Anyigba ƒe Tsitsi, Anyigba ƒe Ʋuʋu, Kple Gɔmeɖoanyi Si Kuɖiɖi He vɛ¶

Anyigba ƒe ɖiɖi, anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu si keke ta, kple anyigba ƒe gbagbã nye anyigba ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe afɔku siwo gbãa xɔwo ƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo, lãa dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ ƒe gas kple tsi ƒe mɔ siwo le anyigba te, wotua aƒewo ƒe dodoƒe ʋɔtruwo, eye woʋua do siwo didi kilometa ɖeka le baliwo ƒe anyigba. To vovo na karst si dzɔna kpata do siwo me tsi megena ɖo siwo gena ɖe limestone-dowo me, kuɖiɖi ƒe tsidzadza kple anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu si keke ta dzea xɔwo dzi to anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe mɔnu vovovo eve dzi. Gbã la, smectite kple montmorillonite anyi siwo keke ta (vertisols) wɔa dɔ abe anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ƒumebɔbɔ ene, wovuvuna kple kilopascals 500 va ɖo 1,000 (pound 10,000 va ɖo 20,000 le afɔ square ɖeka me)** ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si yia dzi le tsidzaɣi eye wòtsina ɖe eme sesĩe yia eme le ɣeyiɣi sesẽwo me kuɖiɖiwo be woahe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe kpe gbadzɛwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu. Evelia, anyigbadzitsi ƒe tsi si ƒona fũu akpa si nɔa anyi didi nana anyi kple tsikpe goglowo (aquitards) ƒoa ƒu tegbee eye wonyrɔna meta 1 va ɖo 9 (afɔ 3 va ɖo 30) le bali blibowo me, eye wòkekea dzogbea alo tsikpewo ƒe anyigba vaseɖe esime wòvuvu le anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe gãwo ƒe kekeme si ade meta 10 (afɔ 33) dzi eye 15+ meta (50+ afɔ) ƒe goglome.

Le United States ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (USGS), Britaintɔwo ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (BGS), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM le France, afisi wobu anyikpe ƒe ʋuʋu le hatsotso me be enye Afɔku Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ gã aɖe si woyɔna be Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles), kple Amerika Dudɔnunɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ (ASCE) ƒe nya nu la, anyigba siwo keke ta kple anyigba te ƒe xɔtuɖaŋuwo gblẽa nu le aƒe geɖe kple anyigba te xɔtuɖaŋuwo ŋu ƒe sia ƒe wu tsiɖɔɖɔ, ahom sesẽwo, kple ahom sesẽwo ne wotsɔ wo katã ƒo ƒui. Togbɔ be atsyɔ̃ɖomiwo ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ blewu xɔ asi ko hã la, gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe vovototodedeameme ƒe gbagbã kabakaba alo anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe ƒe tsidzɔƒe ƒe tsilele kpata le dzogbe ƒe tsidzadza ƒe ahomya me trɔna zua agbe ƒe dedienɔnɔ ƒe nɔnɔme kpata enumake to gas-pɔmpi sesẽ siwo le anyigba te siwo le aƒe aɖe te ƒe gbagbã me, si léa emetɔwo ɖe ʋɔtru ƒe xɔtunuwo megbe, alo ʋuwo mimi me mɔ siwo dzi wogblẽ nu le.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Do gota ʋɔtru ɖesiaɖe kple xɔdɔme ƒe fesre kpɔ le aƒea me enumake, eye nàtsɔ wedge alo prop aʋu dodoƒe ʋɔtru ɖesiaɖe si adze ƒoƒo gɔme. Differential foundation sinking alo clay heave twists rectangular door frames into parallelograms (structural racking). Le anyigba ƒe gbagbã kabakaba alo anyigba ƒe gbagbã ƒe nudzɔdzɔ me la, ŋgɔgbeʋɔtru kpekpewo, megbeʋɔtruwo, kple ʋudzraɖoƒe ƒe ʋɔtruwo ate ŋu axe woƒe xɔtunu siwo tro la me sesĩe ale gbegbe be màte ŋu aƒo wo ne gas dzo alo dzisasrãa mu o. Na gakpo ƒe ʋuƒo alo gbagbãƒe nanɔ wò xɔdɔme gbɔ eye nàna ʋɔtru gbãtɔ ɖeka ya teti nanɔ ʋuʋu ɖi eye wòawɔ dɔ.
2. Kpɔ gota gome si me gas mita, propane ka, kple tsi ƒe pɔmpi gã la gena ɖe wò gɔmeɖoanyi gli alo kɔkrit gbadzɛ me. Zɔ le gota eye nàlé ŋku ɖe gas riser pɔmpi kple mita ƒe ƒuƒoƒo ŋu nyuie. Ne anyigbaa he dzo alo nyrɔ ɖe mita la te ale be gas-pɔmpia le xɔxlɔ̃m le teteɖeanyi te, wòbɔbɔ le dzogoe aɖe dzi, alo ƒoe ɖe anyikpe alo kɔkrit gli si le tɔtrɔm me la, tsɔ safui si woate ŋu atrɔ asi le si ƒe didime nye sentimeta 30 (inch 12) atsi gas-ʋuƒo gã si le mita la ŋu (trɔ valvɔa ƒe ʋuƒo si le dzogoe ene me la dzidzenu 90 ale be wòanɔ tsitre ɖe eŋu pɔmpi) eye nàƒo ka na wò gas-dɔwɔƒea enumake.
3. Dze gli ƒe gbagbãƒe siwo le eme kple gota eye nàtso wo me to "5-Millimeter / 15-Millimeter" xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe sea zazã me. Taɖa ƒe gbagbãƒe siwo le tsitrenu le ** milimeta 1 va ɖo 2 (1/16 inch)** te nyea atsyɔ̃ɖomi ƒe ʋuʋu si me afɔku mele o zi geɖe. Gake atrakpui-afɔti ƒe gbagbãƒe siwo le dzogoe ene me le gota brik alo kɔkrit-kpe me, gbagbãƒe siwo keke wu le etame wu ete (alo le go bubu me, si fia be wotrɔna), gba siwo le tsia dzi le anyigbaxɔdzo ƒe gli ŋu, alo gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gbagbã ɖesiaɖe keke wu milimeta 5 va ɖo 15 (inch ¼ va ɖo ⅝) si tsina wòdzena nyuie le ŋkeke alo gaƒoƒo geɖe me fia be xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi si le dɔ wɔm la do kpo dɔwɔwɔ.
4. Tɔ megbe meta 15 va ɖo 30 (afɔ 50 va ɖo 100) ya teti tso anyigba ƒe gbagbã ɖesiaɖe si le ʋuʋu ɖi, do sue siwo le fli me, alo dzogbe ƒe tɔʋu si le fli me (Anyigba ƒe Do). Le tsidzɔƒe siwo me tsi medzana le o kple esiwo me tsi medzana le o (abe Arizona, California, Texas, Nevada, Mexico City, Dziehe China, Iran, kple Spain ene), zi geɖe la, anyigba ƒe gbagbã dzea egɔme tso anyigba dzi abe a ɖa ƒe gbagbã si dze abe ɖe naneke megblẽ le eŋu o ene alo daisy-kɔsɔkɔsɔ si me do sue siwo lolo abe lãkle ene le (pɔmpi ƒe nɔnɔmewo). Le anyigba ƒe ɖiƒoƒo tsɛ ma te la, ʋuʋudedi ɣaɣla aɖe si le tsitrenu si goglo meta 3 va ɖo 15 (afɔ 10 va ɖo 50) nɔa lalam be yeadze anyi ne ame, sɔ, lã, alo ʋu tsoe, alo ɣeyiɣi si me dzomeŋɔli dziɖegbe aɖe kɔ tsi si sina toa doa me.
5. Mègatsɔ dzodoƒe atsyɔ anyikpe gɔmeɖoanyi si kuɖiɖi ƒo zi ɖeka gbeɖe o, eye mègana gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe anyigbawo naɖa abe ƒu ene gbeɖe o. Ne wò aƒe bɔbɔ nɔ anyi si keke (vertisol / gumbo / black cotton / London clay) dzi le dzoxɔxɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi alo... kuɖiɖi eye èkpɔ dometsotso si didi sentimeta 2 va ɖo 8 (inch 1 va ɖo 3)** le anyigba ƒuƒua kple wò kɔkrit-gbadzɛa ƒe nugbɔ dome, tsɔ soaker hose si woda ɖe didiƒe sentimeta 45 va ɖo 60 (inch 18 va ɖo 24) tso gɔmeɖoanyi gli gbɔ tsɔ de tsi blewu, si dzi wokpɔna** hena miniti 15 va ɖo 30 zi eve gbesiagbe. Tsi lita akpe geɖe tsɔtsɔ ƒu gbe ɖe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe do si le ʋuʋu ɖi me tẽ ate ŋu ana anyikpe si le teƒea nakɔ kpata alo aklɔ anyigba si lé wo ɖe te la ɖa.
6. Tsi aƒe gã la ƒe tsi ƒe ʋuƒo ne èse tsi si le sisim le kɔkrit gbadzɛ aɖe te alo nèkpɔ teƒe siwo dzoxɔxɔ le/anyigba ƒe xɔtunuwo le kɔkɔm (Under-Slab Plumbing Leak). Ne kuɖiɖi ƒe ʋuʋu he anyi yi anyime le xɔ si wotsɔ kpe gbadzɛwo wɔe te la, wotsɔa gayibɔ ƒe tsidzɔƒe ƒe pɔmpiwo kple akɔbli ƒe pɔmpiwo blana ɖe xɔa te enuenu snap. Emegbe tsi ma si le dodom la yɔa anyi ƒuƒu si keke ɖe enu ƒe kotoku si le teƒe ɖeka si le aƒea titina tututu, si wɔnɛ be dome heave si wowóna yia dzi si kɔa gli siwo le eme la ɖe dzi sentimeta 5 va ɖo 15 (sentimeta 2 va ɖo 6) le kwasiɖa aɖewo me.

Gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gbagbã, anyi ƒe kɔkɔ, kple anyigba ƒe gbagbã triage flowchart¶

Zã mɔ̃ɖaŋununya kple dedienɔnɔ ŋuti nyametsotsoti sia nàtsɔ ada anyigba ƒe gbagbã, gli ƒe gbagbã, kple gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe ʋuʋu ƒo xlã wò anyigba la kpɔ.

flowchart TD
    Start["Anyigba ƒe Ʋuʋu alo Gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe Gbagbã si Wokpɔ:<br/>Gli Siwo Gã, Ʋɔtru Siwo Kpena, Anyigba ƒe Dowo, alo Anyigba ƒe Do Siwo Woʋu"] --> DangerCheck{"Ðe AGBENƆNƆ-DEDIENƆNƆ<br/>DZIDZƆDZIKPƆKPƆ KPƆKPƆ KPƆKPƆ KPLE AFLA DZIDZE aɖewo li fifiaa?"}

    DangerCheck -->|"Ẽ: Gas ƒe ʋeʋẽ / pɔmpi si le ɣli dom, ʋuƒo siwo le ʋuʋum sesĩe,<br/>gli si le anyigba te si le tsia dzi si le ƒoƒom ɖe eme (>2.5 cm),<br/>alo ʋuʋudedi si le abe bali ene si ʋu kpata le akpata me"| EvacImmediate["NUSIWO WOTSƆ ÐE AMEWO ƑE NUÐEÐEŊUTI ƑE NUÐEÐEŊUTI:<br/>1. Miɖe amewo & aƒemelãwo katã ɖa le afisi didi meta 30+ (afɔ 100+) ɖa<br/>2. MÈGAKA asi akaɖi ƒe ʋuƒo, mɔ̃wo, alo ʋudzraɖoƒe ƒe ʋɔtruwo ŋu o<br/>3. Tsi gota gas mita & tsi main KO ne ele dedie be woaɖo<br/>4. Ƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999 kple Gas Utility Emergency Line"]

    DangerCheck -->|"MELE be yeagbã enumake alo gas ado le eme o:<br/>Dzra anyigba alo xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe ʋuʋu ƒomevi kpɔ"| PatternType{"Gbugbɔgagbã alo<br/>anyigba ƒe gbagbã ƒe nɔnɔme kae nèkpɔ?"}

    PatternType -->|"1. Dowo ƒe Dowo ƒe Fli Legbe / Dowo ƒe Fli le Xɔxɔnu, Lãnyiƒe,<br/>alo Mɔ dzi le Tsi Ƒuƒu / Anyigba Te Tsi Si Wotsɔna Klɔa Tsi Me"| EarthFissure["Anyigba ƒe ƲUƲU (Anyigba te Tension Void):<br/>1. Gli/tape ɖe teƒe si didi meta 15 va ɖo 30 (afɔ 50 va ɖo 100) si woatsɔ axe mɔ ɖe enu<br/>2. MÈGAzɔ, ado sɔ, alo aku ʋu ato taɖa ƒe anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒewo dzi GBEÐE o<br/>3. Divert roof downspouts & storm runoff AWAY from the crack<br/> (tsidzadza trɔa gbagbã si ƒe didime nye sentimeta 2 wòzua do si didi meta 5 le miniti ʋɛ aɖewo me)<br/>4. Nyatakaka na Dukɔa ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe / Nutome Tsiɖɔɖɔ Dzi Ðuɖu"]

    PatternType -->|"2. Ɣeyiɣi aɖe ƒe Diagonal Atrakpui-Afɔɖeɖe Brick Cracks,<br/>Ʋɔtruwo Klã, & 2 va ɖo 8 cm Dometsotso Around Slab Edge le Kuɖiɖi"| ClayShrink["AKPA ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU / TSITSI ƑE NUÐEÐEŊUTI:<br/>1. Kpɔ gas & tsi pɔmpi siwo gena ɖe gɔmeɖoanyia me ɖa be shear strain hã le eme<br/>2. De soaker hose si didi sentimeta 45 va ɖo 60 (18 va ɖo 24 in) tso gɔmeɖoanyia gbɔ<br/> (tsi vivivi miniti 15 va ɖo 30/ŋkeke be anyigba ƒe tsi nanɔ ɖeka)<br/>3. MÈGADO ati siwo tsikɔ ​​le wuwum siwo te ɖe 1.0x va ɖo 1.5x ƒe kɔkɔme si tsi wu 1.5x<br/>4. Kpɔ Xɔtuɖaŋu / Anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe Mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔla (PE) si si mɔɖegbalẽ le ."]

    PatternType -->|"3. Titina si Kɔkrit Gbadza Kɔkɔ Yi Dzi (Doming),<br/>Anyigba Dzodzoe Teƒe, alo Tsi Trɔ Mita Dial"| SlabLeakHeave["UNDER-SLAB PLUMBING LEAK ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU:<br/>1. Kpɔ tsi mita ƒe sisi ƒe dzesi ɖa ne wotu pɔmpiwo katã<br/>2. Tsi aƒe gã me tsi ƒe ʋuƒo be nàtɔ te anyikpe si le teƒea ƒe vuvu<br/>3. Yɔ pɔmpidɔwɔla be wòakpɔ tsi si le sisim le tsi me/akɔstik gbadzɛwo me<br/>4. MÈGATSƆ drywall o vaseɖe esime anyigba ƒe tsidzadza nali ke"]

Anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu kple gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe afɔku gã 5 tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo¶

Zi geɖe la, aƒetɔwo, ʋukulawo, kple amesiwo kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ tɔtɔa anyikpe ƒe ʋuʋu si keke ta, nutome ƒe tsidzɔƒewo ƒe gege ɖe anyigba, anyigba ƒe gbagbã, karst ƒe do siwo me tsiwo gena ɖo, kple tsi ƒe ʋuʋu. Anyigbaŋutinunya ƒe ɖoɖo si le wò afɔ te nyanyae afia alesi nàwɔ anɔ dedie.

Deep dive 1: Alesi anyikpe si keke ("Afɔku Ɣla") gblẽa aƒewo le kuɖiɖi kple tsidzadza me¶

Anyigba siwo keke ta, siwo woyɔna le nutoa me be bentonite alo Pierre Shale le Colorado kple Dakotas, Houston Black Clay / Gumbo le Texas, Yazoo Clay le Mississippi, London Clay le England ƒe Anyiehe gome, Argiles Vertes le France, kple Black Cotton Soil (Vertisols) le India, Australia, godoo kple Afrika, smectite-ƒuƒoƒo ƒe anyikpe tomenu (vevietɔ montmorillonite) le eme. To vovo na ke alo tsikpe nuku siwo nɔa anyi ɖe wo nɔewo xa ko la, montmorillonite kristalo nye ʋumenugbagbevi gbadzɛ siwo le abe nusuekpɔmɔ̃ ene eye elektrikŋusẽ manyomanyo sesẽ aɖe le woƒe gowo dzi. 1. Nusita Anyigba Si Kekea Kɔkɔa Xɔ Siwo Le Dziƒoxɔ Geɖewo Dzi (Swelling Phase): Ne tsidzadza alo pɔmpi me tsi si le sisim ka asi montmorillonite anyi ƒuƒu ŋu la, wonoa polar tsi molecule (\(H_2O\)) kple ions siwo me charge nyui le (\(Na^+\), \(Ca^{2+}\), \(Mg^{2+}\)) sesĩe le anyikpe suesuesuewo dome, zi kristalo lattice la dzi be wòakeke abe accordion ene. Anyigba si keke si woxe la naa dziyiyi ƒe ʋuʋudedi ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu siwo nye \(250\text{ va ɖo }1,000+\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(5,000\text{ va ɖo }20,000+\text{ pounds le afɔ square ɖeka me}\)). Esi wònye be dziƒoxɔ ɖeka alo dziƒoxɔ eve ƒe aƒe si wozãna ɖaa la tsɔa \(50\text{ vaseɖe }150\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(1,000\text{ vaseɖe }3,000\text{ psf}\)) ƒe kpekpeme yia anyime ɖe eƒe afɔti siwo me goglo o dzi ko ta la, anyigba si vuvu la kɔa kɔnkritxɔ ƒe gowo alo titina yi dzi bɔbɔe abe a hadrolik jack. 2. Nusita Kuɖiɖi ƒe Ʋuʋu Na Slabs le Afã me ("Edge Drop / Center Doming"): Le dzomeŋɔli didi aɖe me kuɖiɖi alo ŋutinya me dzoxɔxɔ dome, anyigba si ƒo xlã aƒe aɖe ƒe gota gome la ƒuna eye wòtsina le tsitrenu kple tsia dzi 10 va ɖo 25 le alafa me, evɔ anyigba si le kɔkrit-kpea titina te goglo la nɔa tsi eye wòvuvu elabena xɔgbakpea kpɔa eta tso yaƒoƒo me. - Esi anyi si ƒo xlãe la le ɖeɖem kpɔtɔ la, wogblẽa aƒea ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gotagome goawo ɖi wole xɔxlɔ̃m le yame (cantilevered) le dometsotso si nye \(2\text{ va ɖo }8\text{ sentimeta}\) (\(1\text{ va ɖo }3\text{ inches}\)) dzi. - Nuheŋusẽ hea gli siwo ƒo xlãe siwo womelé ɖe te o la yia anyime (edge drop / center doming), ebɔbɔa kɔkrit-kpea ɖe titinatogbɛ si xɔ dzo la dzi vaseɖe esime kpe gbadzɛa nagbã ɖe afã me, eye wòvua ememe gli ƒuƒu la le dzogoe 45 me le ʋɔtrua ƒe xɔmenuwo tame eye wòhea gotagome brik-dzodoƒewo ɖa tso xɔa tame ƒe fli la gbɔ.

Ati ƒe Ke ƒe Kuɖiɖi ƒe Dzidziɖedzi ("Ati ƒe Kɔkɔme 1x va ɖo 1.5x" ƒe Se)¶

Le UK Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), Britaintɔwo ƒe Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe, kple Franseawo ƒe BRGM ƒe nya nu la, kuɖiɖi ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi sesẽ siwo gblẽna le anyigba siwo wotsɔ anyi wɔe dzi ƒe alafa memama 50 kple edzivɔ tso ati gã siwo wodo ɖe aƒea gbɔ akpa gbɔ: - Oak, willow, poplar, eucalyptus, elm, ash, alo cottonwood-ti ɖeka si tsi nyuie la tsɔa tsi lita 400 va ɖo 1,000+ (galɔn 100 va ɖo 260+) gbesiagbe doa goe tẽ tso anyi si le wò gɔmeɖoanyi te me le dzomeŋɔli ƒe kuɖiɖi me, eye wòmia anyi ƒu-ƒu la wòɖiɖi va ɖoa gogloƒe 3 va ɖo 5 meta (afɔ 10 va ɖo 16). - Adzɔge Dome Dedie: Mègado ati siwo ƒe aŋgba keke siwo hiã tsi geɖe le anyigba si te ɖe gɔmeɖoanyi ŋu wu ati la ƒe kɔkɔme si tsi ƒe teƒe 1.0 va ɖo 1.5 (\(15\text{ va ɖo }25\text{ meters}\) [\(50\text{ va ɖo }80\text{ feet}\)]) gbeɖe o. - Nuxlɔ̃ame Tso Atitsotso Kpata Ŋu: Ne ati gã aɖe si xɔ ƒe bla nanewo * le tsitsim le wò aƒea xa tututu le anyi si keke ta dzi * xoxo* la, MÈGAlã ati la zi ɖeka ne mèbia anyigbaŋutinunyala aɖeke o. Ne wotso ati tsitsi aɖe zi ɖeka la, anyikotoku si ƒu le aƒea te si ati la na wòƒu ƒe 30 la agaxɔ tsi le ƒe 2 va ɖo 5 siwo gbɔna me eye wòavuvu ayi dzi (post-removal clay heave), si akɔ aƒea ɖe dzi ahagbãe wòavɔ̃ɖi wu alesi kuɖiɖia wɔe gɔ̃ hã. Fiakuku dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ ƒe lãɖeɖe si dzi wokpɔna kple ke ƒe mɔxenuwo nye mɔnu bubu siwo le dedie wu.

Structural Crack Triage Table: Xɔa ƒe Afɔku ƒe Ƒomedodo Xexlẽ (BRE Digest 251 / ASCE Dzidzenuwo) .¶

Xɔtuɖaŋudɔwɔlawo le xexeame katã zãa BRE Digest 251 (Xɔtuɖaŋu Ŋuti Numekuku Dɔwɔƒe) ƒe gbagbãƒe ƒe kekeme ƒe hatsotso ƒe dzidzenu tsɔ ma atsyɔ̃ɖomi ƒe aŋɔ ƒe gbagbã siwo megblẽa nu le ame ŋu o tso xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gbagbã si me afɔku le gbɔ:

Deep dive 2: Anyigba Gãwo ƒe Dowo Kple Anyigba Te Tsiwo ƒe Tsitsetsewo ƒe Tsitretsitsi¶

Le tsidzɔƒe siwo nɔa te ɖe anyigba te tsi dzi le xexeame godoo, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Arizona (Phoenix, Pinal County, Tucson, Cochise County), California ƒe San Joaquin kple Coachella Baliwo, Texas (Houston-Galveston kple El Paso), Nevada (Las Vegas Bali), Southern Utah (Cedar Valley / Enoch), Mexico City kple titina Mexico baliwo, Anyiehe China Gbedadaƒo (Beijing-Tianjin), Iran ƒe Tehran kple Rafsanjan gbadzaƒewo, kple Spain ƒe Guadalentín Basin, anyigba te tsiwo ƒe pɔmpi sesẽ le kuɖiɖi si xɔ ƒe geɖe me nana anyigba ƒe goglome nyrɔna kabakaba.

Alesi Taɖa ƒe Ʋuʋu Sue aɖe Trɔna zua Do si Goglo Meta 15 Le Ŋdɔ Ðeka Me¶

1. Vovototo ƒe Ƒoƒo ɖe Agakpe Kɔkɔ siwo Woɖi Dzi: Ne wotsɔ tsi do goe tso dzogbe ƒe tsidzɔƒe si me goglo me la, tsi ƒuƒu siwo meƒo ƒu o siwo le balia titina la ƒoa ƒu eye wonyrɔna \(1\text{ va ɖo }5\text{ mita}\) (\(3\text{ va ɖo }16\text{ feet}\)), gake tsi tsɛ si le togbɛa ƒe gowo dzi alo le togbɛ aɖe dzi kpe gbadzɛ siwo le anyigba te la menyrɔna kura kura o.
2. Subsurface Tensile Rupture: Vovototo ƒe nyɔnyrɔ̃ sia bɔbɔa dzogbenyigba ƒe akpa siwo le etame ɖe kpe gbadza si woɖi la dzi, si hea anyigba la ɖe vovo le tsia dzi (tensile strain). Le anyigba te goglo (\(5\text{ va ɖo }20\text{ mita}\) yi anyime), ʋuʋudedi si le tsitrenu la ʋuna, esime anyigba si le etame \(1\text{ va ɖo }2\text{ mita}\) tɔdzisasrãwo to dometsotsoa dzi me gblẽ gɔ̃ hã.
3. Anyigba Te ƒe Tɔdzisasrãwo Kple Tame ƒe Mumu: Esi tsidzadza suesuesuewo le sisim tso anyigba te yi ɖe anyigba te do ɣaɣla ma me la, eklɔa tsikpe si me mekɔ o la yi anyime, eye wòna do gã aɖe si le anyigba te ƒe do gã aɖe si le dzogbea te sentimeta ʋɛ aɖewo ko la do goe. Le gotagome la, nusi nàkpɔ koe nye ɖa ƒe fli si me mekɔ o alo fli dzɔdzɔe si me do sue siwo nye \(20\text{-centimeter}\) le.
4. The Flash-Flood Washout: Ne dzomeŋɔli ƒe tsidzadza ƒe ahom sesẽ aɖe alo tsidzadza gã aɖe tu (kpɔ míaƒe... flash floods ƒe mɔfiame), tsi si le anyigba dzi ƒe agbalẽwo kɔna ɖe do sue mawo me. Le aɖabaƒoƒo 15 va ɖo 60 me la, tsi si le sisim la gbãa xɔtaxɔ si me ke le si le anyigba te ƒe gbagbãƒe ƒe didime bliboa, eye wòvua bali aɖe si ƒe gliwo le gbadzaa si keke meta 2 va ɖo 10 (afɔ 6.5 va ɖo 33), eye wògoglo meta 5 va ɖo 15 (afɔ 16 va ɖo 50), eye wògoglo kilometa 3 va ɖo 15 (afɔ 2 va ɖo 10) . didi, etso mɔ gãwo ɖe afã me, egbã tsiɖɔɖɔdzikpɔƒe ƒe tɔdzisasrãwo, eye wògblẽ aƒewo me.

4 Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Se Siwo Wòle Be Woatsɔ Anɔ Agbenɔnɔ alo Mɔzɔzɔ Le Anyigba ƒe Ʋuʋudedi ƒe Nutowo Me¶

1. Mègazã anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe alo anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe gbeɖe atsɔ akɔ akpata me gbeɖuɖɔwo, gbeɖuɖɔwo, akɔ ɖi, alo ahomya ƒe tsiwo me o. Zi geɖe la, aƒetɔwo dzea agbagba be "yewoakɔ" anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe si le yewoƒe anyigba dzi to bulldozer tsɔtsɔ ƒo ɖi si me mekɔ o alo xɔtame tsidzɔƒewo tsɔtsɔ yi eme me. Loose fill dirt klɔa tẽe yia anyigba te tension void goglo la me, eye tsi tsɔtsɔ yi do me naa anyigba te ʋuʋu kabakaba ɖoa ta wò aƒea ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi gbɔ.
2. Na lãhawo, sɔwo, ATV, kple todzizɔlawo nate ɖa tso dzogbenyigbawo ƒe tsitsi alo do suewo ƒe flitetewo gbɔ. Le lãnyiƒe ƒuƒuiwo me la, zi geɖe la, anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒewo léa tsi suesuesuewo hafi mu, si wɔnɛ be creosote-ti damawo alo mesquite-tiwo ƒe fli dzɔdzɔe si ŋu ɖikeke le la nɔa anyigba ƒuƒui dzi, eye do sue siwo le mumum la nɔa wo ŋu. Sɔ alo ATV si tso fli ma ate ŋu ato anyigba ƒe tɔdzisasrã tsɛa me azu ʋuƒo si le tsitrenu si didi meta 10.
3. Kpɔ Anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe ƒe Nɔnɔmetata siwo dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo hafi nàƒle anyigba alo xɔ: Le United States la, Arizona Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (AZGS) Dzɔdzɔmefɔkuwo Kpɔla, United States Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (USGS) ƒe Anyigba ƒe Gbagbãƒe ƒe Nyatakakadzraɖoƒe, kple Houston-Galveston Nutome Gãwo ƒe Anyigbatata ƒe Nuto taa anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe siwo le dɔ wɔm kple anyigba ƒe gogloƒe ƒe GIS anyigbatata siwo le ablɔdzi.
4. Mègaƒo ɖi anyigba te tsiwo to ʋuʋudedi me gbeɖe o: Esi wònye be anyigba ƒe gbagbã nye mɔ si le tsitrenu tẽ si ɖiɖina meta ewo alo alafa geɖe yia tsidzɔƒea gbɔ anyigba ƒe tsi si me tsi mele o ta la, tsiɖɔɖɔɖɔƒe ɖesiaɖe ƒe sisi, nudzodzoeviwutikewo ƒe kɔklɔ, alo lã kuku siwo ge ɖe do me la ƒoa ɖi nutome ƒe tsinono ƒe tsidzɔƒea tẽ.

Gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe tsidzadza dzi kpɔkpɔ kpata le dedie le kuɖiɖiɣi¶

Ne èle anyikpenyigba si keke ta dzi le ɣeyiɣi si me wògbɔ eme kuɖiɖi, wò taɖodzinue nye menye be yeana anyigba la nazu ʋuʋudedi, si hea ʋuʋudedi si yia dzi vɛ o, eye màna wòaɖa ƒu, si hea anyigba ƒe ʋuʋu yi anyime vɛ o. Wò taɖodzinue nye tsidzadza si sɔ, si nɔa anyi ɖaa le aƒea ƒe golɔgoe bliboa si ƒe didime nye dzidzenu 360:

• Zã tsidedee blewu ƒe hose alo tsidede agble ƒe ka si woda sentimeta 45 va ɖo 60 (inch 18 va ɖo 24) tso gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gli gbɔ: Mègatsɔ tsidedee ƒe hose ɖo kɔkrit-gbadzɛa ƒe go kemɛ dzi tẽ le afisi dometsotso ƒuƒu aɖe ʋu xoxo gbeɖe o; tsi si kɔ ɖe dometsotso ma me tẽ la aƒo ƒu ɖe afɔtia te eye wòana anyigbaa ƒe nutete nabɔbɔ. Ne wotsɔ hose la da ɖe gota sentimeta 45 va ɖo 60 la, enaa tsi te ŋu ƒoa xlã axadzi eye wòtoa kea me sɔsɔe.
• Tsi tsi gli dzodzoe siwo dze ŋgɔ dzigbe kple ɣetoɖoƒe didi wu gli siwo dze ŋgɔ dziehe si ƒe vɔvɔli le alafa memama 25 va ɖo 50: Gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gbagbã si to vovo dzea egɔme tso aƒe ƒe dzigbeɣetoɖoƒe dzogoe (le Dzieheɣetoɖoƒenutome) ɣesiaɣi kloe elabena ŋdɔ me ɣe ƒe dzoxɔxɔ naa anyigba si le dzigbe kple ɣetoɖoƒe la ƒuna esime dziehegli la nɔa tsidzadza me le vɔvɔli me.
• Lé dzidzeme nyui me ɖe asi eye nàkeke xɔtaxɔ ƒe tsidzɔƒewo ɖe enu wòadidi meta 1.5 va ɖo 3 (afɔ 5 va ɖo 10) ya teti tso gɔmeɖoanyia gbɔ: Ne kuɖiɖi wu enu mlɔeba kple tsidzadza gã aɖe la, xɔtametsi si woatsɔ akɔ ɖe aƒea ƒe dzogoe dzi tẽe la awɔ super-swell le dzogoe ɖeka ma dzi esime gɔmeɖoanyia ƒe akpa mamlɛa gakpɔtɔ le ƒuƒuie, si agbã slab la le rebound la dzi.
• Kpɔe ɖa be pɔmpiwo me tsi si le sisim ɣaɣlawo hã le dodom ɣleti sia ɣleti to wò tsidzidzenu ƒe tsi si sina toa tsia me ƒe dzesi si fia be tsi si sina toa eme mesɔ gbɔ o zazã me: Tsi pɔmpi, tsikpewɔƒe, kple nugododeƒe ɖesiaɖe si le aƒea me, emegbe nàlé ŋku ɖe wò ablɔdzi tsidzidzenu ŋu aɖabaƒoƒo 10. Ne dzogoe etɔ̃/ɣletivi ƒe dzesi sue dzĩ alo blɔ la le tsatsam kura la, ke tsidzɔƒe ƒe pɔmpi ƒe sisi ɣaɣla aɖe le asiwò si ate ŋu ana anyikpe nakɔ ɖe wò gbadzɛa te wòagblẽ nu le ŋuwò.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Aleke mawɔ anya nenye be nye aƒea ƒe gli ƒe gbagbã nye atsyɔ̃ɖomi si me afɔku mele o alo xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe gbagbã si me afɔku le?¶

Kpɔ gbagbãƒea ƒe kekeme, afisi wòle, kple nenye be etrɔna le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe hã. Taɖa ƒe gbagbãƒe siwo le tsitrenu siwo le kpuie wu milimeta 1 va ɖo 2 (inch 1/16) le drywall tape ƒe ƒunukpeƒewo alo le ʋɔtrua ƒe dzogoewo tame nyea atsyɔ̃ɖomi ƒe ʋuʋu si megblẽa nu le o ɣesiaɣi kloe. Le go bubu me la, atrakpui ƒe gbagbãƒe siwo le dzogoe ene me siwo tso gota brik alo kɔkrit-kpe me, gbagbãƒe siwo le tsia dzi siwo kpe ɖe gli si le anyigbaxɔdzo dzi bɔbɔ ɖe eme ŋu, gbagbãƒe siwo keke wu le eƒe nugbɔ ɖeka sã wu evelia (si fia be wotrɔna), alo gbagbãƒe ɖesiaɖe si keke wu milimeta 5 (inch 3/16, si ƒe kekeme anɔ abe pɛnsil ene) si ŋu ʋɔtruwo kple fesre siwo kasia kpe ɖo jam shut fia xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe ʋuʋu si le dɔ dzi si hiã be xɔtuɖaŋunyala si si mɔɖegbalẽ le nalé ŋku ɖe eŋu.

Nukatae afɔku le eme be matsɔ abɔ me hose atsyɔ do si le nye aƒea ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi xa le kuɖiɖiɣi?¶

Ne kuɖiɖi sesẽ aɖe na anyikpe gbadza si keke ta la le wò kɔkrit gɔmeɖoanyi gbadzɛa gbɔ, eye wògblẽ dometsotso si didi sentimeta 2 va ɖo 8 (inch 1 va ɖo 3) ɖe gota gome la, tsi gbogbo aɖewo kɔklɔ tẽ ɖe gbagbãƒe ma si le ʋuʋu ɖi me hea mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe kpododonu eve vɛ. Gbã la, tsi si le ablɔɖe me sina toa do si le kɔkrit ƒe afɔti te la me tẽ, si trɔa anyigba si tsɔa agba la wòzua anyi si gbɔdzɔ ale be gli la nyrɔna ɖe eme wu. Evelia, teƒe ɖeka ƒe ʋeʋẽ lilili kpata nana be montmorillonite-kpe ƒe teƒe ɖeka ma si xɔ dzo la vuvu sesĩe yi dzi esime akpa ƒuƒu siwo te ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu gakpɔtɔ le gegem, si wɔnɛ be vovototodedeameme ƒe nuteɖeamedzi sesẽ si gbãa kpea. Ke boŋ da tsiléƒe blewu ƒe hose si didi tso gɔmeɖoanyigli la gbɔ sentimeta 45 va ɖo 60 (inch 18 va ɖo 24) eye nàƒui aɖabaƒoƒo 15 va ɖo 30 ƒe dometsotso kpuiwo be tsi nagaɖo anyigbaa me vivivi.

Vovototo kae le anyigba ƒe gbagbã kple anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe gbagbã alo karst ƒe tsinyenye dome?¶

To vovo na anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe gbagbã (si tectonic plate ƒe ʋuʋu gogloe ʋãna eye wòɖea anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe ƒutsotsoewo ɖe go) alo karst sinkhole (si dzɔna ne tsi si me acid le tsɔ limestone dowo tame ƒu gbe) la, anyigba ƒe gbagbã nye tension crack si amegbetɔ ƒe anyigba te tsiwo ƒe pɔmpi le tsidzɔƒe ƒuƒuiwo me hena vɛ. Esi pɔmpi si gbɔ eme na tsi si le tsia me la, balia ƒe anyigba ƒoa ƒu eye wònyrɔna meta geɖe; afisi tsi ma si le nyɔnyrɔm la keke ɖe kpe gbadza aɖe si woɖi dzi le la, anyigbaa hea wo nɔewo ɖa le anyigba te le tsia dzi. Ne tsidzadza gãwo kɔ ɖe tension crack si ɣla la me la, egbãa anyigba ƒe xɔta tso ete eye wòmu zi ɖeka zua tɔʋu si me ʋuʋudedi le si keke meta 10 eye wòdidi kilometa 10.

Nukatae ati gã tsitsi aɖe si le nye aƒe xa lãɖeɖe ate ŋu agbã nye gɔmeɖoanyi ŋutɔŋutɔ wu be magblẽe ɖe afima?¶

Ne ati si tsikɔ ​​le wuwum (abe oak, willow, poplar, alo eucalyptus ene) tsi ɖe aƒe aɖe xa le anyinyigba si keke ta dzi ƒe 20 va ɖo 40 la, eƒe kewo noa kotoku goglo aɖe si me anyikpe ƒu ƒu abe ƒu ene le xɔa ƒe akpa ma te tegbee. Ne ètso ati la keŋkeŋ kasia la, ke kukua ƒe akpaa dzudzɔa tsi ɖeɖe; le tsidzaɣi 1 va ɖo 5 siwo kplɔe ɖo me la, anyi kotoku ma si ƒu la xɔa tsi lita akpe geɖe eye wòvuvuna yia dzi sentimeta 5 va ɖo 15 (inch 2 va ɖo 6), si kɔa aƒea ƒe akpa ma ɖe dzi le nusi gblẽa nu si woyɔna be anyikpe kɔkɔ le eɖeɖe vɔ megbe me. Kpɔ anyigbaŋutinunyala alo atiŋutinunyala gbɔ ɣesiaɣi hafi nàɖe ati tsitsi siwo le anyikpe dzi ɖa.

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• United States Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (USGS): Anyigba ƒe ƒuƒu le United States (Circular 1182 & 1405), Aquifer System Compaction, kple Anyigba ƒe gbagbã ƒe Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya le Alluvial Basins.
• Arizona Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (AZGS): Anyigba ƒe gbagbãƒe, Subsurface Piping Collapse Dynamics, kple Aƒetɔ/Lãnyilawo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Mɔfiamewo ƒo xlã Do siwo le dɔ wɔm.
• British Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (BGS) kple Xɔtuɖaŋu Ŋuti Numekuku Dɔwɔƒe (BRE, United Kingdom): Shrink-Swell Clay GeoSure Hazard Mapping, BRE Digest 251 (Nu Siwo Gblẽ le Xɔ Siwo Me Kɔkɔ Me O ƒe Dzodzro), kple NHBC Ta 4.2 (Xɔtutu le Atiwo Gbɔ le Anyigba Siwo Keke Dzi).
• Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, France): Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles (RGA) ƒe Mɔxexeɖedɔléle Nu Kple Dɔwɔɖoɖowo Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ ƒe Dzidzenuwo.
• Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Nudzɔdzɔ Kpatawo Gbɔ (FEMA, United States) kple Amerika Dudɔnunɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ (ASCE): Anyigba siwo keke ta kple aƒewo ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe dzidzenuwo (ASCE 7 / PTI DC10.5 Slab-on-Ground Design on Expansive Clays).

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Tsidowo: nuxlɔ̃amedzesiwo kple amewo ɖeɖe le teƒea enumake
• Kuɖiɖi: tsi takpɔkpɔ kple aƒewo ƒe agbetsitsi
• Anyigbaʋuʋu: ɖiɖi, tsyɔ nu, lé ɖe asi, kple anyigbaʋuʋu le megbe
• Tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba: amewo ɖeɖe le anyigba kɔkɔwo dzi enumake
• Dzoxɔxɔ dome siwo nɔ anyi le ŋutinya me kple dzoxɔxɔ si gbɔ eme ƒe agbetsitsi