Iklabhu yasebusuku, Indawo Yekhonsathi, Nokuphuma Kwesixuku Esingaphakathi Kwasendlini¶

Izindawo zokuzijabulisa zasendlini, okuhlanganisa amakilabhu asebusuku, amabha omculo angaphansi, amahholo ekhonsathi abukhoma, izindawo zokwamukela imishado, nezigaba zetiyetha, kuhlanganisa ukuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu kokuhlala kwabantu nokukhanya okufiphele, imiphumela ye-strobe ephazamisayo, umculo onomsindo omkhulu, ukonakala kotshwala, nama-acoustics acashile avuthayo. Lapho i-pyrotechnics yesiteji, imithombo ye-sparkler yasendlini ("ama-gerbs"), ama-trusses okukhanyisa esiteji ashise ngokweqile, noma amaphutha kagesi wokufiphaza kokhela igwebu elivikela umsindo le-polyurethane acoustic, amakhethini esiteji, noma ukuhlotshiswa kosilingi wepulasitiki, umlilo awuthuthuki emugqeni wesikhathi wemizuzu eyi-10 kuya kwengu-15 womlilo ojwayelekile wendlu yokuhlala. Esikhundleni salokho, ukwakhiwa kabusha kobunhloli okwenziwa yi-United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) kanye neNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA) kufakazela ukuthi igwebu le-polyurethane acoustic elinganqamuki ilangabi liyashesha lisuka enhlansini encane liye egunjini eliphelele i-flashover kanye nentuthu ephumayo emnyama ephuma phansi ibheke phansi ngemizuzwana 60 kuya ku-120.

Okuphendulela umlilo we-nightclub wemizuzwana engu-90 ube inhlekelele ebulalayo abantu abaningi ugibe lokuziphatha lomuntu olubikezelwayo owaziwa kubunjiniyela bokuvikela umlilo njengokuthi ukulungisa ukungena nokuphuma kwebhodlela. Ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu nokungabonakali, amaphesenti angu-80 kuya kwangu-90 abaxhasi ngokuzenzakalelayo ajika aphindele emuva aye ngasemnyango owodwa omncane ongaphambili abadlule kuwo lapho befika, beshaya indiva ngokuphelele iminyango yokuphuma ephuthumayo ekhanyisiwe etholakala ngemva kwesiteji, eduze kwezindlu zangasese, noma ekhishini. Phakathi namasekhondi angu-45, amakhulu abantu aminyanisa kuvulandi ongaphambili omncane ngomfutho ongaphezu kuka-3,000 Newtons ngemitha-skwele ngayinye, avale umnyango aqine ekhothameni lomuntu elizivalayo kuyilapho intuthu emnyama ewugqinsi equkethe ebulalayo i-hydrogen cyanide (\(HCN\)) kanye ne-carbon monoxide (\(CO\)) yehla iye phansi. Ukwazi ukuthi uhambisa kanjani okwesibili lapho ubona ilangabi lithinta udonga noma uphahla (ngaphambi kokuba i-alamu yomlilo izwakale izwakala), indlela yokuya ngqo ohlangothini lwesibili noma indawo yokuphuma ngemuva, indlela yokuthatha isimo se-boxer-guard uma ubanjwe ekuqhumeni komnyango, nendlela yokuphefumula ngaphansi kongqimba lwentuthu eshisayo kusindisa impilo yakho.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

Uma ungaphakathi kweklabhu yasebusuku, ibha, indawo yekhonsathi, noma ihholo elingaphakathi eligcwele abantu futhi ubona izinhlansi, ama-pyrotechnics, noma amalangabi athinta igwebu le-acoustic wall, ama-drape osilingi, noma ingemuva lesiteji, yenza lezi zenzo eziyisithupha ngokushesha:

1. Iya ngasekuphumeni ngesekhondi ngqo lapho ubona amalangabi ethinta udonga noma usilingi (Umthetho Oyiziro-wesibili): Ungalokothi ume kancane ukuze uthwebule ifilimu ngocingo lwakho, ungalokothi ucabange ukuthi igwebu lasesiteji elivuthayo "liyingxenye yombukiso," futhi ungalokothi ulinde ukuthi umculo ume noma othengisa utshwala ukuthi akutshele ukuthi uhambe. Emlilweni wegwebu elizwakalayo, unemizuzwana engaphansi kuka-60 ukuya kwangu-90 ngaphambi kokuba intuthu enobuthi ewugqinsi, emnyama bhuqe yehle ize iye phansi futhi icishe konke ukubonakala.
2. Lahla ijazi lakho, isikhwama semali, iziphuzo, nabangane abahlukanisiwe, bese ubhekisa amabombo endleleni ephuthumayo YESIBILI, HHAYI indlela yokungena engaphambili: Cishe wonke umuntu osegumbini uzonyathela ebheke endaweni yokwamukela amathikithi okungena aphambili, evaleka ngokuphelele nemizimba ebhijekile ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-45. Jikela ngokushesha ubheke ezimpahleni ezikhanyayo eziluhlaza noma ezibomvu EZOKUPHUMA eduze kwezindonga ezisemaceleni, eduze kwesiteji, eduze nezindlu zangasese, noma uhambe uqondeekhishini / ephasishi lesevisi uye emnyango ongemuva.
3. Phakamisa izingalo zakho "kunogada wesibhakela" phambi kombambo lwakho uma isixuku sikucindezela: Uma ushanelwa esixukwini esiminyene siya ngasemnyango, hlukanisa izinyawo zakho zibe ububanzi bamahlombe, faka izindololwane zakho phakathi, futhi ubambe amangalo akho avundlile avundle esifubeni sakho ngezandla zakho eduze kwamakholola akho. Lokhu kwakha ikheji lesakhiwo elingamasentimitha ayi-10 kuya kwayi-15 (4-kuya-6-intshi) phambi kwezimbambo zakho ukuze amaphaphu akho akwazi ukunwebeka uma isixuku sihlangana ndawonye (bona ukusinda kwesixuku nokunyathelana).
4. Yehlisa ngaphansi kongqimba lwentuthu emnyama ezandleni nasemadolweni uma intuthu iphuma phansi ngaphambi kokuba ufinyelele emnyango: Intuthu yegwebu le-polyurethane ishisa kakhulu (300 kuya ku-600 degrees Celsius / 570 kuya ku-1,100 degrees Fahrenheit) futhi inothile ngegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide; ukuhogela umoya ojulile kabili noma kathathu wentuthu emnyama yezinga eliphezulu kubangela ukulahlekelwa ukwazi ngokushesha. Yehlela endaweni ephansi noma khasa ngokushesha phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-30 ukuya kwangu-60 (1 ukuya ku-2 ifidi) phansi lapho kuhlala khona umoya opholile, ohlanzekile, futhi ugcine isandla esisodwa sithinta udonga ukuze sikuqondise kuhlaka lomnyango olandelayo.
5. Phusha ibha yokuphahlazeka evundlile eminyango yokuphuma yezimo eziphuthumayo, futhi uma iminyene noma ikhiyiwe, yephula iwindi lesitezi esiphansi ngokushesha: Iminyango yokuphuma yenhlangano ethobelana nekhodi ivuleka ngaphandle uma ucindezela evundlile ibha yehadiwe yokwethuka. Uma ingidi engekho emthethweni ivimba isicabha sangemuva noma inqwaba yabantu ivala umnyango omkhulu, ungasunduzi emhlane wabantu abavaleleke; zulazula ngokushesha efasiteleni eliphansi, phahlaza ingilazi uyiphumele ngaphandle eduze namakhona usebenzisa isihlalo sebha yensimbi esindayo, isilinda sokucima umlilo se-CO2, noma i-steel stanchion post, ushanele uhlaka olungezansi lwezinsika ezimangelengele ngejazi, bese ukhuphukela ngaphandle.
6. Uma usungaphandle, susa okungenani amamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100) kude nomnyango wokuphuma bese ushayela abezimo eziphuthumayo: Ungalokothi ume ngaphandle komnyango wokuphuma ukuze ubheke emuva ukuze uthole abangani; ukuma eceleni komgwaqo uvimba abantu abaphuma ngemuva kwakho futhi uhlehlise i-crush emnyango ovuthayo. Hamba kahle uye emgwaqeni, shayela indawo yangakini izinombolo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States naseCanada, 112 yonkana i-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom), futhi yazisa abezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha nganoma yibaphi abaphumayo abadidekile, abanezinsila emlonyeni, noma abahefuzelayo (izimpawu ze-acute cyanide kanye nobuthi be-carbon monoxide).

Isihlahla sesinqumo esihlakaniphile se-nightclub kanye nokuphuma komlilo endaweni yasendlini¶

Sebenzisa lesi sihlahla sesinqumo sokusebenza ukuze uzulazule emizuzwaneni yokuqala engu-90 ebalulekile yomlilo wesixuku esisendlini ngaphandle kokubambeka ebhodleleni elikhulu lokungena.

flowchart TD
    Start["Izinhlansi, I-Pyrotechnics, noma I-Flame Touches Venue Wall, Ceiling, noma Isiteji"] --> ZeroSec["1. UMTHETHO WE-ZERO-LESIBILI: Hamba Ngokushesha; UNGAQINISEKILE, UNGAYALI Ekuhloleni Ijazi"]
    ZeroSec --> ChooseExit{"2. Iyiphi indlela yokuphuma eseduze kakhulu neminyene kancane?"}
    ChooseExit -->|"Indawo Yokungenela Ephambili Iyaphithizela"| BypassMain["BYPASS FRONT DOOR: Yiya khona manjalo uye Eceleni Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo, Umnyango Ongasemuva Wesiteji, noma Ophumayo Wesevisi Yasekhishini"]
    ChooseExit -->|"Ukuphuma Kwesibili Kuphakathi Kwamamitha ayi-15"| PushPanic["Phusha ibha yokuphahlazeka yokwethuka evundlile ukuze uvule ngaphandle; qhubeka uhamba ibanga elingu-30m (100 ft) kude nesakhiwo"]
    BypassMain --> SmokeCheck{"3. Ingabe intuthu emnyama iyehla iye phezulu?"}
    SmokeCheck -->|"Yebo: Ukubonakala Kweqanda / Intuthu Eshisayo"| CrawlWall["Yehla uye ku-crouch ephansi / khasa ngo-30 kuya ku-60 cm (1 kuya ku-2 ft) ukusuka phansi; vala ikhala/umlomo ngehembe elimanzi/ elomile; landela udonga ngesandla esisodwa ukuya kuhlaka lomnyango olandelayo"]
    SmokeCheck -->|"Cha: Umoya Ohlanzekile"| CrowdCheck{"4. Ingabe ukuminyana kwabantu kuyacindezela eduze kwakho?"}
    CrowdCheck -->|"Yebo: Ingcindezi Yesixuku Ephakeme"| BoxerGuard["Phakamisa izingalo ku-Boxer Chest Guard; hamba nge-diagonally ngasemaphethelweni odonga; ungalokothi ugobe phansi ufuna ifoni/isicathulo esiwile"]
    CrowdCheck -->|"Cha"| PushPanic
    CrawlWall --> DoorBlocked{"5. Ingabe umnyango uminyaniswe yinqwaba noma ukhiyiwe?"}
    BoxerGuard --> DoorBlocked
    DoorBlocked -->|"Yebo: Umnyango Ujamekile"| BreakWindow["UNGAPHUSHI enqwabeni; bamba isihlalo sebha yensimbi esindayo noma isilinda sokucima umlilo ukuze uphihlize uhlaka lwefasitela eliphansi bese uphuma"]
    DoorBlocked -->|"Cha: Umnyango Ucacile"| PushPanic

I-matrix yokuqhathanisa: umugqa wesikhathi womlilo weklabhu yasebusuku ye-NIST (imizuzwana engu-0 kuye kweli-180)¶

Kulandela ukusha komlando kwamakilabhu asebusuku, i-United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) yakhe ukuphindaphinda kwaselabhorethri okugcwele kwesiteji sokuthungela ngegwebu le-polyurethane acoustic ngaphakathi kwendawo engafafaziwe. Qhathanisa indawo ebonakalayo ngaphakathi kwegumbi ngesikhathi ngasinye semizuzwana engama-30:

I-Deep Dive 1: Ukunqoba "i-normalcy bias" kanye ne-bottleneck trap yomnyango wangaphambili¶

Onjiniyela bezokuphepha emlilweni kanye nochwepheshe bezengqondo zokuziphatha abafunda ngezinhlekelele zesixuku esingaphakathi endlini bahlonze ukukhalipha kwengqondo okubili abacupha abantu abadala abaphile kahle ngokomzimba, abangalimele ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo phakathi nemizuzwana yokuqala engamashumi ayisithupha lapho ukubaleka kusenzima.

1. Ukuchema okujwayelekile kanye nobufakazi bomphakathi (Amasekhondi 0 kuya ku-25)¶

Lapho ilangabi elincane eliwolintshi livela ekhethini lasesiteji, ukufakwa kosilingi olunezimbali, noma iphaneli yodonga lwe-acoustic phakathi nekhonsathi noma iphathi, abantu babuka ubuso babantu abami eduze kwabo (ubufakazi bomphakathi) bese bezama ukuchaza umcimbi njengokujwayelekile (ukuchema okujwayelekile). Ngenxa yokuthi akekho ofuna ukubukeka eyisiphukuphuku noma asabele ngokweqile ngokubhawulisela isicabha ngenkathi u-DJ esadlala, abaxhasi bama imizuzwana engu-20 ukuya kwangu-35 beqandisiwe, noma bakhiphe omakhalekhukhwini babo ukuze bathwebule umlilo okhulayo. - Umthetho Wensimbi Welangabi Langaphakathi: Ilangabi elivuliwe ngokungahlosiwe elithinta udonga oluqondile, iphaneli yegwebu elizwakalayo, indwangu yendwangu, noma umhlobiso wosilingi wepulasitiki ngaphakathi kwendawo yasendlini akulokothi kube inkathazo encane. Isikhathi lapho ilangabi lithinta khona izinto zokwenziwa ezimile noma ezingaphezulu, iwashi le-pyrolysis seliqalile. Jika bese uphuma kuZiro Wesibili, udonsa abangani bakho abaseduze ngengalo. Uma abantu ababili noma abathathu abanqumayo behamba ngenhloso bebheke endaweni ephuthumayo, inqwaba yabathengi abaseduze bayaphuma emakhazeni abo ajwayelekile bese belandela.

2. Ukulungiswa kokungena ("I-Homing Instinct") nokuthi ungawephula kanjani¶

Ebumnyameni nasentuthuni, ubuchopho bomuntu bushintshashintsha ekutholeni umzila oqondile wendawo ogcinwe kunkumbulo yesikhashana: indawo yokungena yethikithi langaphambili, izindawo zokuphenduka, kanye nenkundla yokuhlola amajazi.

   [TYPICAL NIGHTCLUB / VENUE FLOOR PLAN & BOTTLENECK]

   +-------------------------------------------------------+
   | [Exit B: Stage Side]     [STAGE]     [Exit C: Kitchen]|
   |   (WIDE OPEN)          (Fire Here)     (WIDE OPEN)    |
   |      ^                                      ^         |
   |      |  <-- Smart Evacuees                  |         |
   |                                                       |
   |                 [MAIN DANCE FLOOR]                    |
   |                  80% of Crowd Surges                  |
   |                  Down Narrow Foyer                    |
   |                      |   |   |                        |
   |                      v   v   v                        |
   |              +-----------------------+                |
   |              | [Coat Check / Foyer]  |                |
   |              |  JAMMED BOTTLENECK    |                |
   |              +-------+-------+-------+                |
   +----------------------| Main  |------------------------+
                          | Entry |

• Kungani indawo yokungena yangaphambili iyisicupho sokufa: Ngokungafani nezicabha zokuphuma eziphuthumayo ezizinikele (ezivuleka ngqo ngaphandle emgwaqeni noma emgwaqeni ngokuphusha okukodwa kwendawo yokuphahlazeka), umnyango omkhulu we-nightclub noma indawo yekhonsathi yakhelwe ngamabomu njengendawo indawo yokuklinywa yokulawula abathatha amathikithi, amasheke omazisi, izintambo zevelvet, izintambo zokuvala izinsimbi, izimbobo zokuvala izinsimbi, izinsimbi zokuvala izinsimbi izinto zokubala zamajazi. Imvamisa, iminyango yangaphambili emidala ize ijike ngaphakathi noma ivalwe ngebhalidi yeqabunga elilodwa.
• Iskena Sendawo Yemizuzwana engama-30 Lapho Ufika: Njalo uma ungena endaweni yokucima ukoma, iklabhu engaphansi, ithiyetha, noma ihholo lekhonsathi, chitha imizuzwana engu-15 ngaphambi koku-oda isiphuzo ukuze uthole izindlela zokuphuma ezimbili:
• Bheka izimpawu ezikhanyisiwe zokuthi UKUPHUMA ezindongeni ezisemaceleni noma emakhoneni angemuva egumbi futhi uhambe eduze ngokwanele ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi azivinjwanga izihlalo ezistakiwe, amakegi kabhiya, noma izipikha.
• Thola ** iminyango yekhishi lezentengiselwano ** noma ** ngemuva kwe-bar yehholo lenkonzo **. Yonke indawo yokudlela, ihholo ledili, neklabhu inomnyango wesevisi osindayo ngemuva kwekhishi noma indawo yokulayisha esetshenziselwa ukukhipha udoti nokudiliva ukudla; esimweni esiphuthumayo, ukweqa phezu kwebha noma ukuhamba uqonde eminyango yasekhishini kukukhiphela ngaphandle obanzi, ongaminyene ophumela ngaphandle ohlukaniswe nendlu enkulu ngezindonga.

I-Deep Dive 2: Ungasinda kanjani lapho isixuku somnyango sichoboza futhi siphule indlela ephumayo¶

Uma ungazange ubaleke phakathi nemizuzwana yokuqala engu-30 futhi uzithole ubanjwe isixuku esiminyene, esithukile sicindezela sibheke kumnyango wokuphuma njengoba kushunqa intuthu phezulu, ukusinda kwakho kuncike ekugwemeni i-asphyxia ecindezelayo kanye nenqwaba.

1. Ukusinda ekuminyana kwabantu abaningi endleleni eya emnyango¶

1. Yamukela I-Boxer's Chest-Guard Stance ngokushesha: Khiya izindololwane zakho ezimbanjeni zakho ezingezansi bese uphakamisa izingalo zakho phambi kwesifuba sakho njengomuntu owine umklomelo ovikela isilevu sakhe. Ngisho noma isixuku sisuka ngemuva sinama-Newtons okucindezela angu-3,000, izingalo zakho ezigobile zisebenza njengezinto eziqinile ezigcina amasentimitha angu-10 (amayintshi angu-4) egumbi lokuphefumula phambi kwesinqe sakho.
2. Ungalokothi ugobe ukuze uthathe ifoni ewisiwe, isikhwama semali, izibuko, noma isicathulo: Esixukwini esinyakazayo sokuphuma, ukugoba okhalweni noma ukuguqa ngamadolo ukuze ubuyise ifoni iqinisekisa ukuthi isixuku esiyizimpumputhe esicindezela ngemuva sizokhubeka emhlane wakho phakathi nemizuzwana emibili, sikungcwabe ngaphansi kwenqwaba yomuntu enezingqimba eziningi lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukusukuma.
3. Gwema "I-Doorframe Arch Trap" ngokukhomba indawo ephakathi noma ukubuyela efasiteleni:
4. Lapho abantu abangu-100 abathukile bezama ukungena kumnyango okabili oyimitha elingu-1.8 ububanzi (amafidi angu-6 ububanzi) ngesikhathi esisodwa, amahlombe abo ahlangana ndawonye esimeni esizikhiyayo khona kanye kuhlaka lomnyango. Uma umuntu oyedwa ongaphansi kombundu egibela phezu kwesivalo somnyango, isixuku esingemuva silokhu siphushela phambili, sinqwabelanisa imizimba emi-4 kuya kweziyisi-6 ekujuleni komnyango kuze kube yilapho kungekho muntu ongaphuma noma angene.
5. Uma ubona umnyango ngaphambi kwakho usuvele uminyene ngabantu abawile, abathe shi: YEKA ukuphushela phambili. Ukuphushela ngemuva komnyango ominyene kuchoboza abantu abaphambi kwakho futhi kukuvalele ephaseji lentuthu. Ngokushesha suka eceleni kwesixuku usakaze odongeni ukuze uthole indlela ephumayo yesibili noma iwindi eliphansi.

2. Liphihliza kanjani iwindi lendawo yokuhweba lapho iminyango iminyene¶

Amakilabhu asebusuku namabha kuvame ukuba namafasitela aphansi apendwe amnyama, ambozwe ngamabhodi e-acoustic plywood, noma afakwe ingilazi yokuvikela ewugqinsi enamayini. Uma yonke iminyango efinyelelekayo iminyene noma ikhiyiwe: - Ungalokothi ushaye noma ukhahlele ingilazi ngezandla ezingenalutho noma izicathulo ezizacile, ezinqamula umthambo we-radial esihlakaleni noma i-Achilles tendon. - Sebenzisa izinto zensimbi esindayo: Bamba isihlalo sebha yensimbi eqinile, isisekelo setafula cast-iron bistro,iposi le-stanchion lokulawula abantu, noma isilinda sensimbi esindayo sokucima umlilo kubakaki obondeni. - Shaya ikhona lefasitelana lengilazi kanye nohlaka lwepulangwe/i-aluminium ye-muntin, hhayi indawo ephakathi nendawo yeshidi lengilazi. Uma iphukile, sebenzisa imilenze yesihlalo se-bar ukuze ukhiphe amazinyo engilazi angaphansi, ugqoke isikhumba esisindayo noma ijazi ledenim phezu kohlaka olungezansi, bese ugingqa phezu kwekhanda namahlombe-kuqala izandla zakho zilungele ukuzibamba eceleni komgwaqo ngaphandle.

I-Deep 3: Ukuzulazula intuthu enobuthi engabonakali kanye nababulali abangamawele (\(HCN\) kanye ne-\(CO\))¶

Emililweni yasendlini ehlanganisa ama-polymers okwenziwa, okuhlanganisa i-polyurethane acoustic foam, intambo kagesi ye-PVC, okhaphethi benayiloni, amadrape esiteji se-polyester, namadokodo e-VIP e-vinyl enziwe upholstered, amalangabi abulala abantu abambalwa kakhulu ku- **"Amawele Amabili Anobuthi" wentuthu yokwenziwa: I-Hydrogen Cyanide (*I-Carbon Moonoxide) (\(CO\)N$)

Kungani intuthu yendawo yokwenziwa iquleka izisulu ngokuphefumula oku-2 kuya kwemi-3¶

1. I-Thermal Upper-Airway Scorching: Kumamitha angu-1.5 (amafidi angu-5) ngaphezu kwesitezi (ukuphakama kwekhanda elimile), ungqimba lwentuthu emnyama eyehlayo ngaphakathi kweklabhu evuthayo ifinyelela ku-*300 kuya ku-600 degrees Celsius (570 kuya ku-1,100 degrees Fahrenheit)**. Ukuthatha umoya owodwa ojulile ongu-400-degree-Celsius air ngenkathi umile uqondile kubangela ukuqubuka okushisayo okusheshayo (ukuvuvukala) kwe-epiglottis nezintambo zezwi, kuhlwithe umzila womoya ongaphezulu uvale ku-laryngospasm.
2. I-Hydrogen Cyanide (\(HCN\)) I-Cellular Asphyxiation: Amapulasitiki aqukethe i-nitrogen (igwebu le-polyurethane, inayiloni, uvolo, i-melamine) akhulula ukugxila okuphezulu kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide lapho eshiswa emakamelweni aphelelwe umoya-mpilo. Ngokungafani ne-carbon monoxide (enyakazisa umoya-mpilo emangqamuzaneni abomvu egazi), ama-molecule e-cyanide abopha ngokushesha cytochrome c oxidase ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria yobuchopho bakho namaseli enhliziyo, avale ukukhiqizwa kwamandla eselula phakathi** namasekhondi angu-15 kuya kwangu-45**. Umxhasi ohogela imiphefumulo emithathu yentuthu egcwele i-cyanide uvele adideke, adideke, angakwazi ukulawula imilenze yakhe, futhi awele phansi aqulekile.
3. Kungani I-Bottom 30 kuya ku-60 Centimeters (1 kuya ku-2 Feet) Yomoya Ihlala Isinda: Ngenxa yokuthi intuthu eshisayo iyavutha, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-thermal kugcina ungqimba olungashoni lomngcele womoya opholile kakhulu, ohlanzekile ngqo phansi phakathi namasekhondi okuqala angu-60 kuya kwangu-120 omlilo.

Ungakhasa kanjani uphume ekamelweni elimnyama bhuqe ngaphandle kokulahleka phakathi nendawo¶

Lapho intuthu emnyama yehla phezu kwekhanda lakho futhi izibani zicisha ngaphakathi kwekamelo elikhulu elivulekile (njengendawo yokudansa noma ihholo ledili), abantu abadidekile abakhasa ngqo phambili bavame ukugaqa beyiziyingi phakathi nesitezi baze banqotshwe. Sebenzisa i-I-Firefighter Wall-Hand Sweep esikhundleni salokho:

1. Yehlela ezandleni nasemadolweni akho (noma ukukhasa esiswini) ngokushesha: Gcina ikhala lakho nomlomo phakathi kwama-30 amasentimitha (12 amayintshi) ukusuka phansi. Phefumula kancane ngekhala lakho noma ngehembe likakotini elomile noma elimanziswe isiphuzo elibanjwe ebusweni bakho ukuze ucwenge izinhlayiya ezinkulu, ezishisayo.
2. Hambisa uqonde odongeni oluseduze lwepherimitha futhi ugcine ingemuva lesandla sakho liluthinta:
3. Uma isandla sakho sithinta ingaphandle noma udonga lomjikelezo, ungalokothi uludedele lolo donga.
4. Wonke umnyango wokuphuma ezimweni eziphuthumayo esakhiweni usethelwe odongeni oluyipherimitha. Ngokukhasa ngokushesha ebhodini eliphansi ngesandla esisodwa esislayida ngokuqhubekayo endaweni yodonga (futhi enye ingalo yakho ishanela kancane ngaphambi kwekhanda lakho ukuzwa izithiyo noma abaxhasi abawile), uqinisekisiwe ukuthi uzoshaya ikhona lozimele womnyango ngemizuzwana ngaphandle kokuzulazula ubuyele maphakathi nendawo yokudansa.
5. Izwa i-panic bar ne-threshold: Uma isandla sakho sishaya uzimele womnyango ohlehlayo obondeni, finyelela phezulu ku-90 amasentimitha (36 amayintshi) ukusuka phansi ukuze uzwe insimbi evundlile i-panic crash bar, cindezela isisindo somzimba wakho ngokumelene nayo, bese ukhasa uphume.

I-Deep Dive 4: Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kwangemva kokuphuma kokuhogela intuthu kanye nobuthi be-cyanide¶

Uma wena nabanye abaphumayo seniphumela emgwaqeni, susani okungenani 30 amamitha (amafidi angu-100) kude nesakhiwo ukuze ugcine iminyango yokuphuma ivulekile kubaxhasi ababalekayo kanye namapayipi omlilo afikayo. Ngokushesha hlola abasindile izimo ezintathu ezibeka impilo engozini:

1. Osolwayo kuhlanganiswe ubuthi be-Hydrogen Cyanide (\(HCN\)) kanye ne-Carbon Monoxide (\(CO\)) kuwo wonke umuntu osinde oqulekile noma odidekile:
2. Noma yimuphi ophumayo endaweni yeklabhu yasebusuku noma umlilo we-polymer wasendlini onoinle emakhaleni noma emlonyeni, udidekile, uyalwa, uyakhathala, uyahefuzela, noma uqulekile, noma unokushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo kufanele elashwe abezimo eziphuthumayo abafikayo kokubili i-\(CO\) kanye nobuthi obunamandla be-cyanide (bona i-carbon monoxide nokuhogela intuthu usizo lokuqala).
3. Beka izisulu eziphefumulayo eziqulekile kwisimo sokutakula ngemuva eceleni komgwaqo emoyeni omusha, bese uqala CPR ngokushesha kunoma ubani ongaphenduli futhi ongaphefumuli ngendlela evamile. Tshela abezimo eziphuthumayo be-EMS abafikayo: "Baphefumule intuthu emnyama ye-polyurethane enegwebu ngaphakathi kweklabhu" ukuze abezimo eziphuthumayo bakwazi ukunikeza 100% umoya-mpilo ogeleza kakhulu kanye ne-intravenous hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit), ehlanganisa ama-molecule e-cyanide abe yivithamini B12 engenangozi ekhishwa izinso.
4. Ungalokothi uthele amanzi abandayo ekushiseni okukhulu kakhulu esimweni sezulu sasebusika (Ingozi ye-Hypothermia): Uma ushiswa kancane kancane ezandleni noma ezingalweni, pholisa ngamanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile imizuzu engu-20; kodwa-ke, uma osindile enokusha okukhulu kuwo wonke >20% womzimba wakhe, bopha izindawo ezishile ngokukhululeka ngamashidi ahlanzekile, omile angenalutho noma ifilimu yokunamathisela yepulasitiki futhi ugcine umzimba wakhe ufudumele ukuze uvimbele ukushaqeka okubulalayo kanye ne-hypothermia (bona ukusha okukhulu nokushiswa kwamakhemikhali).
5. Ungaphinde ungene endaweni eshayo ukuze ufune umngane: Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-30 abantu abadala abanekhono abashona eduze kweminyango yendawo yomlilo base bebalekele eceleni komgwaqo baphindela ngaphakathi bangena entuthwini emnyama ye-cyanide beyobheka isoka, intombi, noma ingane yakini, ngokuvamile kuyilapho lowo mngane wayesevele ephunyuke ngomnyango wekhishi ongemuva kwelinye icala lesakhiwo. Kunalokho, bamba isikhulu somlilo esifikayo, ukhombe umnyango ngqo noma iwindi lapho umngane wakho agcine ukubonakala khona, bese uhlola indawo emisiwe yokuhlanganisa umndeni wamaphoyisa ngaphesheya komgwaqo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezokuphepha kwendawo yemizuzwana eyi-15: amafulegi abomvu ama-5 asho ukuthi kufanele uphume ngaphambi kokuthi umbukiso uqale¶

Wonke ama-nightclub amakhulu kanye nomlilo wekhonsathi wasendlini emlandweni wesimanje wenzeka endaweni ebonisa ukwephulwa kwekhodi yomlilo okusobala, okungekho emthethweni abaxhasi abadlula ngakhona. Uma ungena kuklabhu engaphansi komhlaba, indawo yephathi ye-pop-up, noma ihholo lekhonsathi, phuma ubuye ufune ukubuyiselwa imali uma ubona noma yimaphi kulawa mafulegi amahlanu abomvu ayingozi:

• 1. Igwebu le-polyurethane le-"egg-crate" eliveziwe, amakhadibhodi, amakhaphethi, noma amahlamvu epulasitiki ananyathiselwe ezindongeni noma ophahleni: Buka izindonga ezingemuva kwesiteji kanye nophahla olungaphezulu. Uma ubona umatilasi we-egg-crate ongapendiwe ongapendiwe we-"egg-crate", amasaka e-burlap, utshani boqalo olomile, noma uhlaza oluminyene lwepulasitiki lulenga eduze kwamalambu ashisayo esiteji, suka ngokushesha.
• 2. I-Indoor pyrotechnics, fireworks fountains ("gerbs"), noma izinto ezicwebezelayo zebhodlela le-champagne ezinkulu ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi kosilingi oluphansi: I-pyrotechnics yasendlini idinga usilingi ongashi, ama-pyrotechnicians anelayisensi, nezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokufafaza umlilo. Uma iklabhu engaphansi enosilingi ophansi noma ibha ikhanyisa imithombo yeshawa-yezinhlansi noma inikezela ngenqwaba yezicwebezelisi zamabhodlela avuthayo ngaphansi kwamadrapes endwangu noma ophahleni lwegwebu, phuma ngaphambi kokuthi ukhanyiswe.
• 3. Iminyango yokuphuma ephuthumayo ekhiyiwe, eboshwe ngamaketanga, noma evinjwe ifenisha yesimo esiphuthumayo: Bheka iminyango OKUPHUMA yesibili eceleni nangemuva kwegumbi. Uma ubona iketango lamabhayisikili, ingidi, noma i-deadbolt eshelelayo enqamula i-panic bar (esetshenziswa abanikazi abangathembekile ukuze bavimbele abantu ukuba bangene ngokunyenya abangani mahhala), noma uma iphasishi ligcwele amabhokisi otshwala namatafula, phuma kuleyo ndawo bese ubikela uMqondisi Womlilo wendawo ngokushesha.
• 4. Ukuminyana okudlulele lapho ungeke uhambe ngokukhululekile uye endlini yangasese noma ibha: Ngaphansi Kwekhodi Yomlilo Yamazwe Ngamazwe (IFC) kanye ne-NFPA 101, izikhala zekhonsathi yegumbi lokuma zinemikhawulo eqinile yokulayisha abantu esekelwe kububanzi beminyango yokuphuma iyonke. Uma indawo engaphansi noma ephezulu igcwele iqine isifuba ibheke emuva kuyo yonke indawo kangangokuthi awukwazi ukuhambisa izingalo zakho noma ukuhamba uye endaweni ephumayo, umthwalo ongaphakathi weqiwe ngokungemthetho.
• 5. Indawo engaphansi noma enesitezi esiphezulu esinezitezi EZODWA kuphela eziwumngcingo: Noma iyiphi indawo yomhlangano ehlanganisa abantu abangaphezu kuka-50 KUFANELE ibe okungenani ezimbili zokuphuma ezizimele, ezihlukene kabanzi. Ungalokothi uhlale kubha engaphansi noma iklabhu yesitezi sesibili enesitebhisi esisodwa esincane esiholela emgwaqeni.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Samazinga Nobuchwepheshe (NIST, United States): Umbiko Wophenyo Lwezobuchwepheshe lwe-Station Nightclub Fire (NIST NCSTAR 2: I-Polyurethane Foam Ignition, Umugqa Wesikhathi We-Flashover, kanye Nemodeli Yokuphuma Kwesixuku).
• I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (Assembly Occupancy Egress, Panic Hardware, Sprinklers, and Interior Finish Flame-Spread Standards) kanye ne-NFPA 1126 Standard Yokusetshenziswa Kwe-Pyrotechnics Ngaphambi Kwezithameli Eziseduze.
• I-United States Fire Administration (USFA / FEMA, United States): Umhlangano Womphakathi kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokuhlola Ukuphepha Komlilo Weklabhu yasebusuku kanye Nokuqeqeshwa Kokuphathwa Kwesixuku.
• Ihhovisi Lasekhaya Nezempilo Nokuphepha (HSE, United Kingdom): Ukuhlolwa Kwengozi Yokuphepha Komlilo: Izindawo ZoMhlangano Ezincane Nezimaphakathi, Amathiyetha, Amasinema, kanye Nezakhiwo Ezifana Nazo (Isiqondiso Sokulawulwa Kwezinguquko Zokuphepha Komlilo).
• I-Cyanide Toxicity and Smoke Inhalation Consensus Panel (Imithi Yezimo Eziphuthumayo / I-Toxicology): Ukuphathwa Kwangaphambi Kwesibhedlela Kwe-Acute Cyanide kanye Ne-Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Emililweni Yesakhiwo Esivalekile-Isikhala.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ukusinda kwesixuku futhi kunyathelene
• Ukuphepha komlilo wendlu kanye nokuphuma
• I-Carbon monoxide nokuhogela intuthu usizo lokuqala
• Ukusha okukhulu nokushiswa kwamakhemikhali
• I-CPR ne-AED igayidi yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo
• Uhla lwemibhalo lwezinombolo eziphuthumayo