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Kugabanuka kwanjye munsi yurugo rwawe cyangwa gazi ya metani itunguranye irasohoka mu iriba ryawe Kanda: Ibihe byihutirwa

Imibare yihutirwa itandukanye nigihugu. Uru rupapuro rukoresha 911, umubare kuri Amerika na Kanada. Ibindi bihugu byinshi bikoresha 112, 999, cyangwa undi mubare. Shakisha umubare wigihugu cyawe.

Kubyuka saa tatu za mugitondo ukagera mubutaka bwimbitse, buvanze nubutaka bukurikirwa nijwi ryinzu yawe itaka kuniha, icyumba cyo kuryama hamwe ninzugi zimbere byahise bisimbuka bifunze mumadirishya ya diagonal, ** ingazi za dogere 45 zintambwe zicitsemo ibice hejuru yurukuta rwawe rwubatswe **, hamwe numuyoboro utagira ingano cyangwa umwobo uzenguruka uva mumurima wawe wigikoni ** ** amacandwe bikabije, akorora umufuka wumwuka, hanyuma wuzuze ikirahure cyawe cyo kunywa amata, azunguruka, ameze nka champagne (dissolved methane gas effervescence) ** - ni ibintu byihutirwa byubaka kandi biturika-gazi yihutirwa. Hirya no hino muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Ubwongereza, Uburayi, na Ositaraliya, ** miliyoni z'amazu yicaye hejuru y’ikarita yashushanyijeho kandi idashushanyijeho ibyumba byo munsi y'ubutaka byo mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20, amakara, umunyu, gypsumu, hekeste, ibyuma, hamwe na minisiteri-zinc ** (including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Nova Scotia, the UK Midlands/Yorkshire/South Wales, the German Ruhr Valley, and the Hunter Valley of NSW), kimwe nibikorwa ** birebire bicukura amakara **, ** amavuta / gazi hydraulic yamenetse (fracking) imirima **, na ** amariba yo gutera amazi.

Mugihe geologiya yubutaka hamwe namazi meza yamazi bisa nkibibazo bitandukanye, byombi birema ** icyarimwe kimwe, umwicanyi utagaragara imbere yinzu yawe muminota mike : ** gaze ya hydrocarubone yaka umuriro (Methane CH4) na gaze ya kirombe y'ubumara (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, or Oxygen-Depleted "Blackdamp" CO2/N2) kwimukira murugo rwawe **. Iyo inkingi yamakara yo munsi y'ubutaka isenyutse cyangwa igisenge cya kirombe kiguye ** metero 15 kugeza kuri 150 (metero 50 kugeza kuri 500) munsi yumuhanda wawe **, ubuso bwubutaka burambuye mumurongo wa ** tensile umuyaga ** ufata umurongo wa gazi isanzwe ya fer / ibyuma **mercaptan-odorized or odor-stripped) ** burya aho binjiye kurukuta rwawe rwo hasi hanyuma ucamo imirongo ya septique na propane. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, iyo ubucukuzi buri hafi, gucukura, umuvuduko wa barometrike, cyangwa kuvoma cyane bigabanya ameza y’amazi ya hydrostatike mu iriba ry’amazi ryinjira mu makara cyangwa shale, ** Methane idafite impumuro nziza, idafite ibara (CH4) exsolves (fizzes.LEL) ** kugeza igihe urumuri rumwe ruhagaze ruva mu bwiherero cyangwa urumuri rwa pompe neza rutera inzu iturika.

Kora ubu

  1. ** Niba inzu yawe irimo gusohoka cyane, kuniha, kugoreka, cyangwa guturika (Active Mine Subsidence.
  2. ** NTIBIKURIKIZE urumuri urwo arirwo rwose, NTUGASIMBURE ibikoresho, NTUKORESHE umuyaga wogesheje ubwiherero, kandi ntukoreshe gufungura urugi rwa garage. **
  3. Niba inzugi zifunze zifunze kumurongo (a classic hallmark of ground-tilt subsidence), ** kwirukana idirishya ryo hasi hasi hanyuma uzamuke unyuze mu idirishya ** (keep a hammer or pry bar accessible on each floor if you live in a known subsidence zone).
  4. ** Niba amazi yawe yihariye ya robine arimo gucira umwuka, gukorora, cyangwa guhindagurika nka soda ya club (Methane Effervescence.
  5. Buri litiro y'amazi meza ya metani yuzuye yatewe mumutwe ushyushye, icyuma gikoni, igikarabiro, cyangwa imashini imesa ** kugeza kuri miligarama 28 kuri litiro (28 ppm) ya Methane yaka umuriro (CH4) ** igororotse mu kirere cy'icyo cyumba.
  6. ** NTUKIGERE ufata urugi rufunze urugi rushyushye, ukoreshe imashini imesa, cyangwa gukubita umukino / urumuri hafi ya robine yamenetse **, na ** NTUKIGERE uzamuka mumwobo wa beto yo munsi y'ubutaka cyangwa inzu ya pompe ** (confined well pits trap exsolved methane at explosive 5%-15% LEL concentrations and displace breathable oxygen below 19.5%).
  7. ** Umaze gusohoka hanze neza byibuze metero 30 uvuye munzu: Hamagara 911 (cyangwa 112/999) N'UMURYANGO WA GASANZWE WA 24/7 Umurongo wihutirwa. **
  8. Bwira abatumwe 911: * "Dufite ibikorwa byo munsi yubutaka bwa mine munsi yubutaka busenya umusingi / inzugi zivanze ** [Street Address]. Nyamuneka ohereza ** ishami rishinzwe kuzimya umuriro hamwe na metero 4 za gaze ya LEL & Carbone Monoxide Metero ** hanyuma usabe ** Crew Utility Emergency Crew ** kugenzura serivise zacu zo munsi kugirango zogoshe. "*
  9. ** Niba urugo rwawe rugenda rwimuka: Saba ibikoresho bya gaz bifunga metero yawe yo hanze (or turn the quarter-turn propane tank valve OFF if safe outside) mbere yo gufata umuyoboro ushyinguwe. **
  10. Mugihe cya ** Icyumba-ninkingi "Sag / Trough" Igikorwa cyo Kugabanuka **, ubuso bwubutaka butura kuri metero 0.3 kugeza kuri metero 1.5 (metero 1 kugeza kuri 5) ** mugihe cyamasaha ** amasaha 24 kugeza ibyumweru byinshi **. Imiyoboro ya gazi isanzwe yo munsi y'ubutaka, imirongo ya serivisi y'amazi, hamwe n'umuyoboro w'amazi uhuza inzu yawe yimuka n'umuhanda munini uhagarara bikururwa nka tafie irambuye kugeza igihe zogosha munsi y'ubutaka hamwe na gaze ya gazi kumuyoboro wa kaburimbo ugana mukuzimu kwawe.
  11. ** Hamagara Leta yawe / Igihugu cyanjye cyatawe mu gihugu (AML) Gahunda yihutirwa Nubwishingizi bwa Subsidence Mine (MSI) Amafaranga mu masaha 24. **
  12. Muri federasiyo ya ** Igenzura ry'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gutangaza ((SMCRA.at zero cost to the homeowner**

Impamvu Amazi meza-Methane YUZUYE CYANE - Nuburyo Buzimu Iriba Umuyoboro Wibiturika Biturika

  • ** Zeru "Kubora-Amagi" Impumuro ya Mercaptan: ** Umuyoboro w'ingirakamaro gazi gasanzwe ihumura nk'amagi yaboze * gusa * kubera ko ibikoresho bitera inshinge ** mercaptan (tert-butylthiol) ** ku irembo ry'umujyi. ** Methane isanzwe ya geologiya (CH4 .
  • ** Umuyoboro wa Pompe Ihinduranya Umuyoboro: ** Mu bihumbi n’ibihumbi byo mu cyaro no mu nkengero, fiberglass yubururu cyangwa ibyuma ** Iriba ry’amazi y’amazi ** yicaye mu nsi yo munsi cyangwa mu kabati gakoreshwa na mashini ** 30/50 psi cyangwa 40/60 psi Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ((Square D Pumptrol) ** yashyizwe kuri tee tee. Igihe cyose pompe itangiye cyangwa izimye, ibyuma bihuza imbere muri kiriya cyuma gito cya plasitike yumuhondo utera ** ubururu bwerurutse 240-volt amashanyarazi arc **. Niba gazi ya metani yasohotse mu iriba cyangwa igasohoka mu kigega cy'uruhago rwuzuye amazi mu kirere cyo munsi ya ** 5.0% kugeza 15.0% ku bwinshi ()100% LEL) **, iyo pompe isanzwe-kanda kanda iturika hasi yose.

Igiti cyemezo: Ibihe byihutirwa kubutaka bwamabuye y'agaciro na fizzing metani amazi meza

flowchart TD
    Start["Ubutaka bwa Jewoloji Byihutirwa: Gucika Inzu / Kugoreka (Subsidence) CYANGWA Iriba rya Faucet / Gazi ya Fizzing"] --> HazardType{"Ni ibihe bimenyetso byihutirwa urimo uhura nabyo nonaha?"}

    HazardType -->|"1."| CheckActive{"Ese ibice byagutse, amagorofa aragoramye, cyangwa impumuro ya gaze irahari nonaha?"}

    CheckActive -->|"YEGO: Kwimuka cyangwa ibyago bya gaze"| EvacHouse["Intambwe 1A: Kwimura abantu bose Hanze (Koresha Windows niba Imiryango ifunze); Ntugakore ku mucyo"]
    EvacHouse --> Call911Sub["Intambwe 2A: Hamagara 911 (Kugenzura Umuriro wa 4-Kugenzura Metero)"]

    CheckActive -->|"OYA: Gutuza buhoro nta gusenyuka ako kanya"| CallAML["Intambwe 3A: Hamagara Leta Yatawe Ubutaka bwa Mine (AML) Umurongo wa telefone wihutirwa + Ikigega cy'Ubwishingizi bwa Mine (MSI) Mu masaha 24"]
    Call911Sub --> CallAML

    HazardType -->|"."| ShutTaps["Intambwe 1B: Hagarika Amazi Yimbere Yimbere, Kwiyuhagira, no Gukaraba ako kanya; Fungura Windows kuri Ventilate"]

    ShutTaps --> NoSparks["Intambwe 2B: Ntukajye winjira neza Urwobo cyangwa Flip Basimenti; Hamagara 911 niba LEL Alarm Yumvikanye cyangwa Kwiyongera kwa Gazi"]

    NoSparks --> ReportReg["Intambwe 3B: Raporo Yimuka Yimuka Kuri Reta ya peteroli / Gazi / Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro (DEP / ODNR / AER) kugirango byihutirwa Wellhead Venting & Baseline Isotopic"]

Icyiciro cya 1: Kumenya ubwoko bubiri bwubutaka bwa mine (Pit / Sinkhole v. Sag / Trough)

Ntabwo ibirombe byanjye byose byasenyutse bisa nkibikinisho bya firime. Abashakashatsi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro hamwe na geologiya bashyira mu byumba byatereranye ibyumba-n'inkingi amakara, gypsumu, ibumba, hamwe n’umunyu w’umunyu mu buryo bubiri butandukanye bwo kunanirwa mu buryo bwa **, bitewe n’uburyo ibikorwa by’amabuye biri munsi y’urufatiro rw’urugo rwawe:

Kugereranya Ubwubatsi: Urwobo (Sinkhole) Kugabanuka na Sag (Trough) Kubaho

Ikiranga 1. Icyobo / Chimney Sinkhole Kugabanuka (Shallow Mines) 2. Kugabanuka / Kugabanuka (Deeper Room-and-Pillar or Longwall Mines)
** Ubujyakuzimu busanzwe munsi yinzu yawe ** ** Igicucu Cyane (< 15 to 30 meters / 50 to 100 feet munsi yubuso) **, cyangwa muburyo butaziguye hejuru ya vertical vertical ** mina ihumeka ikirere cyangwa umuyaga **. ** Gereranya Kugera (30 to 180+ meters / 100 to 600+ feet munsi yubuso) ** aho igitanda kinini kiremereye hejuru yinkingi nyinshi zamakara.
** Uburyo Bunanirwa Munsi Yubutaka ** Igisenge cya shale / umusenyi hejuru yicyumba kimwe cyacukuwe ((entry) cyangwa ibiti by'ibiti biboze hamwe n'ubuvumo hejuru muri chimney ihagaritse kugeza ubwo ubutaka bwo hejuru bwinjiye mu cyuho. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo umwuzure wamazi yubutaka hamwe na okiside ya acide-min, ** inkingi nyinshi zamakara zo mu kuzimu zirasenyuka (pillar failure) cyangwa gukubita hasi hasi mubutaka bworoshye bwibumba (floor heave) **, itera ahantu hanini hejuru yigitanda hejuru yikigina hasi nka nyundo.
** Ibyo Bisa Muri Yard & Umuhanda wawe ** ** Umwobo utunguranye, uruhande ruhanamye cyane cyangwa umwobo wa silindrike (2 to 8 meters / 6 to 25 feet mugari na 1 to 6 meters / 3 to 20 feet byimbitse) ** kugaragara ijoro ryose, akenshi nyuma yimvura nyinshi yimvura cyangwa amazi yatemba. ** Kwiheba kwagutse, byoroheje bisa neza (60 to 300 meters / 200 to 1,000 feet ubugari) ** gutura ** 0.3 kugeza kuri metero 1,2 (metero 1 kugeza kuri 4) ** uhagaritse; bigira ingaruka ** 3 kugeza 15 kumazu aturanye icyarimwe ** kumuhanda.
** Ibimenyetso byo kuburira imbere murugo rwawe ** Urufatiro rwibanze rumanuka niba urwobo rufunguye munsi yurwinjiriro cyangwa igaraje; yashyizwe ahagaragara ubusa; kubura gutunguranye kwamazi yo mumazi mu mwobo. ** 1. Imiryango na Windows Bitunguranye Komera cyangwa ntibizatinda ** (frames racked into parallelograms); ** 2. Diagonal 45-Impamyabumenyi "Intambwe-Intambwe" Ivunika ** mumatafari n'amatafari yo hasi; ** 3. Kuzunguruka / Gufata amajwi ** nkumusumari wumye; ** 4. Ahantu hahanamye ** (marbles or water bottles roll across the kitchen floor); ** 5. Kugoreka Chimneys ** gukuramo igisenge.
** Guhisha munsi yubutaka bwa gaz & Akamaro Akaga ** ** Gucuruza Mine Yica: ** Gufungura amabuye y'agaciro / ibyobo birashobora guhumeka umwuka wa ogisijeni wabuze **"Blackdamp" (CO2 + N2 hamwe na < 10% O2) **, uburozi ** Carbone Monoxide ("Whitedamp") ** kuva gucana amakara yo munsi y'ubutaka, cyangwa ** Methane ("Firedamp") **. Ntuzigere ureba hasi cyangwa ngo uzamuke mu kirombe. ** Tensile & Compressive Utility Pipe Shear: ** Amazu kumurongo winyuma winkono arakururwa (tensile zone, gufata gazi yashyinguwe hamwe nu miyoboro yamazi), mugihe amazu yo hagati yisafuriya yegeranye hamwe (compressive zone, gutobora hasi hasi hejuru no kumenagura imiyoboro y'icyuma).

Icyiciro cya 2: Nigute ushobora kubwira Mine Subsidence kuva mubutaka busanzwe butuye cyangwa ibumba ryagutse (And why standard homeowners insurance denies both)

Iyo urukuta rwawe rwo hasi rusenyutse, rwiyemezamirimo wihariye wo gusana fondasiyo arashobora kugerageza kukugurisha $ 25.000 byuma bisunika ibyuma, mugihe umugenzuzi wawe wubwishingizi bwamazu ufite amazu ahakana ikirego cyawe kuri ** "Kwirukana isi." **

1. Ibimenyetso 3 byo gusuzuma byerekana ko munsi yubutaka bwa Mine (Ntabwo bisanzwe)

  1. ** Umuvuduko hamwe nuburyo bwinshi bwo guhuza: ** Urufatiro rusanzwe rutura cyangwa kugabanuka kw ibumba ryagutse riba milimetero na milimetero mumyaka kandi mubisanzwe bigira ingaruka kumpande imwe yumye yinzu imwe. ** Kugabanuka kwanjye gukura vuba muminsi ibyumweru ** kandi icyarimwe icyarimwe ** umuhanda wumuhanda, inzira nyabagendwa, inkingi zingirakamaro, hamwe nurufatiro rwabaturanyi baturanye ** kuruhande rwumurongo uhoraho (the "subsidence wave front").
  2. ** Icyarimwe icyarimwe + Gucuramye: ** Niba igisate cyawe cyo hasi gifite igikuta cyagutse kirenze milimetero 6 (santimetero 0,25) ** cyaguka hejuru yurukuta (tensile pull) cyangwa niba urwego rwa metero 1,2 (metero 4) urwego rwububaji rwerekana umusingi wawe uhengamye hejuru ya ** 1% (1 centimeter per meter / 1/8 inch per foot) ** kuva mumashanyarazi mugihe cyukwezi, ukekwaho ubutaka bwubusa.
  3. ** Reba Aderesi yawe Kumurongo wa Reta Yubutaka Yubutaka Uyu munsi: **
  4. ** Muri Amerika: ** Fungura leta yawe kumurongo ** GIS Mine Ikarita Atlas ** (e.g., Pennsylvania DEP MSI Risk Map, Illinois ISGS Coal Mine Viewer, Ohio ODNR Abandoned Underground Mine Locator, West Virginia WVGES, Colorado CGS).
  5. ** Mu Bwongereza: ** Shakisha posita yawe kuri ** Ikarita yubuyobozi bw'amakara ireba ** (which maps over 170,000 known coal mine shafts across England, Scotland, and Wales).
  6. ** Muri Ositaraliya: ** Reba kuri ** Inama Ngishwanama ya NSW ** (Hunter Valley / Newcastle / Wollongong / Lithgow districts).

2. Uburyo Ubwishingizi bwa Leta na Sitati byemewe n'amategeko (MSI) Imirimo

  • ** Ubwishingizi busanzwe bwa banyiri amazu (HO-3) ukuyemo 100% byimuka kwisi no kugabanuka kwanjye. **
  • Nyamara, mu bihugu bicukura amakara no mu bihugu, guverinoma zikora amategeko, zidaharanira inyungu ** Ubwishingizi bw’amabuye y'agaciro (MSI) Amafaranga **:
  • ** Ibihugu byinjiza byikora (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia): ** Ukurikije amategeko ya leta, Ubwishingizi bwa Mine Subsidence ($50,000 to $750,000 muburyo bwo gukwirakwiza) ni ** ihita ihindurwamo muri buri muturage ufite amazu yubwishingizi mu ntara zamakara yashushanyije ** keretse wasinye inyandiko yanditse.
  • ** Opt-Mu Kigega cya Leta (Pennsylvania DEP MSI Fund, Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance Underwriting Association, Colorado, Wyoming): ** Yaguzwe kumurongo cyangwa binyuze mumukozi wubwishingizi kuri ** $ 30 kugeza $ 150 kumwaka ** (covering up to $500,000 in repairs).
  • ** Ikora Longwall / Ikara ry'amakara ikora cyane ()Federal SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121, UK Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, Subsidence Advisory NSW).

Icyiciro cya 3: Gazi ya Methane itunguranye (CH4) gusohora mu iriba ryamazi yawe bwite ("Stray Gas Migration")

Niba utuye ahantu hafite amakara, shale kama yumukara (such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Permian, Montney, or Surat basins), cyangwa hafi ya ** gucukura peteroli / gazi, kuvunika hydraulic (fracking.

1. Ibimenyetso 4 byo kuburira gaze ya metani mumazi yawe bwite

  1. ** "Gusohora Faucet / Gukorora / Umuyaga uhuha": ** Iyo ufunguye igikoni cyangwa ubwiherero kanda ikintu cya mbere mugitondo, robine ** imitoma yubukazi, inkorora, no guturika umufuka wa gaze ** mbere yuko amazi atemba neza.
  2. ** "Champagne / Club-Soda Effervescence" mu kirahure: ** Iyo wujuje ikirahure gisobanutse n'amazi ya robine akonje, amazi asa na ** yera yera hamwe na miriyoni ntoya ya micro-bubbles izamuka kuva hejuru kugeza hejuru nka champagne ya fizzing cyangwa Alka-Seltzer ** (mugihe umwuka utagira ingaruka uturuka kuri moteri ya robine usukuye hejuru hejuru mumasegonda make adahoraho.
  3. ** Gurgling cyangwa "Guteka" Byumvikana Imbere Iriba: ** Kugenda hafi yumutwe wawe wo hanze (sanitary well seal), urashobora kwumva guhora ** gutontoma, gutontoma, cyangwa urusaku rwa percolating ** kuzamuka hejuru y'iriba.
  4. ** Imyanda itunguranye, Amazi Yirabura, cyangwa Amababi Yiboze / Amababi ya Bacterial Blooms: ** Mugihe ibibyimba bya metani byimuka byiyongera hejuru binyuze mu kuvunika kwamazi mu iriba ryawe, imivurungano itera umwirabura wa manganese / icyuma, na metani-oxyde na sulfate igabanya bagaburira kuri gaze, bigahindura amazi yawe umwijima, slimy, cyangwa sulfure.

2. Ubushakashatsi bwa Jewolojiya muri Amerika (USGS) & Interior Department Action Thresholds for Dissolved Methane in Well Water

Methane yamenetse (CH4) Kwibanda mumazi meza (mg/L cyangwa ppm) Ikirere cyiza % LEL Gusoma USGS / Leta DEP Hazard Itondekanya Ibisabwa byihutirwa & Ubwubatsi
< 10 mg/L (< 10 ppm) < 10% LEL (< 0.5% CH4 mu kirere) ** Urwego Rwizewe / Gukurikirana: ** Munsi yurugero rwumubyigano aho imifuka ya gaze iteje akaga ikusanyiriza mumyuka isanzwe yicyumba. Umutekano wo gukoresha urugo rusanzwe; ongera ugerageze buri mwaka (or establish a pre-drilling baseline before any gas well is drilled within 1.5 km / 1 mile).
10 to 28 mg/L (10 to 28 ppm) 10% to 25% LEL (0.5% to 1.25% CH4 mu kirere) ** UMUBURO / URWEGO RW'IBIKORWA (Mitigation Required): ** Kwegera kwiyuzuza ikirere (28 mg/L kuri 20 °C). Gazi ivamo amazi menshi mugihe umuvuduko ugabanutse hejuru ya robine no kwiyuhagira. ** Igikorwa ako kanya: ** Ventilate ibyumba byingirakamaro, Ubwiherero, n’ahantu ho kumesa igihe cyose amazi atemba; ** shyiramo hanze Vent Sanitary Wellhead Cap ** yagura byibuze ** 1.8 kugeza kuri metero 3 (metero 6 kugeza kuri 10) hejuru yubutaka ** hamwe na ecran-fata-fata, wongeyeho ** Aeration / Degassing Shroud System ** imbere yigitutu cyumuvuduko.
> 28 mg/L (> 28 ppm - Supersaturated / Icyiciro cya gazi yubusa) **> 25% to 100% LEL (> 1.25% to 5.0%+ CH4 mu kirere) ** ** AKARERE KA GUSOHORA (Evacuate / Shut Down Well Pump): ** Gazi ya metani yubusa irimo kwiyongera hejuru yiziba mumiyoboro y'amazi yo murugo (turning faucets into gas jets). ** SHAKA BREAKER YIZA (Uhereye Hanze Cyangwa Gusa Niba LEL Meter Yasomye Umutekano), Hagarika UKORESHE AMAZI YOSE, SHAKA NIBA GAZI YAGARAGAZA INDO, KANDI HAMAGARA 911 + AMavuta / GASI / UMUKOZI W'UBUCURUZI.

NTUKIGERE UKORA Internet 'Fata urumuri kuri Faucet yo mu gikoni' Amayeri yo mu nzu

Amavidewo ya virusi akunze kwerekana ba nyiri urugo bafashe urumuri rwa BBQ kugeza kuri robine yo mu gikoni isuka kugira ngo barebe niba urumuri rwa metero 1 (metero 3) ubururu / orange urumuri rurasa kuri robine. ** NTUKIGERE ugerageza gutwika gaze ivuye muri robine yo mu nzu. ** - Ubwa mbere, niba methane yamaze kwinjira mugikoni cyawe cyangwa mucyumba cyingirakamaro mugihe cyamasaha ashize, umwuka uzengurutse umutwe wawe ushobora kuba uri imbere muri ** 5.0% kugeza 15.0% Urwego ruturika (100% LEL) **, hanyuma ukanze urumuri ruzaturika icyumba cyose. - Icya kabiri, niba urumuri rwongeye gusubira mu muyoboro wuzuye umwuka cyangwa gufungura iriba, birashobora gukwirakwira mu iriba cyangwa mu kigega cy'umuvuduko hanyuma bigaturika ikigega. Kureka ibizamini bya gazi rwose kuri ** ishami rishinzwe kuzimya umuriro hamwe nabashinzwe ibidukikije bya leta / peteroli na gazi ** ukoresheje catalitiki itekanye imbere / infragre ** 4-Gaz LEL Metero **.

Icyiciro cya 4: Nigute ushobora kwerekana niba metani nziza yaturutse hafi yo gucukura / gutobora hamwe namakara karemano / gaze yo mu gishanga (Isotopic Fingerprinting)

Iyo methane igaragara gitunguranye mu iriba ry’amazi ryigenga muri metero 300 kugeza kuri 1.500 (metero 1.000 na 5.000) ** y’iriba rya peteroli / gaze rishya ryacukuwe, icyuma kimenagura hydraulic, cyangwa ikirombe gikora amakara, uruganda rukora ingufu ruzahora ruvuga ko gaze isanzwe iboneka gake ** "igishanga cya biogenic / drift gas" ** yahoraga mu iriba ryawe.

Dore uko ibigo bya leta bishinzwe ibidukikije (such as Pennsylvania DEP, Ohio ODNR, Colorado ECMC, and the Alberta Energy Regulator) garagaza siyanse aho gaze yaturutse - n'impamvu ** Gupima Amazi Yambere yo Gupima Amazi ** ni ngombwa: 1. ** Thermogenic na Biogenic Carbon & Hydrogen Ihamye Isotope Urutoki (delta-13C-CH4 na delta-D-CH4): ** - Shallow ** Biogenic ("Igishanga / Drift") Methane ** ikorwa na mikorobe mu kirere kugeza igihe ibitanda byamakara bitagabanije ni "urumuri" (delta-13C mubisanzwe -60 to -90 per mil) kandi igizwe na ** 100% Methane yuzuye (C1) hamwe na hydrocarbone zeru ziremereye . - Byimbitse ** Thermogenic ("Shale / Fracking / Pipeline") Gazi ** yatetse munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi nigitutu cya metero ibihumbi munsi yubutaka (migrating upward through a poorly cemented surface casing annulus) ni isotopically "biremereye" (delta-13C mubisanzwe -25 to -50 per mil) kandi ikubiyemo igipimo gitandukanye cya ** Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), na Butane (C4H10) ** guhuza umukono nyawo wibikorwa bya gaze hafi. 2. ** Guteganywa n'amategeko byemewe na zone ()Pre-Drilling Baseline Rule): ** - Mu mategeko ya leta ya peteroli na gaze (nka ** Pennsylvania itegeko 13 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218, Ohio, Virginie y’Iburengerazuba, na Colorado), niba umukoresha wa peteroli / gazi acukura muri metero 300 kugeza kuri 760 (metero 1.000 na 2500) ** y'iriba ryamazi yawe kandi iriba ryawe rikaba ryandujwe na metani, umunyu wa brine (chlorides, barium, strontium); Buri gihe wemere kubuntu mbere yo gucukura ibizamini byibanze na leta yemewe na laboratoire ya gatatu (NELAP accredited) kandi ugumane urunigi rwasinywe-rwo-kurinda laboratoire PDF ubuziraherezo.

Inomero zihutirwa zo mukarere hamwe na protocole yikigo

Igihugu / Akarere Mine Subsidence Yihutirwa & Grouting Hotlines Gabanya gazi / Iriba Methane Yanduye Ubwishingizi bwa Mine buteganijwe Ubwishingizi & Indishyi
** Amerika ** ** 911 ** (Ako kanya gazi / gusenyuka) + ** Ibiro bikuru bishinzwe ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gutunganya (OSMRE) ** + Imirongo yihutirwa ya Leta AML:
- ** Pennsylvania DEP Ibirombe byihutirwa **: 1-800-541-2050
- ** Illinois DNR Byihutirwa AML **: 1-217-782-6791
- ** Ohio ODNR AML Byihutirwa **: 1-614-265-6633
- ** Uburengerazuba bwa Virginie DEP AML **: 1-800-654-5954		 ** Amavuta ya Leta na Gazi / Umurongo Wibidukikije Ibidukikije ** (urugero, ** PA DEP **: 1-800-541-2050; ** Ohio ODNR 24/7 **: 1-844-640-6446; ** Colorado ECMC **: 1-303-894-2100; ** Komisiyo ya Gariyamoshi ya Texas **: 1-844-773-0305). ** Ubwishingizi bwa Leta bwa Mine (MSI) Amafaranga ** (PA 1-800-922-1678, IL, IN, KY, OH, WV, CO, WY) + ** SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121 Inshingano zanjye zikomeye **.
** Kanada ** ** 911 ** + Ibyago by’Intara (urugero, ** Ibirombe bya Ontario Byatereranye **: 1-888-415-9845; ** Nova Scotia DNRR **; ** Igenzura ry'ingufu za Alberta AER 24/7 **: 1-800-222-6514) ** Igenzura ry'ingufu za Alberta (AER) Amakara yamakara / Amazi meza yo kurega **: 1-800-222-6514 + ** BC Ushinzwe Ingufu (BCER) **: 1-800-663-3456. Uburenganzira bwo hejuru yintara & Ikibaho cyo Kwishura Mine.
** Ubwongereza ** ** 999 ** (Akaga ako kanya) + ** Ubuyobozi bw'amakara 24/7 Ubuso bwa Hazard & Subsidence Line Emergency **: 0800 288 4242 (Ubwongereza, Scotland, na Wales) ** Ikigo gishinzwe ibidukikije (0800 80 70 60) ** + ** Umuyobozi mukuru w’ubuzima n’umutekano (HSE) Ubugenzuzi bwa Mine ** + ** Ibihe byihutirwa bya gazi (0800 111 999) **. ** Itegeko ryo kugabanya amakara y’amakara 1991 **: Mu mategeko y’Ubwongereza, ** Ikigo gishinzwe amakara ** gitanga ** 100% guhagarika umutekano ku buntu, icumbi ry’agateganyo, n’indishyi zuzuye zo gusana ibyubatswe ** ku mutungo uwo ariwo wose wangijwe n’amabuye y’amakara y’amateka cyangwa akomeye mu Bwongereza.
** Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi ** ** 112 ** + Ikigo gishinzwe ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro (* BRGM / GEODERIS * mu Bufaransa; * Bezirksregierung Arnsberg Bergbau * mu Budage bwa Ruhr) Ubuyobozi bukuru bwa Jewoloji & Mining (* DREAL * mu Bufaransa, * Bergamt * mu Budage, * WUG * muri Polonye). ** Amafaranga yo kwangiza ubucukuzi bwemewe n'amategeko ** (urugero, Ikidage * RAG Stiftung Bergschaden * & Igifaransa * Fonds de Garantie des Assurances Obligatoires FGAO Mines *).
** Australiya & Nouvelle-Zélande ** ** 000/111 + +1800 248 083** (1800 MINE SUB) + ** Umutekano Umutekano & Ubuzima Queensland (RSHQ) **: 1300 362 128 ** Umurongo wibidukikije wa NSW **: 131 555 + ** Umwuka w'amakara ya Queensland (CSG) Bore Gukora-Umurongo wa telefoni mwiza **: 13 74 68 (Water Act 2000 Bore Assessment). ** Itegeko ry’indishyi z’amakara y’amakara 2017 (NSW) **: Itanga amategeko ateganijwe nta makosa yihutirwa yo gusana umutekano hamwe n’indishyi zuzuye zubatswe kuri banyiri amazu bose mu turere tw’amakara ya NSW.
** Ubuhinde & Aziya-Pasifika ** ** 112 ** + ** Ubuyobozi bukuru bushinzwe umutekano wa Mine (DGMS, Dhanbad) ** + ** Amakara y'Ubuhinde (BCCL Jharia / ECL Raniganj Utugingo ngengabuzima) ** ** Ikigo cy’amazi yo hagati (CGWB) ** + Ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kurwanya umwanda. Jharia & Raniganj Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe no gutuza (JRDA) Indishyi.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Ese kunywa amazi yashonga Methane (CH4) muri yo ni uburozi mu gifu, cyangwa akaga ni uguturika cyane no guhumeka?

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Amerika muri Jewoloji (`USGS`), Ikigo gishinzwe kwandika no kwanduza indwara (`ATSDR`), n'Ubuzima bwa Kanada, ** gaze metani yashonze (`CH4`) ubwayo ntabwo ari uburozi bwa chimique iyo yamizwe mumazi yo kunywa ** - bitandukanye na benzene, arsenic, cyangwa gurş, metani yuzuye isohoka munda nka karubone mumazi ya soda. ** Akaga gashobora guhitana ubuzima bwa metani mu mazi meza ni umubiri 100%: ** ** (1) Guturika na Flash Fire ** iyo methane yashegeshwe bivuye mu bwogero, mu bwiherero, mu mwobo, no mu mashini imesa mu byumba bifunze kandi igera kuri ** 5.0% kugeza kuri 15.0% Ntarengwa yo guturika (`LEL`) **, na **. Ariko, kubera ko kwimuka gaze yayobye akenshi igenda iruhande rwamazi yumunyu yumunyu (`high chlorides, bromides, barium, strontium`), arsenic, cyangwa gushakisha peteroli hydrocarbone (`BTEX`) **, ntugomba na rimwe kunywa amazi meza arimo kugeza igihe akanama gashinzwe ubuziranenge bwa laboratoire kavanze imiti yanduye.

Nigute injeniyeri zitunganya burundu iriba ryamazi ryigenga rifite gaze metani (10 to 28+ mg/L) none inzu yanjye ntishobora guturika?

Gukosora iriba ritanga metani bisaba ** sisitemu yubuhanga bwibyiciro bibiri ** yashyizweho numuyoboro wimpushya zemewe ninzobere mu gutunganya amazi: ** (1) Ku iriba ryo hanze (`Vented Sanitary Seal`).`and above winter snowdrifts`. na ** (2) Mbere yigitutu cyimbere mu nzu (`Open-Atmosphere Aeration / Spray Degasser System`).`equipped with a blower fan vented through the roof and an automatic methane LEL shutoff sensor`) **, ikuramo 99% ya metani yashonze mu mazi ikayijugunya hanze mbere yuko pompe ya booster ya kabiri yohereza amazi meza, adafite gaze mumazi yawe.

Niba inzu yanjye yicaye hejuru y’ikirombe cy’amakara n’inkingi yaguye muri iki gihe, leta yahagarika ite gusenyuka?

Mugihe utanze raporo yibikorwa byihutirwa byatewe na leta yawe ** Ubutaka bwa Mine bwataye (`AML`) Gahunda yihutirwa ** (cyangwa ** Ubwongereza bw'amakara yo mu Bwongereza / Umujyanama wa Subsidence NSW **), abahanga mu bya geotechnique bakoresha imashini izenguruka mu gikari cyawe no mu kayira kanyu kugira ngo bacukure umuyoboro wa ** milimetero 150 (santimetero 6) ** ugana munsi ya metero 30 kugeza kuri 100 (metero 100 kugeza kuri 330) ** mu byumba by’ubutaka byasenyutse.`verified using down-hole borehole video cameras and sonar`). Baca bavoma toni amagana cyangwa ibihumbi bya ** hasi ya beto ya beto yoroheje, isazi-ivu, hamwe namabuye yajanjaguwe ** kumwobo kugirango bubake inkingi nini zo munsi y'ubutaka ** ("inkingi ya grout") ** munsi yikirenge cyawe, gishyigikira burundu igisenge cyigitanda kugirango kidashobora kongera kugwa.

Kuki hasi yacu Carbon Monoxide (CO) detector cyangwa Radon impuruza mugihe cyicyumweru cyumuvuduko muke wa barometrike hejuru yikirombe gishaje?

Ibirombe by'amakara yajugunywe mu kuzimu bikora nk'ibihaha binini byo munsi y'ubutaka (`"Mine Breathing"`). Iyo sisitemu yimbitse ** yumuvuduko muke (imbere yumuyaga) ** yimukiye mumujyi wawe, umuvuduko wikirere wo hanze ugabanuka cyane. Mu gusubiza, amamiriyoni ya metero kibe yumuyaga wahagaze imbere yubusa bwikirombe cyikuzimu waguka kandi ugasunika ** hejuru ** unyuze kumeneka yigitanda, ibiti byamabuye idafunze, hamwe nu byuma byo hasi byumye / imyanda yinjira mumazu yicaye hejuru yikirombe. Uwo mwuka wanjye uzamuka utwara ibyago bitatu bitagaragara: ** (1) "Blackdamp" (`Stythe`) ** - umwuka wa ogisijeni wabuze (`often only 8% to 14% oxygen`) biremereye hamwe na Dioxyde de Carbone (`CO2`) na Azote ibidengeri hasi hasi igahumeka amatungo cyangwa abantu bakuru muminota mike; ** (2) Carbone Monoxide (`CO` - "Whitedamp") ** niba amakara ashaje yo mu kuzimu ashaje gahoro gahoro gahoro; na ** (3) Hejuru ya Radon-222 Gazi **. Inzu yose yubatswe hejuru yubushushanyo mbonera bwamabuye y'agaciro igomba kuba ifite ** icomeka kuri gaze ya gaze yaka (`LEL`) + Carbone Monoxide (`CO`.

Nabwirwa n'iki ko gutungurana gutunguranye no guturika mu rugo rwanjye ari umutingito, guturika kariyeri, guhinda umushyitsi / gutera inshinge, cyangwa igisenge cya kirombe cyasenyutse?

Reba kuri ** USGS Ikarita Yanyuma Yumutingito ** (`or British Geological Survey / Geoscience Australia / EMSC`) mu minota 10 ya boom. Umutingito usanzwe wa tectonic hamwe na ** umutingito uterwa n’amazi yatewe na ** bibaho ** ibirometero 3 kugeza kuri 15 (kilometero 2 kugeza kuri 9) zubujyakuzimu ** mu rutare rwo munsi ya kirisiti kandi byandikwa ku bice byinshi by’imitingito yo mu karere. Ibinyuranye, amakara ya ** yataye munsi yubutaka cyangwa igisenge cyamabuye yasenyutse ("mine bump") ** iboneka ** metero 15 kugeza kuri 150 gusa (metero 50 kugeza 500) munsi yibyatsi **: itanga umujinya ukabije, waho ** urusaku rukomeye cyangwa rukomera ** (`often magnitude 0.5 to 2.0`) yumvaga cyane kumuhanda umwe cyangwa ibiri gusa, uhita ukurikirwa nubutaka bwaho bugabanuka cyangwa umusingi ucika hejuru yicyumba cyaguye.

Kuyobora

Inkomoko nubuyobozi

  • ** Ubushakashatsi bwa Jewolojiya muri Amerika (USGS) & Minisiteri y’imbere mu Gihugu ishinzwe ibiro by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’amabuye y’amabuye y’amabuye y’amabuye y’ubutaka (OSMRE) **: * Methane mu iriba ry’amazi yigenga: Thresholds (10 mg / L Iburira na 28 mg / L Ibiza byihutirwa) * na * SMCRA Yataye Ubutaka bwihutirwa (AML).
  • ** Ishami rya Pennsylvania rishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (PA DEP) & Ohio Ishami ry’Umutungo Kamere (ODNR) **: * Ubuziranenge bw’Ubwishingizi bw’amakara y’amakara (MSI), Amabwiriza y’iperereza ry’imyuka ya gazi, hamwe n’ibizamini by’amazi meza mbere yo gucukura munsi ya 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218 *.
  • ** Ikigo gishinzwe amakara (Guverinoma y'Ubwongereza) **: * Itegeko ryo kugabura amakara y’amakara 1991 - 24/7 Igisubizo cy’ibiza byo hejuru, Gazi ya Mine ("Blackdamp" & Methane), hamwe n’indishyi zishingiye ku mategeko *.
  • ** Inama Ngishwanama NSW (Gouvernement Nshya ya Wales y'Amajyepfo, Ositaraliya) **: * Amategeko y’indishyi z’amakara y’amakara 2017 - Amasezerano yihutirwa yo gukora ibintu byihutirwa hamwe n’umuturirwa / Train Structural Triage *.
  • ** Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) & Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya uburozi no kwandikisha indwara (ATSDR, Amerika) **: * Umutekano w’amazi Yigenga Yigenga hafi y’amavuta adasanzwe ya peteroli na gazi hamwe n’ibikorwa byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro *.