Acoustic flashbang, kinetic impact, ani jama jɛnsɛnni joginw dɛmɛ fɔlɔ¶

Siwiliw ka ɲagami waatiw la, foroba lajɛw senfɛ, walima sariya labatoli jama jɛnsɛnni baara senfɛ, lajɛbagaw, kunnafonidilaw, dɔgɔtɔrɔw, ani dugudenw bɛ se ka jama kɛlɛli marifa suguya caman sɔrɔ (a ka c’a la, dɔgɔtɔrɔso ni hadamadenw ka josariyaw jɛkuluw bɛ u jate “marifa minnu tɛ mɔgɔ faga kosɛbɛ”). O minɛn ninnu ye kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) ye i n’a fɔ lastikuw, fomu baton rounds, beanbag rounds, ani sponge grenades; grenade pirotechnique stun (flashbangs) ani grenade concussion; mankan-minɛn minnu bɛ taa yɔrɔ jan (LRADw / mankan kanonw); ani fɛn minnu bɛ mɔgɔ dimi kemikaliya la (gazi ɲɛjibɔlan / CS, pepinɛri fiyɛlan / OC, ani pepinɛri bolow).

Hali ni daɲɛ in bɛ fɔ ko "a tɛ mɔgɔ faga kosɛbɛ", furakɛli kalan minnu kɛra ɲɔgɔn fɛ, n'olu bɔra BMJ ani The New England Journal of Medicine kɔnɔ, olu b'a jira ko kinetic impact projectiles ni pyrotechnic stun devices bɛ jogin jugumanw lase mɔgɔ ma, minnu bɛ mɔgɔ ka ɲɛnamaya bila farati la, ni u bɛ yɔrɔ jan: ɲɛ da wulilen, kungolo karilen degun, barajuru kɔnɔna walima kɔnɔbara joli bɔli, tympanic membrane (tulolanɛgɛ) sɔgɔli ka bɔ mankan fiɲɛbɔli degunba la, ani nɛgɛ-ɔkisizɛni jeninida jugumanw. Ni aw b’a dɔn ka mɔgɔ joginlen bɔ tasuma sira kan, ka ɲɛkisɛ karilen tanga k’a sɔrɔ aw ma degun kɛ a la, ka flashbang blast jenini walima tulolanɛgɛ karilen furakɛ, ani ka kemikɛlifɛnw ko ka ɲɛ, o bɛ nalomanya banbali bali ani ka mɔgɔ kisi.

Aw bɛ o kɛ sisan¶

1. Aw bɛ mɔgɔ joginlen bila kɛrɛfɛ ka bɔ tasuma sira la ani ka fiɲɛ bila sanfɛ joona: Sani aw ka joginda ladonni caman kɛ, aw bɛ joginbaga bilasira walima k’a ta kɛrɛfɛ ka bɔ nbɛda la, datugulan gɛlɛn gɛlɛn kɔfɛ (i n’a fɔ boon nɔngɔn bɛton walima kabakurun kogo) ani fiɲɛ sanfɛ / sanfɛ ka yɔrɔ janya ɲɛjibɔ gazi sankaba girinmanw na, minnu bɛ jigin da duguma ani metoro ɛrɛzɛnsunw.
2. Aw bɛ aw ka sigida kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔ wele joona ni kunkolo, disi, kɔ, walima ɲɛda sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ don: Aw bɛ 911 wele Ameriki ani Kanada, 112 Erɔpu tɔnba bɛɛ kɔnɔ, 999 Angletɛri, walima 000 Ɔsitarali. Lastikuw walima shɛfan foroko bulama min bɛ kunkolo, kɔ walima disi gosi, o bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka joli bɔ kunsɛmɛ kɔnɔ min bɛ mɔgɔ faga, ka fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔw bin, walima ka dusukun tantanni (commotio cordis) hali ni kɛnɛma fari ma kari. Aw ye an ka kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw ɲɛbilasɛbɛn.
3. Aw kana maga ɲɛ na abada, ka a digi, walima ka a magaya ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalan walima fiɲɛ ye: Ni lastikuw marifa, pentibolo/pepiri bolo, walima flashbang yɔrɔ dɔ ye ɲɛ walima a lamini, aw kana degun tilennen kɛ ɲɛ la ani aw kana a ɲini ka ɲɛkisɛw bɔ minnu sirilen don. Aw bɛ ɲɛ joginlen datugu ni ɲɛ tangalan gɛlɛn ye (i n’a fɔ nɛgɛ ɲɛkisɛ walima papiye sanuman duguma tasa min sirilen don kolotugudaw ni ɲɛda la) ka ɲɛ min ma jogin, o fana datugu walasa ka hinɛ ɲɛ lamagacogo dabila dɔgɔtɔrɔso taatuma na.
4. Aw kana ji gosi abada, ka a ta, walima ka ji bɔn flashbang walima ɲɛjibɔlan kan min bɛ sigarɛti min: Pirotekniki stun grenadew ni sɔrɔdasiw ka ɲɛjibɔlanw bɛ kɔnɔna manje walima aliminiyɔmu-perchlorate charges jeni ni 1000 fo 2700 degere Celsius (1800 fo 4900 degere Fahrenheit) ani u bɛ se ka filanan detonate blast min bɛ bolokɔniw walima senw tigɛ. Aw bɛ aw sen bɔ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ; ni finiw tasuma donna, Stop, Drop, and Roll walima ka tasuma sɔgɔ ni fini girinman ye, o tuma na, fari nɛnɛma bɛ jeni ni ji ye miniti 20 kɔnɔ.
5. Aw bɛ ji, safinɛ ani bolokɔniw bɔ tulo la min bɛ joli bɔ walima min bɛ mankan bɔ flashbang fiyɛli kɔfɛ: Ni grenade stun dɔ pɛrɛnna mɔgɔ kunkolo kɛrɛfɛ, shockwave min bɛ se desibɛli 170 fo 180 ma, o bɛ to ka tulolanɛgɛ (tympanic membrane) kari. Aw kana furaji, ji walima bɔgɔmugu don tulo la abada. Aw bɛ gaze sterili lajɔlen ni jalen dɔ bila nɔgɔya la tulo kɛnɛma kan walasa ka joli walima ji jɛlen minɛ ani ka dɔgɔtɔrɔso la joona.
6. Aw bɛ ɲɛjibɔ gazi walima pepinɛri fiyɛli nɔgɔ ni ji nɛnɛ gansan ye walima ni kɔgɔ ye (aw bɛ nɔnɔ ni asidibanakisɛw tɛmɛ joginda dafalenw kan): Aw bɛ taa fiɲɛ jɛlen na, ka aw biri ɲɛfɛ walasa jibɔyɔrɔ kana ko ka jigin ɲɛw walima kɔkolo la, ani ka ɲɛw ko ka bɔ kɔnɔna na (nu kɛrɛfɛ) ka taa kɛnɛma ni kɔgɔji nɔgɔman sterili walima ji nɛnɛma saniyalen ye. Aw kana nɔnɔ, den ka shampoo walima asidijilama kɛ ɲɛ na abada, ɲɛ min fana tigɛlen don, a sɔgɔlen don, walima a joginni bɛ a la.

flowchart TD
    A["Jama jɛnsɛnni Jogin bɛ Kɛ"] --> B["Aw bɛ mɔgɔ tɔɔrɔlenw bila kɛrɛfɛ ka taa datugulan gɛlɛn kɔfɛ ani ka fiɲɛ bila sanfɛ ka taa yɔrɔ la min tɛ mɔgɔ tɔɔrɔ"]
    B --> C{"Jogincogo fɔlɔ ye mun ye?"}
    C -->|"Impact Projectile kinetique (Mala de caoutchouc, Sac de mbuma, Ronde éponge)"| D{"Farikolo yɔrɔ jumɛn de gosira?"}
    C -->|"Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Blast or Acoustic LRAD"| E{"Yala funteni jeni, tulo joli, walima sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ bɛ yen wa?"}
    C -->|"Fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw dɔrɔn (Gazi ɲɛjibɔlan CS / Pepper Spray OC) ."| F["Strip contaminated outer layer, blink in fresh wind, and flush eyes inner-to-outer with plain water or saline"]
    D -->|"Kungolo, Kɔ, Disi walima Kɔnɔbara"| G["Call emergency services immediately: monitor airway/breathing and watch for internal bleeding or concussion"]
    D -->|"Eye or Orbit"| H["ZERO pressure on eye: tape a rigid paper cup shield over bony socket and cover both eyes"]
    D -->|"Limb Laceration or Embedded Round"| I["Control bleeding with firm ring/direct pressure without pushing embedded projectile deeper"]
    E -->|"Thermal Burn from Canister or Flash"| J["Cool burn with clean running water for 20 minutes and cover loosely with sterile cling wrap or non-stick dressing"]
    E -->|"Ruptured Eardrum (Deafness, Ringing, Ear Bleeding)"| K["Keep ear canal 100% dry (no drops or water), cover outer ear loosely with dry gauze, and check for concussion"]

Triage matrix: crowd dispersal weapons and specific injury patterns¶

Understanding the physical mechanism of each crowd dispersal device allows first responders and bystanders to look for hidden internal injuries that are easy to miss in a chaotic street environment.

Step 1: Treating Kinetic Impact Projectile (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag) injuries¶

A widespread myth is that "rubber bullets" are made of soft, bouncy rubber like a child's toy ball. In reality, many kinetic impact projectiles consist of a solid steel, lead, or aluminum core coated in a thin 2-millimeter layer of hard vulcanized rubber or dense polyurethane foam, while 12-gauge "beanbag" rounds consist of a Kevlar fabric pillow packed with 40 grams (1.4 ounces) of #9 lead birdshot fired from a shotgun at 70 to 90 meters per second (230 to 300 feet per second).

When fired from short range, or when a projectile ricochets off asphalt pavement and tumbles edge-on into a bystander, the concentrated kinetic energy slices straight through skin, shatters bone, and embeds the projectile (along with dirty fabric from the victim's clothing) deep inside muscle or body cavities.

1. Ocular trauma: when a projectile or pepper ball hits the eye¶

Medical reviews show that eye impacts from kinetic projectiles carry one of the highest rates of permanent disability in crowd dispersal settings, frequently rupturing the eyeball (open globe injury), detaching the retina, or filling the anterior chamber with blood (traumatic hyphema).

Immediate eye trauma protocol: - Recognize an Open Globe Injury: Look (without touching or pulling on the eyelids) for a teardrop-shaped or irregular pupil, blood pooling inside the colored iris (hyphema), dark jelly-like tissue protruding from the white of the eye, a flattened or collapsed appearance of the eyeball, or sudden loss of vision ("everything went black or red"). - Apply ZERO pressure to the eyeball: Never press a gauze pad against a struck eye, and never pour high-pressure water or homemade antacid mixtures into an eye that has suffered blunt impact. Pressing on a lacerated eyeball squeezes the vitreous humor out of the eye, causing irreversible blindness. - Construct an improvised rigid eye shield: If you do not have a military aluminum Fox Eye Shield, take a clean disposable paper or foam drinking cup, cut or tear the bottom half off so it is 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) tall, and tape the rim of the cup over the bony brow ridge above the eye and the bony cheekbone below the eye so nothing touches the eyelid or eyeball itself. - Cover the uninjured eye too (Bilateral Patching): Human eyes are neurologically yoked together (consensual conjugate eye movement): every time your good left eye darts around to look at paramedics or streetlights, your injured right eye moves identically inside its socket, grinding fractured orbital bone or tearing retinal tissue. Gently covering the good eye with gauze calms both eyes while you guide the person by the arm to an ambulance. - Position upright at 30 to 45 degrees: Keep the patient sitting upright (never lying flat and never bending their head down) and instruct them not to cough, blow their nose, or strain, which spikes intraocular pressure. See our detailed eye injuries first aid guide.

2. Head, neck, and facial impacts¶

A 40-millimeter foam baton or rubber bullet striking the forehead, temple, jaw, or neck delivers enough blunt force to fracture the skull, crush the larynx (voicebox), or dissect the carotid artery.

• Airway first on neck hits: A projectile striking the front of the throat can fracture the thyroid or cricoid cartilage, causing rapid internal swelling that blocks the airway within 10 to 20 minutes. If someone struck in the neck develops a hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing saliva, noisy high-pitched breathing (stridor), or bubbling/crunching under the skin of the neck (subcutaneous emphysema), call emergency services immediately and keep them sitting upright leaning slightly forward.
• Screen for Intracranial Bleeds: Anyone struck in the head who loses consciousness (even for 3 seconds), vomits, becomes confused, develops unequal pupils, has clear fluid or blood dripping from the nose or ears, or experiences a worsening headache requires immediate emergency room CT imaging. See our head injuries guide.

3. Chest and abdominal blunt trauma (and embedded projectiles)¶

• Never pull out an embedded rubber bullet or beanbag round: At ranges under 15 meters (50 feet), 40-millimeter sponge rounds and 12-gauge lead-shot beanbags regularly punch right through the skin and lodge inside the chest wall, abdomen, or thigh. Treat an embedded projectile exactly like an impaled knife blade: pulling it out in the street can uncork a torn artery. Leave it in place, pack clean gauze around the edges to stabilize it, and transport to a trauma surgeon. (Note for ER doctors: 12-gauge beanbag rounds contain lead birdshot that can rupture open inside the wound, requiring X-ray confirmation that all lead pellets and fabric wadding are surgically removed.)
• Watch for Delayed Internal Bleeding (Spleen, Liver, and Lung): A person struck in the lower ribs or stomach by a baton round often walks away thinking they only have a nasty purple bruise, only to collapse 2 hours later at home from a ruptured spleen, lacerated liver, or tension pneumothorax (collapsed lung). Seek urgent hospital evaluation after any torso impact if the person develops shortness of breath, sharp pain when taking a deep breath, pain radiating to the tip of the left shoulder (Kehr's sign of blood irritating the diaphragm from a ruptured spleen), pale clammy skin, dizziness when standing up, or a rigid, tender abdomen.

Step 2: Treating Flashbang (Stun Grenade) and Acoustic Blast injuries¶

flashbang (stun grenade) ye binkannikɛlan ye min dabɔra fɔlɔ sɔrɔdasiw ka mɔgɔ minɛlenw kisi so kɔnɔ, a ma dabɔ nbɛdaw la jama da wulilenw kama. O bɛɛ n’a ta, n’a bilala jamaba kɔnɔ, flashbang bɛ pɛrɛn ni desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (desibɛli 170 fo 185** (a ka ca ni mankan tansiyɔn hakɛ siɲɛ 1000 ye min bɛ hadamaden tulo jɔcogo kari), fiyentɔya kandela miliyɔn 6 fo 8 yeelen yeelen, ani tasuma-bɔlɔnba min bɛ fiyentɔya ye min bɛ lawuli ni nɛgɛ magnɛsiyɔmu walima aluminiyɔmu mugu.

1. Jogin fɔlɔ min bɛ sɔrɔ fiɲɛ fɛ: Tulokisɛw karilen (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) ani tulolabanaw ka sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ¶

Ni flashbang walima concussion grenade pɛrɛnna mɔgɔ fɛ mɛtɛrɛ 1 fo mɛtɛrɛ 5 (sen 3 fo 16), o bɔgɔbɔgɔ min ka bon ni mankan ye, o bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔ kungolo ni kɛnɛma tulo kan:

• Tulodimi taamasiɲɛw: Tulodimi barikama barikama bɛ kɛ fiɲɛbɔ waati la, o kɔfɛ, mɛnni dabila teliya la walima tulo geren o fan fɛ, mankanba walima mankanba bɛ kɛ (tulo gerenni), dimi jugumanba min bɛ kɛ ni tulo gerenni ye (vertigo ani balansi bɔnɛni ka bɔ tulo kɔnɔna na min bɛ kɛ ni sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ ye), ani joli bilenman jɛman walima ji jɛlen/pinkilen min bɛ bɔ tulolabanaw la.
• Dɛmɛ fɔlɔ sariya gɛlɛnw ka ɲɛsin Blast Ear Trauma ma:
  1. Aw bɛ tulolabana to a ka ja kɛmɛsarada la: Aw kana tulo min jogin na ni fiɲɛ ye, aw kana o ko abada ni ji ye, ni kɔgɔ ye, walima ni ɲɛjibɔlan ye ni aw bɛ ɲɛjibɔ gazi ko. Ni mɔgɔ tulolabanaw dabɔra ka bɔ flashbang fɛ ani ni mɔgɔ dɔ ye ɲɛjibɔ gazi ko ji nɔgɔlen bɔn a tulo la, banakisɛw ni CS kemikaliw bɛ don tulo cɛmancɛ yɔrɔ la k’a ɲɛsin u ma, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka cɛmancɛ tulolabana jugumanba bila mɔgɔ la (otitis media) ani ka dimi jugumanba lase mɔgɔ ma.
  2. Aw kana tulolabanaw kɔnɔna datugu ka ɲɛ abada: Ni ji jɛlen walima joli jilama bɛ bɔ tulo la fiɲɛ walima kunkolo gosili kɔfɛ, a bɛ se ka kɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ ji (CSF) bɛ sɔrɔ a la ka bɔ basi kungolo karilen na. Aw kana bɔgɔmugu walima tulolanɛgɛw siri abada tulolabanaw kɔnɔ minnu bɛ joli bɔ. O nɔ na, ​​aw bɛ gaze sterili ni jalen dɔ siri ka a lajɔ tulo kɛnɛma kan walasa ji ka se ka bɔ tulo kan hɔrɔnya la, ani ka dɔgɔtɔrɔso lajɛ kɔrɔtɔlen ɲini. (Tulokisɛ saniyalenw fanba bɛ kɛnɛya u yɛrɛ ma dɔgɔkun 4 fo dɔgɔkun 8 kɔnɔ ni u jalen don pewu, ka sɔrɔ ɲɛji belebelebaw bɛ ENT kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔ ka patɔrɔn walima timpanoplasti de wajibiya.)

2. Flashbang Trauma filanan ni sabanan: Shrapnel ni Magnesium Jeni minnu bɛ kɛ ni funteni ye¶

Hali ni stun grenades dilannen don walasa nɛgɛ girinmanw sanfɛla ni duguma marifa fitininw ka to u cogo la k’a sɔrɔ gazi bɛ bɔ kɛrɛfɛ dingɛw kɔnɔ, bi flashbangs composite/plastic-bodyed lightweights ani pyrotechnic smoke grenades bɛ to ka kari ni u pɛrɛnna, ka plastiki jenilenw, nɛgɛ pinɛw, ani kemikɛli sɔgɔli funtenimanw yɔrɔ minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ razɔri, olu wuli ka taa kɛnɛma ni ballistiki teliya ye:

• Flashbang ni bidon funteni jeninida minnu bɛ nɛnɛ: Ni flashbang dɔ ye mɔgɔ dɔ sen, a ka kɔfɛbagan walima a ka jatigila ci, walima ni mɔgɔ dɔ ye a burusi kɛ ka ɲɛjibɔlan dɔ siri bala la min janya ye degere 500 ye:
  1. Aw bɛ fini dilannenw bɛɛ faga joona (nilon walima poliyesitɛri jakite minnu dilannen don, olu bɛ wuli ka kɛ gundolafɛn nɔrɔlen funteniman ye; aw bɛ kɛnɛma finiw bɔ minnu bɛ sisi ni u ma wuli fari la).
  2. Aw bɛ mugu jalen tolenw bɛɛ bɔ nɔgɔya la, o kɔ aw bɛ aw bɛ jeninida fa ni ji nɛnɛman ni ji sanuman ye miniti 20 dafalen kɔnɔ (aw kana jisuma, tulu, ɲinmugu, walima bikaribonati kɛ jeninida kan abada).
  3. Aw bɛ jeninida nɛnɛlen datugu ka ɲɛ ni plastiki sanuman ye min bɛ nɔrɔ dumunikɛyɔrɔ la (a da bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛ, a ma siri ka ɲɛ bolokɔni funulen na) walima ni finimugu sterili ye min tɛ nɔrɔ, ka taa dɔgɔtɔrɔso jeninida walima kɔrɔtɔko yɔrɔ la.

3. Ka i yɛrɛ tanga mankan-minɛnw ma minnu bɛ taa yɔrɔ jan (LRADs / Sound Cannons) .¶

When an LRAD (Long-Range Acoustic Device) activates its high-pitched deterrent tone, it projects a tightly focused beam of 2,000-to-4,000-hertz sound energy at 135 to 162 decibels. Because decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale, every 10-decibel increase multiplies acoustic energy by 10-fold: 150 decibels is 1,000 times more intense than a 120-decibel rock concert or ambulance siren, causing immediate mechanical shearing of the delicate stereocilia hair cells inside the inner ear cochlea within seconds.

Step 3: Safe decontamination of Tear Gas (CS) and Pepper Spray (OC) alongside wounds¶

When a person has both an open physical wound (such as a scrape, laceration, or ruptured eardrum) AND heavy chemical irritant contamination (CS tear gas or OC / PAVA pepper spray), your decontamination technique must avoid poisoning the open wound.

How to flush eyes and skin without spreading chemical crystals downward¶

1. Do NOT rub your eyes: CS tear gas is not actually a gas; it is a fine aerosol cloud of microscopic solid crystalline particles (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) with tiny sharp edges. Rubbing your eyes grinds those crystals straight into your cornea, causing painful corneal abrasions.
2. Stand into the wind and blink rapidly: Once out of the smoke cloud, face the clean breeze, hold your arms out from your sides, and blink rapidly so natural tears begin floating the particles out.
3. Flush from the nose outward while leaning forward: Tilt your head forward and sideways (so contaminated wash water drips straight onto the ground rather than running down your neck, chest, and into your groin, where thin skin burns intensely). Pour a steady stream of clean cold water or sterile saline across the open eye starting at the inner corner next to the bridge of the nose and flowing outward across the temple for 5 to 10 minutes.
4. Watch for severe Asthma or COPD bronchospasm: Inhaling CS tear gas or pepper spray triggers violent airway constriction in people with asthma or reactive airway disease. Help them sit upright in fresh air and assist them in using their prescribed albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler (2 to 4 puffs via spacer); if wheezing continues or lips turn blue, call emergency medical services immediately.
5. Cold shower at home (before hot): When you get home, strip off your contaminated clothes inside a garage or bathroom into a sealed plastic bag. Step into a stone-cold shower for the first 5 minutes while leaning your head forward so water does not wash hair residue onto your lower body; taking a hot shower first opens skin pores and reactivates trapped CS crystals, causing a fresh full-body burning sensation.

Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na¶

Sosow sɛgɛsɛgɛra¶

• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (International): First Aid in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations of Violence clinical guidelines for blast injuries, kinetic impact trauma, ocular shielding, and chemical irritant decontamination.
• Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) and International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO) (United States / International): Lethal in Disguise: The Health Consequences of Crowd-Control Weapons and BMJ Open systematic review on mortality and morbidity from kinetic impact projectiles, stun grenades, acoustic weapons, and chemical irritants.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) (United States): Recognizing and Treating Eye Injuries Among Protestors (open globe rupture shielding, traumatic hyphema management, and avoidance of ocular pressure).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (United States): Riot Control Agents (CS, CN, and OC) Medical Management Guidelines and Treatments for Blast Injuries: Ear and Blast Overpressure Trauma.
• National Health Service (NHS) and Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Pre-hospital blast barotrauma, tympanic membrane perforation dry-ear protocols, and thermal burn cooling guidelines.
• World Health Organization (WHO) (International): Emergency trauma care guidelines for blunt thoracic, cranial, and ocular trauma.

Gafe minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la¶

• Sivilɛw ka ɲagami
• Jamaba ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ ani ka sɛgɛn ka kisi
• Ɲɛ joginw
• Kungolo joginw