Go phatsima ga modumo, thulano ya motsamao, le thuso ya potlako ya kgobalo ya go phatlalala ga boidiidi¶

Ka nako ya dikhuduego tsa baagi, ditshupetso tsa setšhaba, kgotsa ditiro tsa go gasaganya boidiidi tsa tiragatso ya molao, batho ba ba lebileng, babegadikgang, bangaka, le baagi ba ka nna le dibetsa tse di farologaneng tsa taolo ya boidiidi (gantsi di tlhaolwa ke mekgatlho ya kalafi le ya ditshwanelo tsa batho jaaka "dibetsa tse di sa bolayeng thata"). Didiriswa tseno di akaretsa dithunya tsa thulano ya go tsamaya (KIPs) tse di jaaka dikolo tsa rabara, dikolo tsa foam baton, dikolo tsa beanbag, le dibomo tsa sepontšhe; dibomo tsa go thunya tsa go thunya (di-flashbang) le dibomo tsa go thunya; didiriswa tsa modumo wa sekgala se seleele (LRADs / dikanono tsa modumo); le dilo tse di tenang tsa dikhemikhale (gase ya dikeledi / CS, seporei sa pepere / OC, le dibolo tsa pepere).

Le fa go na le lereo le le reng "go sa bolaye thata," dithutopatlisiso tsa kalafi tse di sekasekilweng ke balekane tse di gatisitsweng mo go BMJ le The New England Journal of Medicine di bontsha gore dithunya tse di thulanang le didirisiwa tsa go thunya di baka dikgobalo tse di masisi, tse di ka tsenyang botshelo mo kotsing fa di le gaufi: go thubega ga legata le le bulegileng kgotsa go thubega ga legata le le bulegileng, go tswa madi, go phunyega ga lera la tympanic (eardropa) ka ntlha ya kgatelelo e e feteletseng ya go thunya ga modumo, le go fisiwa go go tseneletseng ga metal-oxide ya mogote. Go itse go ntsha motho yo o gobetseng mo moleng wa molelo, go sireletsa bolo ya leitlho e e thubegileng kwantle ga go dirisa kgatelelo, go alafa go fisiwa ke go thunya ga flashbang kgotsa go thubega ga moropa wa tsebe, le go tlhatswa dilo tse di tenang tsa dikhemikale ka tsela e e babalesegileng go thibela bogole jwa sennelaruri le go boloka matshelo.

Dira se jaanong¶

1. Sutisa motho yo o gobetseng ka fa thoko go tswa mo moleng wa molelo le go tlhatlosa phefo ka bonako: Pele o leka tlhokomelo e e tseneletseng ya ntho, kaela kgotsa rwala motho yo o gobetseng ka fa thoko go tswa mo phashiting ya mmila ka fa morago ga sekhurumetso se se tiileng se se thata (jaaka sekhutlo sa kago sa konkoreite kgotsa lebota la matlapa) mme he **a gase sink into low doorways and subway stairs.
2. Leletsa nomoro ya gago ya tshoganyetso ya selegae ka bonako fa o ka ama tlhogo, sehuba, molala, kgotsa matlho: Letsa 911 kwa United States le Canada, 112 go ralala Kopano ya Yuropa, 999 kwa United Kingdom, kgotsa 000 kwa Australia. Lerumo la rabara kgotsa sediko sa kgetsi ya dinawa se se itayang tlhogo, molala, kgotsa sehuba se ka baka go dutla madi a a bolayang mo teng ga tlhogo, go phutlhama ga tsela ya mowa, kgotsa go ema ga pelo (commotio cordis) le fa letlalo la kwa ntle le sa thubega. Bona tsa rona lenaane la dinomoro tsa maemo a tshoganyetso.
3. O se ka wa ama, wa tobetsa, kgotsa wa gotlha leitlho le le iteilweng ke sethunya kgotsa go thunya: Fa lerumo la raba, bolo ya pente/pepere, kgotsa karolwana ya flashbang e itaya leitlho kgotsa modikologo, O SE KE wa dirisa kgatelelo e e tlhamaletseng mo leitlhong mme O SE KE wa leka go ntsha dikarolwana tse di kgomaretseng tsa leitlho. Khurumetsa leitlho le le sireletsang jaaka dome kgotsa botlase jwa kopi e e phepa ya pampiri e e bofilweng mo godimo ga phatla e e nang le marapo le lerama) mme o khurumetse leitlho le le sa gobelang mmogo le go emisa go tshikhinyega ga leitlho ka kutlwelobotlhoko ka nako ya go tsamaisiwa kwa bookelong.
4. Le ka motlha o se ke wa raga, wa tsaya, kgotsa wa tshela metsi mo flashbang e e gogang kgotsa mo setshoding sa gase e e tshololang dikeledi: Dibomo tsa go tlhobaetsa tsa Pyrotechnic le ditshedi tsa gase e e tshololang dikeledi tsa mofuta wa sesole di fisa ditšhatšhe tsa magnesiamo kgotsa aluminiamo-perchlorate tse di mo teng ka didikirii tsa Celsium di le 1 000 go ya go 2 700 (1 000 go ya go 2 700 Celsius,400). Fahrenheit) mme e ka thunya go thunya ga bobedi go go kgaolang menwana kgotsa maoto. Kgatoga ka bonako; fa diaparo di tshwara molelo, Ema, Latlhela, le go Bidikama kgotsa go hupetsa dikgabo ka jase e e bokete, go tswa foo letlalo le le tsidifetseng le tuka ka metsi a a elelang metsotso e le 20.
5. Boloka metsi, sesepa, le menwana KWANTLE ga tsebe e e dutlang madi kgotsa e e lelang morago ga go thunya ga flashbang: Fa sethunya sa go tlhobaetsa se thunya gaufi le tlhogo ya mongwe, lekhubu la go tshoga la di-decibel di le 170 go ya go di le 180 gantsi le thuba moropa wa tsebe (lera la tympanic). Le ka motlha o se tsenye marothodi, metsi kgotsa di-cotton swab mo moseleng wa tsebe. Beya ka bonolo sethibela gauze se se sa gagamalang, se se omileng se se senang megare mo tsebeng e e kwa ntle go tshwara madi kgotsa seeledi se se phepa mme o batle tlhokomelo ya kalafi ka bonako.
6. Tlhatswa gase e e tshololang dikeledi kgotsa seporei sa pepere ka metsi a a tsididi a a tlwaelegileng kgotsa saline (tlola mashi le di-antacid mo dinthong tse di bulegileng): Sutela kwa moweng o o phepa, sekama kwa pele gore metsi a a elelang a se ka a tlhapa go ya kwa tlase mo matlhong kgotsa mo sehubeng, mme o tlhatswe matlho go tswa mo sekhutlong se se ka fa teng (gaufi le nko) go ya kwa ntle o dirisa brister coldline e e tlwaelegileng metsi**. Le ka motlha o se ke wa tshela mashi, shampoo ya masea, kgotsa seokobatsi se se metsi se se thibelang asiti mo leitlhong le le lone le nang le go segwa, go kgotlhokgolwa kgotsa go gobetse ka sethunya.

flowchart TD
    A["Go Gobala ga Boidiidi"] --> B["Sutisa kgobalo ka fa thoko ka fa morago ga khurumetso e e thata le phefo go ya kwa lefelong le le babalesegileng"]
    B --> C{"Mokgwa wa konokono wa go gobala ke ofe?"}
    C -->|"Thulano ya Dithunya tsa Kinetic (Lerumo la Rabara, Kgetsana ya Dinawa, Sepontšhe se se Kgolokwe)"| D{"Ke kgaolo efe ya mmele e e neng ya itewa?"}
    C -->|"Go Thunya ga Phatsimo / Go Thunya ga Modumo kgotsa LRAD ya Modumo"| E{"A go na le go fisiwa ke mogote, go tswa madi mo tsebeng kgotsa go tswa madi?"}
    C -->|"Dikhemikhale tse di Tenang Fela (Gase ya Dikeledi CS / Seporei sa Pepere OC)"| F["Apola llaga e e kgotletsweng ya kwa ntle, panya matlho mo phefong e e phepa, mme o tlhatswe matlho go tswa kwa teng go ya kwa ntle ka metsi a a tlwaelegileng kgotsa ka letswai"]
    D -->|"Tlhogo, Molala, Sehuba kgotsa Mpa"| G["Leletsa ditirelo tsa tshoganyetso ka bonako: ela tlhoko tsela ya mowa/go hema mme o lebelele go dutla madi mo teng kgotsa go thunya"]
    D -->|"Leitlho kgotsa Modikologo"| H["Kgatelelo ya lefela mo leitlhong: theipa thebe ya kopi ya pampiri e e gagametseng mo godimo ga sokete ya marapo mme o khurumetse matlho ka bobedi"]
    D -->|"Go Kgaoga ga Leoto kgotsa Kgolokwe e e Tsenngwang"| I["Laola go dutla madi ka mogala o o tiileng/kgatelelo e e tlhamaletseng kwantle ga go kgoromeletsa thuntsho e e tsenngwang kwa teng"]
    E -->|"Go Fisiwa ke Mogote go tswa mo Kaniseteng kgotsa Folasheng"| J["Tsidifatsa go fisiwa ka metsi a a elelang a a phepa metsotso e le 20 mme o khurumetse ka tsela e e sa gagamalang ka sephuthelo se se kgomarelang se se nang le megare kgotsa seaparo se se sa kgomareleng"]
    E -->|"Moropa wa Tsebe o o Thubegileng (Bosusu, Go Letsa, Go Tswa Madi mo Tsebeng)"| K["Boloka mosele wa tsebe o omile 100% (go se na marothodi kgotsa metsi), khurumetsa tsebe e e kwa ntle ka tsela e e sa gagamalang ka gauze e e omileng, mme o tlhole gore a ga e a thunya"]

Thulaganyo ya go tlhaola: dibetsa tsa go gasaganya boidiidi le diphethene tse di rileng tsa dikgobalo¶

Go tlhaloganya mokgwa wa mmele wa sediriswa sengwe le sengwe sa go gasaganya boidiidi go letla batho ba ba tsibogelang pele le ba ba lebileng go batla dikgobalo tse di fitlhegileng tsa ka fa teng tse go leng bonolo go di foswa mo tikologong e e tlhakatlhakaneng ya mo mebileng.

Step 1: Treating Kinetic Impact Projectile (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag) injuries¶

A widespread myth is that "rubber bullets" are made of soft, bouncy rubber like a child's toy ball. In reality, many kinetic impact projectiles consist of a solid steel, lead, or aluminum core coated in a thin 2-millimeter layer of hard vulcanized rubber or dense polyurethane foam, while 12-gauge "beanbag" rounds consist of a Kevlar fabric pillow packed with 40 grams (1.4 ounces) of #9 lead birdshot fired from a shotgun at 70 to 90 meters per second (230 to 300 feet per second).

When fired from short range, or when a projectile ricochets off asphalt pavement and tumbles edge-on into a bystander, the concentrated kinetic energy slices straight through skin, shatters bone, and embeds the projectile (along with dirty fabric from the victim's clothing) deep inside muscle or body cavities.

1. Ocular trauma: when a projectile or pepper ball hits the eye¶

Medical reviews show that eye impacts from kinetic projectiles carry one of the highest rates of permanent disability in crowd dispersal settings, frequently rupturing the eyeball (open globe injury), detaching the retina, or filling the anterior chamber with blood (traumatic hyphema).

Immediate eye trauma protocol: - Recognize an Open Globe Injury: Look (without touching or pulling on the eyelids) for a teardrop-shaped or irregular pupil, blood pooling inside the colored iris (hyphema), dark jelly-like tissue protruding from the white of the eye, a flattened or collapsed appearance of the eyeball, or sudden loss of vision ("everything went black or red"). - Apply ZERO pressure to the eyeball: Never press a gauze pad against a struck eye, and never pour high-pressure water or homemade antacid mixtures into an eye that has suffered blunt impact. Pressing on a lacerated eyeball squeezes the vitreous humor out of the eye, causing irreversible blindness. - Construct an improvised rigid eye shield: If you do not have a military aluminum Fox Eye Shield, take a clean disposable paper or foam drinking cup, cut or tear the bottom half off so it is 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) tall, and tape the rim of the cup over the bony brow ridge above the eye and the bony cheekbone below the eye so nothing touches the eyelid or eyeball itself. - Khurumetsa leitlho le le sa gobetseng le lone (Bilateral Patching): Matlho a motho a kopantswe mmogo ka methapo (motsamao wa leitlho le le kopaneng ka tumalano): nako le nako fa leitlho la gago le le siameng la molema le tlhotlhora go leba bathusi ba kalafi kgotsa dipone tsa mo mebileng, leitlho la gago le le gobetseng la moja le tsamaya ka go tshwana mo teng ga sokete ya lone e e thubegileng. Go bipa leitlho le le molemo ka gauze ka bonolo go ritibatsa matlho ka bobedi fa o ntse o kaela motho ka letsogo go ya kwa ambulenseng. - Position upright at 30 go ya go 45 degrees: Boloka molwetse a ntse a tlhamaletse (a se ke a rapama a le sephaphathi mme a se ke a oba tlhogo) mme o mo laele go se gotlhole, go foka nko, kgotsa go gagamala, se se tlhatlosang kgatelelo ya mo teng ga matlho. Bona dintlha tsa rona eye injuries first aid guide.

2. Head, neck, and facial impacts¶

A 40-millimeter foam baton or rubber bullet striking the forehead, temple, jaw, or neck delivers enough blunt force to fracture the skull, crush the larynx (voicebox), or dissect the carotid artery.

• Airway first on neck hits: A projectile striking the front of the throat can fracture the thyroid or cricoid cartilage, causing rapid internal swelling that blocks the airway within 10 to 20 minutes. If someone struck in the neck develops a hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing saliva, noisy high-pitched breathing (stridor), or bubbling/crunching under the skin of the neck (subcutaneous emphysema), call emergency services immediately and keep them sitting upright leaning slightly forward.
• Screen for Intracranial Bleeds: Anyone struck in the head who loses consciousness (even for 3 seconds), vomits, becomes confused, develops unequal pupils, has clear fluid or blood dripping from the nose or ears, or experiences a worsening headache requires immediate emergency room CT imaging. See our head injuries guide.

3. Chest and abdominal blunt trauma (and embedded projectiles)¶

• Never pull out an embedded rubber bullet or beanbag round: At ranges under 15 meters (50 feet), 40-millimeter sponge rounds and 12-gauge lead-shot beanbags regularly punch right through the skin and lodge inside the chest wall, abdomen, or thigh. Treat an embedded projectile exactly like an impaled knife blade: pulling it out in the street can uncork a torn artery. Leave it in place, pack clean gauze around the edges to stabilize it, and transport to a trauma surgeon. (Note for ER doctors: 12-gauge beanbag rounds contain lead birdshot that can rupture open inside the wound, requiring X-ray confirmation that all lead pellets and fabric wadding are surgically removed.)
• Watch for Delayed Internal Bleeding (Spleen, Liver, and Lung): A person struck in the lower ribs or stomach by a baton round often walks away thinking they only have a nasty purple bruise, only to collapse 2 hours later at home from a ruptured spleen, lacerated liver, or tension pneumothorax (collapsed lung). Seek urgent hospital evaluation after any torso impact if the person develops shortness of breath, sharp pain when taking a deep breath, pain radiating to the tip of the left shoulder (Kehr's sign of blood irritating the diaphragm from a ruptured spleen), pale clammy skin, dizziness when standing up, or a rigid, tender abdomen.

Step 2: Treating Flashbang (Stun Grenade) and Acoustic Blast injuries¶

A flashbang (stun grenade) is an explosive device originally designed for military hostage-rescue room entries, not open street crowds. Yet when deployed into dense crowds, a flashbang detonates with an overpressure shockwave of 170 to 185 decibels (more than 1,000 times the acoustic pressure threshold that ruptures human ear structures), a blinding 6-to-8-million-candela light flash, and an intense fireball fuelled by metallic magnesium or aluminum powder.

1. Primary Blast Injury: Ruptured Eardrums (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) and Blast Concussion¶

When a flashbang or concussion grenade detonates within 1 to 5 meters (3 to 16 feet) of a person, the supersonic blast wave slams into the skull and external ear canal:

• Signs of a Ruptured Eardrum: Sudden sharp ear pain at the moment of the blast followed by immediate muffled hearing or deafness on that side, loud roaring or high-pitched ringing (tinnitus), severe spinning dizziness (vertigo and loss of balance from inner-ear semicircular canal shock), and bright red blood or clear/pinkish fluid draining from the ear canal.
• Strict First Aid Rules for Blast Ear Trauma:
  1. Keep the ear canal 100 percent DRY: Never flush a blast-injured ear with water, saline, or eyewash when washing off tear gas. If a person has a perforated eardrum from a flashbang and someone pours contaminated tear-gas wash water down their ear canal, bacteria and CS chemical crystals enter the middle ear space directly, causing severe middle-ear infections (otitis media) and intense pain.
  2. Never plug the inside of a bleeding ear canal tightly: If clear fluid or watery blood is trickling out of the ear after a blast or head strike, it may contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a basilar skull fracture. Never jam cotton balls or earplugs into a bleeding ear canal. Instead, tape a sterile, dry gauze pad loosely over the outside of the ear so fluids can drain freely onto the pad, and seek emergency medical evaluation. (Most clean blast eardrum perforations heal on their own over 4 to 8 weeks if kept completely dry, while larger tears require an ENT specialist patch or tympanoplasty.)

2. Secondary and Tertiary Flashbang Trauma: Shrapnel and Magnesium Thermal Burns¶

Although stun grenades are designed so the heavy steel top and bottom sub-munitions stay intact while gas vents through side holes, modern lightweight composite/plastic-bodied flashbangs and pyrotechnic smoke grenades frequently shatter upon detonation, propelling razor-sharp fragments of burning plastic, metal pins, and hot chemical slag outward at ballistic speeds:

• Cooling Flashbang and Canister Thermal Burns: If a flashbang detonates against someone's leg, backpack, or coat, or if someone accidentally brushes against a 500-degree-Celsius (932-degree-Fahrenheit) tear gas canister:
  1. Extinguish any burning synthetic clothing immediately (synthetic nylon or polyester jackets melt into hot sticky tar; strip off smoldering outer garments if not melted into the skin).
  2. Gently brush off any loose dry powder residue, then flood the burn with cool, clean running water for a full 20 minutes (never use ice, butter, toothpaste, or baking soda paste on a burn).
  3. Cover the cooled burn loosely with clean plastic kitchen cling film (laid flat, not wrapped tightly around a swelling limb) or a sterile non-stick dressing and go to a hospital burn or emergency unit.

3. Defending against Long-Range Acoustic Devices (LRADs / Sound Cannons)¶

When an LRAD (Long-Range Acoustic Device) activates its high-pitched deterrent tone, it projects a tightly focused beam of 2,000-to-4,000-hertz sound energy at 135 to 162 decibels. Because decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale, every 10-decibel increase multiplies acoustic energy by 10-fold: 150 decibels is 1,000 times more intense than a 120-decibel rock concert or ambulance siren, causing immediate mechanical shearing of the delicate stereocilia hair cells inside the inner ear cochlea within seconds.

Step 3: Safe decontamination of Tear Gas (CS) and Pepper Spray (OC) alongside wounds¶

When a person has both an open physical wound (such as a scrape, laceration, or ruptured eardrum) AND heavy chemical irritant contamination (CS tear gas or OC / PAVA pepper spray), your decontamination technique must avoid poisoning the open wound.

How to flush eyes and skin without spreading chemical crystals downward¶

1. Do NOT rub your eyes: CS tear gas is not actually a gas; it is a fine aerosol cloud of microscopic solid crystalline particles (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) with tiny sharp edges. Rubbing your eyes grinds those crystals straight into your cornea, causing painful corneal abrasions.
2. Stand into the wind and blink rapidly: Once out of the smoke cloud, face the clean breeze, hold your arms out from your sides, and blink rapidly so natural tears begin floating the particles out.
3. Flush from the nose outward while leaning forward: Tilt your head forward and sideways (so contaminated wash water drips straight onto the ground rather than running down your neck, chest, and into your groin, where thin skin burns intensely). Pour a steady stream of clean cold water or sterile saline across the open eye starting at the inner corner next to the bridge of the nose and flowing outward across the temple for 5 to 10 minutes.
4. Watch for severe Asthma or COPD bronchospasm: Inhaling CS tear gas or pepper spray triggers violent airway constriction in people with asthma or reactive airway disease. Help them sit upright in fresh air and assist them in using their prescribed albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler (2 to 4 puffs via spacer); if wheezing continues or lips turn blue, call emergency medical services immediately.
5. Cold shower at home (before hot): When you get home, strip off your contaminated clothes inside a garage or bathroom into a sealed plastic bag. Step into a stone-cold shower for the first 5 minutes while leaning your head forward so water does not wash hair residue onto your lower body; taking a hot shower first opens skin pores and reactivates trapped CS crystals, causing a fresh full-body burning sensation.

Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa¶

Metswedi e tlhotlhomisitswe¶

• Komiti ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Sefapaano se Sehibidu (ICRC) le Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mekgatlho ya Sefapaano se Sehibidu le Kgwedi e Khibidu (IFRC) (Boditšhabatšhaba): Thuso ya Ntlha mo Dintweng tsa Dibetsa le Maemo a mangwe a Tirisodikgoka dikaelo tsa kalafi tsa dikgobalo tsa go thunya, go utlwa botlhoko ka ntlha ya go thunya ga dikhemikhale, go sireletsa matlho ka dikhemikhale.
• Dingaka tsa Ditshwanelo tsa Batho (PHR) le Neteweke ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mekgatlho ya Dikgololesego tsa Baagi (INCLO) (United States / Boditšhabatšhaba): Go Bolaya ka go Ikgakanya: Ditlamorago tsa Boitekanelo tsa Dibetsa tsa go Laola Boidiidi le BMJ Open tshekatsheko e e rulagantsweng ya dintsho le malwetse a a amang, diporojeke tsa kinetic we dilo tse di tenang tsa dikhemikhale.
• Sekolo sa Amerika sa Kalafi ya Matlho (AAO) (United States): Go Lemoga le go Alafa Dikgobalo tsa Matlho mo Badiragatsing (go sireletsa go thubega ga kgolokwe e e bulegileng, go laola hyphema e e utlwisang botlhoko, le go tila kgatelelo ya matlho).
• Disenthara tsa Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC) le Setheo sa Bosetšhaba sa Pabalesego le Boitekanelo mo Tirong (NIOSH) (United States): Dikaelo tsa Taolo ya Kalafi tsa Baemedi ba ba Laolang Dikhuduego (CS, CN, le OC) le Dikalafi tsa Dikgobalo tsa go Thunya: Kgatelelo e e Feteletseng ya Tsebe le ya go Thunya.
• Tirelo ya Bosetšhaba ya Boitekanelo (NHS) le Legoro la Tlhokomelo ya Pele ga Bookelo, Kholetšhe ya Bogosi ya Dingaka tsa go Ara ya Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Barotrauma ya go thunya pele ga bookelo, diporothokholo tsa tsebe e e omileng ya go phunya lera la tympanic, le dikaelo tsa go tsidifatsa ka go fisiwa ke mogote.
• Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo (WHO) (Boditšhabatšhaba): Dikaelo tsa tlhokomelo ya kgobalo ya tshoganyetso ya kgobalo e e bogale ya sehuba, ya tlhogo, le ya matlho.

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang¶

• Dikhuduego tsa selegae
• Go thubaganngwa ke boidiidi le go falola go thulana
• Dikgobalo tsa matlho
• Dikgobalo tsa tlhogo