Kusunga Masiku 14 a Madzi Omwe Adzidzidzi: Zotengera, Kuzungulira, ndi Zosefera Zokokera¶

Pamene chivomezi chachikulu chimaphulika pansi pa nthaka, mphepo yamkuntho imasefukira malo opangira mankhwala a municipalities, kutayika kwa mankhwala kumawononga mtsinje, kapena kutsekedwa kwa masiku ambiri kumatseka mapampu amagetsi owonjezera, madzi apampopi amasiya kuyenda kapena amakhala osatetezeka kwa bacteriologically mkati mwa mphindi zochepa. Ngakhale munthu wamkulu wathanzi akhoza kukhala ndi moyo kwa milungu itatu popanda chakudya, kutaya madzi m'thupi kwambiri kumayambitsa kugwedezeka kwa magazi, kulephera kwa impso, ndi kugwa kwa chidziwitso mu ** maola 72 ** (komanso mofulumira kutentha kwa chilimwe kapena posamalira makanda ndi akuluakulu). Kupitilira shelufu yaying'ono yamadzi am'mabotolo amasiku atatu kuti mupange ** 14-masiku 14 yosungiramo madzi am'nyumba yamagulu awiri ** pogwiritsa ntchito **NSF/ANSI 61 ya chakudya cha High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE #2) ma jerrycans ndi migolo ya 208-lita (55-gallon) **, yophatikizidwa ndi **NSF P231 / NSF 53 certified gravity water fyuluta **, imatsimikizira banja lanu madzi oyera, kuphika, ndi madzi aukhondo kudutsa tsoka lililonse.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa madzi a m'banja mwanu kwa masiku 14 pogwiritsa ntchito 4-Liters-Per-Person-Per-Tsiku (1-Gallon-Per-Day). Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) limatchula osachepera malita 4 pa munthu aliyense wakumwa US lita imodzi 2 malita okonzekera chakudya, kutsuka mano, kusamba m'manja), ndi 6 mpaka 8 malita (1.5 mpaka 2 galoni) patsiku kumalo otentha, kwa amayi apakati kapena oyamwitsa, kapena mabanja omwe ali ndi ziweto. Kwa banja la 4 kupitilira masiku 14, cholinga chanu chochepera ndi 220 malita (magalani 56 a US).
2. Musamasunge madzi akumwa adzidzidzi m'mitsuko ya mkaka yomwe yagwiritsiridwanso ntchito, m'mabotolo a madzi a zipatso, kapena zinyalala. Mitsuko ya mkaka ya polyethylene yopyapyala imatha kuwola/kuwonongeka mwachangu, imagawika m'miyezi itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo imakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga mkaka m'miyendo yawo yapulasitiki yomwe singathe kutsukidwa, kuswana mabakiteriya owopsa. Gwiritsani pokha namwali Chakudya Chapamwamba Kwambiri Kachulukidwe Polyethylene (HDPE #2, BPA-free) jerrycans (Aquatainer, WaterBrick, Scepter, LCI) kapena Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE #1) mabotolo amadzi amalonda.
3. Musamadzaze zotengera zosungira madzi pogwiritsa ntchito payipi wamba wobiriwira. Vinilu wamba ndi mapaipi a dimba la labala amapangidwa ndi zoletsa zodziwikiratu, phthalates, ndi organotin biocides zomwe zimalowa m'madzi osayima ndikuphwanya malamulo amadzi akumwa abwino. Nthawi zonse mudzaze migolo ikuluikulu ndi ma jerrycans pogwiritsa ntchito yoyera/buluu ya NSF/ANSI 61 yotsimikizika ya Lead-Free RV Drinking Water Hose yolumikizidwa ku mpopi wanu.
4. Yeretsani chidebe chilichonse chatsopano musanadzaze, ndipo dziwani ngati madzi anu apampopi ali kale ndi mankhwala a chlorine. Musanasunge madzi mu HDPE jerrycan yatsopano kapena mbiya ya malita 208 (55-gallon), sambani mankhwala oyeretsa a **5 milliliters (supuni imodzi) ya bulitchi yamadzi osanunkhiritsa pa lita imodzi (lita imodzimphindi imodzi yoyera mkati mwa lita imodzi) madzi, ndikudzaza pamwamba ndi madzi apampopi oyeretsedwa (ngati mzinda wanu umagwiritsa ntchito 2 ppm chlorine/chloramine yaulere, palibe bulitchi yowonjezera yomwe imafunika pakudzaza koyamba; ngati kukokera ku **chitsime chachinsinsi **, mlingo 2 madontho a 6% -8.25% bulichi wosanunkhira pa lita / madontho 8 pa galoni).
5. ** Kwezani migolo yonse yamadzi yapulasitiki ndi ma jerrycan pagalaja yopanda konkriti pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa (2x4) mapaleti kapena mphasa zolemera za mphira.** Ngakhale kuti pulasitiki sachita dzimbiri, kutentha kwa njinga pa konkire yopanda kanthu kumapangitsa nkhungu yosungunuka pansi ndipo imalola kuti tifufuze zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka (madontho a petulo, mafuta amoto, mankhwala ophera tizilombo) otayira pansi pa garaja kuti alowe pang'onopang'ono m'makoma opyapyala a polyethylene kwa zaka zambiri akugwirana mwachindunji.
6. Sungani magawo awiri a chithandizo chadzidzidzi (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate NaDCC mapiritsi + Sefa ya Hollow-Fiber/Ceramic Gravity) yojambulidwa pamigolo yanu. gakhale madzi omata otsekedwa amatha kukoma pakatha miyezi 12 kapena angafunike inshuwaransi ya biologically ngati atengedwa mu chotenthetsera chamadzi kapena mbiya yamvula. Kuphatikizira kusefera kwamphamvu yokoka kovomerezeka ndi NSF ** (kuchotsa protoa ngati Cryptosporidium, mabakiteriya, ndi zitsulo zolemera) ndi Aquatabs (NaDCC) kapena bulitchi yatsopano yosanunkhiritsa (yopha mavairasi ndi kupewa kukulanso) imapangitsa gwero lililonse lamadzi kukhala lotetezeka kumwa.

flowchart TD
    Plan["Werengerani Zofunikira za Madzi Pabanja Pamasiku 14 (4 L / Munthu 1 Gal Patsiku)"] --> Example["Chitsanzo: Anthu 4 x 4 L x Masiku 14 = Malita 224 (Magaloni 56) Pang'ono"]
    Example --> TierSplit{"Gawani M'magulu Awiri Osungira Kuti Muzitha Kunyamula & Voliyumu"}
    TierSplit -->|Tier 1: Portable 72-Hour Grab-and-Go (48 to 80 L / 12 to 20 Gal)| PortablePick["Pakani PETE #1 Milandu Yamadzi Yamabotolo + Awiri 15-20 L (4-5 Gal) Olimba HDPE #2 Jerrycans"]
    TierSplit -->|Tier 2: Stationary 11-Day Home Reserve (150 to 210 L / 40 to 55 Gal)| HomePick["Stage Stackable 20 L HDPE Njerwa (Zipinda) OR One 208 L (55 Gal) Buluu HDPE Barrel + Bung Wrench & Siphon Pump"]
    PortablePick --> FillClean["Sanitize Containers -> Dzazani kudzera pa Hose Yomwe Mowa Yoyera ya NSF-61 -> Sindikizani Molimba"]
    HomePick --> FillClean
    FillClean --> StoreRight["Sungani mu Malo Ozizira, Amdima (10-21 C / 50-70 F) Okwezedwa Pamitengo/Mpira Wopanda Konkire"]
    StoreRight --> Rotate["Tembenukirani Miyezi 6 mpaka 12 Iliyonse (kapena Zaka 5 Ndi Wosunga Zamalonda) + Aerate Musanamwe"]

Khwerero 1: Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa madzi akunyumba kwanu kwamasiku 14 (Kuphatikiza ziweto ndi zosowa zamankhwala)¶

Anthu ambiri amanyalanyaza kwambiri momwe banja limawotchera m'madzi mwachangu pamene bomba la kukhitchini lauma. Ngakhale kuti kampeni yakale ya FEMA idanenanso kuti "galoni imodzi pa munthu patsiku kwa masiku atatu," maphunziro ochitika pakagwa tsoka kuchokera ku mphepo yamkuntho Katrina, mphepo yamkuntho Maria, kulephera kwa gridi yachisanu ku Texas mu 2021, ndi zivomezi za Cascadia/San Andreas zidapangitsa *FEMA, Red Cross, ndi mabungwe azadzidzidzi aboma kuti akweze malo awo oyambira okhala ndi madzi okwanira

Kuwonongeka kwa madzi tsiku ndi tsiku pa munthu aliyense¶

Gawo 2: Kusankha zotengera zosungiramo madzi zotetezeka (Decoding Plastic Resin Codes #1 ku #7)¶

Yang'anani pansi pa mtsuko uliwonse wapulasitiki kapena ng'oma kuti mupeze makona atatu a Resin Identification Code (1 kudzera 7). Mapulasitiki okhudzana ndi chakudya okha ndi omwe ali otetezeka kusungirako madzi kwa nthawi yayitali:

Njira ya "Two-Tier Container Strategy" (Chifukwa chiyani simuyenera kuyika magaloni onse 55 mumgolo umodzi waukulu)¶

Ngati madzi onse a banja lanu atsekeredwa mkati mwa ng'oma imodzi ya 218 kilogram (480-pounds) 55 galoni m'galaja ndipo moto wolusa kapena kutayika kwa mankhwala kumakukakamizani kuti muchoke m'galimoto yanu mumphindi 10, mudzasiya madzi anu 100%. Nthawi zonse gawani nkhokwe yanu yamasiku 14 m'magulu awiri: 1. Tier 1, Zotengera Zonyamula ndi Kupita (Masiku 3 Oyamba mpaka 5 = 40 mpaka 80 Malita / 10 mpaka 20 Galoni): - Awiri kapena atatu 15-to-20-lita (4-to-5-gallon) olimba #2 HDPE ma jerrycan okhala ndi ma spigots (olemera 15 mpaka 20 kg / 33 mpaka 44 lb iliyonse, yosavuta kuti munthu wamkulu akwere m'gulu lagalimoto) + 2 milandu yogulidwa m'sitolo 500 mL #1 PETE madzi a m'botolo. 2. Tier 2, Stationary Home Reserve (Masiku 4 mpaka 14 = 150 mpaka 210 Lita / 40 mpaka 55 Galoni): - Kapena 208-lita (55-gallon) yotsekedwa pamwamba pa buluu #2 HDPE ng'oma (yokhala ndi Bung Wrench ndi Chakudya cha BPA-Free Manual Drum Siphon Pump yomangidwa zipi pamwamba) KAPENA 8 mpaka 10 njerwa za HDPE 13-to-20-lita zosungidwa pansi pa mabedi kapena pansi pa zotsekera malaya.

Khwerero 3: Momwe mungayeretsere, kudzaza, kuchiritsa, ndi kuzungulira zotengera zazikulu zamadzi¶

Ngakhale mutagula mbiya yatsopano ya HDPE kapena jerrycan, fumbi la fakitale ndi mabakiteriya obwera ndi mpweya amakhala mkati mwa ng'oma. Tsatirani CDC / EPA / WHO 5-Step Container Filling Protocol:

1. Tsukani ndi kuyeretsa mkati mwa chidebe choyamba¶

1. Tsukani mkati mwa chidebecho ndi zisoti zake zokhala ndi ulusi ndi madzi apampopi ofunda ndi sopo wocheperako, ndiye muzimutsuka bwino.
2. Sakanizani ** Container Sanitizing Solution ** mkati mwa chotengera: onjezani ** 5 milliliters (1 supuni ya tiyi) yamadzi osanunkhira amadzi am'nyumba a chlorine bleach (5% mpaka 8.25% sodium hypochlorite) pa 1 lita imodzi (1 quart) yamadzi oyera** (kwa 20-lita / 5-gallon jerrycan, onjezerani 25 mL ble / sachn 4 supuni ya tiyi ya madzi / 5 lita imodzi ya madzi).
3. Mangani kapuyo mwamphamvu ndikugudubuza/kupotoza chidebecho kuti madzi oyeretsera a bleach avale centimita iliyonse ya makoma amkati ndi ulusi wa kapu kwa osachepera mphindi ziwiri.
4. Thirani mankhwala oyeretsera ndipo mulole chidebecho chiwume bwino (kapena muzimutsuka kamodzi ndi madzi apampopi a chlorine).

2. Dzazani pogwiritsa ntchito Hose Yomwe Mopanda Motsogola ya NSF-61 RV¶

Lumikizani payipi yoyera ** yoyera kapena ya buluu ya NSF/ANSI 61 yotsimikizika ya Madzi Akumwa** (mutasiya pompo kuti iyendetse kwa masekondi 60 kuti itulutse madzi ofunda osasunthika) ndikudzaza mbiya kapena jerrycan mpaka pansi pa ulusi, kusiya mpweya wochepa kwambiri.

3. Kodi muyenera kuwonjezera bulichi m'madzi osungidwa panthawi yodzaza?¶

• Ngati mukudzaza kuchokera ku Municipal Public Water System yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito Chlorine Yaulere (1.0 to 2.0 mg/L / ppm): Malinga ndi CDC ndi FEMA, madzi apampopi am'tauni omwe adathiridwa kale klololoni pamalo opangira mankhwala safuna kuonjezera bulichi wowonjezera akasindikizidwa mu chidebe chachakudya choyeretsedwa, chosalowa mpweya, chosawoneka bwino ndi kuzungulira 6 mpaka 12 miyezi iliyonse.
• Ngati mukudzaza mu Chitsime Payekha, Kasupe, Chitsime cha Madzi a Mvula, kapena Pampopi Wopanda chlorinated (OR kusunga kwa miyezi 12+): Mukuyenera** kuthira madziwo panthawi yothira ndimadzimadzi am'nyumba osanunkhira, osanunkhira, osanunkhira5% to 8.25% sodium hypochlorite, MUSAMAgwiritse ntchito zonunkhiritsa, "splashless," kapena bulitchi yotetezedwa pamtundu) kapena Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC / Aquatabs).

Official EPA / CDC / WHO Chlorine Dosage Table for Clear Water Storage¶

*Dikirani osachepera mphindi 30 mutasakaniza musanamwe (mphindi 60 ngati madzi akuzizira, osachepera \(10^\circ\text{C} / 50^\circ\text{F}\)). Madzi oyeretsedwa ayenera kukhala ndi fungo lochepa kwambiri la klorini; mukatsegula mbiya pakatha zaka 1 mpaka 2 ndikununkhiza zero chlorine, onjezerani mlingo watsopano ndikudikirira mphindi 30 musanamwe.

4. Chifukwa chiyani bleach wamadzi wapakhomo amatha pakadutsa miyezi 6 mpaka 12 (ndi chifukwa chiyani NaDCC mapiritsi atha zaka 5)¶

Nayi mfundo yofunikira kwambiri yomwe imakhudza mabanja ambiri mobisa: **madzimadzi am'nyumba a chlorine bleach (NaOCl) imayamba kutaya 20% mpaka 50% ya chlorine yake yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pachaka ikangochoka kufakitale **, ndikuwola kukhala madzi amchere wamba (NaCl), makamaka ngati zasungidwa m’chipinda chochapira chofunda chotentha pamwamba pa \(21^\circ\text{C}\) (\(70^\circ\text{F}\)). Botolo la bulichi lomwe limakhala pansi pa sinki yanu kwa zaka ziwiri limakhala lamadzi amchere ndipo sadzapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. - Yankho: Gulani botolo latsopano la bulichi wosanunkhira nthawi yophukira iliyonse (lembani tsiku logulira pa botolo ndi Sharpie), NDI jambulani bokosi losindikizidwa la Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC / Aquatabs) kapena Kashiamu Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)_2 kugwedeza dziwe la granular, koyera, kosasakanikirana, kokhala ndi ziro algaecides) ku mbiya yanu yamadzi yadzidzidzi. Zojambulajambula-zokutidwa NaDCC mapiritsi ali ndi 5-zaka alumali moyo ndipo samataya kapena kutsitsa.

5. Momwe mungakonzere "Flat Taste" yamadzi osungidwa mumasekondi a 30¶

Madzi osungidwa mu chidebe chosindikizidwa kwa miyezi 6 mpaka 12 amataya mpweya wake wa okosijeni wosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale "zophwanyika" ngakhale zitakhala 100% zopanda kanthu komanso zotetezeka. Musanamwe madzi osungidwa, tsitsani chammbuyo ndi mtsogolo pakati pa mitsuko iwiri yoyera nthawi zinayi kapena 5 kuchokera pa utali wa masentimita 30 ( mainchesi 12). Zimenezi zimatsitsimulanso madzi ndi okosijeni wa mumlengalenga ndikubwezeretsa kukoma kwa madzi apampopi mwamsanga.

Khwerero 4: Kujambula madzi amkuntho amphindi yomaliza (WaterBOB zikhodzodzo za m'bafa ndi chotenthetsera chamadzi chomangika)¶

1. The WaterBOB Liner ya Bath Bath-Giredi (380 Malita / 100 Galoni mu Mphindi 25)¶

Ngati muli ndi chenjezo kwa maola 12 pasadakhale mphepo yamkuntho, mphepo yamkuntho ya ayezi, kapena kutseka kwa madzi, simungangodzaza bafa lotseguka ladothi ndikumwa molunjika, ngalande za m'bafa zimatuluka pang'onopang'ono, zinyalala za sopo ndi mabakiteriya amavala beseni, ndipo fumbi limakhazikika pamalo otseguka. - M'malo mwake, sungani chakudya cha $35 chosindikizidwa #4 LDPE m'bafa chikhodzodzo (monga a WaterBOB) mkati mwa chipinda chanu cha bafuta. - Pamene chenjezo la mphepo yamkuntho kapena chenjezo la mphepo yamkuntho liperekedwa, tsegulani chikhodzodzo cha pulasitiki chotsekedwa mkati mwa bafa yanu, tsitsani sock yake yodzaza pampopi, ndikudzaza ndi mpaka malita 380 (100 magaloni) amadzi apompopi amtundu wosabala mumphindi 25. Chifukwa madzi amakhala otsekedwa mkati mwa pulasitiki ya chakudya chokhala ndi siphon ya pampu pamwamba, imakhala yoyera komanso yotetezedwa kwa milungu ingapo.

2. Kukolola Malita 150 mpaka 300 (Ma Galoni 40 mpaka 80) kuchokera mu Chotenthetsera Madzi cha Tank¶

Kukachitika chivomezi chomwe sichinadziwike kapena kuphulika kwamadzi lero, m'nyumba mwanu chotenthetsera madzi cham'thanki chomangika chimakhala ndi malita 150 mpaka 300 amadzi amchere, ** bola ngati mutseka valavu yake yolowera mipope isanadutse**: 1. YIMItsani nthawi yomweyo choboolera chamagetsi kapena chowotchera gasi ku chotenthetsera chamadzi (musakhetse chotenthetsera chamadzi pomwe chowotchera kapena choyatsira chili choyaka, kapena chowumacho chiwotcha kapena kusungunula thanki). 2. ** Tsekani valavu yoperekera madzi ozizira pamwamba pa chotenthetsera madzi** (ndi valavu yanu yayikulu yotsekera madzi) nthawi yomweyo kuti madzi osefukira oipitsidwa kapena vacuum yosweka ya mumsewu isasokoneze thanki. 3. Lolani thanki izizire kwa maola awiri kapena atatu kuti musatenthe ndi \(50^\circ\text{C}\text{ to }60^\circ\text{C}\) (\(120^\circ\text{F}\text{ to }140^\circ\text{F}\)) madzi. 4. **Tsegulani popo iliyonse yamadzi otentha yomwe ili pamwamba pa nyumba yanu ** kuti muphwanye vacuyumuyo ndi kulola mpweya kulowa pamwamba pa thankiyo. 5. Ikani kapu yaing'ono yakumwa yopanda kutsogolera (kapena gwirani ndowa) pansi pa ** valavu yakuda yamkuwa pansi pa chowotcha chamadzi **, tsegulani valavu yokhala ndi screwdriver ya flathead kapena chogwirira, ndikusefa chidebe choyamba kupyolera mu fyuluta ya khofi kapena nsalu kuti mugwire zoyera za calcium / magnesium mineral sediment zokhazikika pansi pa thanki. Mwaona chitetezo cha madzi ndi zidziwitso za chithupsa.

Khwerero 5: Kusankha Zosefera Zamadzi za Countertop Gravity (NSF/ANSI 53, 42, ndi P231 Certifications)¶

Ngati madzi anu osungidwa atha kapena muyenera kusefa madzi a mvula, madzi a m'mitsinje, madzi a m'nyanja, kapena madzi apampopi okayikitsa panthawi yowonjezereka yadzidzidzi, ** Sefa yamadzi yosagwiritsa ntchito magetsi yopanda magetsi yotchedwa Stainless Steel Countertop Gravity Water Selter (pomwe madzi aiwisi amatsanuliridwa m'chipinda chapamwamba chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikudontha ndi mphamvu yokoka kudzera m'zigawo za makandulo m'chipinda chochepa cha spigo).

Momwe mungadziwire zosefera zenizeni zakupulumuka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera mumtsuko woyambira wa "zokoma/fungo".¶

*Zosefera zanthawi zonse za firiji ndi zotengera zamtundu wa carbon activated (NSF/ANSI 42OSATI KUCHOTSA mabakiteriya, mavairasi, kapena ma protozoan cysts. Amapangidwa kuti azingowonjezera kakomedwe ka klorini ndi fungo lake m'madzi otetezedwa kale; kuthira mtsinje woipitsidwa kapena madzi owiritsa-chidziwitso kudzera mumtsuko woyambira wa carbon kungakudwalitseni kwambiri.

Mukasankha kandulo yokoka yokoka (monga British Berkefeld / Doulton Ultra Sterasyl, ProOne G2.0, LifeStraw Home / Mission, kapena Sawyer Gravity Systems), yang'anani izi ziphaso zodziyimira pawokha za labotale:

"Pre-Sefa + Gravity Selter + Chlorine Drops" 3-Step Field Rule¶

Ngati mukuyenera kutunga madzi aiwisi mumgolo wamvula, dziwe losambira (dziwe lokha la chlorine, ** konse ** dziwe la bromine kapena dziwe lomwe limathiridwa ndi copper/quaternary ammonium algaecides), dziwe, kapena mtsinje: 1. Khwerero 1, Pre-Sefa Turbidity: Thirani madzi aiwisi kudzera pa t-sheti ya thonje yoyera kapena fyuluta ya khofi ya pepala** mumtsuko kuti matope, masamba, ndi dothi zisatseke tinthu tating'ono tating'ono ta makandulo anu a ceramic kapena opanda ulusi. 2. ** Gawo 2, Disinfect Virus: ** Chifukwa muyezo 0.1 to 0.2 micron Zosefera za ceramic ndi hollow-fiber zimatsekereza mabakiteriya (\(0.5\text{ to }5\text{microns}\)) ndi ma protozoan cysts (\(3\text{ to }15\text{microns}\)) kwathunthu, koma ma virus ena otuluka m'madzi* (monga Norovirus, Rotavirus, ndi Hepatitis A, pa \(0.02\)) ndi ang'ono 0.1 micron, onjezani madontho awiri a bleach wosanunkhiritsa pa lita imodzi (madontho 8 pa galoni) kapena 1 Aquatab kumadzi osaphika ndipo dikirani mphindi 30 MUSANATHIRE pamwamba pa sefa yanu ya ceramic/carbon gravity. 3. Khwerero 3, Zosefera za Gravity: Madzi a chlorine akamadontha mu chipolopolo cha ceramic ndi chipika chamkati cha carbon activated-gravity fyuluta, fyulutayo imachotsa ma cysts osagwirizana ndi chlorine Cryptosporidium cysts, zitsulo zolemera, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, **ndipo mpweya woyaka umatulutsa bleach, crystal-clear, kutulutsa madzi okoma, 10%, ndikusiya bleach-free, 10% kukoma kokoma. m'chipinda chapansi.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): Kupanga ndi Kusunga Madzi a Emergency Water Supply (Mitsuko ya Sanitizing, Bleach Dosing for 6% vs. 8.25% Sodium Hypochlorite, ndi Water Heater Extraction).
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water (EPA 816-F-15-003) ndi NSF/ANSI Certification Standards for Point-of-Use Drinking Water Selters.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA / Ready.gov, United States): Chakudya ndi Madzi Padzidzi Wodzidzimutsa (Malangizo Othirira M'nyumba Yamasiku 14 ndi Kusankha Zotengera Zotetezedwa).
• World Health Organization (WHO, International): Technical Notes on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Emergency (Minimum Daily Water Quantities and NaDCC Chlorine Dosing).
• NSF International (National Sanitation Foundation): NSF/ANSI 42 (Aesthetic Effects), NSF/ANSI 53 (Health Effects / Cysts & Lead), NSF/ANSI 61 (Drinking Water System Components), ndi NSF Protocol P231 (Microbiological Water Purifiers).

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Chitetezo cha madzi ndi zidziwitso za chithupsa
• Mndandanda wa zida zadzidzidzi
• Kusungirako chakudya kwanthawi yayitali (Mylar ndi oxygen absorbers)
• Chimbudzi chadzidzidzi komanso chimbudzi chokhala ndi ndowa ziwiri zopanda madzi
• Kuteteza mipando yolemera ndi kumanga zotenthetsera madzi
• Nambala zangozi