Ukuthonywa Komhlaba, Ukuqhekeka Komhlaba, Nokuwa kwesisekelo Okubangelwa Isomiso¶

Ukuncishiswa komhlaba, ubumba olubanzi luyashwaqeka-lukhukhumale, kanye nemifantu yomhlaba izingozi zokonakala komhlaba eziqhekeza isisekelo sesakhiwo, ukugunda igesi yemvelo engaphansi komhlaba namapayipi amanzi, iminyango yokuphuma ejamu yendawo yokuhlala ivaliwe, kanye nemigodi evulekile engamakhilomitha ubude ezigodini. Ngokungafani ne-karst engazelelwe ama-sinkhole eziwela emigedeni ye-limestone, ukuncipha okubangelwa isomiso kanye nokunyakaza kwenhlabathi okunwebekayo kuhlasela izakhiwo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ze-geotechnical. Okokuqala, i-smectite enwebekayo kanye nobumba be-montmorillonite (vertisol) benza njengesipontshi se-geological, ukuvuvukala kufika ku 500 kuya ku-1,000 kilopascals (amaphawundi angu-10,000 kuya ku-20,000 ngonyawo lwesikwele) lokuphakama kwengcindezi ekhuphukayo ekhuphukayo phakathi nezinkathi ezimanzi ezimanzi. isomiso ukuhlukanisa ama-slabs esisekelo. Okwesibili, okungamahlalakhona i-aquifer overdraft yamanzi angaphansi kubangela ubumba olujulile nezingqimba zodaka (aquitards) ukuthi zihlangane unomphela futhi zizike nge-1 kuya ku-9 metres (3 kuya ku-30 amafidi)* kuzo zonke izigodi, ezinwebeka ugwadule noma indawo eyi-alluvial kuze kube yilapho iklebhuka eduze komdondoshiya omkhulu imifantu yomhlaba eyimitha engu-1+5+ ukuya ku-3+0 ububanzi ukuya ku-3+ amamitha angu-3+ ukuya ku-30 ububanzi ukuya ku-3+0 izinyawo) ukujula.

Ngokusho kwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS), iBritish Geological Survey (BGS), i-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM e-France, lapho ukuncipha kobumba kubhekwa njengenhlekelele enkulu ye- Catastrophe Naturelle ebizwa ngokuthi Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles), kanye ne-American Society of Civil Engineers CE and underground and underground densiement enhlabathini AS ingqalasizinda minyaka yonke kunezikhukhula, iziphepho, nezishingishane kuhlangene. Nakuba ukwakhiwa kwezimonyo okunensayo kubiza nje, ukuhluleka kwesisekelo esihlukile ngokushesha noma ukuzuma i-earth fissure gully washout phakathi nesiphepho esiwugwadule kuba yisimo esiphuthumayo sokuphepha kwempilo ngokugqabhuka amapayipi egesi aqinile angaphansi kwendlu, kuvalela abantu abangaphakathi ngemva kwamafreyimu eminyango egebekile, noma ukugwinya ngaphansi kwezicabha zomgwaqo.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Hlola yonke iminyango yokuphuma yangaphandle kanye nefasitela lekamelo lendlu ngokushesha, bese weji noma ipropu uvule noma yimuphi umnyango wokuphuma oqala ukunamathela. Ukucwila kwesisekelo esihlukile noma iheave yobumba isonta amafreyimu eminyango engunxande abe amapharalelogramu (ama-racking esakhiwo). Esigamekweni sokuwohloka ngokushesha noma sokuqhekeka komhlaba, izicabha zangaphambili ezisindayo, iminyango yangemuva, nezicabha zegalaji zingagxumelana ngokuqinile kumafreyimu azo asontekile kangangokuthi awukwazi ukuwakhahlela avuleke phakathi nomlilo wegesi noma ukuwa kosilingi. Gcina i-pry bar yensimbi noma ibha yokuphihliza eduze negumbi lakho lokulala futhi ugcine okungenani umnyango owodwa wokuphuma uvuliwe futhi usebenza.
2. Hlola i-perimeter engaphandle lapho imitha yegesi, ulayini we-propane, nepayipi lamanzi elikhulu kungena odongeni lwesisekelo sakho noma ipulangwe likakhonkolo. Hamba ngaphandle bese ubhekisisa ipayipi lesikhuphukeli segesi nokuhlanganisa imitha. Uma umhlabathi uhlehlile noma ucwila ngaphansi kwemitha ukuze ipayipi legesi lilengiswe, ligotshwe nge-engeli, noma limpintshwe ngaphakathi kwesitini esinyakazayo noma odongeni lukakhonkolo, vala i-valve yegesi eyinhloko kumitha usebenzisa isikrufu esilungisekayo esingamasentimitha angu-30 (amayintshi angu-12) (vula i-valve engunxande ibe yipayipi elingu-90) ngokushesha ulibize ngamadigri angu-utility.
3. Linganisa futhi uhlole ukuqhekeka kodonga lwangaphakathi nangaphandle usebenzisa umthetho wesakhiwo othi "5-Millimeter / 15-Millimeter". I-hairline emile iqhekeka i-drywall ngaphansi kuka-1 kuya ku-2 amamilimitha (1/16 intshi) ngokuvamile kuwukuncipha kwezimonyo okungenangozi. Nokho, ukuqhekeka kwezitebhisi ezidayagonal ezitebhisini zangaphandle noma ibhulokhi likakhonkolo, ukuqhekeka okubanzi phezulu kunangaphansi (noma okuphambene nalokho, okubonisa ukutsheka okujikelezayo), ukuqhekeka okuvundlile odongeni olungaphansi, noma yikuphi ukuqhekeka kwesisekelo *okubanzi kunamamilimitha angu-5 ukuya kwangu-15 (okungamahora angu-8/4 noma okuyi-intshi ekhulayo okubonisa ukusebenza kwawo) ukwehluleka kwesisekelo sesakhiwo.
4. Hlala okungenani amamitha angu-15 ukuya kwangu-30 (amafidi angu-50 kuye kwayi-100) emuva kusukela kunoma yikuphi ukuqhekeka komhlaba ovulekile, ulayini wezimbobo ezincane, noma ugwadule oluqondile (i-Earth Fissure). Ezitsheni ezomile neziwugwadule (njenge-Arizona, California, Texas, Nevada, Mexico City, Northern China, Iran, ne-Spain iqala ukulimaza kakhulu** i-hairline crack noma iketango le-daisy lemigodi emincane elingana negundane (izici zamapayipi). Ngaphansi kwalolo qweqwe oluncane lokungcola okungaphezulu kuhlezi indawo eqinile eqondile ecashile 3 kuya ku-15 amamitha (amafidi angu-10 ukuya kwangu-50) ukujula elinde ukubhidlika lapho umuntu, ihhashi, isilwane esifuywayo, noma imoto iwela khona, noma lapho ukuduma kwezulu ehlobo kuthela amanzi emfantwini.
5. Ungalokothi ukhukhule isisekelo sobumba esomile ngesikhathi esisodwa nge-firehose, futhi ungalokothi uvumele inhlabathi eyisisekelo yome amathambo. Uma ikhaya lakho lihlezi ombeni olunwetshiwe (vertisol / gumbo / ukotini omnyama / ubumba lwaseLondon) ngesikhathi sokushisa noma isomiso futhi ubona igebe elingu 2 kuya ku-8 wamasentimitha (1 kuya ku-3 intshi) livuleka phakathi kwenhlabathi eyomile kanye nonqenqema lwe-slab yakho kakhonkolo, faka umswakama ohamba kancane, olawulwayo usebenzisa ipayipi lesoaker elibekwe ngamasentimitha angu-45 kuya kwangu-60 (amayintshi angu-18 kuya kwangu-24) kude nodonga lwesisekelo imizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-30 kabili ngosuku. Ukulahla izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi ngqo kumsele wesisekelo ovulekile kungase kubangele ukukhukhumala kobumba endaweni noma kugeze izinhlawulo ezisekela inhlabathi.
6. Vala ivalvu yamanzi endlu enkulu uma uzwa amanzi agobhozayo ngaphansi kwe-sleb kakhonkolo noma ubona izindawo ezifudumele/ama-tiles aphansi (Ukuvuza Kwe-Under-Slab Plumbing). Lapho ukuncipha kwesomiso kudonsela ubumba ngaphansi kwe-slab-on-grade, amapayipi okudonsa insimbi namapayipi okuhambisa ithusi aboshelwa ngaphansi kwempama njalo. Lawo manzi avuzayo abe esegcwala kakhulu iphakethe lendawo lobumba olomile olunwetshiwe khona kanye phakathi nendawo ephakathi nendlu, okubangela ukuqhuma okukhuphukela phezulu kwedome eliphakamisa izindonga zangaphakathi*5 ukuya ku-15 amayintshi (2 kuya ku-6 amayintshi) emavikini.

Ukuqhekeka kwesisekelo, i-clay heave, ne-earth fissure triage flowchart¶

Sebenzisa lesi sihlahla sesinqumo sobunjiniyela nezokuphepha ukuze uhlole ukuqhekeka komhlaba, ukuphuka kodonga, nokutsheka kwesisekelo endaweni yakho.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ukunyakaziswa Kwaphansi noma Ukuqhekeka Kwesisekelo Okubhekiwe:<br/>Izindonga Eziqhekekile, Izicabha Ezinamathelayo, Izikhala Zenhlabathi, noma I-Open Ground Fissure"] --> DangerCheck{"Ingabe akhona ama-IMMEDIATE LIFE-SAFETY<br/>AMAfulegi ABOMVU akhona manje?"}

    DangerCheck -->|"YEBO: Iphunga legesi / ipayipi elihemuzayo, amajoyinti aphuma phezulu,<br/>udonga lwangaphansi oluvundlile oluboshekela ngaphakathi (>2.5 cm),<br/>noma ukuvuleka okuzumayo okufana nomhosha egcekeni"| EvacImmediate["IPROTOKHOLI YOKUPHUMA NGOKUSHESHA:<br/>1. Khipha bonke abantu nezilwane ezifuywayo eziqhele ngamamitha angu-30+ (100+ ft)<br/>2. UNGATHInti amaswishi okukhanya, izinto zikagesi, noma iminyango yegalaji<br/>3. Vala imitha yegesi engaphandle kanye ne-water main KUPHELA uma kuphephile ukufinyelela<br/>4. Shayela ku-911/112/999 kanye ne-Gas Utility Emergency Line"]

    DangerCheck -->|"AKUKHO ukuwa ngokushesha noma ukuvuza kwegesi:<br/>Hlola uhlobo lomhlabathi noma ukunyakaza kwesakhiwo"| PatternType{"Iyiphi iphethini yokuqhekeka noma<br/>ukuhluleka phansi oyibonayo?"}

    PatternType -->|"1. Umfantu Omude Womugqa / Umugqa Wezimbobo Ngaphesheya kweYadi, Idlelo,<br/>noma Umgwaqo Osesigodini Esigalelekile / Esimpontshwa Amanzi Angaphansi"| EarthFissure["I-EARTH FISSURE (I-Subsurface Tension Void):<br/>1. Biyela/uthayiphe indawo yebhafa engu-15 ukuya ku-30 ​​m (50 kuya ku-100 ft)<br/>2. UNGALOKOTHI uhambe, ugibele amahhashi, noma ushayele phezu kwemifantu yezinwele<br/>3. Phambukisa ukwehla kophahla & nokugeleza kwesiphepho KUDE noqhekeko<br/> (amanzi emvula ashintsha umfantu ongu-2 cm ube umhosha ongu-5 m ngamaminithi)<br/>4. Bika ku-State Geological Survey / County Control Flood"]

    PatternType -->|"2. Ukuqhekeka Kwezitini Zezitezi Zezitezi Zesizini,<br/>Izicabha Ezinamathelayo, Negebe elingu-2 ukuya ku-8 cm Eceleni Kwe-Slab Edge Esomiso"| ClayShrink["UKUHLANGANISA KOBUMBA OKUDLULISILE / UKUHLALA:<br/>1. Hlola amapayipi egesi namanzi angena kusisekelo sohlobo lwe-shear<br/>2. Beka ipayipi lokucwilisa amanzi ngo-45 kuya ku-60 cm (18 kuya ku-24 in) ngaphandle kwesisekelo<br/> (ninzisa kancane imizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-30/ngosuku ukuze ugcine umswakama womhlaba ofanayo)<br/>3. UNGAtshali izihlahla ezomile eduze kunobude obuvuthiwe obungu-1.0x kuya ku-1.5x<br/>4. Xhumana noNjiniyela weSakhiwo/Geotechnical onelayisensi (PE)"]

    PatternType -->|"3. Isikhungo se-Concrete Slab Lifting Upward (Doming),<br/>I-Warm Floor Spot, noma I-Spinning Water Meter Dial"| SlabLeakHeave["UKUVUZA KWE-SLAB PLUMBING KUQHUBISA IZULU LOBUMBA:<br/>1. Hlola inkomba yokuvuza imitha yamanzi nabo bonke ompompi abacishiwe<br/>2. Vala i-valve yamanzi yendlu enkulu ukuze umise ukuvuvukala kwendawo yobumba<br/>3. Shayela osebenza ngamapulangwe ukuze uthole ukuvuza kwe-hydrostatic/acoustic slab<br/>4. UNGAQHUBEKI i-drywall kuze kube yilapho umswakama wenhlabathi uzinzile"]

Ukuqhathanisa izingozi ezinkulu ezi-5 zokunyakaza komhlaba kanye nesisekelo¶

Abanikazi bezindlu, abashayeli, kanye nabezimo eziphuthumayo bavame ukudida ukunyakaza kobumba okunwebekayo, indawo engaphansi kwe-aquifer yesifunda, ukuqhekeka komhlaba, ama-karst sinkholes, kanye ne-hydrocompaction. Ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi inqubo ye-geological engaphansi kwezinyawo zakho kunquma ukuthi ungahlala kanjani uphephile.

Ukujula 1: Ukunwebeka kwenhlabathi yobumba ("Inhlekelele Efihliwe") izicekela phansi izindlu esomiso nemvula¶

Inhlabathi yobumba enwetshiwe, eyaziwa ngokwesifunda ngokuthi bentonite noma Pierre Shale eColorado naseDakotas, Houston Black Clay / Gumbo eTexas, Yazoo Clay eMississippi, London Clay ngaphesheya kwe-Southern England, Argiles Vertes eFrance, kanye Ne-Black Cotton Soil (i-Vertisol) yonkana i-Australiaiqoqo* neqembu* lase-Australia* amaminerali (ikakhulukazi i-montmorillonite). Ngokungafani nezinhlamvu zesihlabathi noma ze-silt ezivele zihlale eduze kwenye, amakristalu e-montmorillonite angama-microscopic flat platelet aneshaje enamandla kagesi engalungile endaweni yawo. 1. Kungani Ubumba Olunwetshiwe Luphakamisa Izakhiwo Ezinezitezi Eziningi (Isigaba Sokuvuvuka): Uma amanzi emvula noma amanzi avuzayo avuzayo ethinta ubumba olomile lwe-montmorillonite, ama-molecule wamanzi apholile (\(H_2O\)) kanye nama-ion ashajwe kahle (\(Na^+\), \(Ca^{2+}\), $Mg^{2+} adonsela i-clay sheet) \(Mg^{2+} i-lattice ukuze ikhule njenge-accordion. Ubumba olubanzi oluvalekile lukhiqiza **izingcindezi zokuvuvuka ezikhuphukayo ezingu-\)250\umbhalo{ ukuya }ku-1,000+\text{ kilopascals}$ (\(5,000\text{ ukuya ku-}20,000+\text{ pounds per square foot}\)). Ngoba indlu evamile enesitezi esisodwa noma enezitezi ezimbili isebenzisa kuphela \(50\text{kuya }150\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(1,000\text{ to }3,000\text{ psf}\)) yesisindo esishona phansi ezinyathelweni zayo ezingajulile, *ubumba oluvuvukalayo luphakamisa kalula unqenqema lwendlu ye-hydraulic jack noma i-slab 2. Kungani Ukuncipha Kwesomiso Sinqamula Ama-Slabs Ngesigamu ("Edge Drop / Center Doming"): Phakathi nehlobo elide isomiso or I-dome yokushisa yomlando, inhlabathi ezungeze umjikelezo ongaphandle wendlu iyoma futhi inciphe iqonde futhi ivundlile ngamaphesenti angu-10 kuya ku-25, kuyilapho inhlabathi ejulile ephakathi nendawo ye-slab kakhonkolo ihlala imanzi futhi ivuvukele ngenxa yokuthi i-slab iyayivikela ekuhwamukeni. - Njengoba ubumba lokuzungeza luwa, amaphethelo angaphandle esisekelo sendlu asala lenga angasekelwa emoyeni (cantilevered) phezu kwegebe elingu-\(2\text{ kuya ku-}8\text{ centimeters}\) (\(1\text{ kuya ku-}3\text{ amayintshi}\)). - Amandla adonsela phansi adonsela izindonga ezingasekelwe phansi (ukuwa konqenqema / ukubusa phakathi nendawo), agobe isilebhu sikakhonkolo phezu kwendunduma ephakathi nendawo eswakeme kuze kube i-slab sehlukana phakathi, iklebhula i-drywall yangaphakathi ngama-engeli angu-45-degree ngaphezu kwamafreyimu eminyango futhi idonsa oshimula bezitini bangaphandle kude nomugqa wophahla.

I-Multiplier ye-Tree Root Desiccation (Umthetho othi "1x kuya ku-1.5x Ukuphakama Kwesihlahla")¶

Ngokusho kwe-UK Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), iBritish Geological Survey, kanye ne-BRGM yesiFulentshi, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 okwehluleka okukhulu kwesisekelo sesomiso emhlabathini wobumba kubangelwa izihlahla ezinkulu ezitshalwe eduze kakhulu nendlu: - Isihlahla se-oki esivuthiwe esisodwa, umnyezane, ubhabhulini, ugamthilini, i-elm, umlotha, noma isihlahla se-cottonwood sidlula 400 kuya ku-1,000+ amalitha amanzi (100 kuya ku-260+ amalitha) wamanzi ngosuku siphuma odambeni olungaphansi kwesisekelo sakho phakathi nesomiso sasehlobo, simunca ithambo lobumba-lomile ukusuka kumamitha angu-10 ukuya kumamitha angu-5* ukujula. - Ibanga Lokutshala Eliphephile: Ungalokothi utshale izihlahla ze-broadleaf ezidinga kakhulu amanzi eduze kwesisekelo enhlabathini yobumba kuno-1.0 ukuya ku-1.5 izikhathi zobude obuvuthiwe besihlahla* (\(15\text{ to }25\text{ meters}\) [\(50\text{ to }80\text{ feet}\)]). - Isexwayiso Ngokugawulwa Kwezihlahla Kungazelelwe: Uma isihlahla esikhulu, esinamashumi eminyaka ubudala sesivele sikhula eduze kwendlu yakho obumbani olunwetshiwe, UNGASISI usike isihlahla ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokuthintana nonjiniyela we-geotechnical. Lapho isihlahla esivuthiwe sigawulwa kungazelelwe, iphakethe lobumba eliqoshwe phansi ngaphansi kwendlu isihlahla esahlala somile iminyaka engu-30 lizomunca kabusha amanzi eminyakeni emi-2 kuya kwemi-5 ezayo futhi likhukhumale liye phezulu (**ubumba olukhishwa ngemva kokususwa lunyakaze **), liphakamise futhi lihlephule indlu okubi nakakhulu kunesomiso. Ukuthenwa kokunciphisa umqhele okulawulwayo kanye nezithiyo zezimpande kungenye yezindlela eziphephile.

Ithebula le-Structural Crack Triage: Ukufunda Isigaba Sengozi Yokwakha (BRE Digest 251 / ASCE Standards)¶

Onjiniyela bezakhiwo emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa i-BRE Digest 251 (Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Ngokwakha) isikali sokuhlukanisa i-crack-width ukuze bahlukanise imifantu ye-cosmetic plaster engenangozi ekuhlulekeni kwesisekelo esiyingozi:

I-Deep Dive 2: Imifantu Emikhulu Yomhlaba kanye Ne-Aquifer Aquifer Subsidence¶

Emigodini encike emanzini angaphansi komhlaba emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa Arizona (Phoenix, Pinal County, Tucson, Cochise County), California's San Joaquin and Coachella Valleys, Texas (Houston-Galveston kanye ne-El Paso), Nevada (Las Vegas Valley), Southern Utah (Cedar Valley / Enoch* eNyakatho*, i-Placan Valley yaseNyakatho*, i-Mexico City ne-Enoch* eNyakatho* (Beijing-Tianjin)**, i-Iran's Tehran and Rafsanjan plains, kanye I-Guadalentín Basin yase-Spain, ukumpompa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba okunamandla phakathi nesomiso seminyaka eminingi kubangela ukuba umhlaba ucwile ngokushesha.

Ukuthi I-Hairline Crack Encane Iphenduka Kanjani Umhosha Owu-15-Meter-Deep in One Ntambama¶

1. Umehluko Obambisene Phezu Kwezindawo Eziphakeme Ezingcwatshiwe: Uma amanzi empontshwa endaweni ejulile ewugwadule, ama-sediments awugqinsi angaqinisiwe phakathi nendawo esigodini aminyene futhi azike ngo-\(1\text{kuya }5\text{metres}\) ($3\text{kuya }16\text{amamitha angaphansi noma amathonsi entaba) agqitshwe phezu komphetho wentaba I-ridge ayiziki nhlobo.
2. Ukuqhekeka Okushubile Okungaphansi: Lokhu kucwila okuhlukile kugoba izingqimba ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi yasogwadule phezu kombhede ogqitshiwe, kuhlukanise inhlabathi ngokuvundlile (i-tensile strain). Kujule ngaphansi komhlaba (\(5\text{ kuya }20\text{ metre}\) phansi), kuyavuleka ukushuba okuqondile, ngisho noma umbhalo ophezulu ongu-\(1\uya ku-}2\text{ metres}\) wamabhuloho enhlabathi engaphezulu unqamula igebe.
3. I-Subsurface Piping kanye Nokuwa Kophahla: Njengoba amanzi emvula amancane ehla esuka phezulu aye kulowo mfantu ocashile ongaphansi komhlaba, akhukhula udaka oluya phansi, amboze umhubhe omkhulu ongaphansi komhlaba wamayintshi ambalwa nje ngaphansi kogwadule. Ngaphezulu, okubonayo nje ukuqhekeka kwezinwele okufiphele noma umugqa oqondile wezimbobo ezincane ezingu-\(20\text{-centimeter}\).
4. I-Flood-Flood Washout: Lapho kufika isiphepho esikhulu noma imvula enkulu ehlobo (bona flash floods guide), amashidi amanzi awela phezu komhlaba athele kuleyo migodi emincane. Phakathikwemizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengama-60, amanzi agijimayo adiliza uphahla oluncane oluncane kulo lonke ubude bomfantu oshubile ongaphansi komhlaba, avule umhosha obiyelwe ngodonga 2 kuya ku-10 wamamitha (6.5 kuya ku-33 amafidi) ububanzi, 5 kuya ku-15 amamitha (16 kuya ku-50 amafidi) ukujula, futhi afinyelele kumakhilomitha angu-30 kuya ku-2 ukuphakama ubude obungamamitha angu-3 ukuya ku-2 ingxenye, ukunqamula amaleveli okulawula izikhukhula, nokucekela phansi izindlu.

4 Imithetho Eyisibopho Yokuphepha Yokuphila Noma Ukuhamba Ezindaweni Zokuqhekeka Komhlaba¶

1. klzzwxh:0105 Abanikazi bezindlu bavame ukuzama "ukugcwalisa" umfantu wendawo yabo ngokufa udoti oxekethile noma bakhiphe imisele yophahla kuyo. Ukungcola okugcwele okuxekethile kugezela phansi kugebengu elijulile elingaphansi komhlaba, futhi ukukhipha amanzi emfantwini kusheshisa ukuguguleka komhlabathi kubheke kusisekelo sendlu yakho.
2. Gcina imfuyo, amahhashi, ama-ATV, nabaqwali bentaba kude nemigwaqo emilayo yezihlahla zasogwadule noma izimbobo ezincane. Emadlelweni asomile, imifantu ngokuvamile ibamba umswakama omncane ngaphambi kokuba ibhilide, idale umugqa oqondile ngendlela esolisayo wezihlahla eziluhlaza noma izihlahla ezimamesquite phakathi kokungcola okomile, okunezimbotshana ezinezimbotshana ezincane. Ihhashi noma i-ATV ewela lowo mugqa ingabhodloza ibhuloho lomhlabathi elincanyana libe indawo eqondile yamamitha ayi-10.
3. Hlola i-Earth Fissure Maps esemthethweni ngaphambi kokuthenga indawo noma isakhiwo: E-United States, Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) Natural Hazards Viewer, United States Geological Survey (USGS) Land Subsidence Portal, kanye I-Houston-Galveston Area Subsidence District ishicilela amamephu e-GIS asezingeni lomgwaqo kanye nezindawo ezisebenzayo zezindawo zomhlaba.
4. Ungalokothi ungcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngomfantu: Ngenxa yokuthi ukuqhekeka komhlaba kuyindlela eqondile eqondile eyehla emashumini noma amakhulu amamitha ukuya endaweni engaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kokuhlunga inhlabathi, noma yikuphi ukuvuza kwethangi le-septic, ukuchitheka kwezibulala-zinambuzane, noma imfuyo efile ewela endaweni eqhekekile ingcolisa amanzi okuphuza esifunda ngokuqondile.

Ukulawulwa komswakama wesisekelo esiphuthumayo esiphephile ngesikhathi sesomiso¶

Uma uhlala enhlabathini yobumba enwetshiwe ngesikhathi esidlulele isomiso, umgomo wakho awukona** ukwenza inhlabathi ibe nodaka, okubangela ukukhukhumala okukhuphukela phezulu, noma ukuyiyeka yome, okubangela ukwehla kokuncipha. Umgomo wakho ngu-umswakama ofanayo, ongaguquki kuwo wonke umjikelezo wendlu ongu-360-degree*:

• Sebenzisa ipayipi elincane lokucwilisa amanzi noma umugqa wokunisela obekwe endaweni engamasentimitha angama-45 kuye kwangama-60 (amayintshi angu-18 ukuya kwangu-24) ukusuka odongeni lwesisekelo: Ungalokothi ubeke ipayipi lokucwilisa amanzi ngokuqondile onqenqemeni lwe-slab kakhonkolo lapho igebe elomile selivuliwe; amanzi athela aqonde kuleso sikhala azohlanganisana ngaphansi konyawo futhi athambise umthamo wokuthwala wenhlabathi. Ukubeka ipayipi ngamasentimitha angama-45 ukuya kwangu-60 kuvumela umswakama ukuthi uxhume eceleni futhi ngokulinganayo endaweni yezimpande.
• Nisela izindonga ezishisayo ezibheke eningizimu nezibheke entshonalanga ngamaphesenti angu-25 kuya kwangu-50 ubude kunezindonga ezibheke enyakatho ezinomthunzi: Ukuqhekeka kwesisekelo esihlukile cishe njalo kuqala ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yendlu (eNyakatho Nenkabazwe) ngoba ukushisa kwelanga lantambama komisa inhlabathi eseningizimu nasentshonalanga kuyilapho udonga olusenyakatho luhlala lunomswakama ethunzini.
• Londoloza izinga elihle futhi unwebe amanzi odoti ophahleni okungenani amamitha angu-1.5 ukuya kwangu-3 (amafidi angu-5 kuye kwangu-10) ukusuka esisekelo: Lapho isomiso sigcina siphela ngemvula enamandla, ukuchitheka kwamanzi ophahleni ngqo ekhoneni lendlu kuzokhukhumala kakhulu lelokhona elilodwa kuyilapho sonke isisekelo sihlala some, sihlwitha i-slab ku-rebound.
• Hlola ukuvuza kwamapayipi okufihliwe nyanga zonke usebenzisa inkomba yokuvuza okuphansi kwemitha yakho yamanzi: Vala wonke umpompi, umenzi weqhwa, nendlu yangasese engaphakathi endlini, bese ubheka imitha yakho yamanzi yomgwaqo imizuzu eyi-10. Uma unxantathu/inkanyezi encane encane ebomvu noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukudayela kwenkanyezi kuzungeza, unokuvuza kwepayipi lokunikezela okufihliwe okungabangela ukuguquguquka kobumba oluyinhlekelele ngaphansi kwe-slab yakho.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Ngingabona kanjani uma umfantu odongeni lwendlu yami kuwukuzilungisa okungenangozi noma ukuhluleka kwesisekelo sesakhiwo esiyingozi?¶

Hlola ububanzi be-crack, isiqondiso, nokuthi iyashintsha yini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imifantu eqondile yomugqa wezinwele emincane kunamamilimitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-2 (1/16 intshi) eduze kwamalunga etheyiphu eyomile noma amakhona angaphezulu komnyango cishe njalo kuwukuncipha kwezimonyo okungenangozi. Ngokuphambene, imifantu yesitebhisi eyisikwele esinqamula isitini sangaphandle noma ibhulokhi likakhonkolo, imifantu evundlile ehambisana nokukhothama kwangaphakathi odongeni olungaphansi, imifantu ebanzi kakhulu ekugcineni komunye (okubonisa ukutsheka okujikelezayo), noma noma yikuphi ukuqhekeka okubanzi kunamamilimitha angu-5 (3/16 iyintshi, cishe ububanzi besisekelo sokhiye womnyango kanye namafasitela asebenzayo abonisa ukunyakaza kwepensela) idinga ukuhlolwa ngunjiniyela wesakhiwo onelayisensi.

Kungani kuyingozi ukumboza igebe eliseduze kwesisekelo sendlu yami ngepayipi lengadi ngesikhathi sesomiso?¶

Uma isomiso esibi sishwabana inhlabathi enobumba enwebekayo isuke kude nesisekelo sakho sikakhonkolo, sishiya igebe elingamasentimitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-8 (1 kuya ku-intshi engu-3) eduze komjikelezo, ukuthela amanzi amaningi ngokuqondile kulowo mfantu ovulekile kubangela ukwehluleka okubili kobunjiniyela. Okokuqala, amanzi amahhala ageleza aqonde emfanteni ngaphansi kwesisekelo sikakhonkolo, aguqule ungqimba lomhlabathi othwala umthwalo lube udaka olubuthakathaka ukuze udonga lucwile nakakhulu. Okwesibili, ukugcwala kwendawo kungazelelwe kubangela ukuthi indawo eyodwa emanzi yobumba lwe-montmorillonite ivuvukele phezulu kuyilapho izingxenye ezomile eziseduze zisala zehlisiwe, okudala ukucindezelwa okukhulu kokugunda okuqhekeka i-slab. Esikhundleni salokho, beka ipayipi lokucwilisa kancane kancane libe ngamasentimitha angu-45 kuya kwangu-60 (amayintshi angu-18 kuya kwangu-24) kude nodonga lwesisekelo bese uliqhuba izikhawu ezimfushane zemizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-30 ukuze ubuyisele amanzi emhlabathini kancane kancane.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuqhekeka komhlaba kanye nephutha lokuzamazama komhlaba noma i-karst sinkhole?¶

Ngokungafani nephutha lokuzamazama komhlaba (eliqhutshwa ukunyakaza kwepuleti elijulile le-tectonic futhi likhiphe ama-seismic shockwaves) noma i-karst sinkhole (eyakheka lapho amanzi ane-asidi encibilikisa uphahla lwemigede ye-limestone), ukuqhekeka komhlaba kuwumfantu oshubile obangelwa ukumpompa komuntu amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezitsheni ezomile. Njengoba ukumpompa ngokweqile kudonsa i-aquifer, iphansi lesigodi liyahlangana bese licwila ngamamitha amaningana; lapho leyo nzika ecwilayo yelula phezu kwetshe eligqitshiwe, inhlabathi ihlukana phakathi nendawo ngaphansi komhlaba. Uma amanzi emvula enamandla etheleka endaweni eshubile ecashile, iguguleka uphahla lomhlabathi bese idilika kungazelelwe ibe umhosha ofinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ububanzi namakhilomitha ubude.

Kungani ukugawula isihlahla esikhulu esivuthiwe eduze kwendlu yami kungabhidliza isisekelo sami kubi kunokusishiya lapho?¶

Uma isihlahla esomile (njengesihlahla som-okhi, umnyezane, ubhabhulini, noma ugamthilini) sesikhule eduze kwendlu enhlabathini yobumba ebanzi iminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-40, izimpande zaso ziye zamunca unomphela iphakethe elijulile lethambo lobumba ngaphansi kwalolo hlangothi lwesakhiwo. Uma ngokuzumayo ugawula umuthi phansi ngokuphelele, indawo yempande efile iyayeka ukukhipha amanzi; phakathi nenkathi yemvula elandelayo engu-1 kuya kweziyi-5, lelo phakethe lobumba eligudluziwe limunca izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi futhi likhukhumale liye phezulu ngamasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-15 (amasentimitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-6), liphakamisa lolo hlangothi lwendlu ngenqubo ebhubhisayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-post-removal clay heave. Hlala uthintana nonjiniyela we-geotechnical noma i-arborist ngaphambi kokukhipha izihlahla ezivuthiwe emhlabathini wobumba.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-United States Geological Survey (USGS): I-Land Subsidence e-United States (Circular 1182 & 1405), Aquifer System Compaction, kanye ne-Earth Fissure Mechanics in Alluvial Basins.
• I-Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS): Earth Fissure Center, Subsurface Piping Collapse Dynamics, kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokuphepha Yomnikazi Wekhaya/Imfuyo Ezungeze Imifantu Esebenzayo.
• I-British Geological Survey (BGS) ne-Building Research Establishment (BRE, United Kingdom): Shrink-Swell Clay GeoSure Hazard Mapping, BRE Digest 251 (Ukuhlolwa Kokulimala Ezakhiweni Eziphakeme Kancane), kanye ne-NHBC Isahluko 4.2 (Ukwakha Izihlahla Eziseduze Ezingombeni Ezinwetshiwe).
• I-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, France): Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles (RGA) Amazinga Okuvimbela Nokunciphisa Isakhiwo.
• I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States) kanye ne-American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): Inhlabathi Enwetshiwe kanye Namazinga Okuklama Kwesisekelo Sendawo yokuhlala (ASCE 7 / PTI DC10.5 Idizayini ye-Slab-on-Ground Obumba Olunwetshiwe).

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ama-Sinkholes: izimpawu eziyisixwayiso kanye nokuphuma ngokushesha
• Isomiso: ukongiwa kwamanzi kanye nokuphila kwasekhaya
• Ukuzamazama komhlaba: ukuwa, ukumboza, ukubambelela, kanye nokuzamazama okulandelayo
• Izikhukhula ezisheshayo: ukuphuma ngokushesha endaweni ephezulu
• Ama-dome okushisa omlando kanye nokusinda kwezinga lokushisa elidlulele