babone izibani zangemuva ezifiphele ngaphambili.
  2. Yehlisa ijubane ngokushelela NGAPHAMBI kokungena endaweni enenkungu ebonakalayo ukuze ibanga lakho lokuma libe lifushane kunebanga olibonayo.Amakhilomitha angu-105 ngehora (amamayela angu-65 ngehora) endaweni ehamba ngezinyawo emanzi, isilinganiso semoto yomgibeli idinga okungenani amamitha angu-95 kuya ku-110 (310 kuya ku-360 amafidi) ukuze ibone ingozi, iphinde iphendule ithoni engu-3 uma ibaleka, ime kancane (80,000-pound) isemi-loli idinga 135 kuya ku-160+ amamitha (450 kuya ku-525+ izinyawo). Uma ukwazi ukubona amamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100) ngaphambili kunenkungu eminyene, ukushayela ngokushesha kunoku amakhilomitha angu-40 ngehora (amamayela angu-25 ngehora) kusho ukuthi uzoshaya imoto emi ngaphambi kokuba amabhuleki akho akumise.
  3. Track the painted white right-edge fog line with your eyes, NEVER "lock onto" the taillights of the car ahead, and roll down your window to LISTEN. Watching the taillights of the car in front of you in dense fog causes target fixation (moth-to-a-flame effect): if that driver drifts off a bridge, swerves into a ditch, or slams into a stopped i-semi-loli, uzobalandela ngqo engozini. Qondisa indawo omi kuyo umzila usebenzisa umugqa ogandaywe omhlophe oqinile onqenqemeni lwesokudla, vala umsakazo wakho, wehlisa iwindi lomshayeli wakho ngamasentimitha angu-5 (amayintshi angu-2), futhi ulalele umsindo wamasondo aklebhulayo, insimbi eshwabezelayo, noma izimpondo ngaphambili.
  4. Uma ukubonakala kwehlela ku-zero (<3 kuya ku-10 amamitha / 10 kuya ku-33 amafithi), phuma kuthelawayeka kurempu elandelayo noma uphume ngokuphelele endaweni egandayiwe, Vala ZONKE IZIKHATHI, bese ususa unyawo lwakho endaweni enyathela amabhuleki. Uma uphoqeleka ukuthi udonse ihlombe eliseduze komgwaqo noma utshani obuphakathi nendawo ngoba awukwazi ukubona imoto ekude ngendlela ephephile, donsa imoto ngangokunokwenzeka Paka, setha ibhuleki lokupaka, bese ucisha izibani zakho zangaphambili namabhuleki (noma sebenzisa izibane eziyingozi kuphela ngenkathi usasondela lapho ophuma khona). Enkungwini eminyene, abashayeli abaphuphuthekile ngemuva kwakho bazoqondisa kumalambu akho abomvu amabhuleki becabanga ukuthi ushayela kulayini osebenzayo, okubenza bakumise ngemuva ehlombe.
  5. Uma uphahlazeka noma ubanjwa ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yezimoto eziningi: GCINA ISIHLALO SAKHO SIBOSHWE futhi uhlale ngaphakathi emotweni yakho ngaphandle uma kusha noma ungakwazi ukushayela/udlulele eduze komgwaqo. Phakathi kwenqwaba yenkungu eqhubekayo, izimoto namaloli amancane ayaqhubeka nokushayeka ngemuva kwenqwaba njalo emizuzwini emi-3 kuya kwengu-10 imizuzwana embalwa. Ungalinge uphume emotweni yakho ungene emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka noma uhambe phakathi kwezimoto eziphahlazekile.
  6. Uma imoto yakho isengakwazi ukuhamba ngemva kokuthepha okuncane: Ishayele uye phambili ngokushesha futhi ubude buduze kwesokudla somgwaqo onguthelawayeka udlule indawo yezibi futhi udlule i- guardrail.
  7. Uma imoto yakho ingakwazi ukuhamba emigwaqweni enguthelawayeka: Gcina ibhande lakho liboshiwe, gcina ikhanda lakho licindezelwe ngokuqinile ku-headrest (ukuvimbela i-whiplash yomlomo wesibeletho emiphumeleni yesibili yangemuva), gcina izandla zakho kukhava ye-airbag yesiteringi, bese ulinda kuze kube yilapho imisindo yokuphahlazeka ngemuva kwakho imile ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuba uphume ubheke ohlangothini olukude lwesithiyo sikakhonkolo.
  8. Shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nomaka wakho womgwaqo onguthelawayeka kanye nesiqondiso sokuhamba. Uma usuvikelekile ngaphakathi kwemoto yakho enezinsimbi noma ngokuphephile ngemva kwesivimbeli esiqinile saseJersey esiqhele ngamamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100) ukusuka endaweni egandayiwe, shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom, noma ubone konke. izinombolo eziphuthumayo) bese ubika inombolo yomgwaqo onguthelawayeka, isiqondiso (umgwaqo osenyakatho/ubheke eningizimu), kanye nomaka weposi eliseduze.

Ukushayela inkungu eminyene kanye neshadi lokusinda lenqwaba yezimoto eziningi

Sebenzisa leli shati lesikhathi sangempela sokusinda lapho uhlangabezana nodonga oluzumayo lwe-superfog noma inkungu ye-tule kuthelawayeka wesivinini esikhulu.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ukushayela Emgwaqeni Omkhulu Usondela Kunkungu Eminyene:<br/>Inkungu Evuthayo, Inkungu Ye-Tule, noma Inkungu Yentuthu ('Superfog')"] --> PrepStep["IZENZO EZISHESHAYO NGAPHAMBI KOKUNGENA:<br/>1. Shintsha izibani mathupha ukuze ube IMIHLANGO EPHANSI (AKUZE KUBE Phezulu)<br/>2. VULA ngaphambili namalambu enkungu angemuva aphezulu<br/>3. Khipha i-Cruise Control & Adaptive Autopilot ngokushesha<br/>4. Vala umsakazo, iwindi lokuqhekeka elingu-5 cm (2 in) ukuze LALELA ukuphahlazeka"]

    PrepStep --> VisCheck{"Ungabona kude kangakanani<br/>izinto zomgwaqo ezimile?"}

    VisCheck -->|"Inkungu emaphakathi-kuya-eminyene<br/>(ukubonakala okungama-60 kuye kwayi-150 / 200 kuya ku-500 ft)"| DriveSlow["UKUSHAYELA ENKUNGU Okulawulwayo:<br/>1. Yehlisa isivinini ngokushelelayo siye ku-50 ukuya ku-70 km/h (30 kuya ku-45 mph)<br/>2. Nyusa igebe elilandelayo ukuya kumasekhondi angu-8 ukuya kwangu-12 (ungalokothi ulandele izibani)<br/>3. Landela ngomkhondo umugqa wenkungu onqenqemeni lwesokudla omhlophe<br/>4. Buka Iqhwa Elimnyama uma izinga lokushisa lingu-<= 0 C (32 F)"]

    VisCheck -->|"INKUNGU YE-TULE EYEQILE / ZERO-VISIBILITY SUPERFOG<br/>(< 3 kuya ku-30 m / 10 kuya ku-100 ft ukubonakala)"| ZeroVis["PROTOCOLI YOKUPHUMA EMJWENI OPHUTHUMAYO OPHUTHUMAYO:<br/>1. UNGASHAYI amabhuleki maphakathi nomgwaqo wethrafikhi<br/>2. Thatha i-RAMP ELANDELAYO OKUPHUMAYO uye endaweni yokupaka<br/>3. Uma kungekho ophumayo: Vala ngokuphelele umgwaqo ogandayiwe udlule ehlombe/onogada,<br/> setha Ibhuleki Lokupakisha, Susa unyawo, UCISHE IZIKHATHI<br/> (ukuze abashayeli abaphuphuthekiswe ngemuva bangashayi amalambu akho angemuva)"]

    DriveSlow --> CrashCheck{"Ingabe uzwile insimbi egoqayo ngaphambili<br/>NOMA ubanjwe Kuphahlazeka Kwenqwaba?"}
    ZeroVis --> CrashCheck

    CrashCheck -->|"YEBO: Ubanjwe ku-Active Multi-Car Pileup"| PileupTriage{"Ingabe imoto yakho isengakwazi ukuqondisa<br/>futhi iqhubekele phambili?"}

    PileupTriage -->|"YEBO: Imoto isashayelwa"| DrivePast["PHUMELA EZWENI LOKUBULALA:<br/>Jikela phambili ngokushesha/kwesokudla udlule izimoto eziphahlazekile<br/>bese udonsela kude nothelawayeka ungene otshanini/ngale kwe- guardrail"]

    PileupTriage -->|"CHA: Imoto ayinyakazi emizileni"| StayOrFlee{"Ingabe imoto yakho iyasha NOMA<br/>emaphethelweni angemuva kakhulu ngokubaleka kwe-guardrail ecacile?"}

    StayOrFlee -->|"Awukho umlilo nezimoto ezisaphahlazeka nxazonke"| BraceInside["HLALA UBOSHWE NGAPHAKATHI KWEKHEJI LEZINSI:<br/>1. Gcina ibhande liqinile bese ucindezela ngemuva kwekhanda ngokumelene ne-Headrest<br/>2. UNGALINGE ume phakathi kwezimoto eziphahlazekile endaweni egandayiwe<br/>3. Linda kuze kube yilapho yonke imisindo ephahlazekayo ima imizuzwana engu-60+"]

    StayOrFlee -->|"Imoto iyasha NOMA igebe eliphephile ukuze uphume kwesokudla"| SprintBarrier["PHUMELA EMHLABENI WOKULINDA:<br/>Khululeka, phuma kuthrafikhi ezayo, gibela NGAPHEZULU<br/>umgoqo we-Guardrail/Jezi, bese uhamba ngo-30+ m (100+ ft) UPSTREAM/UYA NGAPHANDLE"]

Ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezi-5 zenkungu eyingozi kunazo zonke kanye ne-physics yazo

Akuyona yonke inkungu eziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Ngenkathi inkungu yesikhangiso sasogwini ngokuvamile yakheka kancane kancane emahoreni, inkungu ekhipha imisebe, inkungu ye-tule, inkungu eqandayo, ne-superfog ifomu noma ichibi elingaphakathi kwamadiphu othelawayeka omkhulu namabhuloho emifuleni emizuzwini embalwa, ibamba abashayeli abahamba ngo-\(110\text{ km/h}\) (\(70\text{ mph}\)) bengaqaphile.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwenkungu IMeteorological Formation Mechanism Ububanzi Bokubonakala Okuvamile Lapho & Uma Igadla Kungani Idala Ukunqwabelana Kwemigwaqo Eminingi
1. I-Superfog (Intuthu + Ingxube Yokujiya Umswakama) Ibumba lapho umoya omanzi, opholile, ozinzile wasebusuku uhlangana nomswakama ofudumele kanye nezinhlayiyana zeCCN ezincane (i-Cloud Condensation Nuclei) ezivela kuphethiloli wezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi imililo yamaxhaphozi, imililo ye-peat bog, imililo yebhulashi emanzi, noma ukushiswa kwezolimo okunqunyiwe. Uziro uye ku-\(3\umbhalo{ meters}\) (\(0\umbhalo{ ukuya }10\umbhalo{ feet}\)) (Udonga olumhlophe ngokuphelele / olumpunga). I-US Gulf of Mexico ugu (Louisiana I-10/I-55, Florida I-75/I-4, Texas), amaxhaphozi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-US, i-Indonesian/European peatlands; iziqongo phakathi kwamabili no-9:00 AM. Izinto eziningi eziyingozi kakhulu zomgwaqo onguthelawayeka Emhlabeni: Umshayeli usuka ekubonakaleni okucacile okungu-\(110\text{ km/h}\) aye kokuthi ukubonakala okuyiziro (\(<2\text{ m}\)) ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-2 njengoba ewela ibhuloho noma ukudangala kwexhaphozi.
2. I-Tule Fog (Extreme Valley Basin Radiation Fog) Kulandela imvula yasekwindla/yasebusika, isibhakabhaka esicwebile kanye nomoya ozolile kuvumela isigodi esimanzi ukuba sikhiphe ukushisa esikhaleni ngobusuku obubodwa, kuphole umoya ophansi ngaphansi kwendawo yawo yamazolo kuyilapho isivalo esifudumele sokucindezela okuphezulu (i-temperature inversion) sivalela inkungu ngaphakathi kwesigodi esinezingingi zentaba. \(3\text{ to }60\text{ meters}\) (\(10\text{ to }200\text{ feet}\)) (NWS Dense Fog Advisory is \(\le 400\text{ m}\) [0.25 mi]). I-California's Central Valley (Izigodi ZaseSan Joaquin & Sacramento eduze I-5 kanye Nomgwaqo Omkhulu 99, Nov 1 kuya kuMashi 31), Po Valley (Italy), Ebro Valley (Spain), Indo-Gangetic Plain (India/Pakistan). Imbangela yokuqala yokufa kwemigwaqo ehlobene nesimo sezulu eCalifornia; kwenza "izimbobo zenkungu" ezingazelelwe phakathi kwamadiphu epulazi eliniselwayo lapho ukubonakala kwehla kusuka ku-\(400\text{ m}\) kuya ku-\(10\text{ m}\) khona manjalo.
3. Inkungu Ye-Pea-Soup Radiation (Isigodi / Inkungu Yomfula) Umoya obandayo wasebusuku (ominyene kunomoya ofudumele) wehlela** ezigodini zemifula, ezansi nemifula, emigwaqweni engaphansi kothelawayeka, nezimfunda eziwugwadule**, ujiya ube yinkungu ewugqinsi yasendaweni ngaphambi nje kokuntwela kokusa. \(15\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-100\text{ meters}\) (\(50\text{ to }330\text{ feet}\)) kumadiphu omgwaqo omkhulu ophansi; cwe eziqongweni zamagquma. Noma yimuphi umgwaqo onguthelawayeka owela ibhuloho lomfula, indawo emanzi, noma phansi esigodini ekwindla/entwasahlobo (isb., I-77 Fancy Gap eVirginia, I-81, UK motorways M4/M5/M40, German Autobahn). Abashayeli baphezulu egqumeni elinelanga elihlanzekile ngesivinini esigcwele somgwaqo omkhulu bese beshona phansi esigodini esigcwele inkungu lapho ithrafikhi isivele imisiwe.
4. Inkungu Ebanda Kakhulu (Amaconsi Amanzi Apholile Kakhulu \(\le 0^\circ\text{C}\) [\(32^\circ\text{F}\)]) Amaconsi enkungu ewuketshezi ahlala epholile kakhulu endaweni ewuketshezi ngaphansi kuka-\(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{F}\)) ehle aze afike ku-\(-15^\circ\text{C}\) (\(5^\circ\text{F}\)) aze athinte indawo eqinile , lapho eqhwanda khona ngokushesha eqhweni noma athintene neqhwa ngokushesha. \(30\umbhalo{kuya }200\umbhalo{ meters}\) (\(100\text{ to }650\text{ feet}\)) plus zero-traction ice pavement. I-Northern US plains, Pacific Northwest (Columbia River Gorge), Mountain West, Canada, UK, Central/Northern Europe, kanye naseMpumalanga Asia ebusika. Ihlanganisa ubumpumputhe kanye nokushayisana kwamabhuleki: amabhuloho, izindawo ezidlula ngaphezulu, namawindi omoya amboza eqhweni elimnyama elingabonakali ngesikhathi esiqondile abashayeli bezama ukubhuleka ngenxa yenkungu; bona wethu flash iqhwa kanye black ice guide.
5. I-Upslope / Orographic Fog (Idekhi Yefu Ihlezi Emgwaqweni Omkhulu) Umoya onomswakama okhuphukele phezulu kwezintaba uphola ngokukhululekile kuze kube yilapho isisekelo samafu sihlala ngqo ku-pavement yentaba. \(10\umbhalo{kuya }50\umbhalo{ meters}\) (\(33\text{ to }165\text{ feet}\)). Ukudlula kwentaba maphakathi (isb., I-70 Rockies, I-64 Afton Mountain eVirginia, I-40 Smokies, European Alpine pass, Pyrenees). Ingozi eyehlayo yokubaleka kwamaloli ehlangene namaloli asindayo akhuphuka kancane (\(30\text{ km/h}\)) aqedwa ngemuva izimoto zabagibeli ezisheshayo (\(100\text{ km/h}\)).

I-Deep Dive 1: I-physics ye- "Superfog" (Kungani intuthu + nomoya omanzi obandayo idala ukukhanya okuyimitha eli-1)

Izazi zesimo sezulu e-US Forest Service kanye ne-NOAA bathole ngomhubhe womoya waselabhorethri kanye nezifundo zenkundla ukuthi kungani i-superfog iminyene ngokuphindwe kashumi kunenkungu evamile yesimo sezulu: 1. Inkungu Yemvelo vs. I-Smoke-Nucleated Superfog: Emoyeni ohlanzekile wasemaphandleni, kunenani elilinganiselwe lezinhlayiya zothuli ezincane (Cloud Condensation Nuclei [CCN]) ukuze umhwamuko uhlangane kuwo. Njengomphumela, inkungu yemisebe yemvelo yenza inombolo emaphakathi yamaconsi amanzi amakhulu kakhulu (\(15\text{ to }30\text{micrometers}\) in diameter), eshiya izikhala ukuze ukukhanya kudlule ukuze ukwazi ukubona u-\(50\text{kuya }200\text{ metre}\) ngaphambili. 2. Isiphindaphinda Somlilo Wendle Oshisayo/Isiphindaphinda Somlilo*: Lapho umlilo oseduze wamaxhaphozi, i-peat bog fire, umlilo wamabhulashi, noma amahlathi ushisa ukuguquka kusuka ekushisweni okushisayo phakathi kwantambama kuya kushisi opholile ebusuku, udedela izinto ezimbili kanye phansi: - Amabhiliyoni ezinhlayiya zentuthu ze-hygroscopic (ekhanga amanzi) nge-cubic centimeter ngayinye, KANYE - Inani elikhulu lomhwamuko wamanzi libiliswe emhlabathini omanzi, i-peat, nezimila eziluhlaza. 3. Ukukhipha Umoya Obandayo Nokuguquguquka Okushisayo: Phakathi kwaphakathi kwamabili no-8:00 AM, umoya obandayo wasebusuku uphumela ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, ezihlala njalo ezingaphansi kwemifula, izisekelo zamaxhaphozi, kanye namalungelo omgwaqo omkhulu. Lapho intuthu eshunqayo efudumele, enomswakama ihlangana nomoya obandayo ogcwele (\(100\%\) umswakama ohlobene, umehluko wezinga lokushisa \(\ge 10^\circ\text{C}\) [\(18^\circ\text{F}\)]), umswakama ushunqa phezu kwezinhlayiyana zentuthu eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye, okudala ukumiswa kombhalo ominyene kakhulu{2} kwesigidi esingu-\(2} micrometer}\) amaconsi ku-cubic meter ngayinye asakazi amaphesenti angu-99.9 okukhanya okubonakalayo ngaphakathi kwe-\(1\text{ ukuya }ku-3\text{ metres}\) (\(3\text{ to }10\text{ feet}\)). 4. Izinhlekelele Ezidumile Ze-Superfog Okufanele Uzikhumbule: - I-Interstate 55 eduze ne-New Orleans / Lake Maurepas, e-Louisiana (Okthoba 23, 2023): Imililo eshunqayo yamaxhaphozi asogwini exutshwe nenkungu yasekuseni ukudala inkungu enkulu ngaphesheya kwamabhuloho angamawele e-I-55, okubangele inqwaba yezimoto eziyi-168 kanye nomlilo wamathangi okubulale abantu abangu-68 kwalimala. - I-Interstate 75 e-Paynes Prairie eduze kwase-Gainesville, e-Florida (Januwari 29, 2012): Intuthu evela emlilweni webhulashi endaweni exutshwe nenkungu yemisebe yasebusuku, yehlisa ukubonakala ibe ngaphansi kwemitha elingu-1 futhi ibangele inqwaba yezimoto ezingu-25+ kanye namaloli abulale abantu abangu-11. - I-Interstate 4 e-Polk County, Florida (Januwari 9, 2008, izimoto ezingu-70) kanye ne-Interstate 75 eduze kwaseCalhoun, Tennessee (Disemba 11, 1990, izimoto ezingu-99).

Ibanga lokubona uma liqhathaniswa nethebula lebanga lokubhuleka: Ungashayela ngesivinini esingakanani empeleni kunenkungu?

Iningi labashayeli lisenkunguni elibulalayo bashayela ngokweqile amalambu abo kanye nebanga abalibonayo. Sebenzisa leli thebula lefiziksi (elibalwe kusukela kufomula yebanga lokumisa ukubona onguthelawayeka we-AASHTO kusetshenziswa isikhathi esilondolozayo esingu-\(2.0\text{-sesibili}\) isikhathi sokusabela kumgwaqo ogandaywe yinkungu oswakeme) ukuze ubone isivinini esiphelele esiphephile sanoma yiliphi ibanga elinikeziwe lokubonakala:

Ukude Kangakanani Ngaphambili Ongakubona Ngenkungu (Bala Imigqa Ephukile noma Okuthunyelwe Kwe-Highway Delineator) Ibanga Elilinganiselwe Ngamamitha (Izinyawo) Likalwa Kanjani Leli Banga Emgwaqeni Isivinini Esiphephile Esiphezulu Okumele Ume Ngaphambi Kokushayisa Imoto Emile Kwenzekani Uma Ushayela u-\(105\text{ km/h}\) (\(65\text{ mph}\)) kulokhu Kubonakala?
Imivimbo engu-12+ Dashed Lane Ngaphambili \(150+\text{ meters}\) (\(500+\text{ feet}\)) E-US/Canada, umugqa omhlophe ongu-1 (\(3\text{ m}\) / \(10\text{ ft}\)) + 1 igebe elingenalutho (\(9\text{ m}\) / \(30\text{ ft}\)) = \(12.2\text{ meters}\) (\(40\text{ feet}\)) umjikelezo ngamunye. \(80\umbhalo{kuya }90\umbhalo{ km/h}\) (\(50\umbhalo{ kuya }55\umbhalo{ mph}\)) (Okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kuma-semi-tracks). Incane indawo yokuthi imoto yomgibeli ime; i-semi-loli elayishiwe ngo-\(105\text{ km/h}\) AYIKWAZI ukuma ngesikhathi.
Imivimbo emi-5 Edeshi Ngaphambili \(60\text{ meters}\) (\(200\text{ feet}\)) Cishe ubude bezimoto ezingu-12 ngaphambili, noma ibanga eliphakathi kokuthunyelwe kwesibonisi somgwaqo onguthelawayeka okubili okujwayelekile. \(50\text{ km/h}\) (\(30\text{ mph}\)) MAXIMUM. Ku-\(105\text{ km/h}\) (\(65\text{ mph}\)), uhamba \(58\text{ meters}\) (\(190\text{ feet}\)) ngesikhathi sakho sokuphendula semizuzwana emi-2 uwedwa, okusho ukuthi ushayiseka emotweni emi ngo **\(100\text{ km/h}\) (\(62\text{ke mph}\) just touch the.
Imivimbo engu-2 ukuya kwemi-3 eDashed Lane Ngaphambili (Inkungu ye-Tule Enzima) \(25\umbhalo{ kuya ku-}35\text{ meters}\) (\(80\text{ to }115\text{ feet}\)) Cishe ubude bezimoto ezi-5 kuye kweziyi-7 ngaphambili. \(25\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-30\umbhalo{ km/h}\) (\(15\text{ to }20\text{ mph}\)) MAXIMUM, lungiselela ukuphuma kuthelawayeka erempini elandelayo. Ukushayisana okungagwemeki kwesivinini esikhulu nanoma iyiphi ithrafikhi emile noma ehamba kancane.
Ngaphansi Komzila Odeshi Oyi-1 Phambili (Superfog / Zero-Out) \(0\text{ to }10\text{ meters}\) (\(0\text{ to }33\text{ feet}\)) Awukwazi ukubona umugqa olandelayo omhlophe emgwaqeni phambi kwebhampa yakho. \(0\text{ km/h}\) (\(0\text{ mph}\)) EMGQWENI OMKHULU IYABULALA: Donsa ngokuphelele umgwaqo ogandayiwe udlule ehlombe/umqaphi noma unyonyobe uphume. Ubumpumputhe obuphelele; izimo zokunqwabelana kwe-chain-reaction ziyasebenza.

Kungani i-Radar Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), i-Autopilot, ne-Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) Yehluleka Kunkungu Eminyene

Ungalokothi uthembele kokuthi I-Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)** yesimanjemanje, Umsizi Wokugcina Umzila, I-Camera-Based Autopilot, noma i-Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) ukuze ikushayele phakathi kwenkungu eminyene ye-tule noma i-superfog: 1. Amakhamera abonakalayo Angabonisiwe: Amakhamera omoya obheke phambili asebenza ngendlela efana ncamashi ne-spectrum yokukhanya ebonakalayo njengeso lomuntu (\(400\text{kuya }700\text{ nanometers}\)) futhi avalwe ngokuphelele i-backscatter yenkungu emhlophe kanye nokulahlekelwa ukugqama komugqa womzila. 2. I-Automotive Radar Iziba Izimoto Ezimile Ejubaneni Lomgwaqo Omkhulu: Nakuba irada yezimoto ye-millimeter-wave (\(77\text{ GHz}\)) ingangena kumaconsi enkungu, cishe wonke ama-algorithms okulawula ukukhiqiza e-radar ahlelelwe ukuthi ahlunge izinto zensimbi ezimile ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-\(60\umbhalo\umbhalo{300}{101}{101}{\)8 }50\text{ mph}$) ukuze imoto ingashayi amabhuleki ukuze ithole izimpawu zomgwaqo ongaphezulu, izinsimbi zebhuloho, noma izinsimbi zokuqapha. Ngenxa yalokho, imoto eku-radar cruise control ngokuvamile izoshayela iqonde enqwabeni efile ngaphandle kokubhuleka kuze kube ingxenye yokugcina yomzuzwana. Njalo Vala i-cruise control enkunguni.

I-Deep Dive 2: "I-Taillight Moth Effect" nokuthi kungani kufanele UCISHE izibani zakho uma upake ehlombe

Omunye wemithetho ephikisa kakhulu osetshenziswa California Highway Patrol (CHP) phakathi nenkathi yenkungu yaseCentral Valley tule kanye nokugada komgwaqo omkhulu ezweni lonke yi-Parked Shoulder Lights-Off Protocol*: - Indlela "I-Moth Effect" Esebenza ngayo: Uma umshayeli ethukile futhi ephuphuthekile ngaphakathi kwenkungu eminyene, amehlo akhe ahlola ngokujulile igebe elimpunga lanoma iyiphi ihange elibonakalayo. Lapho zibona amalambu angemuva abomvu akhazimulayo noma amalambu amnyama akhanyayo ngaphambili, aziqondise ngemuva kwalawo malambu, acabange ukuthi imoto ihamba emzileni wezimoto osebenzayo. - Kwenzekani Lapho Upake Ehlombe Unyathele Ibhuleki: Uma udonsa emgwaqweni oyitiyela ehlombe enkungu eminyene futhi uhlale lapho ukhanyise izibani, ama-hazard flasher akho acwayizayo, nonyawo lwakho lucindezela ibhuleki (ukhanyisa amabhuleki amabhuleki akho abomvu ngokugqamile), abashayeli abasondela ngemuva abakwazi ukubona ulayini obomvu wehlombe, babone umugqa obomvu wehlombe, babone umugqa obomvu ongemuva. yemoto yakho emile. - Inqubo Elungile Yokupaka Yezimo Eziphuthumayo Kunkungu Engabonakali Kakho: 1. Okufanelekile, ungalinge ume emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka ogandayiwe omncane; ginqa kancane wehle ngomgwaqo ophumayo olandelayo ungene egalaji likaphethiloli elikhanyiswe kahle noma endaweni yokupaka yesikhungo sezitolo. 2. Uma injini yakho ithengisa noma ukubonakala uziro kukuphoqa ukuba uphume emgwaqeni lapho ingekho khona irempu yokuphuma, qondisa ususe umgwaqo oyitiyela ngangokunokwenzeka, ungene endaweni yotshani kwesokudla noma ngemuva ngokuphelele kwesitimela. 3. Shintshela ku-Paki, sebenzisa ibhuleki eliphuthumayo/lendawo yokupaka, ususe unyawo lwakho ngokuphelele ku-pedali yebhuleki, futhi UVALE wonke amalambu angaphandle (amalambu angaphambili, amalambu angemuva, nama-flashi ama-hazard) ukuze ulandele ithrafikhi emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka kunokuba ungene emotweni yakho emile. 4. Uma kuphephile ukuphuma ohlangothini lwethrafikhi, khipha wonke umuntu emotweni emile futhi ume amamitha angu-15 ukuya kwangu-30 (amafidi angu-50 ukuya kwangu-100) ngemuva kwesitimela, umugqa wesihlahla, noma uthango oluphezulu.

Ukusinda kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yomgwaqo onguthelawayeka wezimoto eziyi-100

Uma uzwa umsindo ongaqondakali wokugoqeka kwensimbi kanye namathayi ahlabayo ngaphakathi kwenkungu ephambi kwakho, noma uma imoto yakho ishayisa ngemuva kwenqwaba yezimoto eziningi, umzuzwana ngamunye ubalulekile. Ezingqungqutheleni ezinkulu zenkungu (ezifana nokuphahlazeka kwe-Calhoun I-75 ka-1990, ukuphahlazeka kwe-I-710 Long Beach ka-2002, ukuphahlazeka kwe-Sheppey Crossing e-UK ka-2013, noma ukuphahlazeka kwe-Louisiana I-55 ka-2023), imithelela yesibili iyaqhubeka ihlasele ngemuva kwenqwaba yokuqala engu-8.

Isigaba 1: Uma Imoto Yakho Ima Ingaqinile NOMA Isakwazi Ukugingqika Ngemva Komphumela

  1. UNGAhlali umile ngemuva kwenqwaba emigwaqweni yokuhamba. "Ukuphela komsila" kwenqwaba indawo yomthelela esebenzayo lapho i-semi-truck yamathani angu-36 isizoshaya emizuzwaneni engu-3.
  2. Uma imoto yakho isengakwazi ukuqondisa nokushayela: Sheshisa ngokushesha uzungeze ezimotweni eziphahlazekile eziphambi kwakho noma uqondise ngokuqinile ngqo usuka kumgwaqo ogandayiwe onguthelawayeka ungene ehlombe/onqenqemeni lotshani ngaphambi noma kude nengozi, udlule ude udlule isitimela sokugada ngangokunokwenzeka.

Isigaba 2: Uma Imoto Yakho Ichotshozwa, Ivaleleke, noma Ingakwazi ukuhamba Emizileni

  1. UNGALOKOTHI ukhumule futhi uphumele kumgwaqo ogandayiwe onguthelawayeka phakathi kwezimoto eziphahlazekile. Ukuma phezu kwetiyela phakathi kwezimoto ezimbili eziphahlazekile endaweni yenkungu engabonakali kuyabulala: lapho iloli elincane lishayisa ngemuva kwenqwaba ngamamitha angu-50 ngemuva kwakho, yonke i-accordion yezimoto eziphahlazekile ishova phambili ngamamitha angu-5 kuya ku-5 noma ubani ezigxobayo endaweni eyi-5 kuya ku-5. amasondo.
  2. Sebenzisa Ikheji Lokuphepha Lensimbi Lemoto Yakho Njengezikhali Ngenkathi Imithelela Iqhubeka:
  3. Gcina ibhande lakho lesihlalo liboshwe liqinile. Izindawo ezishwabene zemoto yesimanje, ama-airbag amakhethini asemaceleni, nezinsika zekhabethe le-boron-steel enamandla amakhulu zingamunca imithelela eminingi engu-60 km/h engabulala ngaso leso sikhathi umgibeli ongaboshiwe noma ohamba ngezinyawo.
  4. I-Brace for the Rear-End Impact: Cindezela ingemuva lekhanda lakho namahlombe sicaba ngokumelene ne-headrest yesihlalo (ukuvala igebe phakathi kogebhezi lwekhanda lakho ne-headrest kunciphisa amandla e-whiplash yomgogodla womlomo wesibeletho ngamaphesenti afika kwangu-70), bheka phambili, futhi ugcine izandla zakho nezingalo zikude nendawo ephakathi kwesiteringi (uma kukhishwa i-airbag yesibili).
  5. Okuhlukile Okubili Lapho KUMELE Ukhiphe Khona Imoto Ngokushesha:
  6. Okuhlukile A (Ukuchitheka Komlilo Noma Okuyingozi Kaphethiloli): Uma ubona amalangabi, uhogela uphethiloli/udizili ochithekile, uzwa ithangi eliqhumayo lihayiza, noma ubona ibhethri Lemoto Kagesi (EV) libhema ngaphansi kwenqwaba, qaqa ngokushesha, gibela ngefasitela noma umnyango ubheke kude nethrafikhi ezayo, noma umgoqo oseduze nokhonkolo.
  7. Okuhlukile B (Uyimoto Yokugcina Ngemuva Kakhulu Kwenqwaba Eseduze Nendawo Yokugada): Uma imoto yakho ingakwazi ukuhamba emaphethelweni angemuva angemuva engozi eduze kwehlombe elingaphandle futhi unokugxumela okucacile okuyimizuzwana emi-2 phezu komzila wokugada ngaphambi kokuba imoto elandelayo ifike, gxuma phezu kwesitimela ngokushesha bese ugijima ubheke ngase-*300+ futhi uhlehle ngamamitha angu-U+PS (REA) i-traffic traffic isuka, ngemuva kwe- guardrail, ukuze imfucumfucu yezimoto endizayo ingakushayi, phawula ukuthi endaweni ephakeme yebhuloho elingenamhlaba eceleni kwalo, gibela phezu noma ngemuva komngcele webhuloho likakhonkolo eJersey bese ugijima udlulele ngaphambili kwenqwaba).

Uhlu lokuhlola uhambo lwangaphambi kohambo lokushayela kumaphasishi we-Tule Fog kanye ne-Superfog

Ngaphambi kokushayela phakathi kukaNovemba noMashi ezigodini zenkungu (ezifana ne-California I-5 kanye no-Highway 99) noma ekuseni kakhulu emigwaqweni enguthelawayeka ogwini:

  • Hlola amakhamera wesifundazwe we-DOT onguthelawayeka kanye "Nezeluleko Zenkungu Enkulu" ngaphambi kokuhamba: Uma ukubonakala kubikwa ngezansi amamitha angu-60 (amafidi angu-200) noma uma izexwayiso zentuthu yomlilo wequbula zidlulana Nokwelulekwa Kwenkungu Eminyene, bambezela uhambo lwakho kuze kube 10:00 AM kuya ku-11:00 AM ngemva kokushisisa kwelanga* ngemva kokushisisa kwelanga.
  • Hlanza INGAPHAKATHI NANGAPHANDLE kwe-windshield yakho bese ufaka ama-wiper blades: Amaconsi enkungu e-Microscopic ajiya kugrime ye-windshield, futhi ifilimu yangaphakathi yedeshibhodi engenagesi isakaza ukukhanya kokukhanya okuzayo engilazini yakho. Qalisa i- front windshield defroster (ene-A/C compressor IVULIWE ukuze unciphise umswakama womoya wekhabethe) kanye ne-defogger yewindi elingemuva ngokuqhubekayo.
  • Yazi ukuthi ukushintshwa kwesibani sakho ngesandla kanye nenkinobho Yokukhanya Kwenkungu Kwangemuva KUKHONA NGAPHAMBI Kokungena enkungu: Izimoto eziningi zase-Europe nezanamuhla zifaka i-High-Intensity Rear Fog Light* ezinikele** (isibani esisodwa esibomvu esinqenqemeni esingemuva esilingana nokukhanya kwebhuleki, esimakwe ngesithonjana sesibani esinemigqa egagasi ebheke kwesokudla) kanye ne-autofuleg fog eqondiswe kwesokudla) izibani.
  • Gcina ithuluzi lokunqamula iwindi / lokusika ibhande lesihlalo lifakwe endaweni yokufinyelela isihlalo somshayeli: Uma inqwaba yezimoto eziningi ivale iminyango yakho bese kuqala umlilo wangemva kokuphahlazeka, isibhakela se-tungsten-carbide esilayishwe entwasahlobo siphihliza ingilazi yewindi eliseceleni elipholile ngomzuzwana owodwa; bona wethu umhlahlandlela wokushayisana kwemoto.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Kungani kungafanele usebenzise izibani zangaphambili ezine-high-beam (ukukhanya) enkunguni eminyene?

Amalambu aphezulu ane-engeli phezulu futhi aqonde phambili ukuze akhanyise izimpawu zomgwaqo ezikude ngobusuku obucwathile. Enkungwini eminyene, izigidigidi zamaconsi amanzi amisiwe amancane ahlala ngqo phambi kwebhampa yakho; lapho imishayo ephakeme enama-engeli aphezulu ishaya lawo maconsi, ukukhanya kukhombisa futhi kusakazeke ngqo emehlweni akho (into yefiziksi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Mie backscatter), idala udonga olumhlophe oluyimpumputhe olunciphisa ukuthi ungabona kude kangakanani. Izibani zangaphambili ze-low-beam namalambu enkungu anikezelwe ngaphambili ajikijelwa phansi maqondana ne-pavement ngaphansi kongqimba oluminyene kakhulu lwenkungu, akhanyisa imigqa ngenkathi enciphisa ukuxhopha.

Iyini "i-Superfog," futhi ihluke kanjani kunkungu evamile eminyene yemisebe noma inkungu ye-tule?

Inkungu evamile eminyene (kuhlanganise nenkungu yaseCalifornia) yakheka lapho isibhakabhaka sasebusuku sicacile, esizolile sibandisa umoya omanzi ngaphansi kwendawo yawo yamazolo, ngokuvamile sinciphisa ukubonakala sibe phakathi kwamamitha angu-10 no-400 (33 kuya ku-1,300 amafidi). I-Superfog yinto eminyene kakhulu, eyenziwe yasendaweni eyingxubevange eyenzeka lapho kumanzi, intuthu eshunqayo evela emlilweni wequbula, umlilo wexhaphozi, i-peat fire, noma inhlanganisela yokushiswa ebekiwe nobusuku obupholile, obugcwele noma umoya wasekuseni. Umlilo othunqayo ujova kokubili umhwamuko wamanzi owengeziwe kanye nezigidigidi zezinhlayiya zentuthu ezincane (i-cloud condensation nuclei) emoyeni obandayo, udale ifu elimhlophe eliminyene kakhulu elehlisa ukubonakala lisuke licace ngokuphelele libe ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-3 (3 kuya ku-10 amafidi) ngemizuzwana.

Kungani amaphoyisa e-Highway Patrol ethi CISHA amalambu akho kanye namalambu angemuva uma uphoqeleka ukuthi upake emgwaqeni onguthelawayeka ehlombe kunenkungu eminyene?

Uma kunenkungu ecishe ibe nguziro, abashayeli abasahamba emgwaqeni onguthelawayeka bahlushwa i-reflex yokulandela ebhalwe kahle ebizwa ngokuthi "i-moth effect" (i-target fixation): ngenxa yokuthi abakwazi ukubona unqenqema lomgwaqo ngokucacile, bakhiyela amehlo abo kumalambu abomvu emoto engaphambi kwabo futhi baqondise ngemuva kwalezo zibani. Uma uhlehla ehlombe futhi uhlale upake izibani zakho, ama-hazard lights, noma ama-brake lights akhanya, abashayeli abangaboni abaqhamuka ngemuva bazocabanga ukuthi ushayela emzileni osebenzayo, usuke emgwaqeni ulandele izibani zakho, bese ushaya ngqo ngemuva kwemoto yakho emile. phuma njalo kuthelawayeka uma kungenzeka; uma uphoqeleka ehlombe, dedela kude le ndlela egandayiwe udlule i- guardrail, setha ibhuleki lokupaka, susa unyawo lwakho ku-pedali yebhuleki, bese ucisha wonke amalambu angaphandle.

Uma imoto yami ibandakanyeka enqwabeni yenkungu yezimoto eziningi, ingabe kuphephe kakhudlwana ukuhlala ngaphakathi emotweni yami noma ukuphuma ngibaleke?

Ngaphandle kwalapho imoto yakho isha, uphethiloli ovuzayo, noma isengaqhutshekelwa phambili iphume endaweni yengozi, cishe kuhlale kuphephe kakhudlwana ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwemoto yakho ibhande lakho lesihlalo liboshwe ngokuqinile futhi ikhanda lakho liqondiswe ku-headrest kuze kume ukuphahlazeka ngemva kwakho. Ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yenkungu engabonakali, izimoto ezengeziwe kanye namaloli amancane ayaqhubeka nokushaya ingemuva lengozi njalo ngemizuzwana embalwa ngesivinini somgwaqo; ukuphuma ungene endaweni egandayiwe phakathi kwezimoto eziphahlazekile kuveza umzimba wakho ongahlomile ukuthi uchotshozwe phakathi kobhampa abanyakazayo noma ushayiswe izimoto ezishwibekayo. Phuma ngezinyawo kuphela uma umlilo usongela ikhabethe noma uma unesinyathelo esicacile, esisheshayo ngqo phezu komgoqo kakhonkolo noma isitimela esikude kuyo yonke imizila yethrafikhi.

Imithombo ihloliwe

  • I-Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, Umnyango Wezokuthutha wase-United States): Ukubonakala Kaphansi kanye Nezinyathelo Zokuphepha Zokushayela Inkungu Eminyene, I-Sight Distance Physics (I-AASHTO Green Book), kanye ne-variable Speed ​​Limit (VSL) Izifundo zeCorridor.
  • Isevisi Yesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke (NWS / NOAA, United States): Imibandela Yokweluleka Ngenkungu Eminyene, I-California Central Valley Tule Fog Climatology, kanye Nezihlakalo Zokubikezela I-Superfog (I-US Forest Service / NWS Spot Forecast Superfog Matrix).
  • Ibhodi Likazwelonke Lokuphepha Ezokuthutha (NTSB, United States): Imibiko Yengozi Yomgwaqo Eminingi Yenkungu Yezimoto Nezinqwaba Eziyi-Superfog (Calhoun, TN I-75; Gainesville, FL I-75; kanye ne-St. John the Baptist Parish, LA I-55).
  • I-California Highway Patrol (CHP) kanye neCaltrans (United States): Iziqondiso Zokusinda Komshayeli Wenkungu Ephakathi Nesigodi, I-Pace-Car Operations, kanye Nephrothokholi Yokucisha Izibani Zokupaka Ehlombe.
  • Umnyango Wezokuthutha (i-DfT, e-United Kingdom) kanye Nekhodi Yomgwaqo Omkhulu wase-UK: Imithetho 226 kuya ku-237 (Ukushayela Ngenkungu Nenkungu Ebanda, Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibani Zenkungu Zasemuva Ezinamandla Kakhulu, Nokuphuma Kwenqwaba Yezimoto Ngemva Kwezithiyo Zokuphahlazeka).

Iziqondiso ezihlobene