Overheated nonstick pan fumes (polymer fume fever) and cast iron smoke emergencies¶

Mwangozi kusiya poto yopanda ndodo pamoto wotentha, kuphika mphika wouma, kapena kutenthetsa poto yachitsulo mu uvuni ikhoza kudzaza nyumba ndi utsi wonyezimira mu mphindi zosachepera zitatu. Kuwotcha chakudya kapena mafuta ophikira kumapanga mpweya wa carbon soot ndi acrolein womwe umakwiyitsa maso ndi mmero, kutenthetsa polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) zokutira zopanda ndodo (zomwe zimadziwika ndi mayina monga Teflon, SilverStone, kapena Fluon) pamwamba pa *260 mpaka 350 mpaka 350 ° 350 mpaka 350 madigiri 250 ° F) 65 ° F) kuwonongeka kwamafuta ( pyrolysis **). Kuwonongeka kosawoneka kwamankhwalaku kumatulutsa kusakanikirana kovutirapo kwa mipweya ya fluorinated ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta polima molunjika mumpweya wanu wamkati.

Kwa anthu, pokoka utsi wochuluka kuchokera ku poto yotentha kwambiri ya PTFE kumayambitsa matenda oopsa, ofanana ndi chimfine otchedwa polymer fume fever (mbiri yakale yotchedwa "Teflon flu"), yomwe imadziwika ndi kugwedezeka kwadzidzidzi, kutentha thupi, chifuwa cholimba, ndi chifuwa chowuma chomwe chimawonekera patatha maola 4 mpaka 8 mutakhudzidwa. Komabe, ngati muli ndi ** pet mbalame ** (parakeets, cockatiels, parrots, canaries, finches, kapena anapiye a m'nyumba) paliponse m'nyumba, PTFE pyrolysis fumes ndi **nthawi yomweyo, chete, 100 peresenti yakupha avian mwadzidzidzi ** yomwe imayambitsa kupha magazi m'mapapo mwanga mkati mwa mphindi, ngakhale m'zipinda za anthu.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Pezani mpweya wanu, zimitsani choyatsira chitovu kapena uvuni, ndikusintha chotenthetsera chowotcha kuti chikhale CHAKULU (pokhapokha chikatuluka kunja): Lowani m'khitchini mutagwira mpweya wanu, thimitsani chowotchera choyatsira moto kuti ZIMIMIRE, ndi kuyatsa chivundikiro chanu chakumutu pokhapokha ngati mukudziwa kuti imatuluka panja kudzera pa ductwork (zosefera zocheperako sizikhala ndi chotchinga cha microwave. mipweya ya fluoropolymer ndikungowawombera mozungulira chipindacho).
2. OSATHIRA madzi ozizira pa poto youma yotentha kwambiri: Kuthira madzi pa aluminiyamu yowuma, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, kapena poto yowuma yotentha kwambiri**: Kuthira madzi pa aluminiyamu yowuma, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena chitsulo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuphulika kwa nthawi yomweyo komwe kumaphulitsa madzi otentha ndi nthunzi wapoizoni kumaso kwanu, kugwetsa magalasi, kung'ambika kapena kung'ambika. kapena chophikira induction.
3. **Chotsani mbalame zonse zoweta mumpweya wabwino wakunja mkati mwa masekondi 60 **: Ngati muli ndi mbalame iliyonse, **musadikire kuti nyumbayo ituluke **. Gwirani mbalame (kapena khola lonse) ndikusunthira kunja kwa nyumba (kapena m'galimoto yotenthedwa kapena nyumba ya mnansi) nthawi yomweyo. Ngakhale mphindi za 2 za kukhudzana ndi utsi wosaoneka wa PTFE umapha mbalame anthu asanazindikire fungo.
4. Nyamulani poto yofukira panja pogwiritsira ntchito zowuma zowuma zowuma POKHA ngati palibe malawi otseguka ndipo njira yanu ili bwino: Ngati poto ikungosuta kapena kuyaka popanda malawi otseguka, gwirani chogwiriracho ndi chowunikira chowuma, cholemera kapena chachikopa, gwirani potoyo kutalika kwa mkono pansi pamlingo wa m'chiuno, ikhazikitseni kutali ndi nkhope yanu, njerwa kapena konkriti. kuchotsa gasi kunja. Ngati kwatentha kwambiri kuti musagwire bwino, isiyeni pa choyatsira chozimitsa ndikutseka chitseko chakukhitchini kumbuyo kwanu.
5. Pangani mpweya wolowera mothamanga kwambiri ndikuchoka mnyumbamo kwa mphindi 30 mpaka 60: Tsegulani mazenera ndi zitseko zakunja mbali zina za khitchini ndi nyumba, ikani chotengera cha bokosi pawindo lakhitchini ** cholozera kunja ** kuti mukoke mpweya woipitsidwa mnyumbamo, ndikutenga achibale onse, makanda, ndi ziweto kunja kumpweya watsopano mpaka fungo lonunkhira bwino.
6. Imbani Kuletsa Poizoni kapena thandizo ladzidzidzi ngati wina ayamba kupuma movutikira, kupuma movutikira, kapena kuchedwa kuzizira komanso kutentha thupi: Ku United States, imbani foni Poison Control pa 1-800-222-1222. Ngati aliyense amene ali ndi mphumu, COPD, kapena matenda amtima amayamba kupuma, kutsokomola kosalekeza, kapena mpweya wochepa, kapena ngati wina akuvutika kupuma kwambiri, imbani nambala yanu yadzidzidzi yapafupi (911 ku US ndi Canada, 112 ku EU, 999 ku UK; onani manambala angozi).

flowchart TD
    A["Dry Pan Yotentha Kwambiri pa Chitofu kapena Mu uvuni"] --> B["Gwirani Mpweya, Yatsani Chowotcha/Ovuni, ndipo Osathira Madzi pa Pan Yotentha"]
    B --> C{"Kodi Mbalame Zoweta Ziweto Ziliponse Kulikonse M'nyumba?"}
    C -- "Inde" --> D["ZOCHITIKA: Nyamula Mbalame Kunja Kumpweya Watsopano Mkati mwa Masekondi 60 (Nthawi Yowopsa ya Avian)"]
    C -- "Ayi" --> E["Tsegulani Windows Kumbali Zotsutsana Zazipinda & Point Box Fan Outward"]
    D --> E
    E --> F{"Ndi Pan Yamtundu Wanji Idatenthedwa Kwambiri?"}
    F -- "PTFE / Teflon Nonstick Pan (>260°C / 500°F)" --> G["Sunthani Pan Panja Ndi Dry Mitt Ngati Otetezeka; Tulukani M'chipinda Kwa Mphindi 60 Kuti Mupewe Fever Fume Fever"]
    F -- "Ponyani Iron, Carbon Steel, kapena Ceramic Pan" --> H["Ventilate Acrolein Mafuta Utsi; Lolani Pan Kuzizire Pang'onopang'ono pa Chitofu kwa Mphindi 60 Musanakhudze"]
    G --> I["Yang'anirani Anthu Chifukwa cha Chimfine / Kuzizira Kwambiri Maola 4 mpaka 8 Pambuyo pake & Pumulani Ntchito Yowonongeka ya PTFE Pan"]
    H --> J["Chotsani Phulusa Lopangidwa ndi Mpweya ndi Nyengo Yatsopano Poya Chitsulo Chikazizira"]

Gawo 1: Kodi chimachitika nchiyani pamene PTFE (Teflon) poto overheat?¶

Pophika bwino ndi batala, mafuta, madzi, kapena chakudya mu poto, kutentha kwa pamwamba kumakhala pakati pa 100 ndi 200 digiri Celsius (212 ndi 392 madigiri Fahrenheit), kumunsi kwa khomo pomwe zokutira za fluoropolymer zimasweka. Komabe, chopanda kanthu chopanda ndodo chopepuka cha aluminiyamu chikasiyidwa chitenthetsere pa gasi kapena choyatsira chamagetsi, kutentha kumakwera pamwamba kupitirira 260 digiri Celsius (500 degrees Fahrenheit) mkati mwa mphindi ziwiri, ndipo kumatha kupitirira **370 mpaka 450 digiri Celsius (700 mpaka 842 madigiri Celsius mkati mwa mphindi 4 kufika pa 4.

Kutentha kwapakati ndi magawo a mankhwala a pyrolysis¶

Magwero obisika a utsi wa PTFE kunja kwa poto¶

Mabanja ambiri amakumana ndi chiwombankhanga cha polima kapena kufa mwadzidzidzi kwa mbalame popanda kukhudza poto yokazinga chifukwa PTFE ndi ma fluoropolymers ofanana amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zishango zosatentha kwambiri m'kati mwa zida zambiri zapakhomo:

• **Mauvuni odzitchinjiriza okha ndi zinthu zatsopano zowotcha mu uvuni **: Kuthamanga kotentha kwambiri kudziyeretsa nokha (425 mpaka 480 digiri Celsius / 800 mpaka 900 madigiri Fahrenheit) kapena kutenthetsa uvuni watsopano kwa nthawi yoyamba kumatha kusungunula zodontha zovundidwa ndi PTFE, zopanira zokutira, zomangira zamkati.
• Zowuzira mpweya, mavuvuni ophatikizira, makina osindikizira a Panini, ndi zitsulo zong'ambika: Kusiya dengu lopanda mpweya lopanda kanthu kapena ng'anjo yowotchera yomwe ikuyenda pa broil kapena preheat kupitilira 260 degrees Celsius (500 degrees Fahrenheit).
• Zoyatsira mlengalenga, zowumitsira tsitsi, zitsulo zopiringirira, ndi zokutira zovala: Zotenthetsera zambiri za ceramic mumlengalenga, zovundikira bolodi, ndi ma soleplates pazitsulo za nthunzi zimagwiritsa ntchito zokutira za PTFE zomwe zimachotsedwa ndi gasi zikasiyidwa zimayatsidwa kumayang'ana pansi kapena pakuwotchedwa koyambirira kwafakitale.
• **Nyali zotentha zosagonjetsedwa ndi "zokutidwa" ndi mababu a nkhuku **: Nyali zotentha zamtundu wa infuraredi zomwe zimagulitsidwa zokutidwa ndi chitetezo cha PTFE kuti magalasi aphwanyike amatulutsa mpweya wakupha wa fluoropolymer bulb ikatenthedwa, nthawi zambiri kuwononga gulu lonse la anapiye akuseri kapena zokwawa mkati mwa mphindi 30/mbalame.

Gawo 2: Polymer Fume Fever ("Teflon Flu") mwa anthu: Zizindikiro ndi chithandizo¶

Ngati munakoka utsi kapena utsi wosaoneka pamene mukupulumutsa chiwaya chotentha kwambiri chopanda ndodo mu chitofu, mungamve bwino kwa maola awiri kapena atatu oyambirira, koma kugunda mwadzidzidzi usiku umenewo ndi zimene zimamveka ngati chimfine choopsa.

The classic timeline ndi chizindikiro mbiri¶

Polymer fume fever ndizovuta, zodziletsa zokha zotupa zomwe zimayamba pomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta fluoropolymer (ting'onoting'ono kuposa 0.1 microns) timalambalala ndime zam'mphuno zam'mwamba ndikuyika mkati mwa pulmonary alveoli (matumba a mpweya a m'mapapo), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti alveolar macrophages a macrophages atulutse kutupa. malungo** mu zowotcherera zomwe zili ndi zinc oxide):

1. Nthawi Yobisika (maola 0 mpaka 4 kuchokera pamene munthu akhudzidwa): Mukangokoka utsiwo, mutha kuwona kuuma kwakanthawi kapena kumakanda pakhosi, kununkhira kwachitsulo pang'ono kapena mankhwala mkamwa, kapena kusakwiya pang'ono.
2. Kuyambika Kwambiri (maola 4 mpaka 8 pambuyo powonekera): Mwadzidzidzi, pakati pa maola 4 ndi 8 kuchokera ku khitchini (nthawi zambiri kumadzutsa munthu usiku), zizindikiro za thupi zimayamba mwadzidzidzi:
3. Kutentha thupi kwambiri: Nthawi zambiri 38.0 mpaka 39.5 digiri Celsius (100.4 mpaka 103.1 madigiri Seshasi).
4. ** Kugwedezeka kwakukulu (kugwedezeka) **, kutuluka thukuta kozizira, ndi kupweteka kwa minofu ndi mafupa (myalgias ndi arthralgias).
5. Kupweteka kwamutu wakutsogolo, kutopa, komanso nseru pang'ono.
6. Chifuwa chouma, chosabala zipatso komanso kumva kuthina pachifuwa kapena kupuma pang'ono mukapuma kwambiri.
7. ** Gawo Lachigamulo (Maola 24 mpaka 48 atatha kuwonetseredwa)**: Kwa akuluakulu athanzi opanda matenda a m'mapapo, kutentha kwa mpweya wa polima kumathera paokha mkati mwa 12 mpaka maola 48 munthuyo atachotsedwa mu mpweya woipitsidwa, osasiya kuwonongeka kosatha kwa mapapo.

flowchart TD
    A["Utsi Wokomedwa ndi Anthu Kuchokera Pang'ono Yotentha ya PTFE Nonstick"] --> B["Yendani Nthawi yomweyo kupita ku Mpweya Watsopano Wakunja & Tsukani Maso/Pakamwa Ndi Madzi"]
    B --> C{"Yang'anani Mbendera Zofiira Zowopsa Kwambiri"}
    C -- "Kupumira, Asthma/COPD Flare, Stridor, Blue Lips, kapena Pan Heated>400°C kwa >10 Mphindi" --> D["Pitani ku Dipatimenti Yangozi / Imbani 911 Pompopompo (Screen for Chemical Pneumonitis)"]
    C -- "Palibe Kuvutika Nthawi yomweyo; Kukwapula Kwa Pakhosi Kochepa" --> E["Imbani Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 ku US) & Yang'anirani Kunyumba mu Mpweya Watsopano"]
    E --> F{"Maola 4 mpaka 8 Pambuyo pake: Kutentha kwa thupi (38 mpaka 39.5 ° C), Kunjenjemera Kuzizira, Kupweteka Kwathupi, & Chifuwa Chouma?"}
    F -- "Inde (Classic Polymer Fume Fever)" --> G{"Kodi Kupuma Kumakhala Bwino Pakupuma ndi Pulse Oximeter> = 95%?"}
    G -- "Inde" --> H["Chisamaliro Chothandizira: Kuthira madzi, Kupumula, Antipyretic (Acetaminophen/Ibuprofen): Kutha mu 24 mpaka 48 Hrs"]
    G -- "Ayi: Kuwonjezereka kwa Mpweya Wochepa, Kutsokomola, kapena Kutentha Kwambiri > Maola 48" --> I["Kuwunika Kwachipatala Kwachangu (Chifuwa X-Ray & Oxygen ya Pulmonary Edema)"]

Chisamaliro chapakhomo vs nthawi yopita ku Chipinda cha Emergency¶

• Zoyenera kuchita kunyumba kwa Polymer Fume Fever yofatsa mpaka-mokatikati:
• Imbani dera lanu Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222 ku United States; 111 ku United Kingdom; 1-844-POISON-X ku Canada; 13 11 26 ku Australia) kuti alembetse ndikulandila upangiri wowunika wachipatala.
• Muzipumula pamalo opanda mpweya wokwanira, wopanda utsi ndipo imwani madzi ambiri kapena ma electrolyte m'malo mwa madzi omwe atayika chifukwa cha kutentha thupi ndi thukuta.
• Zochepetsa kutentha thupi kwanthawi zonse (acetaminophen/paracetamol kapena ibuprofen, zotengedwa motsatira malangizo a phukusi ngati zili zotetezeka kwa inu) zimathandizira kuchepetsa kutentha thupi, kunjenjemera, komanso mutu pamene kutupa kwa cytokine kumachepa. Dziwani kuti maantibayotiki sathandiza polima fume fever chifukwa ndi wosabala mankhwala kutupa, osati matenda bakiteriya.
• Nthawi yomwe mungafunefune chithandizo chanthawi yomweyo cha Dipatimenti Yadzidzidzi:
• ** osa** kuganiza kuti zizindikiro ndi matenda oopsa a polymer fume fever ngati poto inasiyidwa ikuyaka pa kutentha kwambiri (kupitirira 400 ° C / 750 ° F) kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 30+ (mwachitsanzo, munthu ali m'tulo kapena kunja kwa nyumba), chifukwa pyrolysis kwambiri imatulutsa perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) ndipnedela hydrogen cause non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema** (madzi odzaza m'mapapo).
• Pitani ku dipatimenti ya Zangozi yapafupi yomwe muli nayo pafupi ngati munthu amene wapezeka ali ndi asthma, COPD, mtima kulephera, ali ndi pakati, kapena ali khanda/mwana, kapena ngati wina wadwala:
  1. **Kupuma pang'ono popuma **, kupuma mofulumira, kapena pulse oximeter kuwerenga pansipa 94 mpaka 95 peresenti.
  2. Kupumira komvekera, kunjenjemera/kububwinja m'chifuwa, kapena kukhosomola mphuno kapena mphuno yapinki.
  3. Kupweteka kwambiri pachifuwa, chizungulire, kapena chisokonezo.
  4. Zizindikiro zomwe ** zimaipiraipira pakatha maola 24 ** kapena kulephera kuthetsa pambuyo **maola 48 **.

Gawo 3: Kuopsa kwa Mbalame Zanyama ("Teflon Toxicosis"): Chifukwa chiyani masekondi amafunikira¶

Ngakhale kuti anthu ali ndi mapapu akhungu (alveoli) pomwe mpweya wokha umasinthidwa ndi mpweya uliwonse, mbalame zili ndi njira yopumira yogwira bwino kwambiri yamtundu uliwonse wamoyo padziko lapansi: mapapo olimba olumikizidwa ndi matumba asanu ndi anayi amipanda yopyapyala omwe amakankhira mpweya mosiyanasiyana kudzera m'magazi ang'onoang'ono amagazi (parabronchi). Izi zimathandiza mbalame kutulutsa mpweya pamalo okwera, ndikupangitsa kuti zitenge poizoni wopita mumlengalenga ** 10 mpaka 20 kuchuluka kwa munthu **.

Chifukwa chiyani utsi wa PTFE umapha mbalame m'zipinda zakutali ndi khitchini¶

Pini yotentha kwambiri ya PTFE ikatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta fluoropolymer ndi mpweya wa acidic, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timawononga nthawi yomweyo tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta cell imodzi m'mapapu a mbalame, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapapu a mbalameyo adzaza mwachangu ndi magazi (acute congestive pulmonary hemorrhage).

• Mbalame zimafa anthu asananunkhe kalikonse: Chifukwa PTFE imayamba kutulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafika pa 260°C (500°F), utsi usanawoneke kapena fungo lamphamvu loyaka moto, mbalame zotchedwa nkhwere, mphemvu, ndi mbalame zotchedwa parakeet (budgies), ndi mbalame zosungidwa m'chipinda chogona kapena ofesi ya pamwamba nthawi zambiri zimagwa kuchokera kukhitchini yawo.
• **Zizindikiro za PTFE toxicosis mu mbalame **:
• Kupuma kwa milomo yotsegula, kupuma, kapena rhythmic -kudula mchira ndi mpweya uliwonse.
• Kugwira mapiko pang'ono kuchokera m'thupi, kufooka kwambiri, kugwedezeka, kapena kugwera pansi pa khola.
• Kugunda momveka, kupuma movutikira, kapena kupumira; magazi kapena madzi apinki kuzungulira mphuno (nares) kapena mlomo; kukomoka mwachangu komanso kufa mwadzidzidzi.
• Njira zopulumutsira mbalame zadzidzidzi:
• **Chotsani mbalameyo ku mpweya wabwino wakunja nthawi yomweyo **: Sekondi iliyonse mkati mwa nyumba imawonjezera mlingo wakupha. Nyamula mbalameyo panja (yotetezedwa ku mphepo / kuzizira mu chonyamulira kapena chopukutira, kapena mkati mwa galimoto yomwe isanatenthedwe m'nyengo yozizira).
• Izipangitsa mbalame kukhala bata, kutentha, ndi bata m'chonyamulira chaching'ono: Chifukwa kugwira mbalame ya hypoxic kumawonjezera kufunikira kwake kwa okosijeni ndipo kungayambitse kugunda kwa mtima wakupha, musaumirize kapena kukakamiza mbalameyo.
• Thamangani nthawi yomweyo kwa Dokotala Wazinyama Zadzidzidzi: Imbani patsogolo panjira kuti gulu la ziweto lizitha kudzaza chipinda chotenthetsera, chonyowetsedwa cha 100% cha oxygen (chofungatira) ndikukonzekera ma diuretics (furosemide), bronchodilators, ndi mankhwala oletsa kutupa. Musabweretse mbalameyo m'nyumba mwanu kwa maola osachepera 6 mpaka 12 ** ya mpweya wabwino wodutsa.

Gawo 4: Chitsulo Chotenthedwa Kwambiri, Chitsulo cha Carbon, Ceramic, ndi Pani Zachitsulo Zosapanga dzimbiri¶

Nanga bwanji ngati poto yomwe mwasiya mwangozi pa chowotcherayo inali osati poto ya PTFE Teflon, koma yokongoletsedwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ** carbon steel wok**, potoni yokutidwa ndi ceramic, kapena mphika wachitsulo wosapanga dzimbiri?

Momwe mungagwirire kusuta fodya wa Cast Iron skillet kapena mphika wophika-wouma wosapanga dzimbiri bwino¶

1. Zindikirani kukwiya kwa Acrolein: Mafuta a polymerized pa chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena chitsulo cha kaboni akayaka utsi wandiweyani wotuwa, mankhwala akuthwa, ogwetsa misozi omwe amaluma m'maso mwako ndikutsokomola nthawi yomweyo ndi acrolein (propenal), yopangidwa ndi kuchepa kwamadzi m'thupi kwa glycerol mumafuta. Acrolein ndi yamphamvu mucous nembanemba ndi mphumu irritant (ndipo kuyaka zinthu organic kumatulutsa carbon monoxide), kotero muyenera kutsegula mazenera, kuthamanga utsi fan, ndi kulowa mpweya wabwino mpaka utsi utachoka.
2. Pewani Kugwedezeka kwa Matenthedwe ndi Kuphulika kwa Zitsulo:
3. **Chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala chophwanyika chifukwa cha kutenthedwa kwa kutentha *: Mukayika chitsulo cha 370-degree-Celsius (700-degree-Fahrenheit) pansi pa mpope wakukhitchini kapena kuthira madzi mmenemo, gawo lozizilitsidwa limalowa nthawi yomweyo pamene chitsulo chozungulira chikukulitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo cholemeracho chikhale ** kung'ambika pakati ndi mfuti yamoto mokweza.
4. **Siyani poto pa chowotcha chozimitsa kwa mphindi 45 mpaka 60 ** mpaka kuziziritsa kukhudza. Ngati poto ikusuta kwambiri kotero kuti ikuyambitsa ma alarm a utsi m'nyumba yonseyo, gwiritsani ntchito magolovesi awiri owuma achikopa kapena zitsulo zolemera za silikoni kuti mutulutse panja ndikuyiyika pa ** konkire youma, njerwa, kapena dothi ** (osati padenga lamatabwa, vinyl siding, kupanga udzu wakunja, kapena chonyowa).
5. Kuchotsa fungo la utsi m’khitchini mwanu zitachitikazi:
6. Chophikacho chikatuluka panja ndipo mpweya watuluka kwa mphindi 60, sambani zosefera zopaka mafuta m'madzi otentha asopo (tinthu ta poizoni ndi acrolein kumamatira ku zosefera zamafuta), pukutani makabati ozungulira akukhitchini ndi ma countertops ndi madzi ofunda ndi sopo, ndikusintha fyuluta yanu ya ng'anjo ya HVAC ngati chowombera chapakati chikuyenda.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, United States): Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards and Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Decomposition Products of Fluorocarbon Polymers (Polymer Fume Fever).
• America's Poison Centers and National Capital Poison Center (United States): Teflon / Nonstick Pan Overheating, Polymer Fume Fever Clinical Timeline, ndi Kulowetsedwa kwa Nonstick Coating Flakes.
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, United States): Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls and Thermal Pyrolysis Products of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
• Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV) ndi American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA, United States / International): Household Inhalant Toxins in Companion Birds: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Toxicosis ndi Emergency Avian Triage.
• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) ndi National Poisons Information Service (NPIS, United Kingdom): Toxicological Overview of Fluoropolymer Pyrolysis Fumes and Acrolein Smoke Inhalation.
• Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR / Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany): Mafunso ndi Mayankho pa Cookware yokhala ndi Zopaka za PTFE Nonsstick ndi Kutentha Kwambiri.

*Ngati wina akumana ndi vuto lalikulu la kupuma atakoka utsi kapena utsi, pitani kuchipatala msanga. Ganizirani kutengapo chithandizo choyamba ndi maphunziro a CPR kuchokera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena wothandizira kwanuko.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Moto wakukhitchini
• Chithandizo choyamba chopumira utsi
• Ziweto zachilendo pakagwa mwadzidzidzi
• Poyizoni