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Ijẹkuro Mi Labẹ Ile Rẹ tabi Gas Methane lojiji ti n jade kuro ni Fọwọ ba Kanga Rẹ: Iyatọ pajawiri

Awọn nọmba pajawiri yato nipasẹ orilẹ-ede. Oju-iwe yii nlo 911, nọmba fun Amẹrika ati Kanada. Ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede miiran lo 112, 999, tabi nọmba miiran. Wa nọmba fun orilẹ-ede rẹ.

Titaji ni 3:00 owurọ si jinlẹ, ariwo ipamo ti o jinlẹ ti o tẹle pẹlu ariwo ti ile rẹ ti n kerora, yara ati awọn ilẹkun iwaju lojiji ti o wa ni pipade ni awọn fireemu diagonal diagonal, ** awọn dojuijako pẹtẹẹsì-iwọn 45 ti o yapa ṣiṣi kọja awọn ogiri ile ipilẹ ile rẹ , ati iyẹfun aijinile tabi ibi idana ti o wa ni ile ti o ṣubu silẹ ni ibi idana ounjẹ ti o fa silẹ ni ile ti o fa silẹ ni ile ti o yọ kuro ninu ile idana rẹ. nipasẹ ** kanga omi inu ile ikọkọ *** nikan lati ni tẹ ni kia kia ** tutọ ni agbara, awọn apo afẹfẹ Ikọaláìdúró, ki o kun gilasi mimu rẹ pẹlu wara, fizzing, awọn nyoju bii champagne (dissolved methane gas effervescence* - jẹ ẹya ńlá igbekale ati ibẹjadi-gaasi pajawiri. Kọja Ariwa Amẹrika, United Kingdom, Yuroopu, ati Ọstrelia, ** awọn miliọnu awọn ile joko taara loke ti a ya aworan ati ti ko ṣe yaworan ni ọrundun 19th- ati 20th-iyẹwu ipamo-ati-ọwọn ọwọn, iyọ, gypsum, limestone, iron, ati awọn maini sinkii-zinc *** (including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Nova Scotia, the UK Midlands/Yorkshire/South Wales, the German Ruhr Valley, and the Hunter Valley of NSW), bi daradara bi lọwọ ** longwall edu iwakusa paneli **, ** epo / gaasi hydraulic fracturing (fracking) aaye ***, ati ** awọn kanga abẹrẹ omi idọti **.

Lakoko ti iṣipopada ilẹ-ilẹ ati fizzing omi daradara dabi awọn iṣoro lọtọ, mejeeji ṣẹda lẹsẹkẹsẹ lẹsẹkẹsẹ, apaniyan alaihan inu ile rẹ laarin awọn iṣẹju ***: gaasi hydrocarbon flammable (Methane CH4) ati gaasi mi oloro (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, or Oxygen-Depleted "Blackdamp" CO2/N2) gbigbe si ile rẹ . Nigbati ọwọn eedu ipamo kan ba fọ tabi orule mi kan ṣubu ** 15 si awọn mita 150 (ẹsẹ 50 si 500) nisalẹ opopona rẹ , dada ilẹ na nà ni ** igbi igara fifẹ ** ti o mu simẹnti-irin / irin lile ** awọn laini iṣẹ gaasi adayeba (mercaptan-odorized or odor-stripped ọtun ni ibi ti nwọn tẹ rẹ ipilẹ ile odi ati dojuijako sin septic ati propane ila. Bakanna, nigbati iwakusa wa nitosi, liluho, titẹ barometric silẹ, tabi fifa nla yoo sọ tabili omi hydrostatic silẹ ni omi aladani kan ti n wọ inu edu tabi strata shale, ** Alaini oorun, Methane ti ko ni awọ (CH4) yọ (fizzesLati inu omi tẹ ni kia kia rẹ, awọn iwẹ, ẹrọ fifọ, ati ọfin kan ti o wa ni pipade, ti n ṣajọpọ ni iyara si ọna rẹ ** 5.0% si 15.0% Iwọn ibẹjadi Isalẹ (LEL titi ti ina aimi ẹyọkan lati iyipada ina baluwẹ tabi iṣipopada titẹ fifa daradara ti nfa bugbamu ile ajalu kan.

(Fun gbogboogbo karst rii wó lulẹ, wo Karst ṣubu, ifasilẹ-ọpa mi ti a kọ silẹ, ati awọn eewu auger-ofo ati Awọn iho apata. Fun awọn n jo gaasi ipamo ti ko ni oorun, wo Gaasi adayeba ti ko ni olfato (“mercaptan fade”): Iṣilọ ilẹ ipamo sinu awọn ipilẹ ile ati agbaye wa pajawiri awọn nọmba iwe ilana.)

Ṣe eyi ni bayi

  1. Ti ile rẹ ba n yi jade ni itara, kerora, tilọ, tabi fifọ (Active Mine Subsidence), TABI ti o ba gbõrun gaasi / gbọ awọn taps omi rẹ ti n tutọ ati awọn nyoju gaasi ti nyoju: gbe gbogbo eniyan jade ni ita Lẹsẹkẹsẹ laisi fọwọkan iyipada itanna eyikeyi.
  2. ** MAA ṢE yi iyipada ina eyikeyi pada, MAA ṢE yọ awọn ohun elo kuro, MAA ṢE ṣiṣẹ afẹfẹ eefin baluwe kan, ati MAA ṢE lo ṣiṣi ilẹkun gareji.
  3. Ti awọn ilẹkun ba wa ni tiipa ni awọn fireemu ti o ti gbe (a classic hallmark of ground-tilt subsidence), ** tapa iboju window ilẹ-ilẹ ki o gun jade nipasẹ window *** (keep a hammer or pry bar accessible on each floor if you live in a known subsidence zone).
  4. **Ti faucet kanga omi aladani rẹ n tu afẹfẹ, ikọ, tabi fizzing bi omi onisuga ẹgbẹ (Methane Effervescence): PA GBOGBO OMI TAPS Lẹsẹkẹsẹ ati ki o ategun yara nipa ṣiṣi awọn ferese.
  5. Gbogbo lita ti omi kanga ti methane ti o kun fun ti a fun nipasẹ ori iwẹ gbigbona, atẹru ibi idana ounjẹ, ẹrọ fifọ, tabi awọn ila ẹrọ fifọ ** to miligiramu 28 fun lita kan (28 ppm) ti Methane ti o jo flammable (CH4*** taara sinu afẹfẹ ti yara yẹn.
  6. Maṣe gba iwe gbigbona ti ilẹkun pipade, ṣiṣe ẹrọ ifọṣọ, tabi lu ibaamu / fẹẹrẹfẹ kan nitosi faucet kanga kanga ti o tu silẹ ***, ati pe ** MAA ṢE gun sinu ọfin kanga ti o wa labẹ ilẹ tabi ile fifa soke *** (confined well pits trap exsolved methane at explosive 5%-15% LEL concentrations and displace breathable oxygen below 19.5%).
  7. Ni kete ti o wa ni ita lailewu o kere ju awọn mita 30 (100 ẹsẹ) kuro ni ile: Pe 911 (tabi 112/999) ATI IwUlO Gas Adayeba rẹ Laini Pajawiri 24/7.
  8. Sọ fun olufiranṣẹ 911 naa: * “A ni agbara lọwọ ** isọdọtun mi ni ipamo ti npa ipilẹ wa / awọn ilẹkun ti npa *** [Street Address]. Jọwọ firanṣẹ Ẹka Ina pẹlu 4-Gas Combustible LEL & Carbon Monoxide Miters ** ki o beere fun ** Awọn atukọ Pajawiri IwUlO Gas ** lati ṣayẹwo iṣẹ iṣẹ abẹlẹ wa ni ita fun irẹrun.”*
  9. Ti ipilẹ ile rẹ ba n yipada ni itara: Jẹ ki IwUlO gaasi tii mita gaasi ita rẹ (or turn the quarter-turn propane tank valve OFF if safe outside) kí pìpù tí ó sin ín tó ya.
  10. Lakoko ** Yara-ati-Pillar “Sag / Trough” iṣẹlẹ Subsidence ***, ilẹ dada duro nipasẹ ** 0.3 si awọn mita 1.5 (ẹsẹ 1 si 5) *** lori akoko ti awọn wakati 24 si awọn ọsẹ pupọ ***. Awọn paipu gaasi ipamo ti o lagbara, awọn laini iṣẹ omi, ati awọn ita ita gbangba ti o so ile gbigbe rẹ si akọkọ opopona iduro ni a fa bi taffy ti o nà titi ti wọn yoo fi rẹrẹ si ipamo ati gaasi ikanni lẹba yàrà paipu taara sinu ipilẹ ile rẹ.
  11. ** Pe Ipinle rẹ / Ilẹ Mine ti a fi silẹ ti Orilẹ-ede (AML) Eto pajawiri ATI Iṣeduro Ijẹwọgbigba Mine rẹ (MSI) Owo laarin awọn wakati 24. ***
  12. Labẹ Federal ** Iṣakoso iwakusa dada ati Ofin isọdọtun (SMCRA*** ni Ilu Amẹrika, ** UK Coal Alaṣẹ , ati ** Advisory NSW ni Ilu Ọstrelia, awọn ẹgbẹ iṣẹ-ẹrọ pajawiri ti ijọba ni aṣẹ aṣẹ lati ** ṣe apejọ awọn ohun elo lilu pajawiri laarin awọn wakati 24 si 72 (wakati 24 si 72).at zero cost to the homeowner)* lati fa ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn mita onigun ti kọnkiti eeru ti nja ni isalẹ awọn ihò iho sinu ofo mi ti o ṣubu nisalẹ ile rẹ lati mu iṣubu ṣaaju ki ile rẹ to run.

Kini idi ti Methane Omi-daradara jẹ õrùn ni pipe - Ati bii ojò Ipa ti Ipilẹ Ilẹ kan ti n gbamu

  • ** odo "Rotten-Egg" Mercaptan Smell:** IwUlO opo gigun ti epo adayeba n run bi awọn ẹyin ti o jẹjẹ * nikan * nitori ohun elo naa n ṣe abẹrẹ kemikali ni atọwọda ** mercaptan (tert-butylthiol*** ni ẹnu-bode ilu. ** Methane Jiolojikali ti ẹda (CH4 - "Coalbed Methane" tabi "Shale Gas") ti o nyọ soke sinu kanga omi aladani lati inu oju omi ti o wa ni abẹlẹ tabi fifọ igi jẹ 100% ORUN, AWỌN NIPA, ati AWỌN NIPA.
  • ** Iyipada Imudara Titẹ Pọọlu daradara:** Ni ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn igberiko ati awọn ile igberiko, gilaasi buluu tabi irin ** Omi Ipa Omi daradara ** joko ni ipilẹ ile tabi kọlọfin ohun elo pẹlu ẹrọ ẹrọ ** 30/50 psi tabi 40/60 psi Yipada Ipa ItannaSquare D Pumptrol*** agesin lori paipu tee. Ni gbogbo igba ti fifa soke tan tabi pa, awọn olubasọrọ irin inu ti kekere grẹy ṣiṣu titẹ yipada jabọ a ** ina bulu 240-volt itanna aaki . Ti gaasi methane ba ti jade kuro ninu apoti kanga tabi ti jo lati inu ojò àpòòtọ omi kan sinu afẹfẹ ipilẹ ile ni ** 5.0% si 15.0% ifọkansi nipasẹ iwọn didun (100% LEL, ti o baraku fifa-yipada tẹ detonates gbogbo ipilẹ ile.

Ipinnu igi: Iyatọ pajawiri fun abẹlẹ mi labẹ ilẹ la. fizzing methane well water

flowchart TD
    Start["Pajawiri Ilẹ Ilẹ-ilẹ: Ile jijakadi / Titẹ (Igbelegbe) TABI Itọpa Faucet Daradara/Gasi Fizzing"] --> HazardType{"Iru Aami Pajawiri wo ni O Ni iriri Ni Bayi?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. ẸRỌ ẸRỌ (Ilọsoke, Ilẹkun Jamming, Atẹgun-Igbese odi dojuijako, Yard Sinkhole)"| CheckActive{"Njẹ awọn dojuijako n gbooro, Awọn ilẹ ipakà, tabi Awọn oorun gaasi Wa Ni Bayi?"}

    CheckActive -->|"BẸẸNI: Iṣipopada ti nṣiṣe lọwọ tabi Ewu Gas"| EvacHouse["Igbesẹ 1A: Ko gbogbo eniyan jade Lode Lẹsẹkẹsẹ (Lo Windows ti Awọn ilẹkun ba Jam); Maṣe Fọwọkan Awọn Yipada Imọlẹ"]
    EvacHouse --> Call911Sub["Igbesẹ 2A: Pe 911 (Fire Dept 4-Gas Meter Check) + IwUlO gaasi lati Ya sọtọ Gas Underground Lateral"]

    CheckActive -->|"RARA: Ṣiṣeduro lọra Laisi Ikọlulẹ Lẹsẹkẹsẹ"| CallAML["Igbesẹ 3A: Ipe Ilẹ Mine Ti A Fi silẹ ni Ipinle (AML) Laini Ibaraẹnisọrọ Pajawiri + Owo Iṣeduro Iṣeduro Mi (MSI) Laarin Awọn wakati 24"]
    Call911Sub --> CallAML

    HazardType -->|"2. WELL OMI FIZZING / SPUTTERING (Milky Effervescent Bubbles, Air Burps From Tap)"| ShutTaps["Igbesẹ 1B: Pa Gbogbo Awọn omi inu ile, Awọn iwẹ, ati awọn ifọṣọ Lẹsẹkẹsẹ; Ṣii Windows si Ventilate"]

    ShutTaps --> NoSparks["Igbesẹ 2B: MAA ṢE Tẹ Ọfin Daradara Ti o ni pipade tabi Yipada Ipilẹ Ipilẹ; Pe 911 ti LEL Itaniji ba dun tabi ikojọpọ gaasi ti o wuwo"]

    NoSparks --> ReportReg["Igbesẹ 3B: Ijabọ Iṣilọ Gas Stray si Epo Ipinle/Epo/Aṣakoso Iwakusa (DEP/ODNR/AER) fun Pajawiri Wellhead Venting & Baseline Isotopic Test"]

Ipele 1: Ti idanimọ awọn oriṣi meji ti abẹlẹ mi labẹ ilẹ (Pit / Sinkhole vs. Sag / Trough)

Kii ṣe gbogbo awọn ohun alumọni ti o wa ni abẹlẹ ti o ṣubu ni o dabi pele ere sinima kan. Awọn onimọ-ẹrọ iwakusa ati awọn onimọ-jinlẹ ṣe iyasọtọ yara ti a ti kọ silẹ-ati-ọwọn edu, gypsum, amọ, ati isọdọtun mi iyo si ** awọn ipo ikuna ẹrọ ọtọtọ meji, da lori bii awọn iṣẹ mi ti jinlẹ labẹ ipilẹ ile rẹ:

Ifiwera Imọ-ẹrọ: Pit (SinkholeSubsidence vs. Sag (Trough) Subsidence

Subsidence Ẹya 1. Pit / Chimney Sinkhole Subsidence (Shallow Mines) 2. Sag / Trough Subsidence (Deeper Room-and-Pillar or Longwall Mines)
**Ijinle Mi Aṣoju Nisalẹ Ile Rẹ *** ** aijinile pupọ (< 15 to 30 meters / 50 to 100 feet ni isalẹ dada) ***, tabi taara lori inaro capped aibojumu ** ọpa atẹgun atẹgun mi tabi ọna abawọle ite ***. ** Iwontunwọnsi si Jin (30 to 180+ meters / 100 to 600+ feet ni isalẹ dada)** nibiti ẹru ibusun ti o nipọn ti kọja kọja awọn ọwọn edu pupọ.
Bawo ni O ṣe kuna labẹ ilẹ Orule shale/iyanrin taara loke yara kan ti o wa ni erupẹ kan (entry) tabi igi timbered rots ati awọn ihò si oke ni simini inaro titi ti ilẹ dada yoo fi di ofo. Lori ewadun ti iṣan omi inu ile ati ifoyina acid-mine, ** ọpọlọpọ awọn ọwọn edu ipamo fọ (pillar failuretabi lulẹ si isalẹ sinu awọn ilẹ ilẹ amọ tutu (floor heave***, nfa agbegbe ti o gbooro ti ibusun ti o gun ju lati lọ si isalẹ bi iha.
**Ohun ti o dabi ninu àgbàlá rẹ & opopona *** ** Lojiji, conical ti o ni apa ti o ga tabi iho iyipo (iho)2 to 8 meters / 6 to 25 feet jakejado ati 1 to 6 meters / 3 to 20 feet jin)** ti o farahan ni alẹ kan, nigbagbogbo lẹhin jijo orisun omi nla tabi jijo akọkọ omi. ** Ibanujẹ ti o gbooro, onirẹlẹ ti iru obe (60 to 300 meters / 200 to 1,000 feet fife) *** yanju ** 0.3 si awọn mita 1.2 (ẹsẹ 1 si 4) *** ni inaro; yoo ni ipa lori ** 3 si 15 awọn ile adugbo ni nigbakannaa *** ni opopona.
** Awọn ami Ikilọ Ninu Ile Rẹ *** Ipilẹ ipilẹ ti o wa ni agbegbe ti ọfin ba ṣii labẹ iloro tabi igun gareji; farabalẹ awọn ofo ni iha pẹlẹbẹ; lojiji disappearance ti àgbàlá idominugere omi sinu iho kan. **1. Awọn ilẹkun ati Windows Lojiji duro tabi kii yoo Latch *** (frames racked into parallelograms); **2. Diagonal 45-Degree “Atẹgun-Igbese” Awọn dojuijako *** ni veneer biriki ati awọn odi ipilẹ ile nija-dina; **3. Yiyo/Snapping Awọn ohun *** bi awọn eekanna ogiri gbigbẹ agbejade; 4. Awọn ilẹ ipakà (marbles or water bottles roll across the kitchen floor); **5. Tilting Chimneys *** nfa kuro lati ori oke.
** Gaasi Underground Farasin & Ewu IwUlO *** ** Gas ​​Mine Apaniyan:** Ṣii awọn ọpa mi/awọn ọfin le fa atẹgun ti o dinku jade "Blackdamp" (CO2 + N2 pẹlu < 10% O2, majele ** Erogba monoxide ("Whitedamp"** lati gbigbona si awọn omi inu ilẹ, tabi ** Methane ("Firedamp")**. Maṣe wo isalẹ tabi gun sinu iho ibi-mimu kan. ** Tensile & Compressive IwUlO Pipe Shear: *** Awọn ile ti o wa ni ita ita ti trough ti fa yato si (tensile zone, fifi gaasi sin ati omi paipu), nigba ti awọn ile ni aarin ti awọn saucer ti wa ni squeezed papo (compressive zone, awọn ilẹ ipakà ipilẹ ile gbigbe soke ati fifun pa awọn paipu irin-irin simẹnti).

Ipele 2: Bii o ṣe le sọ Subsidence Mi lati ipilẹ ile deede tabi amọ gbooro (And why standard homeowners insurance denies both)

Nigbati ogiri ipilẹ ile rẹ ba dojuijako, olugbaisese atunṣe ipilẹ ikọkọ le gbiyanju lati ta ọ $25,000 ni awọn titari-irin, lakoko ti oluṣatunṣe Iṣeduro Onile rẹ ti o peye kọ ẹtọ rẹ labẹ “Iyasọtọ Iyika Aye.”

1. Awọn amọran Ayẹwo 3 ti o ṣe afihan Imudaniloju Mine Underground (Ko ṣe Iṣeduro deede)

  1. ** Iyara ati Amuṣiṣẹpọ Igbekale Olona:** Ipilẹ ipilẹ deede tabi isunki amọ ti o gbooro ṣẹlẹ millimeter nipasẹ milimita ju ọdun lọ ati nigbagbogbo ni ipa lori igun kan ti ko dara ti ile kan. ** Ilọkuro mi n dagba ni iyara ni awọn ọjọ si awọn ọsẹ *** ati ni igbakanna awọn ijakadi ** awọn ọna opopona, awọn ọna opopona, awọn ọpá ohun elo, ati awọn ipilẹ awọn aladugbo ẹnu-ọna atẹle rẹ ** lẹgbẹẹ arc laini ti nlọsiwaju (the "subsidence wave front").
  2. ** Ẹdọfu nigbakanna + Tilọ: *** Ti pẹlẹbẹ ilẹ ipilẹ ile rẹ ba ni kiraki ti o gbooro ju ** milimita 6 (0.25 inches) ** ti o gbooro si oke odi (tensile pulltabi ti ipele gbẹnagbẹna mita 1.2 (ẹsẹ 4) fihan pe ipilẹ rẹ ti tẹ diẹ sii ju ** 1% (1 centimeter per meter / 1/8 inch per foot*** jade ti plumb laarin osu kan, ifura subsurface ofo ni Collapse.
  3. ** Ṣayẹwo adirẹsi rẹ lori maapu Mine Underground Ijọba ti Oṣiṣẹ Loni: ***
  4. Ni Orilẹ Amẹrika: Ṣii ipinlẹ rẹ lori ayelujara GIS Mine Map Atlas (e.g., Pennsylvania DEP MSI Risk Map, Illinois ISGS Coal Mine Viewer, Ohio ODNR Abandoned Underground Mine Locator, West Virginia WVGES, Colorado CGS).
  5. Ni Ilu Gẹẹsi: Wa koodu ifiweranṣẹ rẹ lori ** Oluwo maapu Alabaṣepọ Alaṣẹ Coal** (which maps over 170,000 known coal mine shafts across England, Scotland, and Wales).
  6. Ni ilu Ọstrelia: Ṣayẹwo Imọran Iranlọwọ NSW Portal (Hunter Valley / Newcastle / Wollongong / Lithgow districts).

2. Bawo ni Ipinle & Iṣeduro Iṣeduro Alailẹgbẹ Mine ti ofin (MSI) Awọn iṣẹ

  • ** Iṣeduro Onile Onile deede (HO-3) ifesi 100% ti aye ronu ati mi subsidence.**
  • Bibẹẹkọ, ni awọn ipinlẹ iwakusa eedu ati awọn orilẹ-ede, awọn ijọba n ṣiṣẹ labẹ ofin, ti kii ṣe èrè ** Iṣeduro Subsidence Mine (MSI) Awọn owo ***:
  • ** Awọn ipinlẹ Ifisi Aifọwọyi (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia):** Nipa ofin ipinlẹ, Iṣeduro Ijẹwọgbigba Mine ($50,000 to $750,000 ni agbegbe igbekale) ti wa ni ** yiyi ni adaṣe laifọwọyi sinu gbogbo eto imulo iṣeduro awọn oniwun ibugbe ni awọn agbegbe eedu ti a ya aworan *** ayafi ti o ba fowo si itusilẹ kikọ.
  • ** Awọn Owo Ipinlẹ Jade (Pennsylvania DEP MSI Fund, Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance Underwriting Association, Colorado, Wyoming*** Ti ra taara lori ayelujara tabi nipasẹ aṣoju iṣeduro rẹ fun $ 30 si $ 150 fun ọdun kan *** (covering up to $500,000 in repairs).
  • ** Longwall ti nṣiṣe lọwọ / Oluṣe onišẹ Mine Edu Layabiliti to muna (Federal SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121, UK Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, Subsidence Advisory NSW): ** Ti ile rẹ ba bajẹ nipasẹ ** iwakusa eedu ipamo ti nṣiṣe lọwọ ** (tabi ti o ba n gbe ni UK tabi NSW nibiti awọn igbimọ ofin ti bo * mejeeji * itan-akọọlẹ ati ibajẹ mi ti nṣiṣe lọwọ laifọwọyi), ** oniṣẹ iwakusa tabi aṣẹ ijọba jẹ 100% ti o muna ni ẹtọ nipasẹ ofin lati tunṣe tabi ra ile rẹ ni idiyele ọja ni kikun ***, pẹlu isanwo fun iṣipopada hotẹẹli igba diẹ.

Ipele 3: Gaasi methane lojiji (CH4) jade kuro ninu kanga omi ikọkọ rẹ ("Iṣikiri Gaasi Stray")

Ti o ba n gbe ni agbegbe pẹlu awọn okun eedu, shale Organic dudu (such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Permian, Montney, or Surat basins), tabi nitosi ** epo liluho / gaasi, fifọ hydraulic (fracking), isediwon methane coalbed, tabi awọn aaye ibi ipamọ gaasi ipamo **, iyipada lojiji ni irisi omi kanga rẹ tabi ohun jẹ ikilọ ni kiakia ti ** Iṣilọ Gas Stray **.

1. Awọn ami Ikilọ 4 ti Gas Methane ninu Omi Kanga Aladani Rẹ

  1. ** "Faucet sputtering / Ikọaláìdúró / Burping Air": ** Nigbati o ba tan-an ibi idana ounjẹ tabi baluwe ohun akọkọ ni kia kia ni owurọ, faucet ** awọn itọ iwa-ipa, Ikọaláìdúró, ati awọn apo gaasi ti gaasi *** ṣaaju ki omi to ṣan ni imurasilẹ.
  2. ** "Champagne / Club-Soda Effervescence" ni gilasi kan: ** Nigbati o ba kun gilasi ti o mọ pẹlu omi tẹ ni kia kia, omi naa dabi funfun funfun pẹlu awọn miliọnu ti awọn nyoju kekere ti o dide lati isalẹ si oke bi champagne fizzing tabi Alka-Seltzer *** (bi o ṣe jẹ pe afẹfẹ ti ko lewu lati inu aerator faucet kan yọ kuro lati isalẹ ni iṣẹju diẹ lai si isalẹ).
  3. **Gurgling tabi “gbigbo” Awọn ohun Inu Inu Kànga kanga: ** Nrin nitosi fila ori kanga ita ita (sanitary well seal), o le gbọ lemọlemọfún ** nyoju, hissing, tabi percolating ariwo ** nyara soke ni kanga pipe.
  4. ** Sedimenti lojiji, Omi dudu, tabi Rotten-Egg / Iron Bacterial Blooms:** Bi awọn nyoju methane ti n lọ soke si oke nipasẹ awọn fifọ omi-omi sinu ibi kanga rẹ, rudurudu naa nmu manganese dudu / silt iron, ati methane-oxidizing ati sulfate-idinku kokoro arun jẹun lori gaasi, titan omi gbigbona.

2. Iwadi Jiolojikali ti Amẹrika (USGS) & Awọn Iwọn Iṣe ti Ẹka inu ilohunsoke fun Methane Tutuka ni Omi Daradara

Methane ti tuka (CH4Ifojusi ni Omi Kanga (mg/L tabi ppm) Wellhead Airspace % LEL Kika Osise USGS / State DEP Ewu Classification Pajawiri ti a beere & Iṣẹ-ṣiṣe Imọ-ẹrọ
< 10 mg/L (< 10 ppm) < 10% LEL (< 0.5% CH4 ni afẹfẹ) ** Ailewu / Ipele Abojuto: *** Ni isalẹ iloro solubility nibiti awọn apo gaasi ti o lewu kojọpọ ni afẹfẹ yara deede. Ailewu fun lilo ile deede; tun ṣe idanwo ni ọdọọdun (or establish a pre-drilling baseline before any gas well is drilled within 1.5 km / 1 mile).
10 to 28 mg/L (10 to 28 ppm) 10% to 25% LEL (0.5% to 1.25% CH4 ni afẹfẹ) IPELU IKILO / IṢẸ (Mitigation Required): Isunmọ ekunrere oju aye28 mg/L ni 20 °C). Gaasi ti nṣiṣe lọwọ nyo jade kuro ninu omi nigbati titẹ silẹ kọja awọn faucets ati awọn ori iwẹ. ** Iṣe Lẹsẹkẹsẹ: *** Awọn yara ohun elo afẹfẹ, Awọn yara iwẹ, ati awọn agbegbe ifọṣọ nigbakugba ti omi ba n ṣiṣẹ; ** fi sori ẹrọ fila Itọju Imọlẹ ita gbangba ti ita gbangba ti o fa o kere ju ** 1.8 si awọn mita 3 (ẹsẹ 6 si 10) loke ilẹ *** pẹlu iboju imudani ina, pẹlu inu ile ** Aeration / Degassing Shroud System *** ṣaaju ojò titẹ.
> 28 mg/L (> 28 ppm - Supersaturated / Ipele Gaasi Ọfẹ) > 25% to 100% LEL (> 1.25% to 5.0%+ CH4 ninu afefe) EWU BUBURU Lẹsẹkẹsẹ (Evacuate / Shut Down Well Pump): Gaasi methane-alakoso-ọfẹ ti n lu taara soke ibi-itọju kanga sinu awọn paipu paipu ile (turning faucets into gas jets). KU PA PUMP PUMP DADA (Lati ita tabi Nikan Ti LEL Mita ba Ka Ailewu), DURO GBOGBO LILO OMI, JADE TI A BA RI GAS NINU ILE, KI O SI pe 911 + 911 + STATE EPO/GAS/INSEPECTOR LASESE.

MASE Ṣe Intanẹẹti 'Duro Fẹẹrẹ kan si Faucet Idana' Ẹtan Ninu Ile

Awọn fidio gbogun ti nigbagbogbo nfihan awọn oniwun ti o ni fẹẹrẹfẹ BBQ kan titi de faucet ibi idana ounjẹ ti n tu jade lati rii boya ina bulu/osan kan ti njade ni mita 1 (ẹsẹ 3). MASE gbiyanju lati tan gaasi ti njade lati inu faucet inu ile. - Ni akọkọ, ti methane ba ti n jade sinu ibi idana ounjẹ tabi yara ohun elo fun wakati to kọja, afẹfẹ ti o wa ni ayika ori rẹ le ti wa ninu ** 5.0% si 15.0% Ibiti Ibeji (100% LEL***, ati titẹ fẹẹrẹfẹ yẹn yoo fọ gbogbo yara naa. - Ni ẹẹkeji, ti ina ba tan pada sinu paipu ti o kun afẹfẹ tabi ṣiṣafisi apoti daradara, o le tan si isalẹ sinu ibi kanga tabi ojò titẹ ki o fẹ ojò naa yato si. Fi gbogbo idanwo gaasi silẹ ni muna si ** Ẹka Ina ati Ayika ti Ipinle / Epo & Awọn oluyẹwo Gas ** ni lilo catalytic ailewu inu infurarẹẹdi ** 4-Gas LEL Miters ***.

Ipele 4: Bii o ṣe le jẹrisi boya methane daradara wa lati liluho / fracking vs. eedu adayeba / gaasi swamp (Isotopic Fingerprinting)

Nigbati methane lojiji han ni a ikọkọ omi kanga laarin ** 300 to 1,500 mita (1,000 to 5,000 ẹsẹ)** ti a rinle gbẹ iho epo / gaasi kanga, hydraulic fracturing pad, tabi ti nṣiṣe lọwọ edu mi, awọn agbara ile yoo fere nigbagbogbo beere awọn gaasi ti wa ni nipa ti sẹlẹ ni aijinile **"biogenic swamp daradara/drift nigbagbogbo rẹ.

Eyi ni bii awọn ile-iṣẹ ayika ti ipinlẹ (such as Pennsylvania DEP, Ohio ODNR, Colorado ECMC, and the Alberta Energy Regulator) jẹri ni imọ-jinlẹ nibiti gaasi ti wa - ati idi ti ** Idanwo Omi Ipilẹ Ipilẹ-iṣaaju *** jẹ pataki: 1. ** Thermogenic vs. Erogba Biogenic & Titẹ ikawọ Isotope Hydrogen Idurosinsin (delta-13C-CH4 ati delta-D-CH4):** - Aijinile ** Biogeniki ("Swamp/drift") Methane** ti ipilẹṣẹ nipasẹ awọn microbes ni glacial till tabi aijinile ibusun edu ni isotopically "ina" (delta-13C deede -60 to -90 per mil) ati pe o jẹ fere ** 100% Methane mimọ (C1) pẹlu odo hydrocarbons wuwo . - Jin ** Thermogenic ("Shale / Fracking / Pipeline") Gaasi ** jinna labẹ ooru giga ati titẹ ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn mita labẹ ilẹ (migrating upward through a poorly cemented surface casing annulus) jẹ isotopically "eru" (delta-13C deede -25 to -50 per mil) ati pe o ni ipin ọtọtọ ti Ethane (C2H6Propane (C3H8), ati Butane (C4H10) *** ibaamu Ibuwọlu iṣelọpọ gangan ti gaasi ti o wa nitosi. 2. ** Agbero Ofin ti Awọn agbegbe Layabiliti (Pre-Drilling Baseline Rule): - Labẹ awọn ilana epo ati gaasi ti ilu (bii ** Ofin Pennsylvania 13 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218, Ohio, West Virginia, ati awọn ofin Colorado), ti o ba jẹ pe oniṣẹ ẹrọ epo / gaasi n lu laarin ** 300 si awọn mita 760 (1,000 si 2,500 ẹsẹ) ** ti kanga omi rẹ ati pe kanga rẹ di alaimọ pẹlu methane, iyọ brine (chlorides, barium, strontium), tabi erofo laarin ** 6 to 12 osu ** ti liluho / fracking, ** oniṣẹ ti wa ni presumed labẹ ofin si pese ohun lẹsẹkẹsẹ omi aropo omi ipese (fijise omi efon ojò + yẹ itoju tabi titun kanga) AFI ti won waiye a ifọwọsi ominira ami-liluho ipetele omi igbeyewo to safihan awọn methane wà tẹlẹ nibẹ **. Gbawọ nigbagbogbo lati ṣe idanwo laini liluho-ọfẹ nipasẹ laabu ẹni-kẹta ti ipinlẹ-ifọwọsi (NELAP accredited) ki o si tọju laabu-itọju-pipade ti o fowo si PDF lailai.

Awọn nọmba pajawiri agbegbe ati awọn ilana ile-ibẹwẹ

Orilẹ-ede / Agbegbe Mine Subsidence Pajawiri & Grouting Hotlines Gas Stray / Daradara Methane Kontaminesonu Iroyin Ofin Mine Subsidence Insurance & Biinu
** Orilẹ Amẹrika *** ** 911 ** (Gasi lẹsẹkẹsẹ / wó) + ** Ọfiisi Federal ti Imudaniloju Iwakusa Dada ati Imudaniloju (OSMRE*** Awọn Laini Pajawiri AML ti Ipinle:
- **Pennsylvania DEP Mine Mine Pajawiri ***: 1-800-541-2050
- **Illinois DNR Pajawiri AML ***: 1-217-782-6791
- ** Ohio ODNR AML Pajawiri ***: 1-614-265-6633
- ** West Virginia DEP AML ***: 1-800-654-5954		 ** Epo Ipinle & Gaasi / Laini Idasonu Ayika ** (fun apẹẹrẹ, ** PA DEP ***: 1-800-541-2050; ** Ohio ODNR 24/7 ***: 1-844-640-6446; ** Colorado ECMC ***: 1-303-894-2100; ** Igbimọ Railroad Texas ***: 1-844-773-0305). ** Iṣeduro Ijẹwọgbigba Ipinlẹ Mine (MSIAwọn owo *** (PA 1-800-922-1678, IL, IN, KY, OH, WV, CO, WY) + ** SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121 Layabiliti to muna Mine ti nṣiṣe lọwọ**.
Kanada 911 + Awọn eewu Mine ti Agbegbe (fun apẹẹrẹ, ** Awọn ohun alumọni ti a fi silẹ ni Ontario ***: 1-888-415-9845; ** Nova Scotia DNRR ***; ** Alberta Energy eleto AER 24/7 ***: 1-800-222-6514) **Alberta Agbara eleto (AER) Methane Coalbed / Laini Ẹdun Kanga Omi : 1-800-222-6514 + ** BC Olutọsọna Agbara (BCER: 1-800-663-3456. Awọn ẹtọ Dada ti Agbegbe & Awọn igbimọ Biinu Atunse Mine.
Apapọ ijọba gẹẹsi 999 (Ewu Lẹsẹkẹsẹ) + **Alaṣẹ Edu 24/7 eewu dada & Laini Pajawiri Subsidence ***: 0800 288 4242 (England, Scotland, ati Wales) ** Ile-iṣẹ Ayika (0800 80 70 60*** + Aṣẹ Ilera ati Aabo (HSE) Ayẹwo Mines + Pajawiri Gaasi Orilẹ-ede (0800 111 999). ** Ofin Iwakusa Iwakusa 1991 ***: Labẹ ofin UK, ** Alaṣẹ Edu ** pese **100% imuduro pajawiri ọfẹ, ibugbe igba diẹ, ati isanpada atunto igbekale kikun *** fun eyikeyi ohun-ini ti o bajẹ nipasẹ itan-akọọlẹ tabi iwakusa eedu ti nṣiṣe lọwọ kọja Ilu Gẹẹsi nla.
Idapọ Yuroopu 112 + Alaṣẹ Iwakusa Ekun (BRGM / GEODERIS ni Ilu Faranse; * Bezirksregierung Arnsberg Bergbau* ni afonifoji Ruhr ti Germany) National Geological & Mining Directorates (* DREAL * ni France, * Bergamt * ni Germany, *WUG * ni Polandii). ** Awọn Owo Ibajẹ Iwakusa ti ofin** (fun apẹẹrẹ, Jẹmánì RAG Stiftung Bergschaden & Faranse *Fonds de Garantie des Assurances Obligatoires FGAO Mines *).
** Australia & Ilu Niu silandii *** ** 000 / 111** + **Imọran Iranlọwọ NSW 24/7 Igboro pajawiri : 1800 248 083 (1800 MINE SUB) + ** Awọn orisun Aabo & Ilera Queensland (RSHQ: 1300 362 128 ** Laini Ayika NSW *: 131 555 + ** Gaasi Seam Seam Queensland (CSG) Bore Make-Good Hotline: 13 74 68 (Water Act 2000 Bore Assessment). ** Ofin Ẹsan Isanwo Ẹdu Mine 2017 (NSW) ***: Pese awọn atunṣe-ailewu pajawiri ti ko si-ẹbi ati isanpada igbekalẹ kikun fun gbogbo awọn onile ni awọn agbegbe edu NSW.
**India & Asia-Pacific *** ** 112 ** + ** Oludari Gbogbogbo ti Abo Mines (DGMS, Dhanbad)** + Eédú India (BCCL Jharia / ECL Raniganj Awọn sẹẹli alabẹwẹ) ** Igbimọ Omi Ilẹ ti aarin (CGWB)** + State idoti Iṣakoso Board. Jharia & Raniganj Titunto Eto Isọdọtun ati atunto (JRDA) Ẹsan.

Awọn ibeere ti a beere nigbagbogbo

Njẹ omi mimu ti o ti tuka Methane (CH4) ninu rẹ majele si ikun mi, tabi ni ewu ti o muna bugbamu ati asphyxiation?

Gẹgẹbi Iwadi Jiolojikali ti AMẸRIKA (`USGS`), Ile-ibẹwẹ fun Awọn nkan oloro ati iforukọsilẹ Arun (`ATSDR`), ati Ilera Canada, ** gaasi methane tituka (`CH4`) funrararẹ kii ṣe majele ti kemikali nigbati a ba gbe ni omi mimu** - ko dabi benzene, arsenic, tabi leadi, methane mimọ n jade kuro ninu ikun bi carbonation ninu omi soda. **Ewu ti o lewu aye ti methane ninu omi kanga jẹ 100% ti ara:** **(1) Bugbamu ati Ina Filaṣi ** nigba tituka methane kuro ninu awọn iwẹ, awọn ile-igbọnsẹ, awọn iwẹ, ati awọn ẹrọ fifọ sinu awọn yara ti a fi pa mọ ati de ọdọ ** 5.0% si 15.0% Idiwọn ibẹjadi Isalẹ`LEL`**, ati **(2) Asphyxiation-Space Asphyxiation** nigbati awọn ifọkansi giga ti methane yipo atẹgun atẹgun ti o nmi si inu awọn ọfin daradara, awọn aaye jija, tabi awọn kọlọfin ohun elo kekere. Bibẹẹkọ, nitori gaasi ti n ṣi kuro nigbagbogbo n rin irin-ajo lẹgbẹẹ ** omi iyọ iyọ (`high chlorides, bromides, barium, strontium`), arsenic, tabi itopase epo hydrocarbons (`BTEX`***, o yẹ ki o ma mu omi fizzing kanga titi ti igbimọ didara omi ti ile-igbimọ okeerẹ ṣe ofin awọn alapọpọ kemikali.

Bawo ni awọn onimọ-ẹrọ ṣe ṣe atunṣe kanga omi aladani kan ti o ni gaasi methane (10 to 28+ mg/L) nitorina ile mi ko le gbamu bi?

Ṣiṣatunṣe kanga omi methane kan nilo eto ẹrọ imọ-ipele meji ** ti a fi sori ẹrọ nipasẹ olutọpa kanga ti o ni iwe-aṣẹ ati alamọja itọju omi: ** (1) Ni Ile-iyẹwu Ita gbangba (`Vented Sanitary Seal`):** Rọpo boṣewa alapin daradara fila pẹlu ** Vented Sanitary Well Seal *** ti a ni ibamu pẹlu inaro ** 50-millimita (2-inch) iṣeto-40 PVC / paipu atẹgun irin ti o gbooro o kere ju 1.8 si awọn mita 3 (6 si 10 ẹsẹ) loke ilẹ *** (`and above winter snowdrifts`), dofun pẹlu kan U-tẹ bug / ina-arrestor iboju ki free gaasi nyara soke daradara borehole vents laiseniyan sinu ìmọ ita gbangba ọrun dipo ti titari si isalẹ rẹ ipamo omi paipu sinu awọn ipilẹ ile; ati ** (2) Ṣaaju ki o to ojò titẹ inu ile (`Open-Atmosphere Aeration / Spray Degasser System`):*`equipped with a blower fan vented through the roof and an automatic methane LEL shutoff sensor`***, eyi ti o yọ 99% ti methane ti o tuka kuro ninu omi ti o si fẹ si ita ṣaaju ki fifa soke Atẹle firanṣẹ ailewu, omi ti ko ni gaasi si awọn faucets rẹ.

Ti ile mi ba joko lori yara ti a kọ silẹ ati ọwọn eedu ti o wa ni bayi, bawo ni ijọba ṣe ṣe da iṣubu naa duro?

Nigbati o ba jabo pajawiri isọdọmọ mi ti n ṣiṣẹ lọwọ si **Ilẹ Mine Ti a ti kọ silẹ (`AML`) Eto pajawiri *** (tabi ** UK Coal Authority / Subsidence Advisory NSW ***), awọn onimọ-ẹrọ geotechnical lo rigi liluho rotari ninu agbala rẹ ati opopona lati lu akoj ti ** 150-millimita (6-inch) boreholes ** taara si isalẹ ** 30 si 100 mita (100 si 330 awọn yara ti o wa labẹ ilẹ)**ps`verified using down-hole borehole video cameras and sonar`). Lẹhinna wọn fa awọn ọgọọgọrun tabi ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn toonu ti * grout konti kekere, slurry fo-ash, ati okuta didan *** si isalẹ awọn ihò iho lati kọ awọn ọwọn ipamo nla (“awọn ọwọn grout”) *** taara labẹ ifẹsẹtẹ ile rẹ, n ṣe atilẹyin fun orule bedrock patapata ki o ko le ṣubu lẹẹkansi.

Kini idi ti Carbon monoxide ti ipilẹ ile wa (CO) oluwari tabi Radon itaniji iwasoke nigba ọsẹ kan ti kekere barometric titẹ lori ohun atijọ edu mi?

Awọn ohun alumọni eedu ti o wa ni ipamo ti a ti kọ silẹ n ṣe bii awọn ẹdọforo nla ti inu ilẹ (`"Mine Breathing"`). Nigbati jinlẹ ** eto oju ojo titẹ kekere (iwaju iji) *** gbe lori ilu rẹ, titẹ oju-aye ita gbangba yoo lọ silẹ ni kiakia. Ni idahun, awọn miliọnu awọn mita onigun ti afẹfẹ isunmi ti o wa ninu awọn ofo mi si ipamo faagun ati Titari ** si oke ** nipasẹ awọn fifọ ibusun, awọn ọpa mi ti ko ni idi, ati awọn dojuijako ilẹ ipilẹ ile gbigbẹ / awọn pits sinu awọn ile ti o joko ni oke ti maini. Afẹfẹ mi ti o ga soke gbe awọn eewu alaihan mẹta: ** (1) "Blackdamp" (`Stythe`*** - afẹfẹ ti o dinku (`often only 8% to 14% oxygen`eru pẹlu Erogba Dioxide (`CO2`) ati Nitrogen ti o wa lori awọn ipilẹ ile ti o wa ni ipilẹ ti o si pa awọn ohun ọsin tabi awọn agbalagba laarin awọn iṣẹju; ** (2) Erogba Monoxide (`CO` - "Whitedamp") *** ti o ba jẹ pe okun ti o wa ni ipamo ti atijọ ti n ṣe afẹfẹ oxidizing tabi sisun; ati ** (3) Radon-222 Gas ti o ga. Gbogbo ile ti a ṣe lori maapu awọn iṣẹ mi ti o wa labẹ ilẹ yẹ ki o ni gaasi ijona ohun elo mejeeji kan **`LEL`) + Erogba monoxide (`CO`) itaniji *** ati ** radon sub-slab ti nṣiṣe lọwọ / alafẹfẹ irẹwẹsi gaasi ile ** lilẹ pẹlẹbẹ ipilẹ ile.

Bawo ni MO ṣe sọ boya iwariri ilẹ lojiji ati ariwo ni ile mi jẹ iwariri-ilẹ kan, bugbamu quarry, iwariri fracking/abẹrẹ, tabi wó orule mi?

Ṣayẹwo ** USGS Maapu Awọn iwariri-ilẹ Tuntun *** (`or British Geological Survey / Geoscience Australia / EMSC`) laarin 10 iṣẹju ti ariwo. Awọn iwariri-ilẹ tectonic Adayeba ati ** awọn iwariri-ibẹrẹ-omi idọti-ti o fa ** waye ** 3 si 15 kilomita (2 si 9 maili) jin ** ni apata ipilẹ ile okuta ati forukọsilẹ kọja awọn dosinni ti awọn seismographs agbegbe. Nipa itansan, ** ti a kọ silẹ si ipamo edu tabi okuta mii okuta gbigbẹ ("ijalu mi") ** waye nikan ** 15 si 150 mita (50 si 500 ẹsẹ) labẹ koriko ***: o ṣe agbejade didasilẹ, agbegbe ** atanpako ẹyọkan tabi ariwo *** (`often magnitude 0.5 to 2.0`) rilara lile nipasẹ ọna kan tabi meji, lẹsẹkẹsẹ atẹle nipasẹ isọdi-ilẹ ti o wa ni agbegbe tabi jija ipile ọtun lori yara ti o ṣubu.

Jẹmọ awọn itọsọna

Awọn orisun ati osise itoni

  • ** Iwadi Jiolojikali ti Orilẹ-ede Amẹrika (USGS) & Ẹka Ile-iṣẹ AMẸRIKA ti Inu ilohunsoke ti Imudaniloju Mining Surface ati Imudaniloju (OSMRE) ***: * Methane ni Awọn Kanga Omi Aladani: Awọn Ipese Ise (10 mg / L Ikilọ ati 28 mg / L Awọn Ibagbede Ewu Lẹsẹkẹsẹ) * ati * SMCRA Ilẹ-ipinlẹ Ilẹ-ipinlẹ Ilẹ-ipinlẹ Ainidanu.
  • ** Ẹka Idaabobo Ayika ti Pennsylvania (PA DEP) & Ẹka ti Awọn orisun Adayeba Ohio (ODNR) **: * Iṣeduro Iṣeduro Iṣeduro Ẹru Mine (MSI) Awọn Ilana Imọ-ẹrọ, Awọn Ilana Iwadii Iṣilọ Gas Stray, ati Ṣiṣayẹwo Didara Didara Omi Ipilẹ-ipilẹṣẹ labẹ 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218.
  • ** Alaṣẹ Edu (Ijọba Ijọba Ijọba Gẹẹsi) ***: * Ofin Iwakusa Iwakusa 1991 - 24/7 Idahun Ewu Dada, Gas Mi ("Blackdamp" & Methane) Ilọkuro, ati Biinu Igbekale Ilana *.
  • ** Advisory Advisory NSW (New South Wales Government, Australia)**: Eédú Mine Subsidence Ìdápadà Ìṣirò 2017 - Pajawiri Rii-Ailewu Ilana ati Ibugbe Tit/Iga igbekale Triage.
  • ** Awọn ile-iṣẹ fun Iṣakoso ati Idena Arun (CDC) & Ile-ibẹwẹ fun Awọn nkan Majele ati Iforukọsilẹ Arun (ATSDR, Orilẹ Amẹrika) ***: * Aabo Omi Kanga Kanga Aladani Nitosi Epo ati Idagbasoke Gaasi Alailowaya ati Awọn iṣẹ Iwakusa labẹ ilẹ *.