Izikhindi ze-Lithium Cell Spot-Welding, Ukuchitheka kwe-Acid Flux, kanye Nokushiswa Kwensimbi¶

Ukwakha amaphakethe ebhethri e-lithium-ion ngokwezifiso, ukulungisa amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe (ama-PCB), nokwenza amapayipi amapayipi noma ukufaka ingilazi enemibala ehlanganisa isitoreji sikagesi esinamandla amakhulu, ukuguquguquka kwamakhemikhali abolayo, nokushisa okwedlulele kwasendaweni ebhentshini lomsebenzi elihlangene. Kumaseli ayi-cylindrical e-lithium-ion afana ne-18650, 21700, kanye namaseli angu-26650, lonke ikani lensimbi langaphandle (kuhlanganise nehlombe elingaphezulu eligoqelwe kwesokudla eduze kwenkinobho emaphakathi) iyitheminali negative, ehlukaniswe nekepisi eliphozithivu eliphakanyisiwe ngegasket lepulasitiki elintekenteke elingaphansi kwamamilimitha angama-0.0*4 ububanzi Uma i-spot-welder probe, i-nickel busbar strip, noma i-metal caliper bhuloho inqamula isisonga sehlombe esidabukile noma ibhoboza amashubhu amancane ashwabanisa ukushisa, iseli liba nenkinga yesekethe emfishane efa ngokushesha eletha 50 kuya kwangaphezu kuka-150 amperes wamanje. Phakathi nohhafu wesekhondi, umugqa we-nickel ukhazimula ngokumhlophe futhi uzishisele eminweni yomsebenzisi, noma isihlukanisi sangaphakathi siyancibilika futhi sibangele i-lithium-ion enobudlova ebalekayo, ikhipha ubuthi i-hydrogen fluoride (\(\text{HF}\)) negesi kanye namalangabi ashisayo angaphezulu kuka-1800 degrees Celsius (*1800 degrees Celsius)**1800 degrees Celsius

Ayingozi ngokulinganayo amathuluzi ashisayo kanye nokuguquguquka kwamakhemikhali ahlezi ebhentshini le-electronics noma lensimbi. Iphuzu elijwayelekile lensimbi elawulwa ngokushisa lisebenza phakathi kuka-*315 no-450 degrees Celsius (600 kanye no-840 degrees Fahrenheit)**, kuyilapho imibhobho esebenza kabusha ye-SMD yomoya oshisayo ifinyelela ku-*500 degrees Celsius (930 degrees Fahrenheit)**, ekwazi ukuhlanganisa ukujiya okugcwele ngokushesha (third-thick and third-solder of the third ballspelt) i-asidi ebilayo igeleza iqonde esweni elingavikelekile. Ngenkathi i-electronics rosin kanye ne-no-clean fluxes ikhipha imfucumfucu ezwelayo yamaphaphu (colophony) ebangela isifuba somoya esinamandla, i-heavy-duty metalworking kanye ne-stained-glass fluxes iqukethe okugxilile **zinc chloride (\(\text{ZnCl}_2\)), i-hydrochloric acid (\(\text) i-chemical chloride (\)\text) noma i-ammonium ukusha kanye ne-edema yomzila womoya ophezulu uma ufafazwe noma uhogeliwe. Ukwazi ukunqamula ngokuphephile umugqa we-nickel omfishane ephaketheni lebhethri elibalekayo ngaphandle kokushiswa, i-acid flux noma i-solder spatter encibilikisiwe esweni, ukushiswa kwensimbi epholile ejulile, nokulawula i-acute flux-fume bronchospasm kuvimbela ukukhubazeka kwesandla unomphela, ukulahlekelwa ukubona, kanye nemililo yaseshabhu.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Shayela umshini wokushisela omfishane noma umugqa we-nickel okhazimulayo mahhala usebenzisa induku yokhuni engaphenduki, ithuluzi lepulasitiki, noma izinsimbi zokuwasha ezingafakwanga NGOKUSHESHA, FUTHI UNGALOKOTHI ubambe ibhethri elifushaniswe ngokubomvu ngezandla ezingenalutho. Uma iseli elingu-cylindrical 18650 noma 21700 liqala ukukhala, ukuphonsela intuthu emhlophe phezulu, iseli noma upakishe ebhakedeni lensimbi eligcwele isihlabathi noma ngaphandle kukhonkolo, khipha igumbi ukuze ungahogi igesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen fluoride, bese ushayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom); hlola izinombolo eziphuthumayo futhi bheka imililo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion.
2. Pholisa noma yikuphi ukushiswa kwensimbi encibilikayo, i-solder splash, noma umugqa we-nickel oshisayo oshisayo ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi apholile ahambayo imizuzu engu-20 egcwele ngokushesha. Khipha izindandatho, amawashi namasongo esandleni esishile ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuvuvukala. Uma ithonsi elincane le-solder eliqinile linamathele kancane esikhumbeni, vumela amanzi agelezayo ukuthi alisuse, kodwa ungalokothi ukhiphe noma uklebhule insimbi noma ipulasitiki encibilikisiwe ehlanganiswe esikhumbeni esishisayo esijulile; bona ukusha.
3. Fafaza noma yiliphi iso elifafazwe nge-flux soldering flux, i-asidi enamathiselwe, noma i-isopropyl alcohol ngaphansi kwamanzi apholile afudumele afudumele okungenani imizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwangu-30 eqhubekayo. Bamba amajwabu amehlo uvule ngeminwe yakho ngenkathi upheqa inhlamvu yeso nhlangothi zonke. Uma ichashaza eliqinile le-solder elishisayo lihlala esweni, shayela ngobumnene ngosawoti oyinyumba noma amanzi, ungazami ukukhetha isolder esiqinile ku-cornea usebenzisa ama-tweezers, bese uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo noma udokotela wamehlo ngokushesha; bona ukulimala kwamehlo.
4. Hambisa noma ubani ophefumulayo, okhwehlelayo, noma ophefumulayo ekushicileleni intuthu emoyeni omusha wangaphandle ngokushesha. I-rosin (colophony) intuthu ye-solder kanye ne-zinc chloride acid flux ehwamukayo izinto ezicasulayo zomoya ezingadala i-bronchospasm eyingozi kakhulu kanye nokuhlaselwa yisifuba somoya; ukusiza umuntu nge-bronchodilator inhaler eshiwo ngokushesha (njenge-albuterol/salbutamol) futhi ushayele abezimo eziphuthumayo uma ukuphefumula kungasheshi kalula; bona ukuhlasela kwesifuba somoya.
5. Uma ingane noma isilwane esifuywayo sigwinya uketshezi lwe-acid soldering flux noma unamathisele wamapayipi, UNGAVUMI. Hlanza umlomo ngamanzi, uphuze kancane amanzi noma ubisi kuphela uma lowo muntu eqaphe ngokugcwele futhi ekwazi ukugwinya ngaphandle kokukhwehlela, futhi ushayele isikhungo sakho sokulawula ubuthi (1-800-222-1222 inombolo yendawo ephuthumayo ngokushesha e-United States); bona ubuthi.
6. Lahla amandla anamandla kagesi aphezulu noma ama-microwave-transformer spot-welder capacitor ngokuphephile futhi unqamule amandla kagesi uma umakhi eshaqeke ugesi. Izishibhile zamabala e-DIY ezakhiwe ngama-modified microwave oven transformer (MOTs) zingavuza ngendlela ebulalayo 2,000-volt AC uma insilasi iphuka kancane iye komunye; ungalokothi uthinte umuntu othukile kuze kucishwe ipulaki noma i-breaker; bona ukushaqeka kukagesi.

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Soldering, i-Flux, noma i-Battery Bench Emergency"] --> Incident{"Hlobo luni lwesimo esiphuthumayo sebhentshi esenzeka?"}
    Incident -->|"I-Battery Spot-Welding Short, i-Hissing Cell, noma i-Red-Hot Nickel Strip"| SpotShort["1. Khipha i-probe noma usike umugqa we-nickel okhazimulayo ngezisiki ezivalekile<br/>2. UNGALOKOTHI ubambe amaseli amafushane noma insimbi ekhazimulayo ngezandla ezingenalutho<br/>3. Uma iseli liheha noma libhema, hambisa iphakethe ebhakedeni lesihlabathi sensimbi noma ngaphandle<br/>4. Phuma egumbini ukuze ugweme intuthu ye-HF enobuthi kanye nokusha kwezandla ezipholile 20 min"]
    Incident -->|"I-Soldering Iron Contact, i-Hot Air Gun, noma i-Molten Solder Burn"| IronBurn["1. Khipha insimbi noma beka ngokuphephile endaweni yensimbi<br/>2. Ukushisa okupholile ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi ahambayo apholile imizuzu engu-20 egcwele<br/>3. Susa izindandatho/amawashi; ungachithi i-solder ehlanganiswe ngokujulile<br/>4. Mboza ngemvunulo engeyona induku"]
    Incident -->|"I-Liquid Acid Flux, i-Rosin Spatter, noma i-Solder Pop into Eye"| EyeSplash["1. Geza iso ngokushesha ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo athambile imizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-30<br/>2. Susa amalensi okuxhumana ngesikhathi sokunisela<br/>3. UNGALOKOTHI usule isoda eqinile ku-cornea ngama-tweezers<br/>4. Funa usizo oluphuthumayo lwe-ophthalmology oluphuthumayo"]
    Incident -->|"I-Flux Fume Wheezing noma Ukungeniswa kwe-Acid Flux"| FumeIngest["Ukuhogela: Umoya omusha + ukuma okuqondile + isihogela sokuhlenga<br/>Ukungenisa: UNGABANZI ukuhlanza; hlambulula umlomo bese ushayela Ukulawula Ubuthi / EMS"]

Izikhindi ze-lithium-ion cell spot-welding kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zokuhlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri¶

Kungani i-cylindrical 18650 kanye ne-21700 cell-short-circuit kalula kangaka ngesikhathi sokushisela¶

Lapho uhlanganisa amaphakethe ebhethri e-lithium-ion noma i-lithium-iron-phosphate (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) yamabhayisikili e-e, ama-drones, amathuluzi kagesi, noma indawo yokugcina ilanga, abakhi basebenzisa i-capacitive-discharge, transformer, noma ama-pulse spot welders anamandla e-lipo ukuze bahlanganise insimbi encane engu-0.15-to-milated nick-0.30-mita ye-nickllip* yensimbi ehlanzekile emaphethelweni amaseli angama-cylindrical.

Izici ezintathu ze-anatomical zamaseli angama-cylindrical (18650, 21700, 26650) zenza isicupho esifushane kakhulu ekugcineni kweseli:

1. Yonke i-steel cell casing inegethivu, kuze kufike phezulu ku-crimp ephozithivu: Ngokungafani nebhethri ye-alkaline ye-AA yasendlini lapho ibhantshi lensimbi langaphandle liphozithivu, isilinda sonke sensimbi edonsayo yeseli ye-lithium-ion yonke, okuhlanganisa umphetho ogoqiwe oyisicaba (ihlombe) ozungeze inkinobho emaphakathi ephozithivu, ixhunywe ngqo ku-ano*** embi. I-gasket encane kuphela yepulasitiki evikelayo kanye nokugoqa kwe-PVC okuntekenteke kanye nendandatho enamathelayo yephepha le-fish-insulator ehlukanisa inkinobho emaphakathi ephozithivu ehlombe elingaphandle elinegethivu elingaphansi kuka-1 millimeter (0.04 amayintshi).
2. Ingcindezi ye-probe kanye ne-arc blow-through: Uma u-opharetha ecindezela ama-electrode amabili e-copper-welding awe phansi ngokugwegwile ukuze i-probe eyodwa isuke isuke ikepisi ephozithivu ekhuphukele ku-crimp ehlombe engaphezulu, noma uma amandla e-weld pulse eshisa ngokugoqa okuzacile kwe-PVC kanye neringi yephepha le-fish ngaphansi komugqa we-nickel, ikepisi eliphozithivu lifinyezwa ngokuqondile.
3. Iphakethe elihambisanayo lezikhindi ze-cascade: Ephaketheni elikhulu lebhethri lamaseli amaningi (njengephekhi le-e-bike le-13S5P noma le-20S10P), kanye neqembu elihambisanayo lamaseli angu-5 kuya kwayi-10 liboshwe ngebha ye-nickel, liwisa irula lensimbi, isikrufu sika-Allen, noma amaqembu axegayo we-nickel exhunywe** ngokusebenzisa umucu omncane ngokushesha.

Impendulo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kwisekhethi yebhethri ye-welding noma i-cell venting¶

1. Sula noma susa isifunda esifushane ngaphandle kokuthinta insimbi eshisayo enesikhumba esingenalutho:
2. Gcina i-ebukhali, i-VDE-insulated diagonal cutters (noma izikele ezisindayo/izikele ezinezibambo ezivalekile) endaweni ongafinyelela kuyo ebhentshini ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenkathi ushisela indawo.
3. Uma isikhindi se-nickel sifika ehlombe leseli futhi siqala ukukhazimula okusawolintshi noma ukubhema, ungawubambi umdwebo ngeminwe yakho. Ngokushesha phenya ingxenye encane yomugqa we-nickel nabasiki bakho abavalekile ukuze uphule umjikelezo kagesi, noma ungqongqoze umugqa oxekethile ngedowel lokhuni noma i-spudger yepulasitiki.
4. Hlola izinga lokushisa elifushane leseli bese ulalela umoya wangaphakathi:
5. Uma unqamule okufushane phakathi kwesekhondi elingu-1 kuya kwemi-2 futhi iseli lifudumala kancane (<45 °C / 113 °F) ngaphandle kokuhayiza: Beka iseli eceleni ngaphandle noma ebhakedeni lensimbi elingashisi i-ammo/santi amahora angu-24 ukuze liphole futhi liqaphe. Amaseli amaningi esilinda ekhwalithi anengcindezi yangaphakathi eyenziwe yasebenza Idivayisi Yamanje Yokuphazamisa (CID) kanye ne-Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) indandatho ngaphansi kwekepisi ephozithivu echofozwa unaphakade evuleke uma ifinyezwa, okwenza iseli life ngokuphephile kumavolthi angu-0.0. Ungalokothi uzame ukusetha kabusha i-CID ehlanekezelwe ngokuphusha i-screwdriver kuzimbobo zokukhipha umoya eziphezulu.
6. Uma iseli lishisisa ngokushesha (>60 °C / 140 °F), liyaqhuma, lihayize, lichofoze, noma lishise intuthu emhlophe/empunga: Ukushisa okushisayo sekuqalile ngaphakathi kokujikajika kwe-electrode ye-jelly-roll. Phakathi namasekhondi angu-5 kuya kwangu-30, ingqamuzana lingakwazi ukuvutha amalangabi ku-800 kuya ku-1,000 degrees Celsius (1,470 kuya ku-1,830 degrees Fahrenheit)* noma liqhume i-crimp yalo ephezulu futhi livule umongo wangaphakathi ekamelweni njengerokhethi.
7. Hlukanisa iseli elibalekayo noma pakisha futhi ukhiphe umusi onobuthi ngokushesha:
8. Usebenzisa izidlawu zensimbi ezinde, ifosholo, noma izinsimbi zokushisela zesikhumba esindayo (kuphela ngaphambi kokuba kuqubuke amalangabi), phonsa ingqamuzana eshunqayo noma upakishe ebhakedeni lensimbi eligcwele ingxenye yesihlabathi esomile noma i-vermiculite futhi ulithwale noma ulishelele ngaphandle ulisuse ezintweni ezivuthayo, noma ulingqongqoze ngemva kwegumbi elingenalutho elingenalutho, ushiye umnyango ongenalutho*
9. Ungaliphefumuli ifu lomhwamuko elimhlophe noma elimpunga: I-electrolyte ye-lithium-ion iqukethe i-lithium hexafluorophosphate (\(\text{LiPF}_6\)) encibilikiswe kuzinyibilikisi ze-organic carbonate. Lapho ishiswa noma ichayeke kumswakama osemoyeni (noma emaphashini akho), ibola ibe yigesi hydrogen fluoride (\(\text{HF}\)) ne-phosphoryl fluoride (\(\text{POF}_3\)), kanye ne-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen cyanide. Ukuhogela ngisho nokuphefumula okumbalwa kwegesi elicinene lebhethri ngaphakathi kwegumbi elincane lokulala noma indawo yokusebenzela yasegalaji kungabangela ukubambezeleka okukhulu kwamakhemikhali amaphaphu kanye nobuthi be-systemic fluoride; bona imililo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion futhi i-hydrofluoric acid, i-rust remover, kanye ne-chemical burn neutralization.
10. Cisha futhi upholise iphakethe elivuthayo elinamaseli amaningi ngamanzi amaningi (uma amapayipi kagesi enqanyuliwe):
11. Ngokungafani namabhethri ayisisekelo e-lithium ensimbi eqinile, amaseli e-lithium-ion* ashajwa kabusha aqukethe i-lithium eyinsimbi encane kakhulu futhi ayasha ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokubaleka okushisayo kanye nokusha kwe-organic solvent. Ukuhlolwa kwesevisi yomlilo (i-NFPA kanye ne-UL FSRI) kuqinisekisa ukuthi amavolumu amakhulu amanzi angenalutho asetshenziswa ukusuka ebangeni eliphephile ayindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokupholisa amaseli aseduze kuphakethe lamaseli amaningi ngaphansi komkhawulo wawo wokushisa oshisayo (-130 kuya ku-150 °C / 265 kuya ku-300 °F) nokumisa iseli ukusuka ku-cascade kuya kuseli. (Isicishamlilo se-ABC esiyimpuphu esomile noma isihlabathi sinqanda kuphela amalangabi angaphandle okwesikhashana; uma amaseli ehlala eshisa ngaphakathi kwesihlabathi, azoqhubeka nokubaleka okushisayo futhi aphinde akhele.)

Ukushiswa kwe-ayini e-soldering, ukusebenza kabusha komoya oshisayo, nomugqa we-nickel oshisayo omhlophe¶

Kungani ukushiswa kwebhentshi le-electronics kujulile kunalokho okubukeka¶

Abakhi bama-elekthronikhi nabamabhethri bahlushwa amaphethini amathathu ahlukene okushiswa okushisayo ezandleni nasezingalweni:

1. Umphongolo wensimbi ohlanganisiwe oqondile noma ithiphu (315 kuya ku-450 °C / 600 kuya ku-840 °F): Ngoba insimbi ehlanganisiwe ine-ceramic enamandla noma isici sokushisa esingenisayo esicindezelwe ngqo ithiphu ye-copper-core, ithinta umgqomo noma ithiphu ngisho imizuzwana engu-0.5 idlulisela amandla anele aphendukayo ashisayo emugqeni we-copper oshisayo. isiqephu sesikhumba esimhlophe qwa, esinesikhumba, futhi esingenabuhlungu phakathi nendawo (ukujiya okujulile okuyingxenye noma ukushiswa okugxilile okugxile).
2. I-incandescent shorted line nickel branding burning (600 kuya ku-1,000 °C / 1,100 kuya ku-1,830 °F): Lapho umakhi ezama ukumpintsha nokukhipha umugqa we-nickel omfishane ongu-0.2-millimeter ngesithupha nomunwe wenkomba, lo mdwebo ukhipha umunwe esikhunjeni esijulile sishiya umsipha wensimbi ujule. hlubula.
3. Amaconsi e-solder ancibilikisiwe kanye ne-flux spatter ebilayo (183 kuya ku-400 °C / 361 kuya ku-750 °F): Lapho ukugeleza okumanzi kubambeke ngaphakathi kwe-braid encibilikayo, epuletiwe ngembobo, noma izintambo eziboshwe ngothayela zibila kakhulu, zikhafula amambulunga e-molten-lead-lead-lead-lead-lead-lead ngemuva kwezandla, izihlakala, amathanga, noma ubuso.

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo usizo lokuqala lokushiswa kwe-soldering kanye ne-spot-welding¶

1. Vikela ithuluzi elishisayo ukuze lingakwazi ukuqala umlilo webhentshi: Donsela i-ayina yokuhlanganisa uyibuyisele endaweni yayo yensimbi enesisindo noma donsa intambo yamandla ngaphambi kokuphatha isandla sakho; insimbi eyehlisiwe engu-400 °C eshiywe ilele kumata wokusika, i-schematic yephepha, noma ibhodlela lotshwala le-isopropyl lizothungela ibhentshi lokusebenza ngenkathi usesinkini.
2. Nisela indawo eshile ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi ahambayo apholile imizuzu engu-20 egcwele:
3. Bamba iminwe eshile, isandla, noma ingalo ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi agelezayo athambile, apholile (azungeze u-15 degrees Celsius / 59 degrees Fahrenheit) imizuzu engu-20 eqhubekayo; bona ukusha.
4. Ukupholisa okusheshayo kwemizuzu engama-20 kukhipha ukushisa okusalayo ku-dermis, kumisa i-necrosis yeselula eqhubekayo endaweni ye-stasis, futhi kunciphisa ngokumangalisayo amabhamuza, ubuhlungu, kanye nesibazi kuwo wonke amalunga eminwe.
5. Ungalokothi ufake iqhwa, amanzi eqhwa, isifutho sokuqandisa (i-circuit chiller aerosol), ibhotela, umuthi wamazinyo, noma i-thermal heatsink paste (i-Arctic Silver / silicone grease) ekushiseni. Ukufafaza isifutho se-difluoroethane circuit-chiller esicindezelekile endaweni yokushiswa kwe-soldering kubangela isithwathwa esisheshayo phezu kokushiswa kwe-thermal, kuyilapho i-thermal patasteminate ibamba i-heatoxide ne-heatoxide.
6. Phatha amaconsi e-solder aqinile esikhumbeni ngendlela efanele:
7. Ngenxa yokuthi umswakama wesikhumba udala ungqimba lomhwamuko oluncane kakhulu (umphumela we-Leidenfrost) futhi amafutha esikhumba avimbela i-solder ekubeni imanziswe ngaphandle kokuguquguquka, amaconsi amancane e-solder encibilikisiwe achaphazela esikhumbeni esingaguquki ngokuvamile aqina ngengxenyana yomzuzwana bese ayaginqa noma ahlale ngokukhululekile ku-epidermis enamabhamuza. Vumela amanzi agelezayo ageze ubuhlalu obuxegayo.
8. Uma ichibi elikhulu le-solder encibilikisiwe noma ishubhu lepulasitiki elincibilikisiwe/elishwabanisa ukushisa lishunyekwe ngokuqinile esikhunjeni esijulile, esishile, ungalidonsi noma usimbe ngama-tweezers. Pholisa phezu kwento eqinile ngamanzi agelezayo imizuzu engu-20 bese uvumela udokotela ukuthi alisuse ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia yendawo eyinyumba.
9. Vikela amabhamuza futhi umboze ngesambatho esiyinyumba esingabambeleli:
10. Ungalokothi uqhamuke, ujube, noma ucwebe ushise amabhamuza eminweni noma entendeni ngommese wokuzilibazisa noma inaliti yokuthunga. Isikhumba sebhamuza esingashintshile siyisigqoko sebhayoloji esiyinyumba esingcono kakhulu esingaphezu kwesikhumba esiluhlaza.
11. Mboza ukusha okupholile ngokukhululeka ngengubo engenalutho engabambeki (njenge-petrolatum gauze noma i-silicone/iphedi yefilimu engabambeki) evikelwe nge-roller gauze ethambile.
12. Yazi lapho ukusha kwesandla noma umunwe kudinga ukuhlolwa okuphuthumayo kwezokwelapha:
13. Noma ikuphi ukusha okubukeka kumhlophe qwa, okungcina, kushisiwe, noma kunesikhumba, noma okuzwakala ndikindiki phakathi nendawo lapho kuthintwa kancane (okukhombisa ukujiya okuncane noma ukushiswa okugcwele).
14. Noma yikuphi ukusha okusonga ngokuzungeza emunweni (njengokushiswa kwendandatho emfishane) noma okweqa ama-flexor creases amalunga omunwe, indawo yewebhu yesithupha, noma isihlakala, lapho ukuvuthwa kwesibazi kungakhinyabeza unomphela ukusebenza kwesandla.
15. Noma yikuphi ukusha okubangelwa ukungena kwe-electrolyte kuseli ye-lithium-ion (engase ibe ne-corrosive hydrofluoric acid edinga ukwelashwa ijeli ye-calcium gluconate esibhedlela; bona i-hydrofluoric acid, i-rust remover, kanye ne-chemical burn neutralization).

Ukuchithwa kwe-Acid soldering flux, intuthu ye-rosin, nokuchaphazeka kwamehlo¶

Ukuhlukanisa i-electronics rosin flux kusukela ku-corrosive acid metalworking flux¶

Akuwona wonke ama-soldering fluxes abeka ingozi efanayo yamakhemikhali. Esimeni esiphuthumayo, hlola ibhodlela le-flux, isirinji, noma unamathisele ilebula kathini ngokushesha ukuze uthole ukuthi yisiphi isigaba samakhemikhali obhekene naso:

Usizo lokuqala lwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo se-flux noma i-solder encibilikisiwe ifafazwe esweni¶

1. I-asidi ewuketshezi, i-flux paste, noma i-spatter ye-flux ebilayo esweni¶

1. Qala ukuchelela ngeso okuqhubekayo phakathi nemizuzwana eyi-10: Hamba ngokushesha endaweni yokugeza amehlo, kusinki ekhishini, noma eshaweni bese ushayela iso elithintekile ngaphansi kwamanzi kampompi athambile, anganyakazi noma usawoti ovamile oyinyumba oyinyumba okungenani imizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-30 eqhubekayo (imizuzu engu-30 ubuncane be-zinc chloride, i-fluoride chloride, i-fluoride bona ukulimala kwamehlo futhi ukusha okukhulu nokushiswa kwamakhemikhali.
2. Misa ikhanda ukuze amanzi angcolile abaleke esweni elingalimele: Tshekisa ikhanda eceleni iso elimele libheke phansi ngasemseleni ukuze i-zinc chloride egqwalile noma i-asidi ingagezi ngaphesheya kwebhuloho lekhala iye esweni elihle.
3. Bamba amajwabu amehlo uwavule kakhulu bese upheqa iso nhlangothi zonke: Ubuhlungu bekhemikhali bubangela ukumpintshana kwejwabu leso okungahleliwe (i-blepharospasm) okubamba ukugeleza kwe-asidi ngaphakathi kwezifebe ezingenhla nezingezansi ze-conjunctival (amaphakethe ajulile ngaphansi kwezinkophe). Sebenzisa isithupha sakho nomunwe wokukhomba ukuze ubambe izivalo ngokuhlukana ngenkathi ubheka phezulu, phansi, kwesokunxele, nakwesokudla ngaphansi kwamanzi agelezayo.
4. Susa amalensi okuxhumana ngemva kwemizuzu engu-1 kuya kwemi-2 yokuwasha kokuqala: Ungalokothi ubambezele ukuqala kokunisela amanzi ukuze ukhiphe i-lens yokuxhumana kuqala, kodwa khipha ilensi uma ukushaywa sekuqalile ukuze i-asidi ingabambeki ku-cornea.
5. Funa i-ophthalmology yezimo eziphuthumayo noma ukunakekelwa kwesibhedlela ngokushesha ngemva kokugezwa: Letha isiqukathi esigelezayo noma I-Safety Data Sheet (SDS) emnyangweni wezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze odokotela bakwazi ukuhlola i-ocular surface pH ngephepha le-litmus futhi baqhubeke nokunisela okungenamagciwane kuze kube yilapho i-pH yeso ibuyela kwesijwayelekile (7.0 kuya ku-7.4).

2. Iconsi elincibilikisiwe le-solder esweni¶

Lapho ijoyinti le-solder elimanzi liphuma futhi lishisa ithonsi le-tin-lead encibilikisiwe noma i-SAC305 engenawo umthofi (183 ukuya ku-220+ °C) esweni elingavikelekile:

1. Nisela ngokushesha ngosawoti ohlanzekile oyinyumba noma amanzi kampompi ahlanzekile imizuzu embalwa: Ifilimu yokudabula ku-cornea icisha ngokushesha futhi iqinise ithonsi lensimbi elincane libe ucwecwe olucijile olugobile olubunjwe ngendlela ye-cornea noma lufakwe ngaphansi kwejwabu leso. Ukupholisa okusheshayo kunciphisa umonakalo oshisayo ku-corneal epithelium engaphezulu.
2. UNGALOKOTHI uzame ukucosha, ukucofa, noma ukuxebula isolder esiqinile etsheni leso usebenzisa ama-tweezers, izinzipho zeminwe, noma amaswabhu kakotini: Ukuzama ukubamba i-flake eligobile le-solder elinamathele ku-cornea ekhaya kuklebhula kalula yonke i-corneal epithelium noma kugqekeze i-stroma.
3. Gcina amehlo evaliwe womabili ngaphansi kwesivikelo esikhanyayo futhi uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo noma udokotela wamehlo: Uchwepheshe wamehlo uzofaka ithonsi elibulala izinzwa, asuse i-solder flake ngokuhlanzekile ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esisikiwe, angcolise i-cornea nge-fluorescein, futhi anikeze amaconsi emithi elwa namagciwane. Ngokuphawulekayo, lapho ama-solder splash epholiswa ngokushesha futhi asuswe ngokuzenzakalelayo nguchwepheshe ngaphandle kokuklwebheka ekhaya, i-corneal epithelium ivame ukuphola ngokuphelele phakathi namahora angu-48 kuya kwangu-72.

Usizo lokuqala lwe-soldering flux fume inhalation kanye nokungeniswa¶

• I-rosin (i-colophony) noma i-acid flux fume inhalation: Uma umuntu wokuzilibazisa noma uchwepheshe eba nokukhwehlela, ukuvutha komphimbo, ukucinana kwesifuba, noma ukuhefuzela ngenkathi egoqa ebhentshini ngaphandle kwesikhipha intuthu, cisha isiteshi sokushisa ngokushesha, hambisa umuntu emoyeni omusha ongaphandle, khulula izingubo ezimpintshayo, futhi uhlale uqondile. Uma benesifuba somoya noma bephethe i-bronchodilator yokutakula inhaler (albuterol/salbutamol), basize bayithathe; bona ukuhlasela kwesifuba somoya. Uma ukuhefuzela, i-stridor (umsindo wokuphefumula ophakeme), noma ukuphelelwa umoya uphikelela, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhogela i-zinc chloride, i-hydrochloric acid, noma i-fluoride flux fumes, shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo (911 / 112 / 999) ngokushesha.
• Ukungena ngephutha kokugeleza okuwuketshezi (okuvame ukugcinwa emabhodleleni noma ezinkomishini ze-dropper ezingabhaliwe): Ingilazi enemibala ewuketshezi noma ukugeleza kwamapayipi kubukeka njengamanzi acwebile noma ijusi ephuzi futhi ivamise ukugwinywa ngephutha izingane noma abantu abadala abenza iphutha lokusebenzisa inkomishi egelezayo ebhentshini njengesiphuzo. Ungalokothi ubangele ukuhlanza futhi ungalokothi unikeze i-baking soda (i-sodium bicarbonate) ukuze unciphise i-asidi engenisiwe (okudala ukusabela kwegesi exothermic engabhoboza isisu esishile). Hlanza futhi ukhafule kahle umlomo ngamanzi, unikeze amanzi amancane noma ubisi ukuze uphuze kuphela uma isiguli saziwa, siqaphile, futhi sikwazi ukugwinya ngaphandle kobuhlungu noma ukuvuza, futhi ushayele Ukulawulwa Kobuthi (1-800-222-1222 e-United States) noma 911 / 112 / 999 ngokushesha; bona ubuthi.

Ukuvimbela ubuthi bomthofu kanye nohlu lokuphepha lwebhentshi le-elekthronikhi¶

Nakuba ubuthi bomthofu obuyingozi bungaveli ekuhogeleni imfucumfucu evamile emazingeni okushisa ensimbi e-soldering (ngoba umthofu wensimbi ukhiqiza kuphela umhwamuko obalulekile ngaphezu* kuka-480 kuya ku-500 degrees Celsius / 900 degrees Fahrenheit*, ngaphezu kwamazinga okushisa avamile angu-350 °C), ubuthi bomthofu obungapheli buba khona ngokusebenzisa uthuli oluphuma esandleni luyeemlonyeni lwe-lead izinsalela ze-flux eminweni:

• Izingilazi zokuphepha eziphoqelekile ze-ANSI Z87.1 noma izibuko ezichaphazayo phakathi nakho konke ukusoda nokushisela amabala: Ama-solder pop angaphandle kwe-blue, i-resistor enqunyiwe ehamba phambili endizayo ngesivinini esiphezulu, futhi izinhlansi ezishiselayo zenzeka ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.
• Isivikelo sephepha lebhali (iphepha lenhlanzi) sikhala kuwo wonke amaseli e-lithium-ion ayi-cylindrical: Ungalokothi ubone-weld iphakethe lebhethri elingu-18650 noma 21700 ngaphandle kokunamathisela izindandatho zesivikelo esinamathelayo kuqala phezu kwehlombe elingaphezulu eliqondile lawo wonke amaseli futhi uhlole wonke amaseli e-PVC okugoqa ama-nick.
• Ibhakede lesanti lensimbi kanye nezinto zokusika ezifakwe i-VDE ezifakwe i-VDE ebhentshini lebhethri: Gcina i-pair ezinikele yabasiki be-insulated kanye nesitsha sensimbi esigcwele isihlabathi esomile eduze nendawo yakho yokushisela.
• Gcina i-isopropyl alcohol evuthayo (IPA) ivaliwe futhi kude nama-ayina ashisayo nama-spowelders: Ungalokothi ushiye inkomishi evuliwe noma ubhavu ongu-91% noma u-99% wesihlanzi se-PCB isopropyl alcohol esingu-99% eduze kwesiteshi sokuvuselela umoya oshisayo noma indawo yokushisela ibhethri; inhlansi eyodwa ithungela ilangabi lotshwala eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elingabonakali ngaphesheya kwebhentshi.
• Ukukhishwa kwentuthu ye-benchtop esebenzayo: Sebenzisa i-ESD-safe solder extractor ene-HEPA + isihlungi se-deep-bed esicushiwe sekhabhoni* (noma sikhiphele ngaphandle) esibekwe phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-15 ukuya kwangu-25 (amayintshi angu-6 kuya kwangu-10) wethiphu yensimbi. Amaphedi ajwayelekile amancane amnyama e-carbon-foam ewodwa awathathi izinhlayiya ze-sub-micron rosin noma umhwamuko we-asidi.
• Ukugeza izandla okuqinile futhi akukho ukudla noma isiphuzo ebhentshini elithengiswayo: Ungalinge udle, uphuze, ubheme, noma uvape ebhentshini le-electronics, futhi ugeze izandla ngensipho namanzi (noma insipho ye-D-Lead) ngemva kokuphatha isolder elinomthofu (60/40 noma 63/37 SnPb) noma izihlanzi zetiphu zethusi.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Ungakwazi yini ukuthola ubuthi bomthofu obabazekayo ekuphefumuleni intuthu ekhuphuka isuka kuma-lead electronics solder angu-60/40?¶

Emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile e-electronic soldering angu-315 kuya ku-380 degrees Celsius (600 kuya ku-715 degrees Fahrenheit), intuthu emhlophe ebonakalayo ephuma ejoyintini icishe ibe amaphesenti angu-100 erosin ehwamukayo noma i-organic flux, hhayi umhwamuko womthofu, ngoba umthofu wensimbi awukhiqizi umhwamuko ovela emoyeni obalulekile kuze kube yilapho ushisisa ngaphezu kwamadigri angu-50080 kuya ku-50080 Celsius. Kodwa-ke, leyo ntuthu ebonakalayo iseyingozi ukuphefumula ngoba ipine rosin (colophony) evuzayo iqukethe ama-resin acid nama-aldehyde azwela imigudu yomoya futhi abangele isifuba somoya emsebenzini. Ukumuncwa komthofu kusuka ekuhlanganisweni kwenzeka kakhulukazi ngokudluliswa kwesandla kuye emlonyeni uma uthinta intambo enomthofu ye-solder, ukungcola, noma okokuhlanza ithiphu lethusi bese uthinta ukudla, iziphuzo, noma umlomo wakho ngaphandle kokugeza izandla zakho.

Kungani ibhethri lami elingu-18650 livutha ngamandla futhi lashisela umugqa we-nickel washisa ngokubomvu lapho ngithinta kuphela phezulu kweseli?¶

Ngokungafani nebhethri le-AA lasendlini lapho igobolondo lensimbi langaphandle lilungile, isilinda sonke sensimbi yeseli ye-lithium-ion engu-18650 noma 21700 iyitheminali enegethivu, okuhlanganisa nerimu lensimbi eyisicaba (ihlombe) elicijile khona kanye emaphethelweni aphezulu eseli. Inkinobho ephakathi nendawo ephozithivu ephakanyisiwe ihlukaniswa kulelo hlombe langaphandle elinegethivu ngaphansi kwemilimitha engu-1 (0.04 amayintshi) yokufakwa kwepulasitiki okuzacile nokugoqa kwe-PVC kokunciphisa ukushisa. Uma i-spot-welding probe yakho noma umugqa we-nickel ucindezela phansi ngokugwegwile, uphuma enkinobho emaphakathi, noma uncibilika ngosonga olune-nicked onqenqemeni olungaphezulu, udala ukujikeleza okufushane okuqondile phakathi kwekepisi eliphozithivu kanye negethivu ekwazi ukulahla ama-ampere angaphezu kuka-100 wamanje ngokushesha.

Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ibhola elincane le-solder elincibilikisiwe lingena esweni lami ngenkathi ngi-solder?¶

Hlanza iso lakho ngokushesha ngosawoti ohlanzekile oyinyumba opholile noma amanzi kampompi ahlanzekile afudumele imizuzu embalwa, susa noma iyiphi i-lens yokuxhumana uma ikhona, futhi ungalokothi uzame ukucosha noma ukuklebhula insimbi eqinile esweni lakho ngama-tweezers noma i-swab kakotini. Ngenxa yokuthi ifilimu yezinyembezi elisesweni lakho ipholisa ithonsi elincane ngengxenye yomzuzwana, i-solder iyaqina ibe icwecwe elincane lensimbi eligobile elihlezi ku-cornea noma ku-conjunctiva. Ukuzama ukuyikhipha ngokwakho kungase kukhumule i-cornea noma kuhlinze iso, kuyilapho udokotela wamehlo noma udokotela ophuthumayo angakwazi ukwenza ndikindiki iso futhi aphakamise ubuhlalu obuqinile buhlanzeke ngesibonakhulu.

Kungani i-stained-glass noma i-plumbing soldering flux iyingozi kakhulu emehlweni nasemaphashini kune-electronics flux?¶

I-solder ejwayelekile ye-electronics isebenzisa i-rosin emnene (i-pine sap) noma ama-fluxes abuthakathaka angahlanzekile aklanyelwe ukugwema ukugqwala imikhondo yesekethe yethusi. Ngokuphambene, ama-heavy-duty liquid and paste fluxes eyenzelwe ingilazi engcolile, amapayipi amapayipi ethusi, insimbi yeshidi, noma insimbi engagqwali aqukethe ama-acids angaphili agxilile (ikakhulukazi i-zinc chloride engamaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu-50, i-ammonium chloride, ne-hydrochloric acid) noma ama-fluoride abolayo. Ukuchaphazela ukugeleza kwe-zinc chloride acid esweni kubangela ukushiswa kwamakhemikhali okushesha, okujulile okungavala i-cornea unomphela kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa ngaphandle kwalapho kugezwa amanzi agelezayo imizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-30, futhi ukuhogela umhwamuko one-asidi obilayo kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwamakhemikhali omoya.

Lo mhlahlandlela uhlinzeka ngokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo nolwazi losizo lokuqala lokuhlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri, ukusoda, kanye nezingozi zokuguquguquka kwamakhemikhali futhi awuthathi indawo yokuqeqeshwa kobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bakagesi noma ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha komtholampilo. Cabangela ukuthatha usizo lokuqala olugunyaziwe kanye nesifundo se-CPR esivela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma inhlangano yakho yezokuphepha kazwelonke.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Imililo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion, ukuqhuma kwebhayisikili ye-e, nokubaleka okushisayo
• Ukusha kwe-thermal, amakhemikhali, nogesi
• Ukusha okukhulu nokushiswa kwamakhemikhali
• I-Hydrofluoric acid, i-rust remover, kanye ne-chemical burn neutralization
• Ukulimala kwamehlo nokuchaphaza kwamakhemikhali
• Ukushaqeka kukagesi kanye nosizo lokuqala lukagesi

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Ukulawula Izingozi Zezempilo ezivela ku-Rosin (Colophony) Based Solder Flux Fumes (INDG249 / EH40 Imikhawulo Yokuchayeka Endaweni Yomsebenzi)
• I-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): I-Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards for Zinc Chloride Fume, Hydrogen Chloride, and Rosin Core Solder Pyrolysis Products
• I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States) kanye ne-UL Fire Safety Research Institute (UL FSRI): I-Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway, I-Vent Gas Toxicity (Hydrogen Fluoride), kanye Neziqondiso Zokucisha Umlilo
• I-American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO, United States): Ukulawulwa Kwesimo Esiphuthumayo Sokushiswa Kwamakhemikhali Amehlo (Zinc Chloride / Acid Fluxes) kanye Nemizimba Yangaphandle Yensimbi Yangaphakathi Yamehlo/I-Corneal Molten
• I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): Ihola Embonini Yezokwakha Nejwayelekile (29 CFR 1910.1025) kanye Nezisetshenziswa Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu Zokuvikela Iso Nobuso (29 CFR 1910.133)