Sufɛla, Konsɛrɛ kɛyɔrɔ, ani Jama tasuma bɔli so kɔnɔ¶

So kɔnɔ ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔw, i n’a fɔ sufɛla, dɔnkilidayɔrɔw, fɔlikɛyɔrɔ ɲɛnamaw, kɔɲɔ jatigilayɔrɔw, ani ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔw, olu bɛ hadamadenw ka sigiyɔrɔ hakɛ cayalenba fara ɲɔgɔn kan ni yeelen fitiniw ye, ni strobe nɔ ye min bɛ mɔgɔ hakili ɲagami, ni dɔnkiliw ye minnu bɛ bonya kosɛbɛ, dɔlɔminnanw, ani mankan dogolenw minnu bɛ se ka jeni. Ni sɛnɛfɛnw tasumabɔlanw, so kɔnɔ sparkler fountains ("gerbs"), stade yeelenbɔlanw minnu sumana kojugu, walima kuran dimɛri filiw ye poliyuritan mankanbɔlan fomu da wulilen tasuma don, stade ridow, walima plastiki plafond dekor, tasuma tɛ bonya ka kɛɲɛ ni miniti 10 fo 15 waatibolodalen ye min bɛ kɛ sigiyɔrɔ tasuma hakɛ dantigɛlen na. O nɔ na, ​​Ameriki jamana ka sariyaw ni fɛɛrɛbɔ baarada (NIST) ni jamana tasuma lakanani tɔnba (NFPA) ka kiritigɛlaw ka jɔli kura minnu kɛra, olu b’a jira ko poliyuritan mankan fomu min tɛ tasuma bali, o bɛ teliya ka bɔ tasuma misɛnnin dɔ la ka se so bɛɛ lajɛlen ma flashover ani ka sisi banbali ban pewu ka jigin duguma sekɔndi 60 fo 120 kɔnɔ.

Fɛn min bɛ sufɛla tasuma min bɛ segin segin 90 kɛ, o bɛ kɛ balawu ye min bɛ se ka mɔgɔ caman faga, o ye hadamadenw ka kɛwale jaan ye min bɛ se ka fɔ ka ɲɛ, n’a bɛ dɔn tasuma lakanani injiniyɛri la ko don-da-fixation ani exit-door buttlenecking. Degun jugumanba ni yecogo zeru kɔrɔ, dumunikɛlaw kɛmɛsarada la, 80 fo 90 bɛ wuli ka segin u yɛrɛ la ka taa ɲɛfɛla da fitinin kelen fɛ, u tɛmɛna min fɛ n’u sera yen, k’u ɲɛmajɔ pewu kɔrɔtɔko bɔli da yeelenlenw na, minnu bɛ sɔrɔ sangaso kɔfɛ, lafiɲɛbɔyɔrɔw kɛrɛfɛ, walima minnu bɛ tɛmɛ dumunikɛyɔrɔ fɛ. Seginnkanni 45 kɔnɔ, mɔgɔ kɛmɛ caman bɛ u yɛrɛ digi ɲɛfɛla lamini na min ka surun ni degun ye min ka ca ni Newton 3000 ye mɛtɛrɛ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen kelen na, ka da sɔgɔlen siri hadamaden ka jirisunba dɔ kɔnɔ min bɛ a yɛrɛ datugu k’a sɔrɔ sisi dumanba min bɛ mɔgɔ faga siyanidi hidrɔzɛni (\(HCN\)) ani monokisidi gazi (\(CO\)) bɛ min na, o bɛ jigin ka se duguma. I bɛ sekɔndi min yɛrɛ la tasuma bɛ maga kogo walima sanfɛla la, n’i y’a dɔn i bɛ se ka lamaga cogo min na, n’i y’a ye ko tasuma bɛ maga kogo walima sanfɛla la (sanni tasuma mankan yɛrɛ ka mankan), i bɛ se ka i ɲɛsin cogo min na k’a ɲɛsin bɔyɔrɔ filanan ma walima so kɔfɛ, i bɛ se ka bɔksikɛla disi kɔlɔsili jɔyɔrɔ ta cogo min na ni i minɛna da wulilen na, ani ninakili cogo min na sisi sumalen jukɔrɔ, o bɛ i ka ɲɛnamaya kisi.

Aw bɛ o kɛ sisan¶

N’i bɛ sufɛla dɔ kɔnɔ, dɔlɔminnan dɔ kɔnɔ, fɔlikɛyɔrɔ dɔ kɔnɔ, walima so kɔnɔ so kɔnɔ min falen bɛ mɔgɔw la, n’i y’a ye ko sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛw, tasuma-fɛrɛw walima tasuma bɛ maga kogo fomu mankan, plafond drapes, walima sangabon kɔkannafɛnw na, i ka nin wale wɔɔrɔ ninnu kɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ:

1. I ka taa bɔyɔrɔ dɔ fɛ segin tigitigi i ye tasuma ye min magara kogo walima sanfɛla la (Sariya Zero-Second): I kana jɔ abada ka filimu kɛ ni i ka telefɔni ye, i kana a miiri abada ko sangabon fomu jeni ye "yirali yɔrɔ dɔ ye," ani i kana makɔnɔ abada ko dɔnkili ka jɔ walima dɔlɔminna k'a fɔ i ye ko i ka bɔ. Tasuma min bɛ kɛ ni fomu mankan ye, i bɛ se ka se seginkanni 60 fo 90 ma sani sisi toxic belebeleba, nɛrɛmuguma ka jigin fo duguma, ka yecogo bɛɛ faga.
2. I ka i ka jatigila, i ka waribɔlan, i ka minfɛnw, ani i teriw bila minnu faralen don ɲɔgɔn kan, ka taa bɔyɔrɔ FILANAN fɛ min bɛ kɛ kɔrɔtɔko la, A TƐ ɲɛfɛla dondaw belebele ye: A bɛ se ka fɔ ko so kɔnɔ mɔgɔ bɛɛ bɛna boli ka taa ɲɛfɛla dondaw belebeleba la, min bɛ da tugu pewu ni farikolo sirilenw ye segin 45 kɔnɔ. Aw bɛ aw ɲɛsin o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ma ka taa BƆLI taamasiyɛnw minnu yeelen bɛ, minnu ɲɛ ye bulama ye walima minnu ye bilen ye, kɛrɛfɛ kogow kɛrɛfɛ, sangaso kɛrɛ fɛ, lafiɲɛbɔyɔrɔw kɛrɛfɛ, walima ka taama ka ɲɛ dumunikɛyɔrɔ / baarakɛyɔrɔ fɛ ka taa kɔfɛ sira da la.
3. Aw bɛ aw bolokɔniw kɔrɔta "bɔksikɛla ka kɔlɔsilikɛlan" kɔnɔ aw kɔkili ɲɛfɛ ni jama bɛ ka aw lamini: Ni aw bɛ wuli ka don jamaba dɔ kɔnɔ min bɛ taa da dɔ fɛ, aw bɛ aw senw bɔ ɲɔgɔn na fo ka se aw kamankunw ma, ka aw kɔkiliw don a kɔnɔ, ka aw bolokɔniw minɛ ka u kɛ aw disi la ni aw bolow ye aw kɔkiliw kɛrɛfɛ. O bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka fɛn dɔ dilan min janya ye santimɛtɛrɛ 10 fo 15 ye (santimɛtɛrɛ 4 fo santimɛtɛrɛ 6) aw kɔkili ɲɛfɛ walasa aw fogonfogonw ka se ka bonya hali bi ni jama bɛ ɲɔgɔn pake ka ɲɛ (aw ye sɛbɛn ɲɛ lajɛ jama ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ ani ka sɛgɛn ka kisi).
4. Aw bɛ sisi nɛrɛma jukɔrɔ aw bolow ni aw gɛnɛgɛnɛw kan ni sisi bɛ jigin sani aw ka se da la: Poliyuritan fomu sisi bɛ sumaya kojugu (degere 300 fo 600 / degere 570 fo 1100 Fahrenheit) ani gazi siyanidi idɔrɔji bɛ sɔrɔ a la ni i ye ninakiliba fila walima saba fiyɛ sisi dumanba la, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka i hakili bɔ joona. Aw bɛ jigin ka aw biri duguma walima ka wuli joona santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 60 (sen 1 fo 2) duguma, fiɲɛ nɛnɛman ni saniyalen bɛ to yɔrɔ min na, ani ka to ka aw bolo kelen maga kogo la walasa ka aw bilasira ka taa da kɛrɛfɛ.
5. Aw bɛ bɔgɔdaga jɛgɛlen digi kɔrɔtɔko bɔdaw kan, ani ni a sirilen don walima ni a datugulen don, aw bɛ duguma finɛtiri dɔ kari o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ: Assemblage bɔli da minnu bɛ bɛn sariya ma, olu bɛ da kɛnɛma ni aw ye panic hardware bar jɛgɛlen digi. Ni bɔrɔ min tɛ sariya kɔnɔ, o ye kɔfɛda dɔ datugu walima ni hadamaden ka pileup ye da belebele datugu, aw kana a gɛrɛ mɔgɔ minɛlenw kɔ la; aw bɛ aw yɛrɛ wuli o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ka taa duguma finɛtiri dɔ la, ka gilasi kari kɛnɛma nkɔni kɛrɛfɛ ni nɛgɛ gɛlɛn ye, ni CO2 tasumafagalan silinda ye, walima ni nɛgɛbere ye, ka duguma dawolo ko ka bɔ fɛn sɔgɔlenw na ni jakite ye, ka wuli ka bɔ.
6. Ni aw bɔra kɛnɛma, aw bɛ bɔ bɔyɔrɔ la ni mɛtɛrɛ 30 ye a dɔgɔyalenba la ani ka kɔrɔtɔko baarakɛlaw wele: Aw kana jɔ abada bɔyɔrɔ da kɔfɛ yɛrɛ walasa ka aw kɔ filɛ teriw kama ka jɔ sirada la, o bɛ mɔgɔw bali minnu bɛ bɔn i kɔfɛ, ka crush kɔsegin ka don da la min bɛ ka jeni. Aw bɛ taama ka jɛya ka taa nbɛda la, ka aw ka sigida wele kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw (911 Ameriki ni Kanada, 112 Erɔpu tɔnba bɛɛ kɔnɔ, 999 Angletɛri), ani ka dɔgɔtɔrɔso baarakɛlaw lasɔmi joona ni mɔgɔ o mɔgɔ bɔra yɔrɔ la, ni u hakili ɲagamina, ni nɔgɔ bɛ u da lamini na, walima ni u bɛ fiɲɛ sama (siyanidi ni gazi monokisidi baga jugumanba taamasiɲɛw).

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Tactical decision tree ka ɲɛsin sufɛla ni so kɔnɔ tasuma bɔli ma¶

Baara kɛ ni nin baarakɛcogo latigɛjiri ye walasa ka so kɔnɔ jama tasuma segin 90 fɔlɔ gɛlɛnw taama k’a sɔrɔ i ma siri dondaw belebele buteli kɔnɔ.

flowchart TD
    Start["Sparks, Pyrotechnics, walima Flame Touchs Yɔrɔ kogo, plafond walima Stage"] --> ZeroSec["1. SARIYA ZERO-SECOND: Aw bɛ bɔ joona; Aw kana filimu kɛ, aw kana taa Coat Check la"]
    ZeroSec --> ChooseExit{"2. Bɔyɔrɔ jumɛn ka surun kosɛbɛ ani mɔgɔ tɛ caya kosɛbɛ?"}
    ChooseExit -->|"Front Entrance belebeleba ye Crowding ye"| BypassMain["BYPASS FRONT DOOR: Aw bɛ aw ɲɛsin o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ Side Emergency Exit, Stage Rear Door, walima Kitchen Service Exit ma"]
    ChooseExit -->|"Segin-ka-bɔnye bɛ Kɛ Mɛtɛrɛ 15 'kɔnɔ"| PushPanic["Aw bɛ siranɲɛ-bɔn horizontal (horizontal panic crash bar) gɛlɛya walasa a ka da kɛnɛma; aw bɛ to ka taa mɛtɛrɛ 30 (100 ft) ka bɔ boon na"]
    BypassMain --> SmokeCheck{"3. Yala sisi nɛrɛma bɛ banki ka jigin fo ka se kunkolo ma wa?"}
    SmokeCheck -->|"Ɔwɔ: Zero Visibilité / Sisi funteni"| CrawlWall["Aw bɛ jigin ka taa a bila duguma/aw bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔ santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 60 (sen 1 fo 2) ka bɔ duguma; aw bɛ nugu/da datugu ni finimugu ɲiginnen/jalen ye; tugu kogo la ni bolo kelen ye ka taa da kɛrɛfɛla la"]
    SmokeCheck -->|"Ayi: Fiɲɛ jɛlen"| CrowdCheck{"4. Yala jama caya bɛ ka i lamini wa?"}
    CrowdCheck -->|"Ɔwɔ: Jama ka degunba"| BoxerGuard["Aw bɛ bolokɔniw kɔrɔta ka don Boxer Chest Guard kɔnɔ; aw bɛ taa kɛrɛfɛ ka taa kogo da la; aw kana aw biri abada telefɔni/sanbara bintɔ kosɔn"]
    CrowdCheck -->|"Ayi"| PushPanic
    CrawlWall --> DoorBlocked{"5. Yala da sirilen don ni pileup ye walima a datugulen don wa?"}
    BoxerGuard --> DoorBlocked
    DoorBlocked -->|"Ɔwɔ: Da tugura"| BreakWindow["Aw kana a gɛlɛya ka don pileup kɔnɔ; aw bɛ nɛgɛ gɛlɛnw sigilan walima tasumafagalan silinda minɛ walasa ka duguma finɛtiri karamɔgɔ kari ani ka bɔ"]
    DoorBlocked -->|"Ayi: Da ka jɛya"| PushPanic

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Sanga matiriyali: NIST sufɛla tasuma waatibolodacogo (seginkanni 0 fo 180) .¶

Tariku sufɛla tasuma tiɲɛnenw kɔfɛ, Ameriki jamana ka sariyaw ni seko ni dɔnko baarada (NIST) ye laboratuwari ɲɛnajɛ dafalenw jɔ, minnu bɛ kɛ ni tasuma ye min bɛ kɛ ni sɛnɛfɛnw ye, minnu bɛ kɛ ni tasuma ye, poliyuritan mankan fomu kan, yɔrɔ dɔ kɔnɔ, yɔrɔ min ma se ka fiyɛ. Aw bɛ so kɔnɔ sigida farikoloma suma ɲɔgɔn na sekɔndi 30 kelen-kelen bɛɛ la:

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Deep dive 1: Ka se sɔrɔ "normalcy bias" kan ani ɲɛfɛda buteliw jaan kan¶

Tasuma lakanani injiniyɛriw ni kɛwalew hakililabaarakɛlaw minnu bɛ jamaba ka balawuw sɛgɛsɛgɛ so kɔnɔ, olu ye hakililata fila jira minnu bɛ baliku farikolo lafiyalenw minɛ, minnu ma jogin, yɔrɔ minnu bɛ jeni, segin biwɔɔrɔ fɔlɔw kɔnɔ, ni boli tɛ cɛsiri ye hali bi.

1. Normalcy bias ani social proof (Seconds 0 ka se 25 ma) .¶

Ni tasuma fitinin oranjɛ bɔra sangaso rido kan, ni falenfɛnw sigili ye, walima kogo panneau acoutique kan, ɲɛnajɛ walima ɲɛnajɛ dɔ senfɛ, hadamadenw bɛ mɔgɔw ɲɛda lajɛ minnu jɔlen bɛ u kɛrɛfɛ (social proof) k’a ɲini k’o ko in kɔrɔ fɔ ko a bɛ kɛ cogo min na (normalcy bias). Ikomi mɔgɔ si t’a fɛ ka kɛ naloman ye walima ka wale kɛ ka tɛmɛ a dan kan, k’a sɔrɔ a ye da sɔgɔ ka DJ to ka tulon kɛ, patɔrɔnw bɛ jɔ nɛnɛ na fo sekɔndi 20 fo 35, walima k’u ka telefɔni seleke naani bɔ walasa ka tasuma min bɛ ka bonya, o filimu. - Nɛgɛ sariya min bɛ so kɔnɔ tasuma: Tasuma da wulilen min ma kɛ ni laɲini ye, n’a bɛ maga kogo jɔlen na, panneau acoustic foam, fini drape, walima plastiki plafond masirilen na so kɔnɔ ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔ kɔnɔ, o tɛ abada kɛ gɛlɛya fitinin ye. Tasuma bɛ maga fɛn dilannen jɔlenw na walima sanfɛ tuma min na, pirolisi wagati daminɛna. Aw bɛ aw kɔ tigɛli daminɛ ka bɔ Zero filanan na, ka aw taamaɲɔgɔnw sama ka bɔ aw bolokɔni na. Ni mɔgɔ fila walima saba minnu bɛ se ka ko latigɛ, olu taamana ni laɲini ye ka taa bɔyɔrɔ la min bɛ kɛ kɔrɔtɔko la, mɔgɔ tan ni caman minnu bɛ u kɛrɛfɛ, olu bɛ bɔ u ka cogoya kɔrɔ la, ka tugu u kɔ.

2. Donda-fixation ("The Homing Instinct") ani a karicogo¶

Dibi ni sisi la, hadamaden hakili bɛ segin ka yɔrɔ sira tigitigi min maralen bɛ hakilijagabɔ waati kunkurunnin kɔnɔ: ɲɛfɛ bileti dondaw, jiginni siraw, ani coat-check foyer.

   [TYPICAL NIGHTCLUB / VENUE FLOOR PLAN & BOTTLENECK]

   +-------------------------------------------------------+
   | [Exit B: Stage Side]     [STAGE]     [Exit C: Kitchen]|
   |   (WIDE OPEN)          (Fire Here)     (WIDE OPEN)    |
   |      ^                                      ^         |
   |      |  <-- Smart Evacuees                  |         |
   |                                                       |
   |                 [MAIN DANCE FLOOR]                    |
   |                  80% of Crowd Surges                  |
   |                  Down Narrow Foyer                    |
   |                      |   |   |                        |
   |                      v   v   v                        |
   |              +-----------------------+                |
   |              | [Coat Check / Foyer]  |                |
   |              |  JAMMED BOTTLENECK    |                |
   |              +-------+-------+-------+                |
   +----------------------| Main  |------------------------+
                          | Entry |

• Mun na ɲɛfɛla da ye saya jaan ye: A tɛ i n’a fɔ kɔrɔtɔko bɔli da kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw (minnu bɛ da wuli ka taa kɛnɛma ka taa nbɛda la walima nbɛda la ni pankurun boliyɔrɔ kelen ye), sufɛla walima ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔ donba dabɔra ni laɲini ye ka kɛ choke point ye walasa ka tikiti tabagaw kɔlɔsi, ka ID sɛgɛsɛgɛliw, velour juruw, lakana pat-downs, Mankan-datugulan minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ L, ani coat-check counters. Tuma caman na, ɲɛfɛda kɔrɔw yɛrɛ bɛ wuli kɔnɔna walima ka furabulu kelen datugu ni bololanɛgɛ ye.
• The 30-Second Venue Scan Upon Arrival: Tuma o tuma n’i donna dɔlɔminnan dɔ kɔnɔ, dugujukɔrɔla kulu dɔ kɔnɔ, ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔ dɔ la, walima ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔ la, i bɛ segin 15 kɛ ka sɔrɔ ka minfɛn dɔ komandi ka bɔyɔrɔ wɛrɛ fila sɔrɔ:
• Aw bɛ BƆLI taamasiyɛnw ɲini minnu yeelen bɛ so kɛrɛfɛ kogow walima a kɔfɛyɔrɔw la ani ka taama ka surunya walasa ka a sɛgɛsɛgɛ ko u ma datugu ni sigilanw ye minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn kan, biyɛri dagaw, walima kumakanfɔlanw.
• Aw bɛ jagokɛyɔrɔw ka dumunikɛyɔrɔ da walima baarakɛyɔrɔ kɔfɛ sɔrɔ. Restoranɛ, dumunikɛyɔrɔ ani kuluba bɛɛ la, baarakɛyɔrɔ da gɛlɛn dɔ bɛ dumunikɛyɔrɔ kɔfɛ walima doni bilayɔrɔ la min bɛ kɛ ka binkɛnɛ bɔ ani ka dumuni lase; kɔrɔtɔko la, ka pan barokɛyɔrɔ kan walima ka taama ka ɲɛ dumunikɛyɔrɔ da la, o b’i bɔ kɔfɛyɔrɔba dɔ la, min kɔnɔ mɔgɔw tɛ yen, kogow bɛ min ni soba cɛ.

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Deep dive 2: I bɛ se ka kisi cogo min na da la jama ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ ani ka bɔyɔrɔ dɔ tiɲɛ¶

Ni aw ma boli segin 30 fɔlɔw kɔnɔ, ka aw yɛrɛ sɔrɔ jamaba dɔ kɔnɔ, min sirannen don, ka u digidigi ka taa bɔyɔrɔ dɔ la, ni sisi bɛ ka bonya aw kun sanfɛ, aw ka ɲɛnamaya bɛ bɔ aw yɛrɛ tanga sphyxie compressée ani threshold pileups ma.

1. Ka kisi jama cayalenba ma da la sira kan¶

1. Adopt the Boxer’s Chest-Guard Stance o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ: Aw bɛ aw kɔkiliw datugu aw duguma kɔkiliw la ani ka aw bolokɔniw minɛ ka kɔrɔta aw disi ɲɛfɛ i n’a fɔ sara kɛlɛbaga bɛ u dawolo lakana. Hali ni jama bɛ wuli ka bɔ kɔfɛ ni degun ye ni Newton 3000 ye, i bolokɔniw kɔrɔtalenw bɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ jirisun gɛlɛnw minnu bɛ ninakiliyɔrɔ santimɛtɛrɛ 10 (santimɛtɛrɛ 4) mara i kɔkili ɲɛfɛ.
2. I kana i biri abada walasa ka telefɔni, waribɔlan, lunɛti, walima sanbara binna: Jamaba min bɛ ka taa yɔrɔ wɛrɛw la, n’i y’i biri i cɛmancɛ la walima ka i gɛnɛgɛnɛ kɛ ka telefɔni ta, o bɛ garanti di ko jama fiyentɔ min bɛ digi ka bɔ kɔfɛ, o bɛna i sennateliya i kɔ kan segin fila kɔnɔ, k’i su don hadamaden kulu caman jukɔrɔ, farikolo la, a tɛ se ka wuli ka bɔ min na.
3. Aw bɛ aw yɛrɛ tanga "Doorframe Arch Trap" ma ni aw bɛ cɛmancɛ laɲini walima ka segin ka taa finɛtiri dɔ la:
4. Ni mɔgɔ 100 sirannen b’a ɲini ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ da fila dɔ fɛ min bonya ye mɛtɛrɛ 1,8 ye (a bonya ye mɛtɛrɛ 6 ye) waati kelen na, u kamankunw bɛ siri ɲɔgɔn na a yɛrɛ datugulen structural arch kɔnɔ da da la yɛrɛ. Ni mɔgɔ kelen min bɛ dakun jukɔrɔ, o binna da da la, jama min bɛ kɔfɛ, o bɛ to ka wuli ka taa ɲɛfɛ, ka farikolow dalajɛ 4 fo 6 da kɔnɔna na fo mɔgɔ si kana se ka don walima ka bɔ.
5. N’i ​​ye da dɔ ye i ɲɛfɛ min sirilen bɛ kaban ni mɔgɔ binnalenw ye, minnu sɔgɔlen don: AW KA ɲɛfɛla gɛnni dabila. Ni i bɛ i gɛrɛ da la min falen bɛ mɔgɔw la, o bɛ i ɲɛfɛ mɔgɔw tiɲɛ dɔrɔn, k’i minɛ sisibɔyɔrɔ la. O yɔrɔnin bɛɛ, i sen don kɛrɛfɛ ka bɔ jama baji la kogo kɛrɛfɛ walasa ka bɔyɔrɔ filanan sɔrɔ walima duguma finɛtiri dɔ.

2. Jagokɛyɔrɔ finɛtiri karicogo ni daaw datugulen don¶

Tuma caman na, sufɛla ni dɔlɔminnanw bɛ ni duguma finɛtiriw ye minnu pentirilen don ni nɛrɛ ye, minnu datugulen don ni plywood pankurunw ye minnu bɛ mankan bɔ, walima minnu bɛ ni lakana galasi lamininenw ye minnu ka bon. Ni da minnu bɛ se ka sɔrɔ, olu bɛɛ sirilen don walima ni u datugulen don: - Aw kana gilasi gosi walima ka a gosi abada ni bolo gansan ye walima ni sanbara finmanw ye, o bɛ joli sira radial tigɛ bolokɔni na walima Akilisi senkɔni na. - Aw bɛ baara kɛ ni nɛgɛ girinmanw ye: Aw bɛ nɛgɛdaga gɛlɛn dɔ minɛ, nɛgɛdaga bistro tabali basigilen, nɛgɛ jama kunbɛnni jirisunba, walima nɛgɛ girinman tasumafagalan silinda ka bɔ kogoda la. - Aw bɛ gilasi dawolo ni jiri/aluminiyɔmu muntin karamɔgɔ nɔngɔn gosi, aw kana gilasi sɛbɛn cɛmancɛ wulilen gosi. Ni a karilen don, aw bɛ baara kɛ ni baradaga senw ye walasa ka duguma galasi ɲinw bɔ, ka wuluwulu walima denim fini girinman dɔ siri duguma da la, ka sɔrɔ ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ datugulen kunkolo ni a kamankunw wuli fɔlɔ ni aw bolow labɛnnen don ka aw yɛrɛ minɛ sirada la kɛnɛma.

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Deep dive 3: Navigating zero-visibility toxic smoke ani filanin fagalanw (\(HCN\) ani \(CO\)) ​​.¶

So kɔnɔ tasuma minnu bɛ kɛ ni polimɛri sintetikiw ye, i n’a fɔ poliyuritan mankan fomu, PVC kuran kabɔri insulasi, nilon tapiw, poliyesitɛri stade drapes, ani vinyl VIP booths upholstered, tasuma bɛ mɔgɔ damadɔ faga ka tɛmɛ "Twin Toxic Twins" sintetiki sisi kan: Hydrogène Cyanide (\(HCN\)) ani Carbon Monoxide (\(CO\)).

Mun na ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔ sisi sintetiki bɛ mɔgɔ tɔɔrɔlenw gosi u hakili tɛ ninakili 2 fo 3 kɔnɔ¶

1. Sanfɛ-fiɲɛ-sɔgɔli funteni fɛ: Ni a bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 1,5 (sen 5) sanfɛ duguma (kunkolo jɔlen janya), sisi nɛrɛma min bɛ jigin kuluba jenilen kɔnɔ, o bɛ se degere 300 fo 600 ma (degere 570 fo 1100). Ni aw ye fiɲɛ sama siɲɛ kelen min bɛ se degere 400 ma k’a sɔrɔ aw jɔlen don, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka ɲɛgɛnɛsiralabanaw ni kanbaraw funu (funu) o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ, ka sanfɛla fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ tigɛ ka a datugu ɲɛgɛnɛsiralabanaw la.
2. Siyanidi idɔrɔji (\(HCN\)) Selulɛriw ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ: Azote bɛ plastiki minnu na (polyurethane foam, nilon, wool, melamine) olu bɛ gazi siyanidi idɔrɔzɛni hakɛ caman bɔ ni u jeni so minnu kɔnɔ oksizɛni dɛsɛra. A tɛ i n’a fɔ gazi monokisidi (min bɛ oksizɛni bila dɔɔni dɔɔni joli kuru bilenmanw kan), siyanidi mɔlikuluw bɛ siri o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la sitokɔrɔmu c ɔkisidazi la i ka hakili ni dusukun selilɛriw mitokondriyaw kɔnɔ, ka selilɛriw ka fanga sɔrɔli dabila seginkanni 15 fo 45 kɔnɔ. Patɔrɔn min bɛ ninakili saba fiyɛ fomu sisi la min falen bɛ siyanidi la, o bɛ barika sɔrɔ, a hakili bɛ ɲagami, a tɛ se ka u senw ka farikoloɲɛnajɛ kunbɛn tuguni, wa a bɛ bin duguma a hakili tɛ a la.
3. Mun na fiɲɛ duguma santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 60 (sen 1 fo 2) bɛ to ka kisi: Ikomi sisi funteni bɛ wuli, funteni tilacogo bɛ danyɔrɔ dɔ mara min man dun, fiɲɛ nɛnɛmanba, saniyalen bɛ min na ka da duguma yɛrɛ tasuma segin 60 fo 120 fɔlɔ kɔnɔ.

Cogo min na i bɛ se ka wuluwulu ka bɔ so kɔnɔ min ɲɛ ye nɛrɛmuguma ye k’a sɔrɔ i ma tunun cɛmancɛ la¶

Ni sisi nɛrɛma binna i kun na ani ni yeelenw fagara so dafalenba dɔ kɔnɔ (i n’a fɔ dɔnkɛyɔrɔ walima selikɛyɔrɔ), mɔgɔ hakili ɲagaminen minnu bɛ wuluwulu ka taa ɲɛfɛ, olu bɛ to ka wuluwulu ka kɛ sɛrɛkiliw ye duguma cɛmancɛ la fo ka se se u ma. Aw bɛ baara kɛ ni Tasumafagalan Wall-Hand Sweep ye o nɔ na:

1. Aw bɛ jigin aw bolow ni aw gɛnɛgɛnɛw la (walima kɔnɔbara-sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ) joona: Aw bɛ aw nugu ni da to santimɛtɛrɛ 30 (santimɛtɛrɛ 12) kɔnɔ ka bɔ duguma**. Aw bɛ ninakili dɔɔni aw nugu fɛ walima ni bɔgɔmugu jalen walima minfɛn ye min sirilen don aw ɲɛda la walasa ka nɔgɔ belebelebaw sama ka bɔ.
2. Aw bɛ taa ɲɛfɛ ka taa lamini kogo la min ka surun aw la ani ka aw bolo kɔfɛla maga a la:
3. Ni aw bolo magara kɛnɛma walima lamini kogo dɔ la dɔrɔn, aw kana o kogo bila abada.
4. Kɔrɔtɔko bɔyɔrɔ bɛɛ bɛ boon kɔnɔ, o bɛ bila kogo lamininen dɔ kɔnɔ. Ni i bɛ wuluwulu teliya la basigiyɔrɔ la ni i bolo kelen bɛ to ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ kogo sanfɛ (ani i bolo tɔ kelen bɛ i kun ɲɛfɛ dɔɔnin walasa ka balilanw walima patɔrɔnw binnalenw dɔn), i bɛ da a la ko i bɛna da dɔ gosi segin damadɔ kɔnɔ k’a sɔrɔ i ma segin ka yaala-yaala ka don dɔnkɛyɔrɔ cɛmancɛ la abada.
5. Aw bɛ siranbara ni dakun dɔn: Ni aw bolo ye da sɔgɔlen dɔ gosi kogo kɛrɛfɛ, aw bɛ se santimɛtɛrɛ 90 (insi 36) ma ka bɔ duguma walasa ka nɛgɛ jɛgɛlen siranya bɔgɔlan ye, ka aw farikolo girinya digi a kan, ka wuli ka bɔ.

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Jiginni jugumanba 4nan : Furakɛcogo min bɛ kɛ mɔgɔw bɔli kɔfɛ sisi fiyɛli ni siyanidi baga la¶

Ni aw ni mɔgɔ wɛrɛw bɔra nbɛda la, aw ka bɔ boon na ni mɛtɛrɛ 30 ye a dɔgɔyalenba la walasa bɔyɔrɔw ka jɛya ka ɲɛsin patɔrɔnw ma minnu bɛ boli ani tasuma-fanga-minɛn minnu bɛ na. Aw bɛ teliya ka mɔgɔ kisilenw jateminɛ ni bana saba bɛ u ka ɲɛnamaya bila farati la:

1. Siga bɛ mɔgɔ min na, o ye Siyanidi Hidrɔzɛni (\(HCN\)) ni Monoxyde de carbone (\(CO\)) ​​baga fara ɲɔgɔn kan, mɔgɔ o mɔgɔ ye min kisi, min hakili tɛ a la walima min hakili ɲagamina:
2. Mɔgɔ o mɔgɔ bɔra sufɛla walima so kɔnɔ polimɛri tasuma na, ni nɔgɔ bɛ u nugu walima u da lamini na, ni a hakili ɲagamina, kɛlɛla, sɛgɛnbagatɔ, sɔgɔsɔgɔ, walima a hakili tɛ a la, walima ni a dusukun tantanni barika ka dɔgɔ joona, o tigi ka kan ka furakɛ dɔgɔtɔrɔso baarakɛlaw fɛ minnu nana \(CO\) ni siyanidi baga jugumanba fila bɛɛ la (aw ye sɛbɛn ɲɛ). gazi monoksidi ni sisi fiyɛli dɛmɛ fɔlɔ).
3. Aw bɛ ninakilidegunbaga hakilintanw bila kɛrɛfɛla kɛnɛyayɔrɔ la sirada la fiɲɛ ɲuman na, ka a daminɛ CPR (CPR) ye o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la mɔgɔ o mɔgɔ kan min tɛ jaabi di ani min tɛ ninakili ka ɲɛ. Aw bɛ a fɔ EMS furakɛlikɛlaw ye minnu nana: "U ye poliyuritan fomu sisi nɛrɛma fiyɛ kuluba kɔnɔ" walasa furakɛlikɛlaw ka se ka 100% oksizɛni min bɛ taa kosɛbɛ ani jolisira fɛ hidroksokobalamini (Cyanokit), o min bɛ siyanidi mɔlikuluw siri witamini B12 la min tɛ kojugu kɛ, sugunɛ bɛ min bɔ.
4. Aw kana ji nɛnɛ bɔn abada jeninida jugumanbaw kan nɛnɛ waati (Hypothermie risk): Ni jeninida misɛnniw bɛ bolow walima bolokɔniw kan, aw bɛ u nɛnɛ dɔɔni dɔɔni ni ji sanuman ye miniti 20 kɔnɔ nka ni mɔgɔ kisilen dɔ ye jeninida caman sɔrɔ u farikolo >20% la, aw bɛ yɔrɔ jenilenw siri ka ɲɛ ni sɛbɛn sanuman jalenw ye minnu tɛ sterili ye walima ni plastiki nɔrɔlen ye ani ka a farikolo kɔnɔna sumaya walasa ka farigan fagali ni farigan dɔgɔyali bali (aw ye sɛbɛn ɲɛ jeninida jugumanw ni kemikaliya ko).
5. Aw kana don kokura abada yɔrɔ la min bɛ ka jeni walasa ka teri ɲini: Baliku setigi kɛmɛsarada la, 30 ni kɔ minnu bɛ sa kɛnɛba tasuma da kɛrɛfɛ, olu tun bolila kaban sirada la kaban, ka segin ka don kɔnɔ ka don siyanidi sisi nɛrɛma kɔnɔ walasa ka cɛɲi, npogotiginin, walima balimakɛ dɔ ɲini, tuma caman na, k’a sɔrɔ o terikɛ tun bolila kaban ka bɔ kɔfɛ dumunikɛyɔrɔ da dɔ la, min bɛ so fan dɔ fɛ boon jɔli. O nɔ na, ​​tasumafagalan fɔlɔ min nana, i ka o minɛ, ka da walima finɛtiri tigitigi jira i terikɛ yelen laban na yɔrɔ min na, ka polisiw ka denbaya ka ɲɔgɔnye yɔrɔ latigɛlen lajɛ nbɛda fan dɔ fɛ.

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Patron 15-second venue safety audit: darapo bilenman 5 minnu kɔrɔ ye ko i ka kan ka taama ka bɔ sanni yiracogo ka daminɛ¶

Sufɛla belebele bɛɛ ani so kɔnɔ fɔlifɛnw tasuma min kɛra bi tariku kɔnɔ, o kɛra yɔrɔ dɔ la min bɛ tasuma sariya tiɲɛni jɛlenw jira, minnu tɛ sariya kɔnɔ, patɔrɔnw tɛmɛna minnu fɛ. Ni i donna dugujukɔrɔla kuluba dɔ la, pop-up ɲɛnajɛ kɛyɔrɔ la, walima dɔnkilida yɔrɔ dɔ la, i ka segin ka bɔ yen ka wari segin i ma ni i ye nin darapo bilenman duuru fagalenw dɔ ye:

• 1. Poliyuritan fomu "kɔnɔ-kɛsu" min bɛ kɛnɛ kan, kartɔn, tapi, walima plastiki bulu minnu nɔrɔlen don kogow walima sanfɛlanw na: Aw bɛ kogow lajɛ sangaso kɔfɛ ani sanfɛlan sanfɛ. Ni aw ye charbon gris "egg-crate" matiriyali/packaging foam pentirilen ye, bɔrɔw, bɔrɔ jalenw, walima plastiki jirisunba minnu sirilen bɛ sangaso lanpan funtenimanw kɛrɛfɛ yɛrɛ, aw bɛ taa o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ.
• 2. So kɔnɔ tasumabɔlanw, tasumabɔlanw ("gerbs"), walima shɔ buteli belebelebaw minnu bɛ kɛ ni sanfɛlan dɔgɔmanninw ye: So kɔnɔ tasumabɔlanw mago bɛ tasumabɔlanw na minnu ka bon, tasumafagalan minnu ka lase bɛ u bolo, ani tasumafagalanw minnu bɛ baara kɛ. Ni dugujukɔrɔla kulu walima dɔlɔminnan min sanfɛla ka dɔgɔn, o bɛ yeelen bɔ jibɔyɔrɔw la walima ni buteli tasumamugu tan ni caman bɛ di mɔgɔw ma finiw walima fomu sanfɛlanw jukɔrɔ, aw bɛ bɔ sani u ka yeelen bɔ.
• 3. Kɔrɔtɔko bɔyɔrɔ da minnu datugulen don, ni cakɛda sirilen don, walima minnu datugulen don ni minɛnw ye: Aw ye aw ɲɛ jɔ BƆLI da filananw na minnu bɛ so kɛrɛ fɛ ani a kɔfɛ. N’i ​​ye wotoro cakɛda, nɛgɛdaga, walima nɛgɛdaga sɔgɔlen ye ka tɛmɛn siranfɛn dɔ kan (tigi minnu tɛ hakilitigiya kɛ, olu bɛ baara kɛ ni minnu ye walasa ka mɔgɔw bali u ka teriw don sonyali la fu), walima ni bɔyɔrɔ sira falen bɛ dɔlɔminnanw ni tabali la, i ka bɔ kɛnɛ kan ka o fɔ sigida tasuma-fanga ɲɛmɔgɔ ye o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ.
• 4. Mɔgɔ caya kojugu yɔrɔ minnu na i tɛ se ka taama hɔrɔnya la ka taa lafiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ walima dɔlɔminnan na: Duniya tasumako sariyasun (IFC) ani NFPA 101 kɔnɔ, jɔli so ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔw la, mɔgɔ minnu bɛ se ka doni ta, olu ka doni dantigɛli gɛlɛnw bɛ kɛ ka da bɔyɔrɔ da bɛɛ lajɛlen bonya kan. Ni dugujukɔrɔyɔrɔ walima sanfɛyɔrɔ dɔ falen don kosɛbɛ disi ni kɔ la sankanso bɛɛ kɔnɔ fo i tɛ se k’i bolow lamaga walima ka taama ka taa bɔyɔrɔ dɔ la, o la, a kɔnɔmɔgɔw ka doni tɛmɛna sariya siratigɛ la.
• 5. So duguma walima sanfɛyɔrɔ min bɛ ni ɛrɛzɛnsun fitinin KELEN dɔrɔn ye: Lajɛyɔrɔ o jamalajɛ kɛyɔrɔ min bɛ mɔgɔ 50 ni kɔ ta, o ka kan ka kɛ ni bɔyɔrɔ fila ye minnu yɛrɛmahɔrɔnyalen don, minnu faralen don ɲɔgɔn kan kosɛbɛ. Aw kana to abada dugujukɔrɔ barokɛyɔrɔ la walima sankanso filanan kuluba kɔnɔ min kɔnɔ, ɛrɛzɛnsun fitinin kelen dɔrɔn bɛ yen min bɛ taa nbɛda la.

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Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na¶

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Sosow sɛgɛsɛgɛra¶

• Jamana ka sariyaw ni seko ni dɔnko baarada (NIST, Ameriki): The Station Nightclub Fire ka fɛɛrɛbɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛli rapɔɔri (NIST NCSTAR 2: Polyurethane Foam Ignition, Flashover Timeline, and Crowd Evacuation Modeling).
• Jamana tasuma lakanani tɔnba (NFPA, Etazuni): NFPA 101 Ɲɛnamaya lakanani sariya (Assemblage Occupancy Egress, Panic Hardware, Sprinklers, and Interior Finish Flame-Spread Standards) ani NFPA 1126 sariya min bɛ tali kɛ pirotɛkini baara la ka kɔn lamɛnnikɛlaw gɛrɛfɛ.
• Ameriki tasumako ɲɛmɔgɔso (USFA / FEMA, Ameriki): Foroba lajɛ ni sufɛla tasuma lakanani sɛgɛsɛgɛli laadilikanw ani jama kunbɛnni kalan.
• So kɔnɔ baarada ani kɛnɛyako ni lakana ɲɛmɔgɔba (HSE, Angletɛri): Tasuma lakanani faratiw jateminɛ: Lajɛyɔrɔ fitininw ni cɛmancɛw, ɲɛnajɛyɔrɔw, sinemasow, ani o ɲɔgɔnna yɔrɔw (Regulatory Reform Fire Safety Order Guidance).
• Siyanidi baga ni sisi fiyɛli bɛnkansɛbɛn (Furakɛcogo kɔrɔtɔlen / Toxicologie): Siyanidi ni gazi monokisidi baga jugumanba furakɛli sani dɔgɔtɔrɔso ka taa yɔrɔ datugulen tasumaw la.

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Gafe minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la¶

• Jamaba ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ ani ka sɛgɛn ka kisi
• So tasuma lakanani ani mɔgɔw bɔli
• Gazi monoksidi ni sisi fiyɛli dɛmɛ fɔlɔ
• Jeninida jugumanw ni kemikɛli ye
• CPR ni AED taamasiɲɛw taamasiɲɛw
• Kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw ɲɛbilasɛbɛn