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Acoustic flashbang, ingaruka za kinetic, hamwe no gukomeretsa imbaga ubufasha bwambere

Imibare yihutirwa itandukanye nigihugu. Uru rupapuro rukoresha 911, umubare kuri Amerika na Kanada. Ibindi bihugu byinshi bikoresha 112, 999, cyangwa undi mubare. Shakisha umubare wigihugu cyawe.

Mu gihe cy'imvururu z’abaturage, imyigaragambyo rusange, cyangwa ibikorwa byo gukwirakwiza imbaga y’abantu, abari aho, abanyamakuru, abaganga, ndetse n’abaturage bashobora guhura n’intwaro zitandukanye zo kugenzura imbaga (akenshi zishyirwa mu nzego z’ubuvuzi n’uburenganzira bwa muntu nk '"intwaro zica"). Ibi bikoresho birimo ** kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) ** nk'amasasu ya reberi, uruziga rw'ibibabi, uruziga rw'ibishyimbo, na grenade ya sponge; ** ibisasu biturika pyrotechnic stun grenade (flashbangs) ** na grenade zo guhungabana; ** ibikoresho birebire bya acoustic (LRADs / ibisasu byijwi) **; na ** imiti itera imiti (gaz amarira / CS, pepper spray / OC, nudupira twa pepper) **.

Nubwo ijambo "ridahitana abantu benshi", ubushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi bwasuzumwe n’urungano rwasohowe muri * BMJ * na * Ikinyamakuru cyitwa New England Journal of Medicine * cyerekana ko ingaruka ziterwa na kinetic n’ibikoresho bya pyrotechnic bitera ibikomere bikabije, byangiza ubuzima ku buryo bwa hafi: kuvunika amaso ku isi, kuvunika igihanga, kuva mu nda ya thoracic cyangwa mu nda, guturika kwa metero nini ya acide; yaka. Kumenya kuvana umuntu wakomeretse kumurongo wumuriro, gukingira ijisho ryamenetse udashyizeho igitutu, kuvura flashbang yatwitse cyangwa guturika kwa eardrum, no gusohora imiti itera imiti irinda ubumuga buhoraho kandi ikiza ubuzima.

Kora ubu

  1. ** Kwimura uwakomeretse kuruhande rwumuriro hanyuma ugahita uzamuka **: Mbere yo kugerageza kuvura ibikomere birambuye, bayobora cyangwa utware uwakomeretse kuruhande rwumuhanda wumuhanda inyuma yumupfundikizo ukomeye (nkimfuruka yinyubako ya beto cyangwa urukuta rwa masonry) na ** kuzamuka / kuzamuka ** kure yibicu biremereye bya gaze amarira, byinjira mumiryango yo hasi no kuntambwe za metero.
  2. ** Hamagara nimero yawe yihutirwa ako kanya kugirango ubone umutwe, igituza, ijosi, cyangwa amaso *: Hamagara 911 muri Amerika na Kanada, 112 hirya no hino mubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, 999 mu Bwongereza, cyangwa 000 muri Ositaraliya. Isasu rya reberi cyangwa umufuka wibishyimbo bikubita umutwe, ijosi, cyangwa igituza birashobora gutera kuva amaraso munda yica, guhumeka umwuka, cyangwa gufatwa numutima ( commotio cordis *) nubwo uruhu rwinyuma rutavunitse. Reba ibyacu ububiko bwihutirwa.
  3. ** Ntukigere ukoraho, gukanda, cyangwa gukanda ijisho ryakubiswe nigisasu cyangwa guturika **: Niba isasu rya rubber, umupira wamabara / pepper, cyangwa flashbang igice cyakubise ijisho cyangwa orbit, ** NTIBIKORESHEJE igitutu ijisho kandi ntugerageze gukuramo ibice byafunzwe. impuhwe zijisho ryijisho mugihe cyo gutwara ibitaro.
  4. ** Ntuzigere utera, gufata, cyangwa gusuka amazi kuri flashbang itumura cyangwa gaze ya gaze ya ** Hita uhita; niba imyenda ifashe umuriro, ** Hagarika, Tera, na Roll ** cyangwa ikongeje umuriro hamwe n'ikote riremereye, noneho uruhu rukonje rwaka n'amazi atemba muminota 20.
  5. ** Bika amazi, isabune, n'intoki HANZE ugutwi kuva amaraso cyangwa gutontoma nyuma yo guturika kwa flashbang **: Niba grenade itangaje iturika hafi yumutwe wumuntu, shokwave ya 170-180-ya-decibel yakunze guturika ugutwi (tympanic membrane). Ntuzigere ushyira ibitonyanga, amazi, cyangwa ipamba mumatwi. Shyira gahoro gahoro yumye ya sterile yumye hejuru yugutwi kwinyuma kugirango ufate amaraso cyangwa amazi meza hanyuma ushakire ubuvuzi bwihutirwa.
  6. ** Kwanduza gaz amarira cyangwa pepper spray ukoresheje amazi akonje cyangwa saline (simbuka amata na antacide ku bikomere byafunguye) **: Himura mu kirere cyiza, wegamire imbere kugirango amazi atogeje mumaso cyangwa mu ruhago, hanyuma uhumure amaso uva mu mfuruka y'imbere (hafi yizuru) hanze ukoresheje umugezi wihuse wa ** saline isanzwe cyangwa amazi meza yo kunywa **. Ntuzigere usuka amata, shampoo yumwana, cyangwa antacide yamazi mumaso nayo ifite gukata, gukuramo, cyangwa gukomeretsa.

Danger

** Niba umuntu yakubise hagati yigituza akoresheje isasu rya reberi, ifuro ya baton yuzuye, cyangwa igishyimbo cya beanbag yaguye nta ubwenge mu masegonda, tangira utangire gusa CPR hanyuma uhamagare Automated External Defibrillator (AED). umugozi **). Guhagarika igituza ako kanya (100 kugeza 120 kumunota) hamwe na defibrillation muminota 3 kugeza kuri 5 nibyo byonyine bigarura umutima.

flowchart TD
    A["Imvune Zitatanye Zabantu"] --> B["Himura impanuka nyuma yinyuma yikingira hanyuma uzamuke ahantu hizewe"]
    B --> C{"Ni ubuhe buryo bw'ibanze bwo gukomeretsa?"}
    C -->|"Ingaruka za Kinetic (Rubber Bullet, Beanbag, Sponge Round)"| D{"Ni kihe gice cy'umubiri cyakubiswe?"}
    C -->|"Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Guturika cyangwa LRAD ya Acoustic"| E{"Hariho gutwika ubushyuhe, kuva amaraso, cyangwa shrapnel?"}
    C -->|"Imiti irakaza gusa (Amarira ya gaze CS / Pepper Spray OC)"| F["Kuramo ibice byanduye byanduye, guhumeka umuyaga mushya, hanyuma uhumure amaso imbere-hanze n'amazi meza cyangwa saline"]
    D -->|"Umutwe, Ijosi, Isanduku, cyangwa Inda"| G["Hamagara serivisi zihutirwa ako kanya: ikurikirane inzira yumuyaga / guhumeka hanyuma urebe kuva amaraso imbere cyangwa guhungabana"]
    D -->|"Ijisho cyangwa Orbit"| H["Umuvuduko wa ZERO kumaso: kanda impapuro zikomeye igikombe gikingira hejuru ya bony sock hanyuma utwikire amaso yombi"]
    D -->|"Gukuramo ingingo cyangwa Uruziga"| I["Igenzura kuva amaraso hamwe nimpeta ihamye / igitutu kiziguye udasunitse umushinga wimbitse"]
    E -->|"Gutwika Ubushyuhe bwa Canister cyangwa Flash"| J["Gira ubukonje hamwe n'amazi meza atemba muminota 20 hanyuma utwikirize neza hamwe nigitambaro gifatika cyangwa kwambara udakoni"]
    E -->|"Amatwi yacitse (Ibipfamatwi, Impeta, kuva amaraso)"| K["Komeza umuyoboro wamatwi 100% (nta gitonyanga cyangwa amazi), upfuke ugutwi kwinyuma ukoresheje gaze yumye, hanyuma urebe niba uhungabana"]

Matrix matage: imbaga ikwirakwiza intwaro nuburyo bwihariye bwo gukomeretsa

Gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwimikorere ya buri gikoresho gikwirakwiza imbaga ituma abitabira mbere nababareba bashaka ibikomere byihishe imbere byoroshye kubura mumihanda irimo akajagari.

Icyiciro cy'intwaro Ingero zisanzwe & Mikoranike Umuvuduko wa Muzzle / Ibisohoka Ihahamuka ryibanze & Ingaruka zubuvuzi Amategeko Yambere Yubufasha
** Ibikorwa bya Kinetic Ingaruka (KIP) ** Mm 40 ya sponge kuzunguruka, kuzunguruka ifuro ya kopi, amasasu yometseho reberi, amasasu yimbaho, hamwe nigitambara cya 12 gipima "ibishyimbo" (byuzuyemo garama 40 zishakisha inyoni) ** metero 60 kugeza 100+ / amasegonda (200 kugeza 330+ ft / amasegonda) **; itanga imbaraga zikomeye zingirakamaro (no kwinjira mu ihahamuka iyo irashwe munsi ya metero 10 na 15/33 kugeza kuri 50) ** Umutwe / Isura : Kumeneka kwisi (ubuhumyi buhoraho), kuvunika kwa orbital, kuvunika igihanga cyihebye, kuva amaraso mu bwonko.
 Torso *: Kuvunika urubavu, guhuzagurika kw'ibihaha, guhaha ibihaha, gucamo ururenda / umwijima, * umugozi wa komotio .
 Amaguru **: Kuvunika kuvanze no kuzenguruka		 ** Fata hafi ya KIP ikubita ku mutwe, ijosi, cyangwa umubiri nk'ihungabana rikomeye cyane (nk'amasasu cyangwa umupira wa baseball) **; ntuzigere ukuramo reberi yashizwemo cyangwa igikapu cy'ibishyimbo mu gikomere
** Grenade ziturika (Flashbangs) & Grenade ya Concussion ** Amashanyarazi ya pyrotechnic arimo magnesium / aluminium na ammonium / potassium perchlorate flash poweri yagenewe guturika mu mwobo ** 170 kugeza 185 decibel (dB) ** acoustic blast wave + ** 6,000,000 kugeza 8,000,000 candela ** guhuma flash + ubushyuhe bukabije (> 1.500 C / 2,732 F) ** Igisasu cyibanze : Amatwi yatobotse (tympanic membrane), kunanirwa kwumva burundu kumva, gukomeretsa ubwonko.
 Igisasu cya kabiri : Kwinjira muri plastiki / ibyuma byerekana shrapnel.
 Tertiary **: Byimbitse ya dogere ya 3 ya magnesium yumuriro no gucibwa intoki / ibirenge niba hafi yumubiri		 ** Ntuzigere utora cyangwa ngo utere umugeri. ** Komeza ugutwi kwumye; gukonjesha gukonje hamwe n'amazi muminota 20; kuvura ibikomere bya shrapnel hamwe nigitutu kiziguye
** Amashanyarazi ya Pyrotechnic Amarira (CS / CN Grenade Yumwotsi) ** Amabuye y'icyuma yirukana umwotsi utera imiti utwika amavuta ya pyrotechnic imbere mumasegonda 30 kugeza 90 Umubiri wa Canister ushyushye kuri ** 400 kugeza 600+ C (750 kugeza 1,100+ F) **; icyuma kiremereye niba kirashwe kuri 37/40 mm Guhuza cyane birashya niba byakozwe ku ntoki; Ingaruka itaziguye itera igihanga cyica cyangwa kuvunika mumaso; umwotsi mwinshi utera bronchospasm ikaze hamwe no guhumeka ahantu hafunze ** Ntuzigere ukora ku isafuriya ishyushye idafite gants yo mu rwego rwo hejuru yo gusudira **; ntugateze umutego unywa itabi munsi yindobo ya plastiki aho umuvuduko wa gaze ushobora guturika
** Ibikoresho birebire bya Acoustic (LRADs / Cannons Ijwi) ** Icyerekezo cya acoustique cyerekanwe kumodoka cyangwa trapode zisohora imirongo yibanda cyane (2000 kugeza 4000 Hz, aho ugutwi kwabantu kwumva cyane) ** 135 kugeza 162 decibel (dB) ** kuri metero 1 (imbago yububabare bwabantu ni 120-130 dB; kwangirika kwimashini yimbere-ugutwi bibaho kuri 140+ dB) Ihahamuka rikabije rya acoustic, kwangirika kwama cochlear umusatsi-selile, tinnitus igabanya ubukana, vertibular vertigo, isesemi, gutakaza uburimbane, na migraine ** Intambwe ikurikiraho uva mucyerekezo kigufi cya dogere 15 kugeza kuri 30 ya cone ** ako kanya (kwimuka kuruhande bigabanya ubukana bwijwi kuri 20 kugeza 30 dB); shyira amatwi ushikamye hamwe n'amatwi menshi
** Imipira ya Pepper & Paintball Marker Round ** Umwanya wa pulasitike ushyizwemo wuzuye ifu ya capsaicin (PAVA / OC) yajugunywe mu kirere gifunga ikirere ** metero 85 kugeza 110 / amasegonda (280 kugeza 360 ft / amasegonda) ** Ingaruka y'amaso itaziguye itera hyphema ako kanya (kuva amaraso imbere yijisho), kwimura lens, cyangwa guturika kwisi, byongewemo na capsaicine yimiti yaka imbere yuruhu rwuguruye. Reba neza ibikomere by'amaso ubanza mbere yo koza; oza uruhu ruzengurutse n'amazi akonje udasukuye ifu ya capsaicin cyane mumashanyarazi yamenetse

Intambwe ya 1: Kuvura ibikomere bya Kinetic (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag) ibikomere

Umugani ukwirakwira cyane ni uko "amasasu ya rubber" akozwe mu cyuma cyoroshye, kijimye nk'umupira w'igikinisho cy'umwana. Mubyukuri, ibisasu byinshi bya kinetic bigizwe na ** ibyuma bikomeye, isasu, cyangwa intoki ya aluminiyumu ** yometse kumurongo muto wa milimetero 2 ya rubber ikomeye cyangwa polyurethane yuzuye ifuro, mugihe uruziga rwa gipima 12 "igishyimbo" kigizwe n umusego wigitambara cya Kevlar wuzuyemo garama 40 40 (1.4 ounci) kuri # 90 isasu ryamasasu kuri 70.

Iyo wirukanwe mu ntera ngufi, cyangwa iyo umushinga wa ricochets uva kuri kaburimbo ya asfalt hanyuma ugahita ugwa hafi yabari bahari, ingufu za kinetic yibanze zigabanya uruhu, zimenagura amagufwa, kandi zinjiza igisasu (hamwe nigitambara cyanduye kiva mumyenda yuwahohotewe) imbere mumitsi cyangwa mumyanya yumubiri.

1. Ihahamuka rya Ocular: iyo umupira cyangwa urusenda ukubita ijisho

Isuzuma ryubuvuzi ryerekana ko ** ingaruka zamaso ziterwa na kinetic zitwara kimwe mubipimo byinshi byubumuga buhoraho ahantu hatatanye imbaga , bikunze guturika ijisho ( gukomeretsa isi yose ), gutandukanya retina, cyangwa kuzuza icyumba cyimbere amaraso ( traumatic hyphema **).

** Amasezerano yo guhahamuka ako kanya: ** - ** Menya gukomeretsa isi yose : Reba (udakoraho cyangwa ngo ukurure ku gitsike) ku munyeshuri umeze nk'amarira cyangwa udasanzwe, amaraso yuzuye imbere muri iris y'amabara ( hyphema **), imyenda yijimye imeze nka jelly yijimye kuva mumaso yera, ijisho risa neza cyangwa ryaguye mumaso, "cyangwa ibintu byose byirabura cyangwa bitukura." - ** Koresha igitutu cya ZERO kumaso yijisho **: Ntuzigere ukanda pase ya gaze kumaso yakubiswe, kandi ntuzigere usuka amazi yumuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa imiti ivanze na antacide yakozwe mumaso wagize ingaruka mbi. Kanda kumaso yijisho ryakubise urwenya vitreous mumaso, bitera ubuhumyi budasubirwaho. - ** Wubake ingabo ikingira ijisho **: Niba udafite umusirikare wa aluminium Fox Eye Shield, fata igikarabiro gisukuye ** impapuro cyangwa igikombe cyo kunywa cya kopi **, gabanya cyangwa ushishimure igice cyo hasi kugirango gifite uburebure bwa santimetero 4 (santimetero 1.5), hanyuma ukande uruziga rw'igikombe hejuru yumusozi wa ** bony brow hejuru yijisho cyangwa ijisho ryamagufwa munsi yijisho rya **. - ** Gupfukirana ijisho ridakomeretse (Patching Bilateral) : Amaso yumuntu ahujwe hamwe na neurologiya hamwe ( guhuza amaso ya conjugate ijisho **): burigihe burigihe ijisho ryibumoso ryibumoso ryerekeje hirya no hino kugirango ubone inkeragutabara cyangwa amatara yo kumuhanda, ijisho ryiburyo ryakomeretse rigenda kimwe imbere yumutwe waryo, gusya amagufwa ya orbital cyangwa kuvunika ingirangingo. Gupfuka witonze ijisho ryiza na gaze bituza amaso yombi mugihe uyobora umuntu ukuboko kuri ambulance. - ** Shyira uhagaze kuri dogere 30 kugeza kuri 45 **: Komeza umurwayi yicare neza (ntuzigere uryama neza kandi ntuzigere wunama umutwe) hanyuma ubategeke ** kudakorora, guhuha izuru, cyangwa kunaniza **, bitera umuvuduko w'amaraso. Reba ibisobanuro birambuye ibikomere by'amaso ubuyobozi bwambere bufasha.

2. Ingaruka z'umutwe, ijosi, no mumaso

Imashini ya milimetero 40 cyangwa isasu rya reberi ikubita uruhanga, urusengero, urwasaya, cyangwa ijosi bitanga imbaraga zihagije zo kuvunika igihanga, kumenagura umunwa (agasanduku k'ijwi), cyangwa gutandukanya imiyoboro y'amaraso.

  • ** Inzira ya mbere ku ijosi ikubita : Igisasu gikubita imbere yu muhogo kirashobora kuvunika tiroyide cyangwa cricoid karitsiye, bigatera kubyimba byihuse imbere bikabuza umwuka mu minota 10 kugeza kuri 20. Niba umuntu yakubiswe ijosi akura ijwi ritontoma, ingorane zo kumira amacandwe, urusaku rwinshi rwo guhumeka neza ( stridor ), cyangwa kubyimba / gutobora munsi yuruhu rw ijosi ( subcutaneous emphysema **), hamagara ubutabazi bwihuse hanyuma ukomeze wicare neza wunamye imbere gato.
  • ** Mugaragaza kumaraso ava munda **: Umuntu wese wakubise mumutwe wataye ubwenge (niyo yamasegonda 3), kuruka, guhinduka urujijo, guteza imbere abanyeshuri batangana, afite amazi meza cyangwa amaraso atemba ava mumazuru cyangwa mumatwi, cyangwa guhura nuburibwe bwumutwe bisaba icyumba cyihutirwa cya CT. Reba ibyacu ubuyobozi bwo gukomeretsa mu mutwe.

3. Isanduku yo mu nda no mu nda ihungabana (kandi yashyizwemo ibisasu)

  • ** Ntuzigere ukuramo isasu rya rubber ryashyizwemo cyangwa umufuka wibishyimbo **: Ku ntera iri munsi ya metero 15 (metero 50), uruziga rwa milimetero 40 za sponge hamwe na 12-gauge-isasu-isasu ryibishyimbo bya buri gihe bikubita mu ruhu hanyuma bikarara mu rukuta rw'igituza, inda, cyangwa ikibero. Fata igisasu cyashyizwemo neza nkicyuma kimanitswe: kuyikuramo mumuhanda birashobora gukuramo imiyoboro yacitse. Kurekera aho, gupakira gaze isukuye kumpande kugirango uyihagarike, hanyuma ujyane kubaga ihahamuka. .
  • ** Reba amaraso yatinze imbere (Spleen, Umwijima, n ibihaha) **: Umuntu yakubiswe mu rubavu rwo hasi cyangwa mu gifu akoresheje uruziga rwa batoni akenshi arigendera yibwira ko afite ibikomere byijimye gusa, gusa nyuma yo gusenyuka nyuma yamasaha 2 murugo avuye mu ruhago rwacitse, umwijima, cyangwa pneumothorax (ibihaha byasenyutse) **. Shakisha ibyihutirwa byibitaro nyuma yingaruka zose z'umubiri niba umuntu afite ikibazo cyo guhumeka neza, ububabare bukabije mugihe ahumeka neza, ububabare bugera kumutwe wigitugu cyibumoso (ikimenyetso cya ** Kehr ** cyamaraso arakaza diaphragm kuva kumubiri wacitse), uruhu rwerurutse, kuzunguruka iyo uhagaze, cyangwa inda ikomeye, yuzuye ubwuzu.

Intambwe ya 2: Kuvura Flashbang (Stun Grenade) hamwe nibikomere bya Acoustic

A ** flashbang (stun grenade) ** nigikoresho giturika cyambere cyagenewe ibyumba byabasirikare bagizwe ingwate n’ibyumba by’ubutabazi, ntabwo byafunguye abantu. Nyamara iyo yoherejwe mubantu benshi, flashbang iraturika hamwe na shitingi ikabije ya ** 170 kugeza 185 ya décibel ** (inshuro zirenga 1.000 zingana n’umuvuduko w’umuvuduko wa acoustic ucamo amatwi y’amatwi y’umuntu), impumyi ** 6 kugeza kuri miliyoni 8-ya candela yaka itara **, hamwe n’umuriro mwinshi ukongorwa na magnesium cyangwa aluminiyumu.

1. Gukomeretsa Byibanze: Amatwi yatobotse (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) hamwe no Guturika

Iyo grenade ya flashbang cyangwa ihungabana iturika muri metero 1 kugeza kuri 5 (metero 3 kugeza kuri 16) z'umuntu, umuyaga uturika wa supersonic wikubita mu gihanga no mumatwi yo hanze:

  • ** Ibimenyetso bya Eardrum yamenetse : Ububabare butunguranye bwo gutwi mugihe cyo guturika gukurikirwa no kumva guhita kwumva cyangwa kutumva kuruhande, gutontoma cyane cyangwa kuvuza amajwi menshi ( tinnitus ), kuzunguruka bikabije ( vertigo ** no gutakaza uburimbane buturuka kumatwi yimbere yumutwi utemba utemba).
  • ** Amategeko akomeye yubufasha bwambere bwo guturika ugutwi **:
    1. ** Gumana umuyoboro w ugutwi KUMUKA 100 ku ijana *: Ntuzigere uhanagura ugutwi kwakomeretse guturika amazi, saline, cyangwa ijisho mugihe woza gaze amarira. Niba umuntu afite ugutwi gutobotse kuri flashbang hanyuma umuntu agasuka amazi yanduye ya gaze yanduye kumatwi yamatwi, bagiteri na christal chimique ya CS yinjira mumatwi yo hagati, bigatera indwara zikomeye zo mumatwi yo hagati ( otitis media *) nububabare bukabije.
    2. ** Ntuzigere ucomeka imbere yu muyoboro wamatwi uva amaraso **: Niba amazi meza cyangwa amaraso atemba ava mumatwi nyuma yo guturika cyangwa gukubita umutwe, birashobora kuba birimo ** cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ** bivuye kumeneka ya gihanga. Ntuzigere uhuza imipira ya pamba cyangwa ugutwi mumatwi ava amaraso. Ahubwo, kanda kuri sterile, yumye ya gauze yumye hejuru ya ** hanze ya ** yugutwi kugirango amazi ashobore gutemba yisanzuye kuri padi, hanyuma ushake kwisuzumisha byihutirwa. .

2. Ihungabana ryisumbuye na Tertiary Flashbang Ihahamuka: Shrapnel na Magnesium Thermal Burns

Nubwo grenade zitangaje zakozwe kuburyo ibyuma biremereye byo hejuru no munsi y’amasasu bikomeza kuba byiza mu gihe gaze ihumeka mu mwobo w’uruhande, flashbang ya kijyambere yoroheje / umubiri wa plasitike hamwe na grenade y’umwotsi wa pyrotechnic ikunze kumeneka igihe iturika, bigatuma ibice byogosha byogosha byo gutwika plastike, ibyuma, hamwe n’imiti ishyushye hanze y’umuvuduko wa ballisti:

  • ** Gukonjesha Flashbang na Canister Thermal Burns **: Niba flashbang iturika ukuguru kwumuntu, igikapu, cyangwa ikote, cyangwa niba hari umuntu wabisunitse kubwimpanuka ya dogere selisiyusi 500 (932-dogere-Fahrenheit) yamashanyarazi:
    1. Kurandura imyenda yose yubukorikori ihita (ikoti ya nylon cyangwa ikoti ya polyester yashonga mumashanyarazi ashyushye; kwiyambura imyenda yo hanze niba idashonga muruhu).
    2. Koza witonze ibisigazwa byifu byumye, hanyuma ** wuzuze umuriro ukoresheje amazi akonje, asukuye muminota 20 yuzuye ** (ntuzigere ukoresha urubura, amavuta, umuti wamenyo, cyangwa soda yo guteka).
    3. Gupfukirana umuriro ukonje ukoresheje firime isukuye ya pulasitike isukuye (ushyizwe hejuru, ntuzenguruke cyane ku gihimba cyabyimbye) cyangwa kwambara sterile idafite inkoni hanyuma ujye gutwika ibitaro cyangwa ishami ryihutirwa.

3. Kurengera ibikoresho birebire bya Acoustic (LRADs / Cannons Ijwi)

Iyo ** LRAD (Igikoresho kirekire-Acoustic Device) ** ikora amajwi yacyo yo hejuru yo gukumira, itanga urumuri rwibanze cyane rwingufu zijwi 2000 -4000-hertz kuri ** 135 kugeza 162 decibels **. Kuberako decibels ipimwa ku gipimo cya logarithmic, buri decibel 10 yiyongera igwiza ingufu za acoustic inshuro 10: décibel 150 ni ** inshuro 1.000 kurenza igitaramo cya rock-decibel 120 cyangwa igitaramo cya ambulance siren **, bigatuma ubwoya bwogosha bwihuse bwimikorere yimisatsi ya stereocilia yimbere mumatwi yimbere mumasegonda.

LRAD Guhunga Ikintu Igikorwa Kibi (Kumva cyane Gutakaza ibyago) Kosora Igikorwa ako kanya Impamvu ya Acoustic Physics Impamvu
** Icyerekezo cyimuka ** Kugenda ugana inyuma ugana hagati yumuhanda kure yikamyo ya LRAD ** Intambwe 90 dogere kuruhande (kuruhande) ** kuruhande rwagati hanyuma utere inyuma yinyubako ikomeye cyangwa imodoka ihagaze LRADs ikoresha ibyiciro-array transducers kugirango yerekane amajwi mumagufi ** 15 kugeza kuri 30-dogere ya cone **; kwimuka metero 5 kugeza 10 gusa kuruhande bigabanya ingufu zijwi kuri décibel 20 kugeza 30 ako kanya
** Uburyo bwo Kurinda Amatwi ** Gufata imikindo irambuye hejuru yamatwi yawe ** Kanda igikonjo cya tragus ya buri gutwi cyane mumatwi yo gufungura ugutunga intoki zawe ** (cyangwa shyiramo NRR 32+ dB impumu yamatwi + gutwi-gutwi) Gufunga umuyoboro wamatwi hamwe na tragus cyangwa gutondekanya ifuro ryamatwi bigabanya umuvuduko wijwi winjira kuri décibel 25 kugeza kuri 33, bikagumisha utugingo ngengabuzima two mumatwi imbere yumutambiko.
** Kwitaho Nyuma yo Kwerekana ** Gusubira ahantu haranguruye cyangwa kwambara na terefone nimugoroba ** Kuruhuka kwa acoustic yose mucyumba gituje amasaha 24 kugeza 48 **; reba umuganga wa ENT byihutirwa mugihe cyamasaha 24 kugeza 72 niba kumva nabi cyangwa kuvuza amajwi bikomeje Kuvura hakiri kare corticosteroid yo mu kanwa byashyizweho na muganga wa ENT mu masaha 48 kugeza kuri 72 nyuma y’ihahamuka rikabije rya acoustic irashobora gukiza ingirabuzimafatizo zo mu bwoko bwa cochlear mbere yo kutumva burundu.

Intambwe ya 3: Kwanduza umutekano wa gaz amarira (CS) na Pepper Spray (OC) hamwe nibikomere

Iyo umuntu afite igikomere cyumubiri gifunguye (nkibisakuzo, ibisebe, cyangwa ugutwi guturika) KANDI kwanduza imiti iremereye (** CS amarira ya gaz ** cyangwa ** OC / PAVA pepper spray **), tekinike yawe yo kwanduza igomba kwirinda uburozi bwakomeretse.

Umuti wo kwanduza Umutekano Kubireba Amaso & Uruhu? Umutekano niba Umuntu Afite Gufungura, Gukata, cyangwa Gukomeretsa Amaso? Ibimenyetso bya siyansi & Icyemezo cyo mu murima
** Sterile Saline isanzwe (0,9% NaCl) cyangwa Amazi meza yo kunywa akonje ** YES (Gold Standard) YES (100% Safe) Randomized clinical trials prove high-volume flushing with plain cold water or sterile saline removes CS crystals and cools OC receptors just as fast as specialty mixes, with zero infection risk
Milk, Liquid Antacid (LAW / Maalox), or Baby Shampoo Often used by street folk lore, NOT recommended by emergency physicians STRICTLY BANNED on open cuts, broken skin, or eye trauma Non-sterile milk and sugary/particulate antacids introduce bacteria (Pseudomonas, Staph) into raw wounds and corneal abrasions, and randomized trials show they work no better than plain water
Cooking Oil, Petroleum Jelly, or Alcohol Wipes NO (Makes burns worse) NO CS tear gas powder and OC capsaicin resin are fat-soluble; oil-based lotions trap the chemical against the skin, while alcohol opens pores and causes severe pain

How to flush eyes and skin without spreading chemical crystals downward

  1. Do NOT rub your eyes: CS tear gas is not actually a gas; it is a fine aerosol cloud of microscopic solid crystalline particles (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) with tiny sharp edges. Rubbing your eyes grinds those crystals straight into your cornea, causing painful corneal abrasions.
  2. Stand into the wind and blink rapidly: Once out of the smoke cloud, face the clean breeze, hold your arms out from your sides, and blink rapidly so natural tears begin floating the particles out.
  3. Flush from the nose outward while leaning forward: Tilt your head forward and sideways (so contaminated wash water drips straight onto the ground rather than running down your neck, chest, and into your groin, where thin skin burns intensely). Pour a steady stream of clean cold water or sterile saline across the open eye starting at the inner corner next to the bridge of the nose and flowing outward across the temple for 5 to 10 minutes.
  4. Watch for severe Asthma or COPD bronchospasm: Inhaling CS tear gas or pepper spray triggers violent airway constriction in people with asthma or reactive airway disease. Help them sit upright in fresh air and assist them in using their prescribed albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler (2 to 4 puffs via spacer); if wheezing continues or lips turn blue, call emergency medical services immediately.
  5. Cold shower at home (before hot): When you get home, strip off your contaminated clothes inside a garage or bathroom into a sealed plastic bag. Step into a stone-cold shower for the first 5 minutes while leaning your head forward so water does not wash hair residue onto your lower body; taking a hot shower first opens skin pores and reactivates trapped CS crystals, causing a fresh full-body burning sensation.

Fata inzira

When someone suffers severe bleeding, chest trauma, or airway distress during a public emergency, hands-on training makes all the difference. We strongly recommend taking an accredited Stop the Bleed course and a standard First Aid, CPR, and AED course from your national Red Cross or Red Crescent society, St John Ambulance, or local trauma center.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Can a "rubber bullet" or "beanbag round" really fracture a skull or kill someone?

Yes. Despite the casual name "rubber bullet," kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) are heavy batons made of hard vulcanized rubber, dense polyurethane foam, or metal cores coated in rubber, fired from 37 mm or 40 mm launchers or 12-gauge shotguns at speeds of 60 to 100+ meters per second (135 to 225+ miles per hour). A systematic medical review published in the journal *BMJ Open* analyzing 1,984 people injured by kinetic impact projectiles found that 53 died from their injuries and 300 suffered permanent disability (most commonly permanent blindness from ruptured eyes, traumatic brain injuries from depressed skull fractures, and ruptured abdominal organs). Any hit to the head, neck, chest, or abdomen must be treated as a potentially life-threatening trauma emergency.

Why did the person I was helping tell me NOT to pour liquid antacid (Maalox) or milk into their eyes after a pepper ball hit them?

Because a pepper ball or close-range blast causes **mechanical corneal abrasions or open globe lacerations** on top of the chemical irritation. Pouring unsterile milk (which teems with bacteria once warm in a backpack) or chalky particulate liquid antacid (magnesium/aluminum hydroxide) into an eye that has a scratched cornea or ruptured eyeball introduces foreign particles and bacteria deep into the eye and can cause permanent blindness. In addition, a landmark randomized clinical trial published in the *Western Journal of Emergency Medicine* compared baby shampoo, milk, liquid antacid, lidocaine, and plain water for pepper spray decontamination and proved that **plain cold water / sterile saline works just as fast as every other substance** while being 100 percent sterile and safe for open wounds.

What should I do if a smoking tear gas canister or flashbang lands right at my feet?

Never bend down to pick it up with your bare hands, never kick it with a thin sneaker, and never trap it underneath a sealed plastic bucket or traffic cone. First, if the canister is a **flashbang / stun grenade** (which detonates 1.5 seconds after release) or an instantaneous blast tear-gas grenade, trying to grab or kick it can blow your hand or foot off at the wrist or ankle. Second, if it is a **pyrotechnic burning CS tear gas canister**, the metal shell burns at 400 to 600 degrees Celsius (750 to 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit), causing instant third-degree contact burns through ordinary gloves, and trapping a burning canister inside a tight container can cause pressure buildup and explosion. The safest action for any bystander is to **turn away, shield your eyes and ears, and move 15 meters (50 feet) laterally and upwind immediately**.

My ear has been ringing loudly and sounds muffled like I am underwater ever since a flashbang went off near me yesterday. Should I wait for it to clear up on its own?

Do not wait. Go to an urgent care clinic, emergency department, or Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT / Otolaryngology) specialist within the **first 24 to 72 hours**. A flashbang blast wave (170 to 185 dB) can cause two distinct injuries: a physical hole torn in your eardrum (**tympanic membrane perforation**), which requires an otoscope check and strict dry-ear precautions to prevent infection, AND acute inner-ear hair-cell damage (**acute sensorineural acoustic trauma**). If you have suffered acute sensorineural hearing loss from a blast or LRAD, an ENT doctor can prescribe a short, high-dose burst of oral corticosteroids (such as prednisone) within the first 48 to 72 hours, which reduces inner-ear inflammation and significantly improves the chances of recovering your hearing before the damage becomes permanent.

Why should I never wear contact lenses if there is any chance of being caught near tear gas or pepper spray?

Soft contact lenses act like microscopic sponges that soak up and trap dissolved CS tear gas chemicals and oily OC capsaicin resin directly against your cornea. Even if you flush your eyes with a liter of saline, the chemical stays trapped underneath the contact lens, continuing to burn your cornea until it causes a severe corneal ulcer. Worse yet, trying to pinch a contact lens out of your eye in the street while your fingers are coated in tear gas crystals rubs the crystals straight into your eye. If you are ever exposed to tear gas while wearing contacts, have someone with clean, gloved (or thoroughly washed) hands help you remove and **permanently throw away** the contact lenses (soft lenses contaminated with CS or OC can never be cleaned and reused).

How do I wash tear gas (CS) powder out of my clothes and skin when I get home without re-gassing my whole bathroom?

CS tear gas is a fine solid crystal powder clinging to your hair, jacket, and pants. When you get home, strip off your outer clothes on an outdoor porch, balcony, or garage floor (never shake them out in your bedroom) and seal them in a plastic bag. Step into the shower and turn the water to **cold for the first 5 minutes** while leaning your head forward so hair runoff goes straight down the drain without running over your chest and groin (hot water opens your pores and vaporizes CS crystals into steam, gassing you all over again). After 5 minutes of cold rinsing, wash with mild soap and lukewarm water. Wash the contaminated clothes **separately from all other family laundry** using cold water and standard laundry detergent, and run them through two full rinse cycles before drying.

Inkomoko yagenzuwe

  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (International): First Aid in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations of Violence clinical guidelines for blast injuries, kinetic impact trauma, ocular shielding, and chemical irritant decontamination.
  • Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) and International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO) (United States / International): Lethal in Disguise: The Health Consequences of Crowd-Control Weapons and BMJ Open systematic review on mortality and morbidity from kinetic impact projectiles, stun grenades, acoustic weapons, and chemical irritants.
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) (United States): Recognizing and Treating Eye Injuries Among Protestors (open globe rupture shielding, traumatic hyphema management, and avoidance of ocular pressure).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (United States): Riot Control Agents (CS, CN, and OC) Medical Management Guidelines and Treatments for Blast Injuries: Ear and Blast Overpressure Trauma.
  • National Health Service (NHS) and Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Pre-hospital blast barotrauma, tympanic membrane perforation dry-ear protocols, and thermal burn cooling guidelines.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (International): Emergency trauma care guidelines for blunt thoracic, cranial, and ocular trauma.

Kuyobora