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Ilẹ-Ilẹ-ilẹ, Awọn Fissures Aye, ati Ipilẹ ti Ogbele Idinku

Emergency numbers differ by country. Oju-iwe yii nlo 911, nọmba fun Amẹrika ati Kanada. Ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede miiran lo 112, 999, tabi nọmba miiran. Wa nọmba fun orilẹ-ede rẹ.

** Igbẹlẹ ilẹ , ** gbooro amo isunki-swell heave , ati ** awọn fissures aiye jẹ awọn eewu abuku ti ilẹ ti o fa awọn ipilẹ ile, rirẹ gaasi ilẹ-aye ati awọn ipilẹ omi, awọn ilẹkun ijade ibugbe jam tiipa, ati ṣiṣi awọn ọga gigun-kilomita kọja awọn ilẹ ipakà afonifoji. Ko dabi karst lojiji awọn iho ti o lọ silẹ sinu awọn iho apata okuta-ilẹ, ifakalẹ ti ogbele ti o fa ati awọn agbeka ile ti o gbooro kolu awọn ile nipasẹ awọn ọna ẹrọ imọ-ẹrọ ọtọtọ meji. Ni akọkọ, ** expansive smectite ati montmorillonite clays *** ( vertisols) ṣiṣẹ bi kanrinkan jiolojikali, wiwu pẹlu to ** 500 si 1,000 kilopascals (10,000 si 20,000 poun fun ẹsẹ onigun mẹrin) ti titẹ igbega soke lakoko awọn akoko tutu ati idinku ni ipadanu lile lakoko awọn akoko tutu. ogbele lati fa ipile slabs yato si. Ẹlẹẹkeji, onibaje ** omi inu omi inu omi overdraft ** fa amo jinle ati awọn ipele silt (* aquitards ) lati jẹ iwapọ patapata ati rii nipasẹ mita 1 si 9 (ẹsẹ 3 si 30) kọja gbogbo awọn afonifoji, ti n na aginju tabi ilẹ alluvial titi ti o fi rip ṣii lẹgbẹẹ omiran ** awọn fissures ilẹ aye** to awọn mita 3 ** 5+ (ẹsẹ 35+) jakejado (ẹsẹ 35+). jin**.

Ni ibamu si awọn United States Geological Survey (USGS), awọn British Geological Survey (BGS), awọn Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM ni France, ibi ti amo shrinkage ti wa ni classified bi a pataki * Catastrophe Naturelle * ti a npe ni * Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles *), ati awọn American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) ati diẹ ẹ sii ti ile bibajẹ ti ile bibajẹ (ASCE). ìkún omi, ìjì líle, àti ìjì líle papọ̀. Lakoko ti ipinnu ikunra ti o lọra jẹ gbowolori lasan, ** ikuna ipilẹ iyatọ iyara iyara *** tabi lojiji ** aye fissure gully washout ** lakoko iji ojo aginju kan yipada si pajawiri aabo-aye lẹsẹkẹsẹ nipa dida awọn paipu gaasi ipamo ti o lagbara labẹ ile kan, didimu awọn olugbe lẹhin awọn fireemu ilẹkun ti o ra, tabi awọn ọkọ gbigbe lori awọn ọna gbigbe.

Lọ kuro Lẹsẹkẹsẹ Ti Ipilẹ Ipilẹ Ti o tẹle nipasẹ Hissing, Awọn Odors Gaasi, tabi Awọn Itumọ Igbekale Yiyọ

When a house foundation drops, tilts, or shears rapidly by more than 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) across a slab crack, the rigid cast-iron, copper, or steel natural gas service line and electrical conduit entering through the concrete foundation wall or slab are subjected to extreme shear stress. If you hear loud wood-splitting pops inside your walls or ceiling joists, notice windows shattering on their own from frame distortion, or smell the rotten-egg odor of mercaptan natural gas near a foundation crack, leave the building immediately. Do not flip any light switches, do not use a garage door opener, and call your gas utility and your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all pajawiri awọn nọmba) from across the street.

Ṣe eyi ni bayi

  1. Test every exterior exit door and bedroom window in the house immediately, and wedge or prop open any exit door that begins to stick. Differential foundation sinking or clay heave twists rectangular door frames into parallelograms (structural racking). In a rapid subsidence or earth fissure event, heavy front doors, back doors, and garage doors can jam so tightly into their warped frames that you cannot kick them open during a gas fire or ceiling collapse. Keep a steel pry bar or wrecking bar near your bedroom and keep at least one primary exit door unlocked and functional.
  2. Inspect the outside perimeter where the gas meter, propane line, and main water pipe enter your foundation wall or concrete slab. Walk outside and look closely at the gas riser pipe and meter assembly. If the ground has pulled away or sunk beneath the meter so the gas pipe is hanging under tension, bent at an angle, or pinched inside a shifting brick or concrete wall, shut off the main gas valve at the meter using a 30-centimeter (12-inch) adjustable wrench (turn the rectangular valve lug 90 degrees so it sits perpendicular to the pipe) and call your gas utility immediately.
  3. Measure and triage interior and exterior wall cracks using the "5-Millimeter / 15-Millimeter" structural rule. Hairline vertical drywall cracks under 1 to 2 millimeters (1/16 inch) are usually harmless cosmetic shrinkage. However, diagonal stair-step cracks in exterior brick or concrete block, cracks that are wider at the top than at the bottom (or vice versa, indicating rotational tilting), horizontal cracks along a basement wall, or any foundation crack wider than 5 to 15 millimeters (¼ to ⅝ inch) that grows noticeably over days or hours indicates active structural foundation failure.
  4. ** Duro ni o kere 15 si 30 mita (50 si 100 ẹsẹ) pada lati eyikeyi fifọ ilẹ ti o ṣii, laini awọn ihò kekere, tabi gully asale laini (Earth Fissure)** Ni awọn agbada gbigbẹ ati ologbele-ogbele (gẹgẹbi Arizona, California, Texas, Nevada, Mexico City, Northern China, Iran, ati Spain), ** aibikita ti ko ni ipalara lori dada ti o wa ni igbagbogbo bi irun ori ilẹ. daisy-pq ti kekere rodent-won ihò (** pipe awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ**). Labẹ erunrun tinrin ti erupẹ oju ilẹ joko ni ofifo ẹdọfu inaro ti o farapamọ ** 3 si 15 mita (ẹsẹ 10 si 50) jin *** nduro lati ṣubu ni akoko ti eniyan, ẹṣin, ẹran-ọsin, tabi ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ ba kọja rẹ, tabi ni akoko ti ãra igba ooru ti n ṣan omi sinu kiraki naa.
  5. **Maṣe ṣabọ ipilẹ amọ ti ogbele ti o gbẹ ni ẹẹkan pẹlu ina, maṣe jẹ ki awọn ile ipile ṣe egungun-gbẹ. ogbele ati pe o rii aafo ** 2 si 8 centimita (1 si 3 inch) *** ṣiṣi laarin ile gbigbẹ ati eti pẹlẹbẹ nja rẹ, lo o lọra, ọrinrin iṣakoso nipa lilo okun soaker ti a gbe 45 si 60 centimeters (18 si 24 inches) kuro ni odi ipilẹ *** fun iṣẹju 15 si 30 lẹmeji ọjọ kan. Idasonu awọn ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun liters ti omi taara sinu koto ipilẹ ti o ṣii le ṣe okunfa oke amọ agbegbe lojiji tabi fọ awọn itanran ile ti o ṣe atilẹyin.
  6. Pa akọkọ ile omi àtọwọdá ti o ba ti o ba gbọ nṣiṣẹ omi nisalẹ a nja pẹlẹbẹ tabi wo gbona to muna/heaving pakà tiles (Labẹ-Slab Plumbing Leak) Nigbati ogbele isunki fa amo si isalẹ nisalẹ a pẹlẹbẹ-on-ite ile, awọn simẹnti-irin sisan pipes ati Ejò ipese pipes strapped si awọn underside ti awọn pẹlẹbẹ nigbagbogbo imolara. Omi ti n jo lẹhinna Super-fi kun apo agbegbe kan ti amọ gbooro ti o gbẹ ni ọtun labẹ aarin ile naa, ti o fa ibẹjadi si oke ** dome heave ** ti o gbe awọn odi inu inu nipasẹ 5 si 15 centimeters (2 si 6 inches) ni awọn ọsẹ.

Ipilẹ wo inu, ọrun amo, ati aiye fissure triage flowchart

Lo imọ-ẹrọ yii ati igi ipinnu aabo lati ṣe iṣiro awọn dojuijako ilẹ, awọn fifọ ogiri, ati titẹ ipilẹ ni ayika ohun-ini rẹ.

flowchart TD
    Start["A ṣe akiyesi Iyika Ilẹ tabi Ipilẹ Ipilẹ:<br/>Awọn odi ti o ya, Awọn ilẹkun Lilẹmọ, Awọn ela Ile, tabi Ṣii Ilẹ Fissure"] --> DangerCheck{"Ṣe eyikeyi Lẹsẹkẹsẹ AYE-AABO<br/>Asia pupa wa bayi?"}

    DangerCheck -->|"BẸẸNI: òórùn gaasi / paipu gbigbo, awọn joists ti npariwo,<br/> ogiri ipilẹ ile petele ti n wọ inu (> 2.5 cm),<br/>tabi fissure ti o dabi Canyon lojiji ni ṣiṣi ni agbala"| EvacImmediate["Ilana Ilọkuro Lẹsẹkẹsẹ:<br/>1. Jade gbogbo eniyan ati ohun ọsin 30+ mita (100+ ft) kuro<br/>2. Ma ṣe fi ọwọ kan awọn iyipada ina, awọn ohun elo, tabi awọn ilẹkun gareji<br/>3. Pa ita mita gaasi & akọkọ omi NIKAN ti ailewu lati de ọdọ<br/>4. Pe 911/112/999 ati laini pajawiri IwUlO gaasi"]

    DangerCheck -->|"KO si iṣubu lẹsẹkẹsẹ tabi jijo gaasi:<br/> Ṣe ayẹwo iru ilẹ tabi gbigbe igbekalẹ"| PatternType{"Apẹrẹ wo ni fifọ tabi<br/> ikuna ilẹ ni o rii?"}

    PatternType -->|"1. Long Linear Crack / Line of Holes Crosss Yard, Pasture,<br/>tabi Opopona ni Ogbele/Omi Ilẹ-Gbigbede"| EarthFissure["IJẸ AYE (Iha Ẹdọfu Ofo):<br/>1. Odi / teepu kuro ni agbegbe 15 si 30 m (50 si 100 ft) agbegbe ifipamọ<br/>2. MASE rin, gùn ẹṣin, tabi wakọ lori awọn dojuijako ilẹ ti irun ori<br/>3. Dari awọn ibi isale orule & isun omi JIJI kuro nibi kiraki<br/> (omi ojo yi didan 2 cm sinu ọgbun 5 m ni iṣẹju)<br/>4. Iroyin to State Jiolojikali Survey / County Ìkún Iṣakoso"]

    PatternType -->|"2. Awọn Diagonal Diagonal Stair-Igbese Biriki Awọn dojuijako,<br/> Awọn ilẹkun Lilẹmọ, & 2 si 8 cm Aafo Ni ayika Ipin Slab ni Ogbele"| ClayShrink["ÌDÍNKÚ Amọ́ ÀGBÀGBÀN/ÌṢE:<br/>1. Ṣayẹwo gaasi & awọn paipu omi ti nwọle ipilẹ fun igara rirẹ<br/>2. Gbe okun soaker 45 si 60 cm (18 si 24 in) jade lati ipilẹ<br/> (omi laiyara 15 si 30 mins / ọjọ lati tọju ọrinrin ile iṣọkan) <br/>3. Ma ṣe gbin awọn igi ti ongbẹ sunmọ ju 1.0x si 1.5x giga ti o dagba<br/>4. Kan si alagbawo ni iwe-aṣẹ igbekale / Onimọ-ẹrọ imọ-ẹrọ (PE)"]

    PatternType -->|"3. Ile-iṣẹ ti Nja Slab Gbígbé Soke (Doming),<br/>Ibi Ilẹ Ilẹ Gbona, tabi Yiyi Mita Omi Titẹ Dial"| SlabLeakHeave["LORI-SLAB PLUMBING LEAK JINI JINI OLORUN Amọ:<br/>1. Ṣayẹwo itọka jijo mita omi pẹlu gbogbo awọn faucets ni pipa<br/>2. Pa àtọwọdá omi ile akọkọ lati da wiwu amọ agbegbe duro<br/>3. Pe plumber kan fun iwari hydrostatic/acoustic slab leak<br/>4. Ma ṣe pamọ odi gbigbẹ titi ọrinrin ile yoo fi duro"]

Ifiwera 5 pataki gbigbe-ilẹ ati awọn eewu ipilẹ

Àwọn onílé, awakọ̀, àti àwọn olùdáhùn pàjáwìrì sábà máa ń darú ìrìn àjò amọ̀ tí ó gbilẹ̀, ìsalẹ̀ omi aquifer ti ẹkùn, àwọn fissures ayé, karst sinkholes, àti hydrocompaction. Mọ iru ilana ẹkọ-aye ti o wa labẹ ẹsẹ rẹ pinnu bi o ṣe le duro lailewu.

ewu ilẹ Labẹ Geological Fa Dada & Awọn aami aiṣedeede Iyara Ikuna Yipada tabi Yẹ?
*1. Amo ti o gbooro isunki-Swell *** (Smectite / Montmorillonite / Bentonite Vertisols) Awọn ohun alumọni omi so elekitirokemika pọ laarin awọn awo nkan ti o wa ni erupe ile amọ airi lakoko ojo (** wiwu to \(10 \%\ ọrọ{ si } 30 \%\) ni iwọn didun ) ati evaporate lakoko ogbele ( isunki ati sisan**). Ti igba ** awọn dojuijako pẹtẹẹsì akọ-rọsẹ ** ni biriki / stucco; awọn ilẹkun ti o duro ni igba ooru ati latch ni igba otutu (tabi idakeji); \(2\ọrọ{si }8\ọrọ{cm}\) aafo laarin ile gbigbẹ ati eti pẹlẹbẹ; ** eti-ju *** ni ogbele vs ** eti-gbe (dishing) *** ni awọn akoko tutu. Awọn iyipo akoko ni akoko ju ** awọn ọsẹ si awọn oṣu ***; le mu yara sii ni awọn ọjọ ** lakoko iwọn otutu igbona tabi isinmi akọkọ omi labẹ pẹlẹbẹ. ** Yipada ni apakan *** ti ọrinrin ile ba jẹ dọgbadọgba laiyara, botilẹjẹpe awọn iyipo ti o leralera fa awọn pẹlẹbẹ kọnja ti ko ni agbara ati masonry patapata.
*2. Ijẹkuro Omi Aquifer Ekun *** (Omi Ilẹ / Epo / Aṣepari Gaasi) Gbigbe omi inu ile ni iyara ju jijo jijo lọ o din tabili omi silẹ (piezometric head). Laisi titẹ omi pore ti o mu wọn yato si, ti o dara didara ** amọ ati awọn aquards silt ṣubu sinu eto “ile-ti-kaadi” alapin kan ***. Entire valleys sink by \(0.5\text{ to }9\text{ meters}\) (\(1.5\text{ to }30\text{ feet}\)); steel well casings appear to protrude out of the ground; canals and gravity sewer pipes lose their slope or flow backward; coastal or lakeside areas flood permanently. Gradual (\(2\text{ to }60\text{ centimeters}\) [\(1\text{ to }24\text{ inches}\)] per year), but triggers sudden earth fissures and building tilting where bedrock depth changes sharply. 90% to 95% PERMANENT and irreversible: once clay aquitard pore spaces collapse (inelastic compaction), refilling the aquifer cannot lift the land back up.
3. Earth Fissures (Differential Subsidence Tension Cracks) As a valley floor sinks over a buried bedrock ridge or fault, the sinking alluvial sediment is stretched horizontally like dough over a rolling pin until it rips open at the surface. Starts as a hairline crack or line of small piping sinkholes; when monsoon or storm runoff pours in, underground erosion (subsurface piping) collapses the roof into a chasm \(1\text{ to }10\text{ m}\) wide, \(3\text{ to }15+\text{ m}\) deep, and kilometers long. Underground tension void forms slowly, but the surface bridge collapses INSTANTLY during a single heavy rainstorm or under vehicle weight. Permanent: continues widening and lengthening whenever runoff enters the fissure; requires engineered geotextile/gravel trench remediation.
4. Hydrocompaction / Collapsible Loess & Alluvial Soils (Dry-Silt Collapse) Windblown loess or arid alluvial fan deposits held together by weak clay or soluble salt bonds lose all strength the first time they get soaked with water (from lawn irrigation, septic tanks, or broken pipes). Ground beneath a newly irrigated yard, swimming pool, or leaky gutter suddenly drops \(0.3\text{ to }1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(1\text{ to }5\text{ feet}\)), shearing off half the house. Days to weeks after water is introduced to previously dry desert or loess soil. Permanent one-time collapse upon initial saturation.
5. Karst Sinkhole / Mine Collapse (Subterranean Cavern Roof Failure) Acidic groundwater dissolves soluble bedrock (limestone, dolomite, gypsum, or salt beds) or an abandoned underground coal/metal mine roof caves in; see our sinkholes guide. Càtà tí ó ní ìrísí aláwọ̀ yípo (\(2\ọrọ{si }100+\text{ meters}\) kọjá) pẹ̀lú àwọn ẹ̀gbẹ́ inaro gíga; awọn odi odi, awọn igi, ati awọn igun ipilẹ tẹ si inu si ọna akọmalu aarin kan. ** Awọn iṣẹju-aaya si awọn wakati *** ni ibi-ifọ-iṣipopada-ideri. ** Yẹ *** ofo to nilo grouting ọjọgbọn tabi sisilo.

Bọmi jinlẹ 1: Bawo ni ilẹ amọ ti o gbooro (“Ajalu Farasin”) ba awọn ile jẹ ninu ogbele ati ojo.

Awọn ilẹ amọ ti o gbooro, ti a mọ ni agbegbe bi ** bentonite *** tabi ** Pierre Shale ** ni Colorado ati awọn Dakotas, ** Houston Black Clay / Gumbo ** ni Texas, ** Yazoo Clay ** ni Mississippi, ** London Clay ** kọja Gusu England, ** Argiles Vertes ** ni Ilu Faranse, ati ** Sol Black Cotton Soil (Verti India), ni gbogbo Africa ** awọn ohun alumọni amọ-ẹgbẹ smectite (pataki montmorillonite) *. Ko dabi iyanrin tabi awọn irugbin silt ti o kan joko lẹgbẹẹ ara wọn, awọn kirisita montmorillonite jẹ awọn platelets alapin airi pẹlu idiyele itanna odi to lagbara lori awọn aaye wọn. 1. Kí nìdí Expansive Clay Lifts Multi-Story Buildings (Ipele Ewu): Nigbati omi ojo tabi ṣiṣan omi ti n jo omi kan ba kan amọ montmorillonite ti o gbẹ, awọn ohun elo omi pola (\(H_2O\)) ati awọn ions ti o gba agbara daadaa ($ Na^+$, \(Ca^{2+}\), $Mg^{2+ ni kikun) amo ti a fi agbara mu laarin, amọ ti a fi agbara mu ki amọ kekere ti o wa laarin awọn ohun elo microscopic. faagun bi ohun accordion. Amọ ti o gbooro ti o ni ihamọ n ṣe ipilẹṣẹ ** awọn titẹ wiwu si oke ti \(250\ọrọ{si }1,000+\ọrọ{kilopascals}\) (\(5,000\ọrọ{ si }20,000+\ọrọ{ poun fun ẹsẹ onigun mẹrin}\)). Nitoripe ile alaja kan tabi ile oloke meji kan ni o n ṣiṣẹ \(50\text{ si } 150\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(1,000\text{ to }3,000\text{ psf}\)) ti iwuwo isalẹ lori awọn ẹsẹ aijinile rẹ, iwiwu amọ ni irọrun gbe awọn egbegbe ile jakege soke tabi ile-iṣẹ gbigbẹ. 2. ** Kini idi ti Idinku Ogbele Snaps Slabs ni Idaji (“Edge Drop / Center Doming”): Lakoko igba ooru gigun kan ogbele tabi itan ooru Dome, ile ti o wa ni ayika ita ti ile kan gbẹ ti o si n dinku ni inaro ati ni ita nipasẹ ** 10 si 25 ogorun , nigba ti ile ti o jinlẹ labẹ aarin ti kọnpẹ ti nja duro ni ọririn ati wiwu nitori pe pẹlẹbẹ naa ṣe aabo fun evaporation. - Bi amọ agbegbe ti n dinku, awọn egbegbe ita ti ipilẹ ile ni a fi silẹ ** ti a ko ni atilẹyin ni agbedemeji afẹfẹ (cantilevered) lori aafo ti \(2\ọrọ{ si }8\text{ centimeters}\) (\(1\text{ to } 3\text{ inches}\)). - Walẹ fa awọn odi agbegbe ti ko ni atilẹyin si isalẹ ( eti ju / doming aarin ***), titọ pẹlẹbẹ nja lori oke agbedemeji ọririn titi ti pẹlẹbẹ naa yoo rọ ni idaji, ripipa gbigbẹ inu ilohunsoke ni awọn igun-iwọn 45 loke awọn fireemu ilẹkun ati fifa awọn chimney biriki ita kuro ni laini oke.

Multiplier Root Desiccation Multiplier Tree (Ofin “1x si 1.5x Giga Igi”)

Ni ibamu si UK Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), awọn British Geological Survey, ati awọn French BRGM, ** lori 50 ogorun ti àìdá ogbele ipile ikuna lori amo ile ti wa ni jeki nipasẹ awọn igi nla ti a gbin ju sunmo si ile ***: - Oaku oaku kan ti o dagba kan, willow, poplar, eucalyptus, elm, eeru, tabi igi owu igi transpires ** 400 si 1,000+ liters (100 si 260+ galonu) ti omi fun ọjọ kan ** taara jade kuro ninu amo labẹ ipilẹ rẹ lakoko ogbele igba ooru, ti nmu egungun amọ-gbẹ si isalẹ si ijinle 5 mita (3 si 3) - ** Ijinna gbingbin Lailewu ***: Maṣe gbin awọn igi gbooro ti omi-giga ti o sunmọ ipile lori ile amọ ju **1.0 si 1.5 ni igba giga ti igi naa ** ($ 15\text{ to }25\text{ meters}$ [\(50\text{ meters}\) [\(50\text{ to }80\text{ft}\)]). - **Ikilọ Lodi Si Jalẹ Igi ojiji ***: Ti igi nla kan ti o ti pẹ to ọdun mẹwa * ti n dagba ni ẹba ile rẹ lori amọ ti o gbooro, ** MAA ṢE ge igi naa lulẹ ni ẹẹkan laisi ijumọsọrọ onimọ-ẹrọ geotechnical *. Nigbati a ba gé igi ti o dagba lojiji, apo amọ ti o wa labẹ ile ti igi naa ti gbẹ fun ọdun 30 yoo tun fa omi ni ọdun 2 si 5 ti o nbọ yoo wú soke ( oke amọ lẹhin yiyọ kuro **), gbigbe ati fifọ ile paapaa buru ju ogbele lọ. Igi gige idinku ade ti iṣakoso ati awọn idena gbongbo jẹ awọn omiiran ailewu.

Tabili Iyatọ Ẹda Igbekale: Kika Ẹka Ewu Ilé (BRE Digest 251 / Awọn Ilana ASCE)

Awọn onimọ-ẹrọ igbekalẹ ni kariaye lo **BRE Digest 251 (Idasile Iwadi Ile) *** Iwọn isọdi iwọn lati yapa awọn dojuijako pilasita ohun ikunra ti ko lewu lati ikuna ipilẹ igbekalẹ ti o lewu:

Crack Ẹka & Didara Kika Iwọn ni Odi tabi Ipilẹ Bi o ṣe le Ṣero Iwọn Lilo Awọn Ohun-ile Awọn aami aisan Aṣoju & Iṣe Pajawiri ti a beere
** Ẹka 0 si 1: Irun irun / Irun pupọ *** (Ikunra)* Kere ju \(1\ọrọ{mm}\) (\(<1/32\ọrọ{ni}\)) Tinrin ju eekanna ika tabi kaadi kirẹditi kan (\(0.76\ọrọ{mm}\)). Fine inu ilohunsoke pilasita tabi drywall isẹpo dojuijako lati deede ti igba ọriniinitutu tabi ni ibẹrẹ nja curing. ** Iṣe: *** Ailewu lati kun ati kun; ko si ewu igbekale.
** Ẹka 2: Diẹ *** (Atẹle)* \(1\ọrọ{si }5\ọrọ{mm}\) (\(1/32\ọrọ{si }3/16\ọrọ{ni}\)) Iwọn ti ** 1 si 3 awọn owó ti a ti tolera ** (nickel AMẸRIKA kan tabi ẹyọ-Euro 1 jẹ $ SIM 2 ọrọ {mm}$ nipọn). Awọn dojuijako onigun ni awọn igun ti awọn window ati awọn ilẹkun; Awọn ilẹkun le rọ diẹ lori awọn latches lakoko ogbele ooru tabi igba otutu tutu. ** Iṣe: ** Tee oluṣakoso iwe ti o dati tabi awọn ami ami ikọwe kọja kiraki lati ṣe atẹle oṣooṣu; ṣetọju ọrinrin ile iṣọkan ni ayika ipilẹ.
** Ẹka 3: Oniwọntunwọnsi *** (Ikuna Iṣẹ Iṣẹ)* \(5\ọrọ{si }15\ọrọ{mm}\) (\(3/16\ọrọ{si }5/8\ọrọ{ni}\)) Iwọn ** pencil onigi (\(7\ọrọ{mm}\)) titi di ika kekere rẹ (\(12\ọrọ{si}15\ọrọ{mm}\))**. Awọn dojuijako-igbesẹ pẹtẹẹsì ni gige ọtun nipasẹ amọ biriki ode ati awọn biriki kọọkan; ilẹkun ati awọn ferese jam ṣinṣin; awọn iyaworan fẹ nipasẹ awọn odi ita; ** omi koto inu ilẹ ti o lagbara, omi, ati awọn paipu gaasi wa ni ewu ti jijo tabi irẹrun ***. ** Iṣe: ** Ṣayẹwo mita gaasi ati akọkọ omi lẹsẹkẹsẹ; bẹwẹ ẹlẹrọ igbekale iwe-aṣẹ (PE).
** Ẹka 4: Lagbara** (Ibanujẹ Igbekale) \(15\ọrọ{si }25\ọrọ{mm}\) (\(5/8\ọrọ{si }1\ọrọ{ni}\)) Iwọn ** atanpako agbalagba (\(20\ọrọ{si }25\ọrọ{mm}\))**. Awọn pánẹ́ẹ̀sì fèrèsé fọ́ tàbí gbé jáde láti inú àwọn férémù tí ó yapa; ipakà ite ni han (\(> 1 \%\) ite); Awọn odi ti o ni inu ilohunsoke ti o yatọ si awọn joists aja; ** awọn dojuijako petele ni awọn ogiri idaduro ipilẹ ile pẹlu \(>1.5\ọrọ{cm}\) bulging inu**. ** Iṣe: ** Pa gaasi ti paipu ba ni igara; tera gbogun nibiti; ọjọgbọn underpinning (helical / Titari piers) beere.
** Ẹka 5: O le pupọ / Ewu ti Ikọlẹ *** (Pajawiri Aabo Aye)* Greater than \(25\text{ mm}\) (\(>1\text{ in}\)), or rapid widening over hours O le Titari awọn ika ọwọ meji tabi diẹ sii tabi ikunku rẹ sinu ogiri tabi fifọ pẹlẹbẹ; ita simini gbigbe ara kuro lati ile. Awọn ọpa ti o wa ni oke tabi awọn apọn ti ilẹ ti nfa awọn igun-ara wọn kuro (** isonu ti atilẹyin gbigbe ***); ti npariwo yiyo ohun; Odi ipilẹ ile ti n tẹriba sinu \(>5\ọrọ{cm}\) (\(2\ọrọ{ni}\)); ti nṣiṣe lọwọ aiye fissure tabi rii labẹ footing. **Iṣe: Yọọ Lẹsẹkẹsẹ ***, pa awọn ohun elo ita, ki o si ni ihamọ iwọle titi ti o fi jẹbi tabi fipa.

Ofin Crack Odi Petele: Kini idi ti Awọn dojuijako Petele buru ju Awọn ti inaro lọ

Ti o ba ni ipilẹ ile ti o wa ni isalẹ tabi ogiri crawlspace ti a ṣe ti awọn bulọọki masonry nja (CMU) tabi kọnja ti a da, ṣe akiyesi pataki si ** awọn dojuijako petele ti n ṣiṣẹ ni afiwe si ilẹ ni agbedemeji ogiri *: - Lakoko ti kiraki inaro nigbagbogbo n tọka si idasile aṣọ ile kekere, ** kiraki petele ni agbedemeji ogiri ipilẹ ile ti o tẹle pẹlu itẹriba inu (fifun si yara) tumọ si amọ tutu tabi ile ti o kun ni ita ti n ti ita si ita si odi pẹlu agbara diẹ sii ju odi le mu. - Ti ogiri ipilẹ ile idina kan ba tẹriba sinu nipasẹ ** diẹ ẹ sii ju \(2.5\ọrọ{si }5\text{centimeters}\) (\(1\text{ to }2\text{ inches}\))**, o le fa lojiji ki o si wọ inu labẹ iwuwo ile loke. Pa gbogbo eniyan kuro ni apakan yẹn ti ipilẹ ile ati pe ẹlẹrọ igbekalẹ lẹsẹkẹsẹ.

Dive jin 2: Giant Earth Fissures and Underwater Aquifer Subsidence

Ni awọn agbada omi ti o gbẹkẹle omi inu omi ni gbogbo agbaye, pẹlu ** Arizona *** (Phoenix, Pinal County, Tucson, Cochise County), ** California's San Joaquin ati Coachella Valleys **, Texas *** (Houston-Galveston ati El Paso), ** Nevada *** (Las Vegas Valley), CentralMexica ati Central Valley / Las Vegas Valley), **EnochMexici Valley. afonifoji ***, ** Plain Ariwa China (Beijing-Tianjin) ***, Tehran Iran ati awọn pẹtẹlẹ Rafsanjan **, ati **Spain's Guadalentín Basin ***, fifa omi inu ile nla lakoko awọn ogbele-ọpọlọpọ ọdun fa oju ilẹ lati rì ni iyara.

Bii Irun Irun Ti Kekere Yi Yipada si Ọgangan Jin-Mita 15 ni Ọsan kan

  1. ** Iwapọ Iyatọ Lori Awọn giga Bedrock ti a sin ***: Nigbati a ba fa omi jade lati inu agbada aginju ti o jinlẹ, awọn gedegede ti ko nipọn ti o nipọn ti o wa ni agbedemeji afonifoji iwapọ ati rii nipasẹ $ 1 ọrọ{ si }5\text{meters}$ ($ 3\text{ si }16\text{ft}) ti o wa ni oke ti o wa labẹ ilẹ ti o wa ni isunmọ si } 16\text{ẹsẹ} $, nigba ti a sin sinu oke tinrin labẹ ẹsẹ Oke ti awọ ge ni gbogbo.
  2. ** Rupture Tensile Subsurface : Iyatọ rimi yi tẹ awọn ipele oke ti ile aginju lori oke bedrock ti a sin, ti o fa ile yato si petele ( igara fifẹ*). Ilẹ abẹlẹ (\(5\ọrọ{si}20\ọrọ{mita}\) si isalẹ), ijaya ẹdọfu inaro ṣi soke, paapaa nigba ti oke \(1\ọrọ{si }2\text{ meters}\) ti awọn afara ile dada kọja aafo naa duro.
  3. ** Pipade Ilẹ-ilẹ ati Ikọlẹ Orule ***: Bi omi ojo kekere ti n ṣan silẹ lati inu dada sinu kiraki ipamo ti o farapamọ, o fọ ẹrẹkẹ ti o wa ni isalẹ, ti o npa iho nla nla ti oju eefin ipamo ti o kan awọn inṣi nisalẹ ilẹ aginju naa. Lori oke, gbogbo ohun ti o rii ni fifọ irun didan tabi laini taara ti awọn iho \(20\text{-centimeter}\) kekere.
  4. ** Fifọ-Ikun omi Filaṣi naa ***: Nigbati iji oorun igba ooru ti o wuwo tabi jijo n de (wo wa filasi iṣan omi guide), awọn aṣọ ti omi ti o wa lori ilẹ ti o da sinu awọn ihò kekere wọnni. Laarin ** 15 si 60 iṣẹju ***, omi ti n yara wó lulẹ ti o dọti tinrin ni gbogbo ipari ti ijakadi ẹdọfu ipamo, ti n ṣii lila nla kan ti o ni odi nla ** 2 si awọn mita 10 (6.5 si 33 ẹsẹ) fife, 5 si awọn mita 15 (16 si 50 ẹsẹ) jin, ati titi de 3 si 15 kilomita, gige awọn maili to gun ni * * 10 km ni awọn ọna jijin (awọn ọna jijin) levees, ati undermining ile.

4 Awọn Ofin Aabo Dandan fun Gbigbe tabi Irin-ajo ni Awọn agbegbe Fissure Earth

  1. **Maṣe lo fissure ile kan tabi fifọ ilẹ lati da idoti àgbàlá, idọti, kun erupẹ, tabi ṣiṣan iji. ** Idọti ti o kun fun idọti ti o wa ni isalẹ taara sinu ofo ẹdọfu ipamo ti o jinlẹ, ati gbigbe omi sinu fissure kan yara ogbara ipamo si ipilẹ ile rẹ.
  2. Jeki ẹran-ọsin, ẹṣin, ATVs, ati awọn aririnkiri kuro ni awọn isọdi laini ti idagbasoke igbo tabi awọn ihò kekere. Ni awọn pápá oko gbígbẹ, awọn fissures ile maa n di ọrinrin kekere diẹ ṣaaju ki wọn to ṣubu, ti o ṣẹda laini taara taara ti awọn igi creosote alawọ ewe tabi awọn igi mesquite kọja erupẹ gbigbẹ, ti o ni awọn iho kekere. Ẹṣin tabi ATV Líla ti ila le ya nipasẹ awọn tinrin ile Afara sinu kan 10-mita Iho inaro.
  3. ** Ṣayẹwo awọn maapu Earth Fissure osise ṣaaju ki o to ra ohun-ini tabi ile ***: Ni Orilẹ Amẹrika, **Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) Oluwo Awọn eewu Adayeba **, United States Geological Survey (USGS) Portal Subsidence Portal, ati **Houston-Galveston Area Subsidence District*s ṣe atẹjade awọn ipele ilẹ-aye ti n ṣiṣẹ lọwọ ati agbegbe GIS mapssures.
  4. **Maṣe ba omi inu ile jẹ nipasẹ fissure ***: Nitori pe fissure ilẹ jẹ oju-ọna inaro taara ti o sọkalẹ si awọn mewa tabi awọn ọgọọgọrun mita si aquifer laisi isọ ilẹ, eyikeyi ṣiṣan omi septic, ipadanu ipakokoropaeku, tabi ẹran-ọsin ti o ku ti o ṣubu sinu fissure jẹ ibajẹ ipese omi mimu agbegbe taara.

Ailewu iṣakoso ọrinrin ipile pajawiri lakoko ogbele kan

Ti o ba n gbe lori ilẹ amọ ti o gbooro lakoko ti o pọju ogbele, ibi-afẹde rẹ kii ṣe ** lati sọ ile di ẹrẹ, eyiti o nfa wiwu wiwu si oke, tabi lati jẹ ki o beki gbẹ, eyiti o nfa isunku si isalẹ. Ibi-afẹde rẹ ni ** aṣọ-aṣọ, ọrinrin igbagbogbo ni ayika gbogbo agbegbe iwọn 360 ti ile naa ***:

  • ** Lo okun soaker ti o lọra tabi laini irigeson ti a gbe 45 si 60 centimeters (18 si 24 inches) kuro ni odi ipilẹ ***: Maṣe gbe okun soaker kan taara si eti kọnja ti nja nibiti aafo gbigbẹ ti ṣii tẹlẹ; omi ti n ṣan ni taara si isalẹ aafo naa yoo ṣagbe labẹ ẹsẹ ati rọ agbara gbigbe ti ile naa. Gbigbe okun 45 si 60 centimeters jade gba ọrinrin laaye lati ṣan ni ẹgbẹ ati paapaa nipasẹ agbegbe gbongbo.
  • ** Omi gbona gusu-ti nkọju si ati iwọ-oorun Odi 25 to 50 ogorun gun ju shaded ariwa-ti nkọju si Odi ***: Iyatọ ipile wo inu fere nigbagbogbo bẹrẹ ni ** guusu iwọ-oorun igun ti a ile ** (ni awọn Ariwa ẹdẹbu) nitori Friday oorun ooru ndin guusu ati oorun ile gbẹ nigba ti ariwa odi duro ọririn ninu iboji.
  • ** Ṣetọju igbelewọn rere ati fa awọn isun omi orule ni o kere ju 1.5 si awọn mita 3 (ẹsẹ 5 si 10) kuro ni ipilẹ ***: Nigbati ogbele ba pari nikẹhin pẹlu jijo nla, omi orule ti o da silẹ ni taara ni igun ile naa yoo gbin ni igun kan ṣoṣo lakoko ti iyoku ipilẹ naa wa ni gbẹ, mimu okuta pẹlẹbẹ lori isọdọtun.
  • **Ṣayẹwo fun awọn n jo Plumbing ti o farapamọ ni oṣooṣu nipa lilo itọka jijo sisan kekere ti mita omi rẹ ***: Pa gbogbo faucet, oluṣe yinyin, ati igbonse inu ile, lẹhinna wo mita omi opopona rẹ fun iṣẹju mẹwa 10. Ti o ba ti pupa kekere tabi bulu onigun mẹta/irawọ ti wa ni nyi ni gbogbo, o ni farasin paipu jo paipu ti o le fa catastrophic amo heastrophic labẹ rẹ pẹlẹbẹ.

Awọn ibeere ti a beere nigbagbogbo

Bawo ni MO ṣe le sọ boya kiraki kan ninu ogiri ile mi jẹ ipilẹ ohun ikunra ti ko lewu tabi ikuna ipilẹ igbekalẹ ti o lewu?

Ṣayẹwo iwọn kiraki, itọsọna, ati boya o yipada lori akoko. Awọn dojuijako inaro irun ti o dín ju 1 si 2 millimeters (1/16 inch) lẹba awọn isẹpo teepu ti ogiri gbigbẹ tabi awọn igun ẹnu-ọna loke jẹ fere nigbagbogbo laiseniyan ohun ikunra. Lọna, awọn dojuijako pẹtẹẹsì akọ-rọsẹ ti o ge nipasẹ biriki ode tabi bulọọki nja, awọn dojuijako petele ti o wa pẹlu itẹriba inu lori ogiri ipilẹ ile, awọn dojuijako ti o gbooro pupọ ni opin kan ju ekeji lọ (ti o nfihan lilọ kiri), tabi eyikeyi kiraki ti o gbooro ju milimita 5 (3/16 inch, ni aijọju iwọn ti ikọwe kan) ti o tẹle pẹlu awọn ilẹkun ati awọn window ikọwe lojiji ti o nilo iṣipopada awọn ilẹkun ati awọn ikọwe. iwe-ašẹ igbekale ẹlẹrọ.

Kini idi ti o lewu lati ṣe iṣan omi aafo lẹgbẹẹ ipilẹ ile mi pẹlu okun ọgba kan lakoko ogbele?

Nigbati ogbele ti o lagbara ba dinku ile amọ ti o gbooro kuro ni pẹlẹbẹ ipilẹ ti nja rẹ, nlọ aafo 2 si 8 centimita (1 si 3 inch) ni ayika agbegbe, ti n da omi pupọ pọ si taara sinu kiraki ṣiṣi yẹn fa awọn ikuna imọ-ẹrọ meji. Ni akọkọ, omi ọfẹ n ṣiṣẹ ni taara si isalẹ kiraki nisalẹ ẹsẹ ti nja, titan Layer ile ti o ni ẹru sinu ẹrẹ ti ko lagbara ki odi naa rì paapaa jinle. Ẹlẹẹkeji, ekunrere agbegbe lojiji nfa aaye tutu kan ti amọ montmorillonite lati wú ni agbara si oke lakoko ti awọn apakan gbigbẹ ti o wa nitosi wa silẹ, ṣiṣẹda wahala rirẹ iyatọ ti o lagbara ti o dojuijako pẹlẹbẹ naa. Dipo, gbe okun soaker ti o lọra 45 si 60 centimeters (18 si 24 inches) kuro ni odi ipilẹ ki o si ṣiṣẹ fun awọn aaye arin iṣẹju 15-si-30-iṣẹju lati tun omi pada ni ile diẹdiẹ.

Kini iyato laarin ohun aiye fissure ati ohun ìṣẹlẹ ẹbi tabi karst sinkhole?

Ko dabi asise ìṣẹlẹ (eyi ti o wa nipasẹ iṣipopada awo tectonic ti o jinlẹ ti o si tu awọn igbi omi jigijigi jade) tabi karst sinkhole (eyiti o jẹ fọọmu nigba ti omi ekikan tu awọn oke ile apata ile-ile), fissure ilẹ jẹ ijakadi ẹdọfu ti o ṣẹlẹ nipasẹ fifa omi inu ilẹ eniyan ni awọn agbada ogbele. Bi fifa ti o pọju ti npa omi aquifer, ilẹ-ilẹ afonifoji n ṣajọpọ ati ifọwọ nipasẹ awọn mita pupọ; Ibi ti erofo ti o rì ti na lori oke bedrock ti a sin, ilẹ nfa yato si ni ita si ipamo. Nígbà tí omi òjò tó pọ̀ bá ń ṣàn sínú ìfọ́yángá tí ó fara sin, ó máa ń sọ òrùlé ilé kúrò nísàlẹ̀, ó sì wó lulẹ̀ lójijì sínú ọ̀gbun ńlá kan tí ó ga tó mítà mẹ́wàá ní fífẹ̀ tí ó sì gùn ní kìlómítà.

Kilode ti o le ge igi nla kan ti o dagba lẹgbẹẹ ile mi nitootọ fọ ipilẹ mi buru ju fifi silẹ nibẹ?

Bí igi òùngbẹ bá ti hù lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ ilé kan lórí ilẹ̀ amọ̀ tó gbòòrò fún nǹkan bí 20 sí 40 ọdún, (gẹ́gẹ́ bí igi òùngbẹ, irú bí igi oaku, willow, poplar, tàbí eucalyptus) ti hù, gbòǹgbò rẹ̀ ti fa àpò amọ̀ kan tó jìn pátápátá sábẹ́ ẹ̀gbẹ́ ilé náà. Ti o ba ge igi naa lojiji patapata, agbegbe gbongbo ti o ku da duro yiyọ omi; ni awọn akoko ojo 1 si 5 ti o tẹle, apo amọ ti o gbẹ ti n gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun liters omi ti o si wú si oke nipasẹ 5 si 15 centimeters (2 si 6 inches), ti o gbe ẹgbẹ ti ile naa ni ilana iparun ti a npe ni erupẹ amọ lẹhin-yiyọ kuro. Nigbagbogbo kan si onimọ-ẹrọ imọ-ẹrọ tabi arborist ṣaaju yiyọ awọn igi ti o dagba lori ile amọ.

Awọn orisun ṣayẹwo

  • ** Iwadi Jiolojikali ti Amẹrika (USGS):** * Ilẹ-ilẹ ni Orilẹ Amẹrika (Ipin 1182 & 1405), Isọpọ Eto Aquifer, ati Awọn ẹrọ Fissure Earth ni Alluvial Basin*.
  • ** Iwadi Jiolojikali ti Arizona (AZGS): *** Ile-iṣẹ Fissure Earth, Awọn agbara Pipa Pipa Ilẹ-ilẹ, ati Awọn Itọsọna Aabo Onile/Ọran-ọsin ni ayika Awọn Fissures Nṣiṣẹ.
  • ** Iwadi Jiolojikali ti Ilu Gẹẹsi (BGS) ati Idasile Iwadi Ile (BRE, United Kingdom):** * Ski-Swell Clay GeoSure Hazard Mapping, BRE Digest 251 (Ayẹwo ti Bibajẹ ni Awọn Ile-Ile-Ile-kekere), ati NHBC Abala 4.2 (Ṣiṣe Awọn igi Nitosi lori Awọn Amọ Imugboroosi)*.
  • Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, France): Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles (RGA) Idena ati Awọn Ilana Idinku Igbekale.
  • ** Ile-iṣẹ Itọju Pajawiri Federal (FEMA, United States) ati Awujọ Amẹrika ti Awọn Onimọ-ẹrọ Ilu (ASCE): *** * Awọn Ilẹ-ilẹ ti o gbooro ati Awọn Ilana Apẹrẹ Ipilẹ Ibugbe (ASCE 7 / PTI DC10.5 Slab-on-Ground Design on Expansive Clays)*.

Jẹmọ awọn itọsọna