Volcanic Smog (Vog), Sulfur Dioxide Plumes, and Acidic Ash Protection¶

Volcanic smog (vog), sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) gas plumes, and acidic volcanic ashfall are chronic and acute chemical respiratory hazards produced by degassing and erupting volcanoes that can impact populations 10 to 300+ kilometers (6 to 185+ miles) downwind. When an active volcano vents thousands of metric tons of invisible sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) gas each day, that gas reacts in the atmosphere with sunlight, oxygen, water vapor, and volcanic dust to transform into vog: a dense, hazy aerosol mist composed of microscopic sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)) droplets and sulfate particles (\(PM_{2.5}\), smaller than 2.5 micrometers). Simultaneously, freshly erupted volcanic ash particles become coated with condensed surface droplets of sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), hydrochloric acid (\(HCl\)), and hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)), turning falling ash and volcanic rain into a corrosive chemical hazard with a \(\text{pH}\) between \(2.0\) and \(4.0\).

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Hawaii State Department of Health, sulfur dioxide and acidic vog trigger life-threatening reflex bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD at concentrations as low as \(0.5\text{ to }5\text{ parts per million (ppm)}\). In addition, acidic ash and volcanic acid rain rapidly leach toxic fluoride and dissolved lead (from roof flashings and solder joints) into household rainwater catchment cisterns. While heavier-than-air crater-floor asphyxiant gases like carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) are covered in our limnic eruptions and volcanic gas clouds guide, this guide provides the complete respiratory, eye, water-supply, and shelter-in-place protocols for surviving downwind \(SO_2\) plumes, vog episodes, and acidic ash.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Evacuate crosswind (perpendicular to the wind) or shelter indoors immediately if you smell a sharp "struck match" or burnt fireworks odor (\(SO_2\) gas) or see thick blue-gray vog haze. Sulfur dioxide becomes detectable by smell at \(0.5\text{ to }3\text{ ppm}\) and becomes Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) at \(100\text{ ppm}\). If you are outdoors near a volcanic plume, move uphill and crosswind, stop all physical exercise (heavy breathing pulls corrosive \(SO_2\) bypass straight past the nose into the deep lungs), and get inside a tightly closed building or vehicle.
2. Seal your indoor "Clean Air Room," set Air Conditioning to RECIRCULATE, and scrub indoor acid gases using a HEPA + Activated Carbon purifier or a Baking Soda fan screen. Close all windows, doors, and fireplace dampers, and tape shut bathroom/kitchen exhaust vents and window A/C fresh-air intakes. If you do not have an air purifier equipped with a heavy activated carbon / potassium permanganate acid-gas bed, mix 2 tablespoons (\(30\text{ grams}\)) of household baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) into 1 liter (\(1\text{ quart}\)) of water, soak a thin cotton bedsheet or dish towel in the alkaline solution until damp, and hang it directly across the intake grill of an indoor box fan to chemically neutralize indoor \(SO_2\) and acid mist.
3. Keep prescribed asthma rescue inhalers (albuterol/salbutamol) and preventive corticosteroid inhalers in your pocket at all times. People with asthma, reactive airway disease, COPD, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, infants, and pregnant women are hypersensitive to \(SO_2\): concentrations of just \(0.5\text{ to }1.0\text{ ppm}\) cause the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes to clamp shut within 2 to 5 minutes. If wheezing, chest tightness, or persistent coughing does not resolve after two puffs of a rescue inhaler, call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all izinombolo eziphuthumayo); see our asthma attack first aid guide.
4. Disconnect your rooftop rainwater catchment downspouts BEFORE the volcanic ash or acid plume arrives. Volcanic acid rain (\(\text{pH } 2.5\text{ to }4.0\)) and acidic ash coating your roof will wash toxic hydrofluoric acid (fluoride) into your drinking-water cistern while simultaneously dissolving toxic lead, copper, and zinc out of metal roofing nails, lead roof flashings, and gutter solder into your tap water. Pull the downspout diverter pipe off your cistern tank immediately before the plume hits, and check tank \(\text{pH}\) (must be neutralized with baking soda to \(\text{pH } 6.5\text{ to }8.5\)) after the eruption.
5. NEVER rub stinging eyes or run dry windshield wipers during acidic ashfall, flush eyes with water for 15 minutes. Acidic volcanic ash is not soft fireplace soot: it consists of microscopic, jagged shards of shattered silicate rock and volcanic glass coated in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Rubbing your eyes grinds razor-sharp glass splinters into your cornea, and running dry windshield wipers scratches car windshields permanently opaque in seconds. Remove contact lenses immediately, wear non-vented wrap-around goggles, and flush burning eyes with a gentle stream of sterile saline or clean water for 15 minutes; see eye injuries first aid.
6. Wash acidic ash off garden vegetables, pasture troughs, and pets' paws, and never let livestock graze on ash-dusted grass. Fluoride (\(HF\)) condensed onto fine volcanic ash causes fatal acute fluorosis and hypocalcemia in grazing sheep, cattle, goats, and horses that lick or eat ash-coated pasture grass. Bring pets and livestock under cover, feed clean stored hay/feed, and cover open water troughs.

Volcanic smog (vog), sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), and acidic ash decision tree¶

Use this field and household decision flowchart to select the right respiratory filter, indoor shelter setup, and water-safety response.

flowchart TD
    Start["Volcanic Plume Hazard Downwind:<br/>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Gas, Hazy Vog Aerosol, or Acidic Ashfall"] --> PlumeType{"Which volcanic hazard is<br/>affecting your location?"}

    PlumeType -->|"1. NEAR VENT / FISSURE (<15 km):<br/>Invisible Choking SO2 Gas Plume<br/>('Struck Match' Smell, SO2 > 1 to 10+ ppm)"| NearSO2["ACUTE SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) GAS PROTOCOL:<br/>1. WARNING: N95 / P100 dust masks DO NOT block SO2 gas<br/>2. Put on Acid Gas (AG) Cartridge + P100 Elastomeric Respirator<br/>   OR breathe through cloth soaked in Baking Soda + Water<br/>3. Move IMMEDIATELY Crosswind & Uphill (do not run/exert)<br/>4. Drive out of plume with Car A/C on RECIRCULATE"]

    PlumeType -->|"2. DOWNWIND REGIONAL HAZE (15 to 300+ km):<br/>Sulfuric Acid Vog Aerosol (PM2.5) + Low SO2"| DownwindVog["REGIONAL VOG & ASTHMA PROTECTION:<br/>1. Wear N95 / KN95 / FFP2 mask outdoors (blocks PM2.5 acid droplets)<br/>2. Indoors: Close windows, set A/C to Recirculate, & run HEPA + Carbon<br/>   air purifier (or Box Fan with damp Baking-Soda sheet)<br/>3. Keep Albuterol rescue inhaler in hand; stay hydrated with warm fluids"]

    PlumeType -->|"3. FALLING ACIDIC VOLCANIC ASH & ACID RAIN<br/>(Gritty Glass Shards Coated in H2SO4, HCl, & HF)"| AcidAsh["ACIDIC ASH & WATER CATCHMENT PROTECTION:<br/>1. Disconnect rooftop rainwater downspouts from cistern tank NOW<br/>2. Wear N95/P100 mask + Non-Vented Eye Goggles + Long Sleeves<br/>3. Remove contact lenses; NEVER rub eyes (glass shards scratch cornea)<br/>4. Bring livestock/pets indoors & cover open water troughs"]

    NearSO2 --> MedCheck{"Are any emergency medical<br/>symptoms developing?"}
    DownwindVog --> MedCheck
    AcidAsh --> MedCheck

    MedCheck -->|"Severe Wheezing, Chest Tightness,<br/>Stridor, or Unrelieved Coughing"| AsthmaER["ACUTE BRONCHOSPASM / AIRWAY BURN:<br/>1. Sit casualty upright (never lie flat)<br/>2. Administer 2 to 4 puffs Albuterol inhaler (via spacer if available)<br/>3. Call 911 / 112 / 999 & monitor 24 to 48 hrs for Pulmonary Edema"]

    MedCheck -->|"Ash or Acid Rain in Eyes"| EyeFlush["I-CORNEAL GLASS NE-ACID FLUSH:<br/>Bamba izinkophe zivule bese uthela amanzi ahlanzekile / anosawoti esweni<br/>imizuzu engu-15 NGAPHANDLE kokuzihlikihla"]

Ukuqhathanisa ne-Near-Vent \(SO_2\) Plumes vs. Downwind Vog vs. Acidic Volcanic Ash¶

Ukuqonda ukuthi i-volcanic plume ishintsha kanjani amakhemikhali njengoba iphephula umoya kuya phansi kuchaza ukuthi kungani imaski yokuvikela esebenza ku-\(50\text{ kilometers}\) (\(30\text{mile}\)) ihluleka ngokuphelele kokuthi \(3\text{ kilometers}\) (\(2\text{mile}\)) ukusuka endaweni yokungena.

I-\(SO_2\) Esemthethweni Yenkomba Yekhwalithi Yomoya (AQI) kanye ne-USGS / Hawaii DOH Action Thresholds¶

Ezifundeni ezinentaba-mlilo njenge-Hawaii, Iceland (Icelandic Meteorological Office Loftgæði thresholds), Japan (JMA eduze ne-Mount Aso ne-Sakurajima), ne-Italy, iziteshi zokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya zibika imizuzu engu-15 nehora elingu-1 lokugxiliswa kweSulfur Dioxide (\(SO_2\)) ezingxenyeni zamaleveli esigidi$g**

I-Deep Dive 1: Ulakha kanjani "Igumbi Eliphephile Lokukhuhla I-Acid-Gas" uma uvaleleke ku-Vog noma \(SO_2\)¶

Uma ukushintsha komoya kuphephula intaba-mlilo ewugqinsi engu-\(SO_2\) noma i-vog plume phezu kwedolobha lakho (isibonelo, ngesikhathi se-"Kona wind" iziqephu zaseHawaii lapho imimoya yaseningizimu ivunguza amatshe e-Kīlauea kuwo wonke amaketanga esiqhingi, noma lapho imimoya ivunguza amapayipi entaba-mlilo e-Reykjanes ngqo phezu kwe-Grindavík ne-Islandian e-Iceland, awukwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha emoyeni e-Iceland) ilingana negesi yangaphandle ngaphandle uma uvala futhi ukhuhla igumbi:

1. Khetha bese Uvala Igumbi Elilodwa Langaphakathi:
2. Khetha igumbi lokulala elingaphakathi noma igumbi lokugezela elinamafasitela ambalwa kakhulu kanye nokungena odongeni kwangaphandle.
3. Vala wonke amafasitela futhi uwakhiye aqine (ukukhiya i-latch kucindezela i-gasket ye-rubber weatherstripping).
4. Sebenzisa itheyiphu yomdwebi noma itheyiphu yokudonsa kanye namashidi epulasitiki ukuze uvale amafreyimu e-air-conditioner ewindini, iziphephetha-moya zikasilingi wegumbi lasendlini yangasese, izivalo zasekhishini, nezimbobo zokomisa izingubo, bese ucindezela ithawula eliswakeme eligoqwe emfantwini ongaphansi komnyango.
5. Lungisa I-Air Conditioner Kahle:
6. Uma unesistimu ye-HVAC emaphakathi noma uhlukanisa i-A/C engenamapayipi (i-mini-split): iphephile futhi iyasiza ukuyiqhuba ngoba amasistimu ahlukanisayo azungeza kuphela umoya wasendlini futhi asuse umswakama ekamelweni (umswakama ujikisa ama-aerosol athile e-asidi kukhoyili ehwamukayo bese uwakhiphela ngaphandle).
7. Uma une-iwindi le-air conditioner noma ipayipi elilodwa lepayipi A/C: shintsha isileva sokungenisa esisebenza ngomshini siye ku-"IVALIWE / RECIRCULATE"* (ungalokothi ube "Umoya Omusha / Ovulekile"), futhi ungalokothi usebenzise iyunithi ye-A/C ephathwayo yepayipi elilodwa phakathi kwepayipi legesi (iyunithi ye-hose eyodwa impompa iwindi elikhipha umoya elinobuthi ngaphakathi endlini yakho likhiphe umoya oshisayo ngaphandle \(SO_2\) igesi kuyo yonke imifantu yodonga).
8. Sebenzisa i-Acid-Gas Air Scrubber (Ezentengiso vs. Indlela Yokubhaka Yesoda ye-DIY):
9. Inketho Yezentengiso: Isihlungi esijwayelekile se-HEPA sisodwa sicupha izinhlayiya eziqinile neziwuketshezi vog (\(PM_{2.5}\)), kodwa asibambi igesi engu-\(SO_2\). Ukuze ususe igesi engu-\(SO_2\) endlini, isihlanzi sakho somoya kufanele siqukathe umbhede osindayo othi Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) (\(1\text{ ukuya ku-}5+\text{kg}\) of carbon), ofakwe kahle nge-potassium permanganate, sodium bicarbonate, noma i-potassium iodide (chemisorption media).
10. I-Field-Proven DIY Baking Soda Box-Fan Scrubber (IVHHN / USGS Protocol):
    • Ngenxa yokuthi i-sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), i-sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), ne-hydrochloric acid (\(HCl\)) ama-asidi aqinile, asuswa ngokushesha yi-alkaline base efana ne-isoda yokubhaka yasendlini (sodium bicarbonate, \(NaHCO_3\)) noma *isoda yokuwasha (sodium carbonate_3$_2) $\(SO_2 + 2NaHCO_3 \umcibisholo ongakwesokudla Na_2SO_3 + H_2O + 2CO_2\)$
    • Chaza izipuni ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 (\(30\text{ to }45\text{gram}\)) zesoda yokubhaka kulitha elingu-1 (\(1\text{quart}\)) lamanzi afudumele ngaphakathi kwebhodlela lesifutho noma endishini.
    • Gcoba umcamelo kakotini omncane, i-cheesecloth, noma ithawula le-microfiber elinezimbobo emanzini anesoda yokubhaka, ulisonge ukuze libe manzi (angaconsi ezintanjeni zikagesi), bese uligoqa noma ulinamathisele ku- ngaphambili ophumayo ophuma ngaphambili wefeni elijwayelekile likagesi (gcina indwangu kude nezintuba zangemuva).
    • Phinda umanzise bese ufutha indwangu ngesixazululo sesoda yokubhaka njalo emizuzwini engama-30 kuya kwengama-60 njengoba isiphephetha-moya sivuthela umoya wegumbi ngemicu ye-alkaline.

Ukujula 2: Ukuvikela amathangi abamba amanzi emvula phezu kophahla ku-Hydrofluoric Acid (\(HF\)) kanye nokuvuzwa komthofu¶

Emiphakathini eminingi yeziqhingi nezintaba-mlilo emhlabeni wonke (okuhlanganisa izifunda zasePuna naseKaʻū zaseHawaii Island, Vanuatu, Montserrat, Canary Islands, kanye nezindawo zasemaphandleni zaseCentral America/Indonesia), amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhaya awaxhumekile kumapayipi amanzi kamasipala futhi athembele amaphesenti angu-100 kumathangi okuvuna amanzi emvula phezu kophahla ukuze aphuze, apheke, futhi ageze.

Amapulangwe entabamlilo anobuthi emathangini amanzi emvula ophahleni ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zamakhemikhali eziyingozi:

Umzila 1: I-Acidification eqondile neFluoride (\(HF\)) / Ukungcoliswa kweSulfate¶

Uma imvula yentaba-mlilo ingena ngepulangwe elingu-\(SO_2 / HCl/HF\), noma lapho amanzi emvula ekhukhula umlotha wentaba-mlilo one-asidi osanda kuwa ususa uphahla lwakho lwensimbi noma i-shingle kuma-gutters, amanzi angena ethangini lakho lamanzi ehlela abe ne-acidic **\(\text{pH}\) ka-\(2.8\text{ kuya ku-}4.5. - Ngisho nocwecwe oluncane lwe-\)1\text{-millimeter}$ lomlotha wentabamlilo ogezwe ophahleni lungalahla amazinga ayingozi e- fluoride encibilikayo (\(F^-\)) ethangini, okubangele isicanucanu, amajaqamba esiswini, kanye ne-skeletal/dental fluorosis (noma i-hypocalcemia ebulalayo emfuyweni nasezifuyweni ezifuywayo).

Indlela yesi-2: I-Acid Leaching Yezinsimbi Ezisindayo (Umthofu, Ithusi, I-Zinc, I-Arsenic) Kusuka Ophahleni Lwakho kanye Namapayipi¶

Ngaphambi kwamakhodi esimanje okwakha angenawo umthofu, amakhaya amaningi amadala ayesebenzisa izinzipho zokufulela ezinekhanda lomthofu, ushimula womthofu/amabhuzu acwebezelayo okukhipha umoya, upende/ama-primer onomthofu ophahleni lukathayela, noma i-solder ye-lead-tin kumapayipi endlu yethusi. - Amanzi emvula avamile amaphakathi (\(\text{pH } 5.6\text{ ukuya ku-}7.0\)) awancibilikisi umthofu oqinile. - Nokho, uma imvula ene-asidi (\(\text{pH } 3.0\text{ ukuya ku-}4.5\)) ihlezi ophahleni noma ime ubusuku bonke ngaphakathi kwamapayipi asendlini, incibilikisa umthofu onobuthi nethusi emanzini okuphuza. Inhlolovo yoMnyango Wezempilo wase-Hawaii kanye ne-USGS ngase-Kīlauea ithole ukuthi phakathi nenkathi yemvula engamaphesenti angu-40*2 aphakeme kakhulu 2 amasistimu okubamba amanzi eqe umkhawulo wokungcola we-US EPA omkhulu (\(15\text{ izingxenye ngebhiliyoni ngayinye}\)), okubeka engcupheni enkulu ye-neurodevelopmental ezinganeni nasezinganeni.

Izinyathelo Ezi-5 Zokuvikeleka Komgodi Wamanzi Emvula & Nohlu Lokuhlola Lokungathathi hlangothi¶

• Isinyathelo 1 (Ngaphambi kokuthi I-Plume/Ash Ifike): Ngokomzimba nqamula ukuphuma kwamanzi emiseleni (noma phenya i-valve yakho yokugudluza eshaywayo) ukuze kungabikho ukugeleza kophahla okungangena ethangini lakho lokugcina ngesikhathi sokuqhuma noma isiphepho. Mboza noma yiziphi izintuba eziphezulu ezivulekile noma izikrini zemeshi ethangini lamanzi ashisayo ngamashidi epulasitiki asindayo ukuze umlotha ophephethwa ngumoya ungaphephuki emanzini.
• Isinyathelo 2 (Ngemva Kokuphela Kwe-Ashfall): Shanela noma usule umlotha owomile wentaba-mlilo kuqala ophahleni kuqala (ugqoke imaski engu-N95/P100, izibuko, kanye nehhanisi lokubopha uma uphezu kophahla), bese udonsa ipayipi ngaphansi kophahla kanye namagatha ngamanzi angaphuzi kuze kube yilapho ukugeleza kugeleza kugeleza kuxhumeke ngasethangini* elibheke ezansi* kabusha.
• Isinyathelo 3 (Hlola Ithangi Amanzi \(\text{pH}\)): Sebenzisa i-swimming-pool eshibhile noma i-aquarium \(\text{pH}\) test kit noma \(\text{pH}\) imitha yedijithali** ukuze uhlole amanzi ethangini lakho lomthombo. Amanzi asekhaya aphephile kufanele abe ne- \(\text{pH}\) ephakathi kuka-\(6.5\text{ kanye no-}8.5\).
• Isinyathelo 4 (Yenza I-Acidic Cistern Water Neutralize nge-Baking Soda): Uma amanzi ethangi lakho ene-acidic (\(\text{pH}\) ngaphansi kuka-\(6.0\)) emvuleni ye-vog (hhayi umlotha osindayo, uma umlotha we-fluoride osindayo ugezelwa ethangini, ungawuphuzi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngelebhu), ungakwazi ukwenza i-asidi ingasebenzi futhi uyeke ukuncibilikisa i-lead baking soda -grade grade baking soda \(NaHCO_3\)) ethangini ngedosi yokuqala ecishe ibe **\(50\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-100\text{ grams}\) (\(2\text{ kuya }3.5\text{ ounces}\), noma \(\sim 3\text{ ukuya }6\text{ tablespoons}\)) ngo-\(4,000\0\text{0}text\)1 litres,0}\(4,000\0\text\)1 litres\(0} amanzi**, ukuzungeza amanzi, nokuhlola kabusha i-\)\text{pH}$ ize ifike ku-\(7.0\text{ ukuya ku-}7.5\) (noma faka isihlungi esingaphakathi komugqa calcite [calcium carbonate] acid-neutralizing filter).
• Isinyathelo 5 (Amanzi Ampompi Asekuseni Awashayo): Kunoma iliphi ikhaya elinokuchayeka kwe-vog, vumela umpompi wasekhishini obandayo usebenze imizuzwana engu-60 kuya kwangu-120 njalo ekuseni ngaphambi kokukha amanzi okuphuza noma ikhofi (ukukhipha noma imaphi amanzi ahlezi ezinsimbi ezimuncayo ngaphakathi kwamapayipi asendlini ngobusuku obubodwa), futhi usebenzise isihlungi NSF/ANSIval esiphuzweni se-carbon * NSF/ANSIval esisihlungi sakho sokuphuza se-carbon 53 esijwayelekile

Ukuhlanza umlotha wentaba-mlilo one-asidi ezungeze ikhaya lakho nemoto ngaphandle kokulimaza amaphaphu noma izinjini¶

1. Njalo manzisa umlotha wentaba-mlilo kancane ngesifutho samanzi ngaphambi kokushanela noma ukufosholo ezingeni eliphansi: Ukushanela okomile kuveza izinhlayiya zengilazi eziphefumulekayo (\(PM_{2.5}\) kanye ne-\(PM_{10}\)) ngqo endaweni yakho yokuphefumula. Umlotha wezinga eliphansi lenkungu elincane onombobho wepayipi elingadini ngaphambi kokuwukhafulela ezikhwameni zepulasitiki ezisindayo (okuhlukile: UNGALOKOTHI ucwilise umlotha owugqinsi uhlezi ophahleni oluyisicaba, ngoba umlotha wentaba-mlilo omanzi unesisindo \(1,500\text{kuya }2,000\text{kilograms per cubic meter,5\){0\({0} }3,300\text{ amaphawundi ku-cubic yadi ngayinye}\)] kanye nophahla oludilikayo; umhlahlandlela wezintaba-mlilo).
2. Yenza umlotha one-asidi kupende wemoto, amaphaneli elanga, nezikhondisi zensimbi ze-HVAC: Ngenxa yokuthi umlotha one-asidi umba i-automotive clearcoat, ugqwalisa amaphiko e-air-conditioner e-aluminium, futhi uvimbe amaphaneli elanga, ungalinge usule umlotha owomile emotweni noma kwiphaneli yelanga ngeragi (isebenza njenge-sandpaper engu-80). Esikhundleni salokho, vula ipayipi ngamanzi anomfutho ophansi wevolumu ephezulu kuqala, geza ngesisombululo sesepha yemoto ethambile exutshwe nezipuni ezingu-2 ze-baking soda ibhakede ngalinye lamanzi ukuze unciphise ukunamathela kwe-sulfuric/hydrochloric acid, futhi ugeze uhlanzeke.
3. Faka esikhundleni sezihlungi zomoya zenjini yemoto kanye nezihlungi zomoya zekhabethe njalo: Uthuli lwengilazi yentaba-mlilo oluhle olumunywe enjinini evuthayo lusebenza njengenhlanganisela edonsayo ecekela phansi izindandatho zepiston nama-turbocharger phakathi kwamakhilomitha.

Ukuvimbela ezolimo, imfuyo, kanye nomtholampilo we-fluorosis ngesikhathi sokuwa komlotha one-asidi¶

Uma iziqhumane zifaka ngisho \(1\text{kuya }5\text{ millimeters}\) (\(0.04\text{ to }0.2\text{inches}\)) womlotha wentabamlilo ocolekileyo emadlelweni ezolimo, izingadi, namasimu ezithelo, usongo oluyinhloko lwamakhemikhali ekuphepheni kokudla nempilo yezilwane yi-Soluble Hydrogen Fluoride\(Fluoride\)Fluoride (\(CaF_2\), \(NaF\), \(AlF_3\))* ikhangiswe ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu zomlotha ezincane:

1. Kungani Izimvu, Izinkomo, Namahhashi Ezidlayo Zifa Nge-Acute Fluorosis Phakathi Kwamahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-72:
2. Izilwane ezelusayo (izimvu, izimbuzi, izinkomo zobisi nenyama yenkomo, izinyamazane) namahhashi ziklaba eduze komugqa wenhlabathi futhi ngokungenakugwenywa zigwinya \(100\text{ kuya }500+\text{gram}\) yomlotha ngosuku kanye nezindwani ezimboziwe zotshani nomhlabathi.
3. Ngaphakathi kwesisu esine-acidic (abomasum), izimbotshana ze-hydrofluoric acid zincibilika ngokushesha egazini. Ama-ion e-fluoride (\(F^-\)) abophezela ngokunamandla ekujikelezeni kwe-calcium (\(Ca^{2+}\)) ne-magnesium (\(Mg^{2+}\)) ions egazini lesilwane, akhiphe i-calcium fluoride engancibiliki futhi abangele inhlekelele acute hypocalcemia (ukukhubazeka kwe-corocalcemia, i-metabolic metabolic), i-corollac metabolic kanye nemisipha yenhliziyo. ukufa.
4. I-Mandatory Livestock Protocol: Hambisa yonke imfuyo eklabayo izifake ezibayeni ezifulelwe, amashede, noma amadokodo amancane okwenziwa umhlatshelo lapho kuqala umlotha; mboza imisele yokunisela isitoko evulekile ngothayela; futhi ukondle kuphela utshani obunamabhali obungcolile, isileji, noma okusanhlamvu okufakwe esikhwameni kuze kube okungenani \(25\text{ kuya }50\text{ millimeters}\) (\(1\text{ to }2\text{ inches}\)) wemvula ehlanzekile igeze umlotha we-fluoride wasusa amadlebe emhlabathini.
5. Izingadi Zasekhaya Zemifino Nezihlahla Zezithelo:
6. Umlotha one-Acidic (\(H_2SO_4\) kanye ne-\(HCl\)) ubangela amachashaza amakhemikhali ansundu "okushiswa kwe-asidi" emifino eluhlaza (ulethisi, isipinashi, iklabishi, i-kale, amakhambi) kanye nokulala ngaphakathi kwemiphetho yamaqabunga.
7. Lahla amaqabunga angaphandle eklabishi/ulethisi achayeke emlotheni oneasidi esindayo, futhi ugeze zonke izithelo ezinesikhumba esibushelelezi nemifino yezimpande kahleamanzi ahlanzekile ahlanganiswe nethisipuni elingu-1 lesoda yokubhaka ilitha, kulandele amanzi ahlanzekile okugeza hashaza, ngaphambi kokudla.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Kungani imaski yothuli evamile i-N95 noma i-P100 ingakuvikeli kugesi ye-Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) eduze nendawo yentaba-mlilo?¶

Amamaski ama-N95, KN95, FFP2, kanye ne-P100 ayizihlungi eziyizinhlayiya eziklanyelwe ukubamba izinhlamvu zothuli oluqinile namaconsi oketshezi oluncane oluncane (njengomlotha wentaba-mlilo kanye nama-aerosols e-sulfuric acid vog aerosols) angama-micrometer acishe abe ngu-0.1 kuye kwayi-10 ububanzi. I-Pure sulfur dioxide (SO2) ekhishwa eduze komgodi wentaba-mlilo noma i-fissure igesi langempela ama-molecule awo angama-micrometer angu-0.0004 ububanzi, cishe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane kunezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu i-N95 elinganiselwe ukubamba. Lawo ma-molecule egesi adlula ngqo ku-fiber weave evulekile yemaski ye-N95 ngaphandle kokumelana. Ukuze uvimbele i-SO2 enegesi, kufanele ugqoke isiphefumulo se-elastomeric esifakwe amakhatriji ekhemikhali e-Acid Gas (AG) agcwaliswe nge-sorbent ye-carbon/alkaline esetshenzisiwe, noma uphefumule ngendwangu efakwe ku-baking soda namanzi ngenkathi uphuma.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-volcanic "Vog" ne-volcanic yasogwini "Laze"?¶

I-Vog (i-volcanic smog) yakha noma yikuphi lapho i-volcano esebenzayo ikhipha igesi ye-sulfur dioxide (SO2) esibhakabhakeni: njengoba ipulangwe lidonsa umoya phakathi namahora kuya ezinsukwini, ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya-mpilo, kanye nomswakama womkhathi kusabela nge-SO2 ukuze kwakheke inkungu esabalele yesifunda ye-fine sulfuric acid (H2SO4) kanye nezinhlayiyana ze-sulfate 2PM (5PM). Ilaze (i-lava haze), ngokuphambene, iwugwadule lwasendaweni, olumhlophe olukhazimulayo olusogwini olwakha kuphela lapho udaka oluncibilikisiwe olushisayo luthela khona ngokuqondile emanzini olwandle olwandle: ukushisa okwedlulele kubilisa futhi kuhlukanise usawoti wolwandle (i-magnesium ne-sodium chloride) ibe yinkungu ye-hydrochloric acid (HCl) exutshwe ne-pH 1.5 kuya ku-2. ingilazi yentaba-mlilo.

Ngabe intuthu yentabamlilo (vog) noma imvula eneasidi iwudala kanjani ushevu womthofu emanzini okuphuza asendlini?¶

Ezifundeni lapho amakhaya eqoqa khona amanzi emvula ophahleni ewafaka emathangini okugcina amanzi, i-sulphur dioxide ne-asidi ephuma ezimpompini zentaba-mlilo iyancibilika ibe amathonsi emvula bese ihlala ophahleni, iguqule amanzi emvula aqoqwe abe ne-asidi (ngokuvamile i-pH engu-3.0 kuya ku-4.5). Lapho la manzi ane-asidi edlula ophahleni lomthofu, izinzipho ezinomthofu, othayela oluthile, noma ehlala ngaphakathi kwamapayipi amanzi asendlini ahlanganiswe nensimbi endala yomthofu, le asidi incibilikisa umthofu nobuthi obunobuthi ngokuqondile emanzini okuphuza. Ukunqamula ama-downspout phakathi namapulangwe, ukwenza amanzi ethangi abe lula abe yi-pH 7.0 ngezihlungi zesoda yokubhaka yezinga lokudla noma ze-calcite, kanye nokusebenzisa isihlungi sikampompi esiqinisekiswe umthofu se-NSF-53 kuvimbela ukuchayeka.

Kungani amehlo ami evutha kabi kangaka emlotheni wentaba-mlilo noma i-vog, futhi kungani ukuwagcoba kuyingozi kangaka?¶

Izimpaphe zentabamlilo zihlasela amehlo ngenhlanganisela ye-asidi yamakhemikhali nengilazi ebonakalayo. Okokuqala, igesi ye-sulfur dioxide kanye namaconsi e-sulfuric acid vog ancibilika efilimini yezinyembezi yamehlo akho ukuze akhe i-sulfurous ne-sulfuric acid ebuthakathaka, okubangela ukuluma nokuvutha ngokushesha. Okwesibili, umlotha wentaba-mlilo uqukethe izingxenye ezincane zengilazi ye-silicate ecijile, ebukhali ebukhali. Uma uhlikihla amehlo akho ahlabayo ngeminwe yakho, noma uma ugqoke amalensi okuxhumana abamba izinhlamvu zomlotha enhlamvu yeso lakho, ugaya lezo zingcezwana zengilazi ezincane ebusweni bakho, okubangele imihuzuko ebuhlungu ekhoneni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi susa amalensi okuxhumana, gqoka izibuko ezivaliwe, futhi usule amehlo ashisayo ngokuthela amanzi ahlanzekile noma usawoti oyinyumba imizuzu engu-15 ngaphandle kokuwuhlikihla.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) Uhlelo lwe-Volcano Hazards kanye neHawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO): Volcanic Smog (Vog), Sulfur Dioxide (\(SO_2\)) Gas Plume Dispersion, kanye ne-Acidic Volcanic Ash Chemical Leachate Studies.
• I-International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), I-World Health Organization (WHO), kanye neNyuvesi yase-Durham: Izingozi Zezempilo Zomlotha Wentaba-mlilo: Umhlahlandlela Womphakathi, Imihlahlandlela Yokuvikela Emagesi Entabamlilo Nemvula Ye-Acid, kanye Namatrices Okukhethwa Kweziphefumula.
• Umnyango Wezempilo Wesifunda SaseHawaii (DOH) kanye NeNyuvesi YaseHawaii e-Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR): Short-term Sulfur Dioxide (\(SO_2\)) I-Colour-Coded Air Quality Advisory Thresholds and Guidelines for Rainwater Catchment Systems in Volcanic Vog and Ash Zones.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC / NIOSH, United States): NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Sulfur Dioxide (\(SO_2\)), Sulfuric Acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), kanye neHydrogen Fluoride (\(HF\)) Respirator Cartridge Standards.
• Ihhovisi le-Icelandic Meteorological (I-IMO / Veðurstofa Íslands) kanye Nomqondisi Wezempilo (Embætti landlæknis): Ukungcoliswa Kwegesi Yentabamlilo (\(SO_2\) kanye ne-\(H_2S\)) Amathebula Okuphendula Umphakathi kanye Nezimiso Zendawo Yendawo Yangaphakathi.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Izintaba-mlilo: umlotha, ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, nama-lahars
• Amafu egesi yentaba-mlilo, amafu avilaphayo, nokuqhuma kwe-limnic
• Intuthu yomlilo wasendle kanye nokuhogela umlotha
• I-asthma attack usizo lokuqala oluphuthumayo
• Ukulimala kwamehlo nokushaywa ngamakhemikhali