Acoustic flashbang, kinetic impact, ndi thandizo loyamba la kuvulala kwa anthu¶

Panthawi ya chipwirikiti chapachiweniweni, ziwonetsero zapagulu, kapena ntchito zobalalitsa anthu, anthu ongoyimilira, atolankhani, azachipatala, ndi okhalamo amatha kukumana ndi zida zingapo zowongolera unyinji (nthawi zambiri zomwe zimadziwika ndi mabungwe azachipatala ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ngati "zida zosawopsa"). Zidazi zikuphatikiza makinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) monga zipolopolo za rabala, zozungulira za thovu, zozungulira za thumba la nyemba, ndi mabomba a siponji; mabomba ophulika a pyrotechnic (flashbang) ndi mabomba ophulika; zida zazitali zamayimbidwe (LRADs / mizinga yamawu); ndi zowononga mankhwala (magesi okhetsa misozi / CS, utsi wa tsabola / OC, ndi mipira ya tsabola).

Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "osapha kwambiri," kafukufuku wazachipatala wowunikiridwa ndi anzawo omwe adasindikizidwa mu BMJ ndi The New England Journal of Medicine akuwonetsa kuti zida zamtundu wa kinetic komanso zida za pyrotechnic stun zimayambitsa kuvulala koopsa komwe kumayika moyo pafupi: kuphulika kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kusweka kwa chigaza, kutuluka magazi m'chifuwa kapena m'mimba. kuphulika kwakukulu, ndi kuyatsa kwakuya kwachitsulo-osayidi. Kudziwa momwe mungatulutsire munthu wovulala pamoto, kutetezera diso losweka popanda kukakamiza, kuchiritsa kutentha kwa flashbang kapena kuphulika kwa khutu, komanso kutulutsa mankhwala otsekemera amateteza chilema chosatha ndikupulumutsa miyoyo.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Sungani munthu wovulalayo pambali pake pamoto ndi kutulutsa mphepo nthawi yomweyo: Musanayese chisamaliro chatsatanetsatane cha chilonda, mutsogolereni kapena kunyamula munthu wovulalayo kum'mbali mwa msewu kuseri kwa chivundikiro cholimba (monga ngodya ya nyumba ya konkriti kapena khoma lamiyala) ndi **kumtunda / kumtunda ** kutali ndi mitambo ya utsi wokhetsa misozi, yomwe imamira m'zitseko zotsika ndi masitepe apansi panthaka.
2. Imbani foni nambala yanu yadzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo kuti muwone kukhudza mutu, chifuwa, khosi, kapena maso: Imbani 911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom, kapena 000 ku Australia. Chipolopolo champhira kapena chikwama cha nyemba chozungulira kumutu, khosi, kapena pachifuwa chikhoza kuchititsa kuti magazi azituluka magazi, kukomoka, kapena kugunda kwa mtima (commotio cordis) ngakhale khungu lakunja silinasweka. Onani wathu manambala angozi.
3. Osakhudza, kukanikiza, kapena kusisita diso lomwe laphulitsidwa ndi projekiti kapena kuphulika: Ngati chipolopolo cha raba, paintball/mpira wa tsabola, kapena chidutswa cha flashbang chagunda diso kapena pozungulira, MUSAMAGANIZIRE diso ndipo OSATI kutulutsa tizidutswa tating'ono. Phimbani diso lovulala ndi diso lolimba lotchinga kapena pepala lotchinga pamwamba pa chitsulo chotchinga (monga chitsulo chotchinga pansi pa chitsulo choyera). Bony brow and cheek) ndikuphimba diso lomwe silinavulale komanso kusiya kusuntha kwa maso panthawi yoyendera kuchipatala.
4. Osamenya, kunyamula, kapena kuthira madzi pamoto wamoto kapena utsi wokhetsa misozi: Mabomba ogwetsa misozi a pyrotechnic komanso mitsuko yokhetsa misozi yamtundu wankhondo imawotcha mkati mwa magnesiamu kapena aluminiyamu perchlorate moto pa **1,000 mpaka 2,700 madigiri Celsius (1,800 mpaka 4,900 madigiri a Fahrenhetote) amadula zala kapena mapazi. Chokanipo nthawi yomweyo; ngati zovala zigwira moto, Imani, Dontho, ndi Kupiringa kapena kuzimitsa moto ndi malaya olemera, ndiye kuti khungu lozizira limayaka ndi madzi oyenda kwa mphindi 20.
5. Sungani madzi, sopo, ndi zala KUCHOKERA m'khutu pakutuluka magazi kapena kulira pakaphulika phokoso lamoto: Ngati bomba lodzidzimutsa liphulika pafupi ndi mutu wa munthu, 170-to-180-decibel shockwave nthawi zambiri imang'amba khutu la khutu (tympanic membrane). Osayika madontho, madzi, kapena thonje m'ngalande yamakutu. Pansi pa khutu ikani kansalu kotayirira, kowuma kouma kuti kagwire magazi kapena madzi owoneka bwino ndikupita kuchipatala mwachangu.
6. Chotsani utsi wokhetsa misozi kapena tsabola ndi madzi ozizira kapena saline (lumphani mkaka ndi mankhwala oletsa asidi pa mabala otseguka): Yendani kumpweya wabwino, tsamirani kutsogolo kuti madzi asalowe m'maso kapena m'mimba, ndipo tsitsani maso kuchokera mkati (pafupi ndi mphuno) kunja pogwiritsa ntchito madzi a*madzi akumwa abwinobwino kapena yeretsani. Osathira mkaka, shampu ya ana, kapena antacid amadzimadzi m'diso lomwe lilinso ndi zilonda, zotupa, kapena zotupa.

flowchart TD
    A["Kuvulala Kwa Anthu Ambiri Kumachitika"] --> B["Sunthani ovulala motsatana kumbuyo kuseri kwa chivundikiro cholimba ndi mphepo kupita kumalo otetezeka"]
    B --> C{"Njira yoyamba yovulazira ndi chiyani?"}
    C -->|"Kinetic Projectile Impact (Rubber Bullet, Beanbag, Sponge Round)"| D{"Ndi dera liti lomwe lakhudzidwa?"}
    C -->|"Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Blast kapena Acoustic LRAD"| E{"Kodi pali kutentha, kutuluka m'makutu, kapena ming'alu?"}
    C -->|"Chemical Irritant Only (Tear Gas CS / Pepper Spray OC)"| F["Masuleni wosanjikiza wakunja woipitsidwa, kuthwanima mumphepo yatsopano, ndipo tsitsani maso kuchokera mkati mpaka-kunja ndi madzi opanda kanthu kapena saline."]
    D -->|"Mutu, Khosi, Chifuwa, kapena Pamimba"| G["Imbani thandizo ladzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo: yang'anirani mayendedwe a mpweya / kupuma ndikuwona kukha mwazi mkati kapena kugwedezeka"]
    D -->|"Diso kapena Orbit"| H["Kuponderezedwa kwa ZERO padiso: jambulani chishango cholimba cha kapu ya pepala pamwamba pa fupa la mafupa ndikuphimba maso onse awiri"]
    D -->|"Limb Laceration kapena Embedded Round"| I["Yesetsani kutaya magazi ndi mphete yolimba/kukakamiza kwachindunji popanda kukankhira pulojekiti yozama kwambiri"]
    E -->|"Thermal Burn kuchokera ku Canister kapena Flash"| J["Kuziziritsa kutentha ndi madzi oyenda bwino kwa mphindi 20 ndikuphimba momasuka ndi zomangira zosabala kapena chovala chosagwira ndodo."]
    E -->|"Khutu Lophulika (Kusamva, Kulira, Kutuluka Mkhutu)"| K["Sungani ngalande ya khutu 100% youma (popanda madontho kapena madzi), kuphimba khutu lakunja momasuka ndi yopyapyala wowuma, ndipo fufuzani ngati pali kugunda."]

Triage matrix: zida zobalalitsira anthu ndi njira zina zovulaza¶

Kumvetsetsa momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito pa chipangizo chilichonse chobalalitsira anthu kumathandizira oyankha oyamba ndi oyimilira kuyang'ana zovulala zobisika zamkati zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuphonya mumsewu wachisokonezo.

Khwerero 1: Kuchiza kuvulala kwa Kinetic Impact Projectile (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag).¶

Nthano yofala ndi yakuti "zipolopolo za rabara" zimapangidwa ndi mphira wofewa, wonyezimira ngati mpira wa chidole cha mwana. Zowona zake, zotulutsa zambiri zimakhala ndi chitsulo cholimba, lead, kapena aluminiyamu pakati wokutidwa ndi mphira wopyapyala wamamilimita 2 kapena thovu lolimba la polyurethane, pomwe zozungulira za "nyemba" zozungulira 12 zimakhala ndi pilo wansalu ya Kevlar yodzaza ndi #40 gm #40 ya mbalame zoyaka moto. Kuwombera pa 70 mpaka 90 mamita pamphindi (230 mpaka 300 mapazi pa sekondi).

Ikathamangitsidwa kuchokera paufupi, kapena pamene projectile ichoka pamiyala ya phula ndikugwera m'mphepete mwa munthu woyimilira, mphamvu ya kinetic yokhazikika imadutsa pakhungu, imaphwanya fupa, ndikuyika projectile (pamodzi ndi nsalu zonyansa zochokera ku zovala za wovulalayo) mkati mwa minofu kapena minyewa ya thupi.

1. Ocular trauma: pamene projectile kapena tsabola mpira wagunda diso¶

Ndemanga zachipatala zikuwonetsa kuti **kukhudzidwa ndi maso kuchokera ku ma kinetic projectiles kumakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri cha kulumala kosatha m'malo amwazikana **, kung'ambika diso (**kuvulala kwapadziko lonse **), kuchotsa retina, kapena kudzaza chipinda cham'mbuyo ndi magazi (**traumatic hyphema **).

Ndondomeko yowopsa ya maso nthawi yomweyo: - Zindikirani Kuvulala kwa Open Globe: Yang'anani (popanda kukhudza kapena kukoka zikope) kwa mwana wowoneka ngati misozi kapena wosakhazikika, magazi omwe ali mkati mwa iris wachikuda (hyphema), minofu yakuda yowoneka ngati odzola yotuluka kuchokera ku zoyera za diso, kuphwanyidwa kapena kukomoka kwa diso, kuwoneka kwadzidzidzi kapena kukomoka" red"). - Ikani mphamvu ya ZERO ku diso: Osakanikizira diso lopyapyala, ndipo musathire madzi amphamvu kwambiri kapena mankhwala a antiacid opangidwa kunyumba m'diso lomwe lawonongeka kwambiri. Kupondereza mboni yong'ambika kumafinya vitreous humor m'diso, kuchititsa khungu losasinthika. - Pangani chishango cholimba chamaso: Ngati mulibe aluminiyamu yankhondo ya Fox Eye Shield, tengani kapu yoyera yapepala kapena kapu yothira thovu, dulani kapena kung'amba pansi kuti chikhale 4 centimita (1.5 mainchesi) ndipo jambulani mkombero wa kapu pamwamba pa diso* pamwamba pa fupa la diso ndipo palibe kanthu. imagwira chikope kapena diso lokha. - ** Phimbaninso diso lomwe silinavulale (Patching Bilateral)**: Maso aumunthu amamangidwa m'goli limodzi (**kusuntha kwa diso kogwirizana **): nthawi zonse diso lanu lakumanzere likamazungulira kuti liyang'ane othandizira kapena magetsi a mumsewu, diso lanu lakumanja lovulala limayenda chimodzimodzi mkati mwa chitsulo chake, kugaya fupa la orbital losweka kapena kung'amba minofu. Kuphimba diso labwino pang'onopang'ono ndi yopyapyala kumachepetsa maso onse awiri pamene mukumulondolera munthuyo ndi dzanja ku ambulansi. - Ikani mowongoka pa madigiri 30 mpaka 45: Sungani wodwalayo mowongoka (osagona pansi komanso osaweramitsa mutu) ndikuwalangiza **kuti asamatsokomole, kuwomba mphuno, kapena kupsinjika **, zomwe zimakulitsa kuthamanga kwa intraocular. Onani zathu zambiri kuvulala kwamaso kalozera wothandizira woyamba.

2. Kukhudza mutu, khosi, ndi nkhope¶

Ndodo ya thovu ya mamilimita 40 kapena chipolopolo cha rabala chomwe chikugunda pamphumi, kachisi, nsagwada, kapena khosi chimatulutsa mphamvu yokwanira yothyola chigaza, kuphwanya m'phuno (bokosi la mawu), kapena kung'amba mtsempha wa carotid.

• Njira yapakhosi ikagunda pakhosi: Chipolopolo chomwe chagunda kutsogolo kwa mmero chimathyola chithokomiro kapena chichereŵechereŵe, zomwe zimapangitsa kutupa mkati mwachangu komwe kumatsekereza njira yodutsa mpweya mkati mwa mphindi 10 mpaka 20. Ngati wina wagunda pakhosi akupanga mawu otuwa, kumeza malovu movutikira, kupuma kwaphokoso (stridor), kapena kubwebweta/kusweka pansi pa khungu la khosi (subcutaneous emphysema), imbani thandizo ladzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo ndikuwasunga mowongoka atatsamira pang'ono kutsogolo.
• Screen for Intracranial Bleeds: Aliyense amene anamenyedwa m'mutu amene anakomoka (ngakhale kwa masekondi a 3), amasanza, amasokonezeka, amakula ana osafanana, amakhala ndi madzi omveka bwino kapena magazi akutuluka m'mphuno kapena m'makutu, kapena kumva kupweteka kwa mutu kumafunika chipatala mwamsanga CT kujambula. Onani wathu kalozera kuvulala mutu.

3. Kupwetekedwa mtima pachifuwa ndi m'mimba (ndi ma projectile ophatikizidwa)¶

• Osatulutsa chipolopolo cha rabara kapena thumba lozungulira: Pansi pa mita 15 (mamita 50), masiponji ozungulira mamilimita 40 ndi zikwama zanyemba zokhala ndi lead 12-gauge nthawi zonse zimakhomerera pakhungu ndikulowa mkati mwa chipupa, pamimba, kapena ntchafu. Tetezani chipolopolo chokhazikika ngati mpeni wopachikidwa: kuchikokera mumsewu kumatha kutulutsa mtsempha wong'ambika. Zisiyeni m'malo mwake, nyamulani zopyapyala zoyera kuzungulira m'mphepete mwake kuti zikhazikike, ndikupita kwa dokotala wovulala. (Zindikirani kwa madokotala a ER: 12-gauge beanbag rounds ili ndi **lead birdswot ** yomwe imatha kuphulika mkati mwa bala, zomwe zimafuna kutsimikiziridwa kwa X-ray kuti mapepala onse otsogolera ndi nsalu zophimba nsalu zimachotsedwa opaleshoni.)
• Yang'anirani Kuchedwa Kutuluka M'kati Mwamagazi (Nkhosi, Chiwindi, ndi M'mapapo): Munthu akamenyedwa kumunsi kwa nthiti kapena m'mimba ndi ndodo nthawi zambiri amachokapo poganiza kuti ali ndi zilonda zofiirira, kenako n'kukomoka patatha maola 2 ali kunyumba kuchokera *kuphulika kwa ndulu, chiwindi chosweka, kapena kupuma movutikira.collaps. Fufuzani mwamsanga kuchipatala pambuyo pa vuto lililonse la torso ngati munthuyo akupuma pang'onopang'ono, kupweteka kwambiri pamene akupuma kwambiri, kupweteka kumatuluka kumapeto kwa phewa lakumanzere ( chizindikiro cha Kehr ** cha magazi omwe amakwiyitsa diaphragm kuchokera ku ndulu yosweka), khungu lotumbululuka, chizungulire pamene akuyimirira, kapena olimba, abdome.

Khwerero 2: Kuchiza Flashbang (Stun Grenade) ndi kuvulala kwa Acoustic Blast¶

A flashbang (stun grenade) ndi chida chophulika chomwe chidapangidwa kuti chizilowetsa mzipinda zopulumutsa anthu ogwidwa, osati kuchuluka kwa anthu mumsewu. Koma ikayikidwa m'magulu a anthu, chiwombankhanga chimaphulika ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwa 170 mpaka 185 decibel (kuposa 1,000 kuwirikiza ka 1,000 kolowera komwe kumang'amba makutu a anthu), kuchititsa khungu 6-to-8-million-candela light flashtense, ndi chitsulo choyatsa moto cha magnesium.

1. Kuvulala Kwambiri Kwambiri: Makutu Ophulika (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) ndi Blast Concussion¶

Pamene kuphulika kwa flashbang kapena grenade kuphulika mkati mwa 1 mpaka 5 mamita (3 mpaka 16 mapazi) kuchokera kwa munthu, mphepo yamkuntho imawombera mu chigaza ndi ngalande ya khutu yakunja:

• ** Zizindikiro za Eardrum Yophulika **: Kupweteka kwadzidzidzi kwa khutu panthawi ya kuphulika komwe kumatsatiridwa ndi kumva kosasunthika kapena kugontha kumbali imeneyo, phokoso lamphamvu kapena phokoso lamphamvu (**tinnitus ), chizungulire chachikulu ( vertigo ** ndi kutayika bwino kuchokera mkati mwa khutu la khutu), kapena kutulutsa madzi ofiira kuchokera kumagazi amkati / mphuno ngalande yamakutu **.
• Malamulo Okhwima Othandizira Oyamba pa Vuto la Blast Ear:
  1. Sungani ngalande ya khutu 100 peresenti YAKUUMA: Osatsuka khutu lomwe lavulala kwambiri ndi madzi, saline, kapena kutsuka m'maso potsuka utsi wokhetsa misozi. Ngati munthu ali ndi khutu lobowoka chifukwa cha kuphulika kwamoto ndipo wina watsanulira madzi otsekemera okhetsa misozi pansi pa ngalande ya khutu, mabakiteriya ndi makristasi a CS amalowa mkatikati mwa khutu mwachindunji, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda aakulu apakati (otitis media) ndi ululu waukulu.
  2. Musamake mwamphamvu mkati mwa ngalande ya khutu yotuluka magazi: Ngati madzi omveka bwino kapena magazi amadzi akutuluka m'khutu pambuyo pa kuphulika kapena kugunda kumutu, akhoza kukhala ndi cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) chifukwa chothyoka chigaza. Osapanikizani mipira ya thonje kapena zotsekera m'makutu mu ngalande yamakutu yotuluka magazi. M'malo mwake, jambulani nsalu yopyapyala, youma yopyapyala momasuka mkati mwa kunja kwa khutu kuti madzi azitha kukhetsa momasuka pa pad, ndikupita kukayezetsa mwadzidzidzi. (Kuphulika koyera kwambiri kwa eardrum perforations kumadzichiritsa paokha kwa masabata 4 mpaka 8 ngati kusungidwa kouma, pamene misozi yaikulu imafuna ENT katswiri patch kapena tympanoplasty.)

2. Secondary and Tertiary Flashbang Trauma: Shrapnel ndi Magnesium Thermal Burns¶

Ngakhale ma grenade amapangidwa kuti zitsulo zolemera pamwamba ndi pansi zikhalebe bwino pamene mpweya ukudutsa mabowo am'mbali, ma flashbangs amakono opepuka ophatikizika/opangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi mabomba a utsi wa pyrotechnic nthawi zambiri amaphwanyidwa pophulitsa, kutulutsa zidutswa zakuthwa za pulasitiki yoyaka, zikhomo zachitsulo, ndi kuthamanga kwa mankhwala:

• Kuzizira kwa Flashbang ndi Canister Thermal Burns: Ngati chiwombankhanga chiphulikira mwendo, chikwama, kapena malaya a munthu wina, kapena ngati wina amenya mwangozi chitini chokhetsa misozi cha 500-degree-Celsius (932-degree-Fahrenheit):
  1. Zimitsani chovala chilichonse choyaka nthawi yomweyo (majekete a nayiloni kapena poliyesita amasungunuka kukhala phula lomata; vulani zovala zakunja zofuka ngati sizikusungunuka pakhungu).
  2. Pang'onopang'ono tsuka zotsalira za ufa wouma, kenaka kuthirani motowo ndi madzi ozizira, aukhondo oyenda kwa mphindi 20 (osagwiritsa ntchito ayezi, batala, mankhwala otsukira mkamwa, kapena phala la soda pamoto).
  3. Phimbani powotchera woziziritsa bwino ndi filimu ya pulasitiki yoyera ya khitchini (yoyalidwa mopanda thabwa, yosakulungidwa molimba pa mwendo wotupa) kapena chovala chosabala chopanda ndodo ndikupita kuchipinda choyaka moto kapena kuchipatala.

3. Kuteteza ku Zida Zazitali Zakutali (LRADs / Sound Cannons)¶

LRAD (Long-Range Acoustic Device) ikatsegula kamvekedwe kake kotchinga kokwera kwambiri, imapanga kuwala kokhazikika kwamphamvu ya 2,000-to-4,000-hertz pa 135 mpaka 162 decibel. Chifukwa ma decibel amayezedwa pa sikelo ya logarithmic, kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa 10-decibel kumachulukitsa mphamvu yakumveketsa ndi kuwirikiza ka 10: ma decibel 150 ndi 1,000 kuwirikiza kwambiri kuposa konsati ya rock ya 120-decibel kapena siren ya ambulansi*, zomwe zimachititsa kuti kumeta ubweya wamkati mkati mwa ma cell osalimba a sterleach.

Khwerero 3: Kuchotsa kotetezedwa kwa Gesi wa Miyezi (CS) ndi Pepper Spray (OC) pambali pa mabala¶

Munthu akakhala ndi mabala onse otseguka (monga scrape, laceration, or ruptured eardrum) NDI kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala owopsa (CS tear gas kapena OC / PAVA pepper spray), njira yanu yochepetsera sayenera kupha chilonda chotseguka.

Momwe mungatulutsire maso ndi khungu popanda kufalitsa makhiristo amankhwala pansi¶

1. OSATIKUTITSA m'maso: Utsi wokhetsa misozi wa CS si mpweya kwenikweni; ndi mtambo wabwino wa aerosol wa tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta crystalline (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) wokhala ndi m'mbali ting'onoting'ono. Kusisita m'maso mwako kumagaya makristalowo molunjika mu cornea yanu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mabala opweteka a cornea.
2. Imani pamphepo ndikuphethira mwachangu: Mukatuluka mumtambo wa utsi, yang'anani ndi kamphepo koyera, kwezani manja anu kumbali yanu, ndikuphethira mwachangu kuti misozi iyambe kuyandama.
3. Tsukani kuchokera kumphuno kupita kunja uku mutatsamira kutsogolo: Yendetsani mutu wanu kutsogolo ndi cham’mbali (chotero madzi osamba oipitsidwa amatsikira pansi molunjika m’malo motsikira m’khosi, pachifuwa, ndi m’chuuno, kumene khungu lopyapyala limayaka kwambiri). Thirani mtsinje wokhazikika wa madzi ozizira oyera kapena saline wosabala padiso lotseguka kuyambira pakona yamkati pafupi ndi mlatho wa mphuno ndikuyenderera panja kudutsa kachisi kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 10.
4. Chenjerani ndi mphumu yoopsa kwambiri kapena COPD bronchospasm: Kukoka mpweya wokhetsa misozi wa CS kapena utsi wa tsabola kumayambitsa kutsekeka kwa mpweya kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphumu kapena matenda a airway. Athandizeni kukhala mowongoka mumpweya wabwino ndi kuwathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler yawo yolembedwa (2 mpaka 4 kupuma kudzera mu spacer); ngati kupuma kukupitirira kapena milomo isanduka buluu, imbani thandizo lachipatala mwamsanga.
5. Kusamba kozizira kunyumba (kusanatenthe): Mukafika kunyumba, vulani zovala zanu zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka mkati mwa garaja kapena bafa ndikuziika muthumba lapulasitiki lomata. Lowani mumsamba wozizira ** wozizira mwala kwa mphindi 5 zoyambirira ** mukuweramitsa mutu wanu kutsogolo kuti madzi asasambitse zotsalira za tsitsi kumunsi kwanu; Kusamba kotentha kumatsegula pores pakhungu ndikuyambitsanso makhiristo a CS omwe atsekeredwa, kupangitsa kumva kupsa kwa thupi lonse.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• ** Komiti Yapadziko Lonse ya Red Cross (ICRC) ndi International Federation of Red Cross ndi Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (International)**: * Thandizo Loyamba pa Mikangano ya Zida ndi Zochitika Zina za Chiwawa * malangizo azachipatala okhudza kuvulala kophulika, kupwetekedwa mtima kwa kinetic, kuteteza maso, ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.
• Madokotala a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (PHR) ndi International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO) (United States / International): Owopsa Kwambiri: Zotsatira Zaumoyo za Crowd-Control Weapons ndi BMJ Open kuunikanso mwatsatanetsatane za kufa ndi kudwala kuchokera ku zida zamphamvu za kinetic, zida zamphamvu, mabomba owopsa, zida zankhondo zowopsa, zida zankhondo zowopsa.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) (United States): Kuzindikira ndi Kuchiza Zovulala za Maso Pakati pa Otsutsa (kutsegula kwapadziko lonse lapansi kutchinga, kuwongolera kowopsa kwa hyphema, komanso kupewa kupanikizika kwamaso).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (United States): Riot Control Agents (CS, CN, and OC) Medical Management Guidelines ndi Kuchiza Kuvulala kwa Blast: Khutu ndi Blast Overpressure Trauma.
• National Health Service (NHS) ndi Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Pre-hospital blast barotrauma, tympanic membrane perforation dry-ear protocols, ndi malangizo oziziritsira kutentha kwa kutentha.
• World Health Organisation (WHO) (International): Malangizo osamalira zoopsa zadzidzidzi pazowopsa za thoracic, cranial, ndi ocular.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Zipolowe zapachiweniweni
• Khamu la anthu liphwanyidwa ndi kupulumuka mwa zipani
• Kuvulala m'maso
• Kuvulala kumutu