Volcanic Smog (Vog), Sulfur Dioxide Plumes, and Acidic Ash Protection¶

Volcanic smog (vog), sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) gas plumes, and acidic volcanic ashfall are chronic and acute chemical respiratory hazards produced by degassing and erupting volcanoes that can impact populations 10 to 300+ kilometers (6 to 185+ miles) downwind. When an active volcano vents thousands of metric tons of invisible sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) gas each day, that gas reacts in the atmosphere with sunlight, oxygen, water vapor, and volcanic dust to transform into vog: a dense, hazy aerosol mist composed of microscopic sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)) droplets and sulfate particles (\(PM_{2.5}\), smaller than 2.5 micrometers). Simultaneously, freshly erupted volcanic ash particles become coated with condensed surface droplets of sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), hydrochloric acid (\(HCl\)), and hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)), turning falling ash and volcanic rain into a corrosive chemical hazard with a \(\text{pH}\) between \(2.0\) and \(4.0\).

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Hawaii State Department of Health, sulfur dioxide and acidic vog trigger life-threatening reflex bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD at concentrations as low as \(0.5\text{ to }5\text{ parts per million (ppm)}\). In addition, acidic ash and volcanic acid rain rapidly leach toxic fluoride and dissolved lead (from roof flashings and solder joints) into household rainwater catchment cisterns. While heavier-than-air crater-floor asphyxiant gases like carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) are covered in our limnic eruptions and volcanic gas clouds guide, this guide provides the complete respiratory, eye, water-supply, and shelter-in-place protocols for surviving downwind \(SO_2\) plumes, vog episodes, and acidic ash.

Kora ubu¶

1. Evacuate crosswind (perpendicular to the wind) or shelter indoors immediately if you smell a sharp "struck match" or burnt fireworks odor (\(SO_2\) gas) or see thick blue-gray vog haze. Sulfur dioxide becomes detectable by smell at \(0.5\text{ to }3\text{ ppm}\) and becomes Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) at \(100\text{ ppm}\). If you are outdoors near a volcanic plume, move uphill and crosswind, stop all physical exercise (heavy breathing pulls corrosive \(SO_2\) bypass straight past the nose into the deep lungs), and get inside a tightly closed building or vehicle.
2. Seal your indoor "Clean Air Room," set Air Conditioning to RECIRCULATE, and scrub indoor acid gases using a HEPA + Activated Carbon purifier or a Baking Soda fan screen. Close all windows, doors, and fireplace dampers, and tape shut bathroom/kitchen exhaust vents and window A/C fresh-air intakes. If you do not have an air purifier equipped with a heavy activated carbon / potassium permanganate acid-gas bed, mix 2 tablespoons (\(30\text{ grams}\)) of household baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) into 1 liter (\(1\text{ quart}\)) of water, soak a thin cotton bedsheet or dish towel in the alkaline solution until damp, and hang it directly across the intake grill of an indoor box fan to chemically neutralize indoor \(SO_2\) and acid mist.
3. Keep prescribed asthma rescue inhalers (albuterol/salbutamol) and preventive corticosteroid inhalers in your pocket at all times. People with asthma, reactive airway disease, COPD, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, infants, and pregnant women are hypersensitive to \(SO_2\): concentrations of just \(0.5\text{ to }1.0\text{ ppm}\) cause the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes to clamp shut within 2 to 5 minutes. If wheezing, chest tightness, or persistent coughing does not resolve after two puffs of a rescue inhaler, call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all nimero yihutirwa); see our asthma attack first aid guide.
4. Disconnect your rooftop rainwater catchment downspouts BEFORE the volcanic ash or acid plume arrives. Volcanic acid rain (\(\text{pH } 2.5\text{ to }4.0\)) and acidic ash coating your roof will wash toxic hydrofluoric acid (fluoride) into your drinking-water cistern while simultaneously dissolving toxic lead, copper, and zinc out of metal roofing nails, lead roof flashings, and gutter solder into your tap water. Pull the downspout diverter pipe off your cistern tank immediately before the plume hits, and check tank \(\text{pH}\) (must be neutralized with baking soda to \(\text{pH } 6.5\text{ to }8.5\)) after the eruption.
5. NEVER rub stinging eyes or run dry windshield wipers during acidic ashfall, flush eyes with water for 15 minutes. Acidic volcanic ash is not soft fireplace soot: it consists of microscopic, jagged shards of shattered silicate rock and volcanic glass coated in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Rubbing your eyes grinds razor-sharp glass splinters into your cornea, and running dry windshield wipers scratches car windshields permanently opaque in seconds. Remove contact lenses immediately, wear non-vented wrap-around goggles, and flush burning eyes with a gentle stream of sterile saline or clean water for 15 minutes; see eye injuries first aid.
6. Wash acidic ash off garden vegetables, pasture troughs, and pets' paws, and never let livestock graze on ash-dusted grass. Fluoride (\(HF\)) condensed onto fine volcanic ash causes fatal acute fluorosis and hypocalcemia in grazing sheep, cattle, goats, and horses that lick or eat ash-coated pasture grass. Bring pets and livestock under cover, feed clean stored hay/feed, and cover open water troughs.

Volcanic smog (vog), sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), and acidic ash decision tree¶

Use this field and household decision flowchart to select the right respiratory filter, indoor shelter setup, and water-safety response.

flowchart TD
    Start["Volcanic Plume Hazard Downwind:<br/>Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Gas, Hazy Vog Aerosol, or Acidic Ashfall"] --> PlumeType{"Which volcanic hazard is<br/>affecting your location?"}

    PlumeType -->|"1. NEAR VENT / FISSURE (<15 km):<br/>Invisible Choking SO2 Gas Plume<br/>('Struck Match' Smell, SO2 > 1 to 10+ ppm)"| NearSO2["ACUTE SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) GAS PROTOCOL:<br/>1. WARNING: N95 / P100 dust masks DO NOT block SO2 gas<br/>2. Put on Acid Gas (AG) Cartridge + P100 Elastomeric Respirator<br/>   OR breathe through cloth soaked in Baking Soda + Water<br/>3. Move IMMEDIATELY Crosswind & Uphill (do not run/exert)<br/>4. Drive out of plume with Car A/C on RECIRCULATE"]

    PlumeType -->|"2. DOWNWIND REGIONAL HAZE (15 to 300+ km):<br/>Sulfuric Acid Vog Aerosol (PM2.5) + Low SO2"| DownwindVog["REGIONAL VOG & ASTHMA PROTECTION:<br/>1. Wear N95 / KN95 / FFP2 mask outdoors (blocks PM2.5 acid droplets)<br/>2. Indoors: Close windows, set A/C to Recirculate, & run HEPA + Carbon<br/>   air purifier (or Box Fan with damp Baking-Soda sheet)<br/>3. Keep Albuterol rescue inhaler in hand; stay hydrated with warm fluids"]

    PlumeType -->|"3. FALLING ACIDIC VOLCANIC ASH & ACID RAIN<br/>(Gritty Glass Shards Coated in H2SO4, HCl, & HF)"| AcidAsh["ACIDIC ASH & WATER CATCHMENT PROTECTION:<br/>1. Disconnect rooftop rainwater downspouts from cistern tank NOW<br/>2. Wear N95/P100 mask + Non-Vented Eye Goggles + Long Sleeves<br/>3. Remove contact lenses; NEVER rub eyes (glass shards scratch cornea)<br/>4. Bring livestock/pets indoors & cover open water troughs"]

    NearSO2 --> MedCheck{"Are any emergency medical<br/>symptoms developing?"}
    DownwindVog --> MedCheck
    AcidAsh --> MedCheck

    MedCheck -->|"Severe Wheezing, Chest Tightness,<br/>Stridor, or Unrelieved Coughing"| AsthmaER["ACUTE BRONCHOSPASM / AIRWAY BURN:<br/>1. Sit casualty upright (never lie flat)<br/>2. Administer 2 to 4 puffs Albuterol inhaler (via spacer if available)<br/>3. Call 911 / 112 / 999 & monitor 24 to 48 hrs for Pulmonary Edema"]

    MedCheck -->|"Ash or Acid Rain in Eyes"| EyeFlush["CORNEAL GLASS & ACID FLUSH:<br/>Hold eyelids open and pour clean water / saline across eye<br/>for 15 minutes WITHOUT rubbing"]

Comparing Near-Vent \(SO_2\) Plumes vs. Downwind Vog vs. Acidic Volcanic Ash¶

Understanding how a volcanic plume transforms chemically as it blows downwind explains why the protective mask that works \(50\text{ kilometers}\) (\(30\text{ miles}\)) away fails completely at \(3\text{ kilometers}\) (\(2\text{ miles}\)) from the vent.

Official $ SO_2 $ Index yubuziranenge bwikirere (AQI) na USGS / Hawaii DOH Igikorwa cyibikorwa¶

Mu turere tw’ibirunga nka Hawaii, Isilande (Ibiro by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere cya Islande * Loftgæði * imbago), Ubuyapani (JMA hafi y’umusozi Aso na Sakurajima), n’Ubutaliyani, sitasiyo ishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ikirere ivuga ko ** iminota 15 n’isaha 1 ya Dioxyde de sukfure ($ SO_2 $) yibice kuri miliyoni (ppm) ** hamwe na ** $ PM_ {2.5} $

Kwibira cyane 1: Nigute wubaka mu nzu "Acide-Gas Scrubbing Icyumba Cyiza" mugihe ufatiwe muri Vog cyangwa $ SO_2 $ plume¶

Niba umuyaga uhuha ikirunga cyinshi $ SO_2 $ cyangwa vog hejuru yumujyi wawe (urugero, mugihe cya Hawaii ya ** "Umuyaga wa Kona" ** ya Hawaii iyo umuyaga uva mu majyepfo uhuha umuyaga wa Kīlauea muminyururu yose yizinga, cyangwa iyo umuyaga uhuhije Reykjanes ibirunga byikirunga bidatinze uhita uhita uhura na gasozi ya Icu). funga kandi usuzume icyumba:

1. ** Hitamo kandi ushireho Icyumba kimwe cy'imbere **:
2. Tora icyumba cyo kuryamo cyangwa ubwiherero bufite amadirishya make hamwe ninkuta zinyuma.
3. Funga Windows zose hanyuma uzifunge neza (gufunga latch ikanda reberi yikirere).
4. Koresha kaseti ya kasitori cyangwa umuyoboro wa kaseti hamwe nudupapuro twa plastike ** kugirango ushireho idirishya ryumuyaga uhumeka, icyumba cyogeramo cyogeramo icyumba cyogeramo, ibyumba byo mu gikoni, hamwe n’imyenda yumisha, hanyuma ukande igitambaro cyiziritse hejuru yumuryango.
5. ** Hindura neza Konderasi yawe neza **:
6. Niba ufite sisitemu yo hagati ya HVAC cyangwa igabanije idafite A / C (** mini-itandukanijwe **): ni byiza kandi bifasha kuyikoresha ** kuko sisitemu yo kugabana izenguruka gusa umwuka wimbere mu nzu ** hanyuma igahumanya icyumba (ubuhehere butera aerosole zimwe na zimwe za acide kuri coil yamashanyarazi kandi ikayijugunya hanze).
7. Niba ufite idirishya rya ** idirishya ** cyangwa ** ishobora gutwara imwe-hose A / C **: hindura imashini ya mashini kuri ** "GUFunga / KWIYANDIKISHA" ** (ntukigere "Umuyaga mwiza / Gufungura"), kandi ** ntuzigere ukoresha moteri imwe ya A / C mugihe cya gaze ya gazi ** (ibice bya shitingi imwe isohora umwuka mubi mumyuka ya $ 2).
8. ** Koresha Scrubber ya Acide-Gaz (Ubucuruzi na DIY Baking Soda Method) **:
9. ** Ihitamo ryubucuruzi **: Akayunguruzo gasanzwe ka HEPA konyine gatega imitego ikomeye n’amazi ** vog ($ PM_ {2.5} $) ** ibice, ** ariko ntibishora $ SO_2 $ gaze **. Kugira ngo ukureho $ SO_2 $ mu nzu, isuku yawe igomba kuba irimo uburiri buremereye ** Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) uburiri ($ 1 inyandiko {kugeza} 5+ inyandiko {kg} $ ya karubone) **, byatewe neza na ** potasiyumu permanganate, sodium bicarbonate, cyangwa potasiyumu iyode (chemisorption media) **.
10. ** Ikibanza Cyerekanwe DIY Guteka Soda Agasanduku-Umufana Scrubber (IVHHN / USGS Protocol) **:
    • Kubera ko dioxyde de sulfure ($ SO_2 \(), aside sulfurike (\) H_2SO_4 \(), na aside hydrochloric (\) HCl $) ari acide zikomeye, zanduzwa byihuse na base ya alkaline ** nka ** soda yo mu rugo (sodium bicarbonate, $ NaHCO_3 $) ** cyangwa ** yoza soda (sodium karubone, $ Na2) $$ SO_2 + 2NaHCO_3 iburyo Na_2SO_3 + H_2O + 2CO_2 $$
    • Kuramo ** ibiyiko 2 kugeza kuri 3 ($ 30 inyandiko {kugeza} 45 inyandiko {garama} \() ya soda yo guteka muri litiro 1 (\) 1 inyandiko {quart} $) y'amazi ashyushye ** imbere mumacupa ya spray cyangwa igikombe.
    • Shira umusego muto w umusego wipamba, cheesecloth, cyangwa igitambaro cya microfiber cyoroshye mumazi ya soda yo guteka, ukayasohora kugirango itose (idatonyanga mumigozi yamashanyarazi), hanyuma uyikuremo cyangwa uyikate hejuru ya ** imbere isohoka mumashanyarazi asanzwe yamashanyarazi ** (shyira imyenda kure yumuyaga winyuma winyuma).
    • Ongera utose kandi utere umwenda hamwe na soda yo guteka buri minota 30 kugeza kuri 60 mugihe umuyaga uhuha umwuka wicyumba ukoresheje fibre ya alkaline.

Kwibira cyane 2: Kurinda ibisenge byo gufata amazi yimvura hejuru ya Acide Hydrofluoric Acide ($ HF $) hamwe no Kuyobora¶

Mu birwa byinshi by’ibirunga hamwe n’abaturage bo mu cyaro ku isi yose (harimo uturere twa Puna na Kaʻū two mu kirwa cya Hawaii, Vanuatu, Montserrat, Ibirwa bya Canary, no mu cyaro cyo muri Amerika yo hagati / Indoneziya), ingo ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ntizihuza imiyoboro y’amazi ya komini kandi zishingiye ku ijana ku ijana by’amazi y’imvura asarura amariba ** yo kunywa, guteka, no koga.

Ibirunga byangiza uburozi hejuru yinzuzi zamazi yimvura ikoresheje ** inzira ebyiri zangiza imiti **:

Inzira ya 1: Acidifike itaziguye na Fluoride ($ HF $) / Kwanduza sulfate¶

Iyo imvura yibirunga iguye mumadorari $ SO_2 / HCl / HF $, cyangwa mugihe amazi yimvura yogeje ivu ryikirunga cya acide gishya cyaguye kumyuma yawe cyangwa igisenge cya shingle mu mwobo, amazi yinjira mumazi yawe ya cistern yamanutse kuri acide ** $ inyandiko {pH} $ ya $ 2.8 umwandiko {kugeza kuri} 4.5 $ ** (bisa na vinegere cyangwa umutobe winzabibu). - Ndetse na $ 1 umwandiko {-millimeter} $ gutwikira ivu ryibirunga byogejwe hejuru yinzu birashobora guta urugero rwinshi rwa fluoride ya elegitoronike ($ F ^ - $) ** mu kigega, bigatera isesemi, kuribwa mu nda, hamwe na fluorose ya skelete / amenyo (cyangwa hypocalcemia yica mu matungo no mu matungo).

Inzira ya 2: Gusohora Acide Ibyuma Bikomeye (Isasu, Umuringa, Zinc, Arsenic) uhereye ku gisenge cyawe no kuvoma¶

Mbere yububiko bwa kijyambere butagira isuku, amazu menshi ashaje yakoreshaga ** imisumari yo hejuru yinzu hejuru yinzu **, ** isasu rya chimney / vent flashing inkweto **, ** zirimo amarangi / primers hejuru yinzu hejuru ya **, cyangwa ** ugurisha-amabati kugurisha ** kumiyoboro yumuringa. - Amazi asanzwe atagira aho abogamiye ($ inyandiko {pH} 5.6 inyandiko {kugeza} 7.0 \() ashonga cyane. - ** Nyamara, iyo imvura ya vogi ya acide (\) inyandiko {pH} 3.0 inyandiko {kugeza kuri $ 4.5 $) yicaye hejuru yinzu cyangwa igahagarara ijoro ryose imbere mu miyoboro y’urugo, ihita ishonga isasu ry’ubumara hamwe n’umuringa mu mazi yo kunywa. ibice kuri miliyari} $) **, bitera ingaruka zikomeye zo mu bwonko no kubana.

5-Intambwe yo Kurinda Amazi Yimvura Kurinda & Kugenzura Urutonde¶

• ** Intambwe ya 1 (Mbere yuko Plume / Ash ihagera) **: Muburyo bwa ** hagarika imyanda yamanuka ** (cyangwa uhindure valve yawe ya mbere ya fliver ya fliver) kugirango hatagira igisenge gishobora kwinjira mububiko bwawe mugihe cyo guturika cyangwa guhuha. Gupfundikanya umuyaga ufunguye hejuru cyangwa inshundura za mesh kuri tank ya cistern hamwe na shitingi iremereye kugirango ivu ryumuyaga ridashobora guhuha mumazi.
• ** Intambwe ya 2 (Nyuma yuko Ashfall irangiye) **: Banza uhanagure cyangwa amasuka ivu ryikirunga ryumye hejuru yinzu hejuru (wambaye mask ya N95 / P100, indorerwamo, hamwe nigikoresho cyo guta kugwa niba hejuru yinzu), hanyuma ushire hejuru yinzu hejuru yimyanda hamwe n’amazi atanywa kugeza igihe amazi atemba asukuye ** mbere yuko ** ihuza imigezi na tanki yawe.
• ** Intambwe ya 3 (Ikizamini cyamazi yamazi $ inyandiko {pH} $) **: Koresha koga-pisine ihendutse cyangwa pisine cyangwa aquarium ** $ inyandiko {pH} $ ibikoresho byo kwipimisha cyangwa digitale $ inyandiko {pH} $ metero ** kugirango urebe amazi mumazi yawe. Amazi meza yo murugo agomba kugira ** $ inyandiko {pH} $ hagati ya $ 6.5 inyandiko {na .5 8.5 $ **.
• ** Intambwe ya 4. mu kigega ku kigero cyo gutangira hafi ya ** $ 50 inyandiko {kugeza} 100 inyandiko {garama} $ ($ 2 inyandiko {kugeza} 3.5 inyandiko {ounces} $, cyangwa $ sim 3 inyandiko {kugeza} 6 inyandiko {ibiyiko} $) kuri $ 4000 inyandiko {litiro} $ ($ 1.000 inyandiko {gallons} $) y'amazi **, ikazenguruka $ $ .5 7.5 $ (cyangwa ushyireho umurongo wa ** calcite [calcium karubone] aside-itabuza gushungura **).
• ** Intambwe 5

Kwoza ivu ryibirunga bya acide bikikije urugo rwawe n imodoka yawe utangiza ibihaha cyangwa moteri¶

1. ** Buri gihe ugabanye ivu ryibirunga byoroheje ukoresheje spray yamazi mbere yo gukubura cyangwa gutobora kurwego rwubutaka : Gukaraba byumye bitangiza uduce duto twikirahure duhumeka ($ PM_ {2.5} $ na $ PM_ {10} $) mukarere kawe uhumeka. Ivu ryoroheje ryubutaka hamwe nubusitani bwa nozzle mbere yo kujugunya mumifuka ya pulasitike iremereye ( usibye: NTUKIGERE ushiramo ivu ryinshi ryicaye hejuru yinzu hejuru ya **, kubera ko ivu ryibirunga ritose ripima ** $ 1.500 umwandiko {kugeza} 2000 umwandiko {kilo kuri metero kibe} $ ikirunga).
2. ** Gutesha agaciro ivu rya acide ku irangi ryimodoka, imirasire yizuba, hamwe nicyuma cya HVAC cyuma **: Kuberako ivu rya acide riba ikoti yimodoka, ikangiza ibyuma bya aluminiyumu yumuyaga, kandi ikabuza imirasire yizuba, ** ntuzigera uhanagura ivu ryumye kumodoka cyangwa mumirasire yizuba hamwe nigitambara ** (ikora nka sandpaper 80-grit). Ahubwo, shyira hejuru hejuru y’amazi maremare y’amazi ubanza, oza ukoresheje igisubizo cyisabune yimodoka ya ** yoroheje ivanze n'ibiyiko 2 bya soda yo guteka ku ndobo y'amazi ** kugirango ubuze aside ya sulfurike / hydrochloric, hanyuma ukarabe neza.
3. ** Simbuza moteri yikinyabiziga cyayunguruzo hamwe nayunguruzo rwumuyaga wa kabine kenshi **: Umukungugu mwiza wibirahure byibirunga winjiye muri moteri yaka imbere ikora nkibikoresho byangiza byangiza impeta za piston na turbocharger muri kilometero.

Kurinda ubuhinzi, ubworozi, hamwe na clinique fluorose mugihe cya acide acide¶

Iyo guturika guturika bibitse ndetse ** $ 1 inyandiko {kugeza} 5 inyandiko {milimetero} $ ($ 0.04 inyandiko {kugeza} 0.2 umwandiko {inches} \() ** y’ivu ryiza ry’ibirunga ku nzuri z’ubuhinzi, mu busitani, no mu murima w’imboga, ibinyabuzima byangiza imiti y’ibiribwa n’ubuzima bw’inyamaswa ni ** ibishishwa bya hydrogène Fluoride (\) HF $ $) $ $ $ $ yamamajwe hanze yinyuma ya microscopique ivu:

1. ** Impamvu Kuragira Intama, Inka, n'amafarashi bipfa kubera Fluorose ikaze mu masaha 24 kugeza kuri 72 **:
2. Ibihuha (intama, ihene, amata n’inka zinka, impongo) n'amafarasi birisha hafi yumurongo wubutaka kandi byanze bikunze bimira ** $ 100 inyandiko {kugeza} 500+ inyandiko {garama} $ yivu kumunsi ** hamwe nicyatsi kibisi hamwe nubutaka.
3. Imbere mu gifu cya acide (abomasum), amavuta ya hydrofluoric acide ashonga vuba mumaraso. Fluoride ion ($ F ^ - \() ihuza cyane no gukwirakwiza ** calcium (\) Ca ^ {2 +} \() na magnesium (\) Mg ^ {2 +} $) ion mu maraso y’inyamaswa, igabanya floride ya calcium idashonga kandi igatera catastrophique ** acute hypocalcemia ** (paralise ya skeletal na cardiac imitsi itunguranye, imitsi ya metabolike).
4. ** Amasezerano y’amatungo ateganijwe **: Himura amatungo yose arisha mu bigega bisakaye, amasuka, cyangwa uduce duto tw’ibitaka byigitambo ako kanya iyo ivu ritangiye; ** gutwikira inkono ifunguye-kuvomera hamwe na tarps **; kandi ugaburire gusa ** ibyatsi byanduye byanduye, silage, cyangwa ingano zipakiye ** kugeza byibuze ** $ 25 inyandiko {kugeza} 50 umwandiko {milimetero} $ ($ 1 inyandiko {kugeza} 2 inyandiko {inches} $) yimvura isukuye ** yogeje ivu rya fluor mu byatsi byo mu rwuri.
5. ** Murugo Ubusitani bwimboga nibiti byimbuto **:
6. Ivu rya acide ($ H_2SO_4 $ na $ HCl $) ritera ibibara byimiti "acide acide" yibibabi byamababi (salitusi, epinari, imyumbati, kale, ibyatsi) hamwe nuburaro imbere yibibabi.
7. Hagarika amababi yo hanze ya keleti / salitusi ihuye na acide iremereye cyane, hanyuma ukarabe imbuto zose zoroshye neza n'imboga zumuzi neza muri ** amazi meza avanze n'ikiyiko 1 cya soda yo guteka kuri litiro **, hanyuma ukurikire amazi meza yoza, mbere yo kurya.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa¶

Ni ukubera iki mask isanzwe ya N95 cyangwa P100 itakurinda gaze ya Dioxyde de Sukfuru (SO2) hafi yikirunga?¶

N95, KN95, FFP2, na P100 ni akayunguruzo kayunguruzo kagenewe gutega impeke zikomeye zumukungugu hamwe nigitonyanga cyamazi ya microscopique (nk ivu ryibirunga hamwe na acide sulfurike acide vog aerosole) hafi ya micrometero 0.1 kugeza 10. Dioxyde de sulfure isukuye (SO2) isohoka hafi yikirunga cyangwa ikirunga ni gaze yukuri ifite molekile ya buri muntu igera kuri micrometero 0.0004 hirya, hafi inshuro igihumbi ugereranije nuduce duto cyane N95 yagereranijwe gufata. Iyo molekile ya gaze inyura muri fibre ifunguye ya mask ya N95 nta kurwanywa. Kugira ngo uhagarike imyuka ya SO2, ugomba kwambara ubuhumekero bwa elastomeric bufite karitsiye ya Acide Gas (AG) yuzuye karbone / alkaline sorbent ivura, cyangwa ugahumeka ukoresheje umwenda winjijwe muri soda yo guteka n'amazi mugihe uhunze.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'ibirunga "Vog" n'ibirunga byo ku nkombe "Laze"?¶

Vog (umwotsi w’ibirunga) ikora ahantu hose ikirunga gikora gazi ya dioxyde de sulfure (SO2) mu kirere: mugihe plume igenda igabanuka kumasaha menshi kumunsi, urumuri rwizuba, ogisijeni, nubushuhe bwikirere bwifata hamwe na SO2 kugirango habeho igihu kinini mukarere ka acide sulfurique (H2SO4) na sulfate aerosol (PM2.5). Laze (lava haze), bitandukanye nibyo, ni plaque yaho, nziza-yera yera yinyanja ikora gusa aho lava ishushe itukura isukuye mumazi yinyanja: ubushyuhe bukabije buteka kandi bugabanya imyunyu yo mu nyanja (magnesium na sodium chloride) mubice bya hydrochloric acide (pH 1.5 kugeza 2.0) bivanze nibice bikarishye byikirahure.

Nigute umwotsi wibirunga (vog) cyangwa imvura ya aside itera uburozi bwamazi mumazi yo kunywa murugo?¶

Mu turere aho ingo zegeranya amazi yimvura kuva hejuru yinzu hejuru yububiko, ububiko bwa dioxyde de sulfure na acide ya acide ivuye mu birunga by’ibirunga bigashonga mu bitonyanga kandi bigatura hejuru y’inzu, bigahindura aside y'amazi y'imvura yakusanyije (akenshi pH 3.0 kugeza 4.5). Iyo aya mazi ya acide atembera hejuru yinzu hejuru yinzu, imisumari yo hejuru yinzu hejuru yinzu, hejuru yinzu hejuru yinzu, cyangwa ikicara imbere mu miyoboro y'amazi yo mu rugo ifatanije n’umugurisha wa tin-tin ukuze, aside irashonga imiti y’ubumara hamwe n’umuringa mu mazi yo kunywa. Guhagarika ibimanuka mugihe cyamazi, kutabuza amazi ya cistern kuri pH 7.0 hamwe na soda yo mu rwego rwo guteka cyangwa soda ya calcite, no gukoresha akayunguruzo ka NSF-53 yemewe na firime birinda kwandura.

Kuki amaso yanjye yaka cyane mu ivu cyangwa ibirunga, kandi ni ukubera iki kubisiga ari bibi cyane?¶

Ibirunga byibasiye amaso hamwe na acide ya chimique nikirahure cyumubiri. Ubwa mbere, gaze ya dioxyde de sulfure na acide sulfurike vog ibitonyanga bishonga muri firime yamosozi y'amaso yawe kugirango bibe acide sulfure na sulfurike idakomeye, bitera guhita bikomeretsa kandi byaka. Icya kabiri, ivu ryibirunga rigizwe na microscopique, urwembe rukarishye rwikirahure cya silikate yamenetse. Niba usize amaso yawe akomeretsa n'intoki zawe, cyangwa niba wambaye lens ya contact zifata ingano zivu zijisho rya jisho ryawe, uhita usya ibirahuri bya microscopique ibirahuri hejuru ya cornea yawe, bigatera gukuramo cyane. Buri gihe ukureho lens ya contact, wambare amadarubindi afunze, kandi uhanagura amaso yaka usuka amazi meza cyangwa saline sterile muminota 15 utabanje gukanda.

Inkomoko yagenzuwe¶

• ** Ubushakashatsi bwa Jewolojiya muri Amerika (USGS) Gahunda y’ibiza by’ibirunga hamwe n’ikigo cy’ibirunga cya Hawayi (HVO): ** * Umwotsi w’ibirunga (Vog), Dioxyde de Sulfuru ($ SO_2 $) Ikwirakwizwa ry’imyuka ya gaz, hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibirunga bya Acide Acide.
• ** Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’ubuzima bw’ibirunga (IVHHN), Ishami ry’ubuzima ku isi (OMS), na kaminuza ya Durham: ** * Ibyago by’ubuzima by’ivu ry’ibirunga: Imfashanyigisho ya rubanda, amabwiriza yo kurinda imyuka y’ibirunga n’imvura ya aside, hamwe n’ibikoresho byo guhitamo ubuhumekero *.
• ** Ishami ry’ubuzima rya Leta ya Hawaii (DOH) na kaminuza ya Hawaii muri Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR): ** * Dioxyde de Dioxyde de Sucure yigihe gito ($ SO_2 $) Ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere hamwe n’amabwiriza agenga uburyo bwo gufata amazi y’imvura muri Vogi ​​n’ibirunga *.
• ** Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC / NIOSH, Amerika): ** * Agasanduku k'umufuka wa NIOSH ku byangiza imiti: Dioxyde de sulfure ($ SO_2 \(), Acide ya sulfuru (\) H_2SO_4 \(), hamwe na Hydrogene Fluoride (\) HF $) Ubuziranenge bwa Cartridge *.
• ** Ibiro by'ubumenyi bw'ikirere muri Isilande (IMO / Veðurstofa Íslands) hamwe n’ubuyobozi bushinzwe ubuzima (Embætti landlæknis): ** * Umwanda w’ibirunga ($ SO_2 $ na $ H_2S $) Imbonerahamwe y’ibisubizo rusange hamwe n’uburaro bw’imbere mu nzu *.

Kuyobora¶

• Ibirunga: ivu, imigezi ya pyroclastique, na lahars
• Ibicu bya gazi y'ibirunga, ibibyimba byinshi, hamwe no guturika kwa limnic
• Umwotsi wumuriro hamwe no guhumeka ivu
• Asima yibasiye ubutabazi bwambere
• Gukomeretsa kw'amaso no guhanagura imiti