Kuphulika kwa Fumbi Loyaka ndi Class D Metal Powder Fires¶

Pafupifupi zinthu zonse zolimba zakuthupi kapena zitsulo zotsekemera zomwe zimatha kuwotcha mochuluka, ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizingayaka mu mawonekedwe olimba, monga aluminiyamu, titaniyamu, magnesium, chitsulo, chimanga, shuga wothira, ufa wa tirigu, utuchi wamatabwa, malasha, ndi utomoni wa pulasitiki, zidzaphulika ndi mphamvu yowononga ya fumbi lokhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. mpweya. Chifukwa mtambo wa tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta 50-micron umatulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi kuposa matabwa olimba kapena chitsulo, kuthwanima kumodzi kwa electrostatic, chonyamulira chotenthetsera, kapena kugunda kwachitsulo kumatha kuyatsa mafunde amphamvu kwambiri mafunde akuwonongeka omwe amathamanga kudzera pamalo okwera mamita 100 mpaka 1 sekondi * 1. bar (mapaundi 100 mpaka 145 pa lalikulu inchi / psi)**, kuwirikiza kakhumi kukakamiza kofunikira kugwetsa ma silo olimba a konkriti ndi nyumba zachitsulo.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuphulika kwa fumbi la mafakitale kukhala koopsa kwambiri ndi **kuphulika kwa magawo awiri kuyambira kuphulika kwachiwiri mpaka kuchiwiri . Pamene kamoto kakang'ono, komwe kamakhala komweko moto woyambira kapena pop ukachitika m'nyumba yotolera fumbi, mwendo wokwezera ndowa, kapena nyundo, mafunde akugwedezeka amagwedeza matabwa a nyumbayo, nsonga za ma ductwork, ndi denga loyimitsidwa. Ngati ngakhale mamilimita 0.8 (1/32 ya inchi) ya utuchi, fumbi la chimanga, shuga, kapena zitsulo zitaloledwa kuti ziwunjike pamtengowo, mphepo yamkunthoyo imagwedezeka ndipo fumbi linafika mumtambo waukulu kwambiri womwe umayatsa kachigawo kakang'ono ka sekondi imodzi pambuyo pake pakagwa tsoka fumbi lonse liphulika. Kuphatikiza apo, zikagawanika bwino zitsulo zogwira ntchito (monga magnesium swarf, aluminiyamu pogaya fumbi, titaniyamu kutembenuza, kapena 3D-osindikiza zitsulo ufa) zimagwira moto, kupopera madzi, thovu, kapena chozimitsa chozimitsa chamankhwala cha ABC choyaka pachitsulo choyaka chimayambitsa kuphulika kwa hydrogen-gasi ndi kuphulika kwa nthunzi nthawi yomweyo. Kudziwa momwe mungatulukire nthawi yomweyo zida zilizonse zazing'ono "pop" kuphulika kwachiwiri kusanachitike, chifukwa chiyani simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya woponderezedwa kuti muphulitse denga lafumbi kapena kusefukira mulu wazitsulo zoyaka ndi madzi, komanso momwe mungatsekere moto wachitsulo wa Gulu D ndi mchenga wouma kapena sodium chloride flux imapulumutsa miyoyo.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Chokani mnyumba yonseyo nthawi yomweyo ngati mumva phokoso la "pop" losamveka, kapena kung'anima mkati mwa chotolera fumbi, mwendo wambewu, silo, kapena ngalande. Kugunda koyambako ndi **kuwotcha fumbi koyambirira **; pakangopita masekondi pang'ono, kugwedezeka kwake kumatha kugwedeza fumbi lomwe lachuluka kuchokera pamwamba ndikuyambitsa ngozi **kuphulika kwanyumba kwachiwiri **. Tulutsani njira yapafupi yotulukamo kupita kumalo ochitira misonkhano yamphepo yotseguka osachepera 100 mita (mamita 330) opanda ma silo ndi zitsulo zakunja za fumbi.
2. MUSAMAPOTEZERE madzi, thovu la Gulu A, mpweya woipa (\(CO_2\)), kapena chozimitsira moto cha ABC pa mulu woyaka wa fumbi lachitsulo kapena matembenuzidwe (aluminiyamu, magnesium, titaniyamu, zirconium, sodium, kapena lithiamu). Pakutentha kopitilira 2,000 digiri Celsius (madigiri 3,600), amawotcha zitsulo zotulutsa mpweya mwachindunji. (\(H_2O\)) ndi \(CO_2\), kumasula zophulika gasi wa haidrojeni ndi kuphulitsa zitsulo zosungunula pashopu yonse.
3. *Yatsani kachitsulo kakang'ono, kamene kamayambitsa chitsulo cha Gulu D kapena chip moto poukwirira mofatsa ndi ufa wowuma wa Gulu D (sodium chloride, ufa wa mkuwa, kapena graphite), mchenga wouma, kapena zitsulo zotayira zachitsulo. Musamaphulitse ndege yozimira mopanikizika molunjika mulu wa zitsulo zoyaka moto zomwe zimayatsa fumbi loyatsa mpweya. mtambo; gwiritsani ntchito chowuma pang'onopang'ono ndi ndodo yogwira ntchito yayitali kapena wand yogwiritsira ntchito Class D.
4. MUSAMAtsegule chipika choyendera cha nkhokwe ya utuchi, silo yambewu, kapena chotolera fumbi. Mukatsegula chiswachi mumalowetsa mpweya watsopano ku mulu wafumbi lokhala ndi njala ya okosijeni ndipo kumasonkhezera mtambo woyimitsidwa pamwamba pa nyala zonyezimira, kuchititsa kuti fumbi lakumaso kwanu kuphulika nthawi yomweyo.
5. Dzigwetseni pansi ndi kuteteza njira yanu yolowera mpweya ngati itagwidwa ndi moto wamoto kapena fumbi lamoto. Ngati mtambo wafumbi ukuyaka pafupi nanu, tsitsani pansi nthawi yomweyo (kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwambiri kumakwera pamwamba pa denga), gwirani mpweya wanu kapena pumani pansalu yonyowa kuti fumbi lotentha kwambiri lisapse mtsempha wanu, ndipo muthamangire pansi pa utsi mutangoyamba kumene.
6. Imbani foni nambala yanu yazadzidzi (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) nthawi yomweyo. Chenjezani zozimitsa moto zomwe zikufika makamaka ngati masilo oyaka fumbi kapena Zitsulo za Gulu D (magnesium, aluminiyamu, kapena fumbi la titaniyamu) zikuyaka kotero kuti zozimitsa moto sizigwiritsa ntchito fumbi lamadzi kwambiri kapena zozimitsa zitsulo; fufuzani manambala angozi ndi amayaka.

flowchart TD
    Start["Fumbi Loyaka kapena Metal Powder Emergency"] --> Incident{"Ndi fumbi kapena zitsulo zotani zomwe zikuchitika?"}
    Incident -->|"Muffled Pop, Shake, kapena Flash mu Duct / Baghouse / Silo"| PrimaryBlast["CHENJEZO LOPHUNZITSA LOPHUNZITSIRA FULU<br/>1. Menyani alamu yoyimitsa / yotuluka mwachangu <br/>2. Tulukani mnyumba mkati mwa masekondi PAMBERI kuphulika kwa denga lachiwiri kuphulika <br/>3. Pewani kuphulika kwa kunja kwa baghouse ndi madenga a silo"]
    Incident -->|"Moto Wofukiza M'kati mwa Fumbi Wotolera, Silo, kapena Hoppers"| Smolder["1. Tsekani fani yotolera fumbi ndi ma dampers nthawi yomweyo<br/>2. MUSAMAtsegule zingwe zolowera kapena kuponya milu yafumbi yofuka (Kuopsa kwa kuphulika kwa Backdraft)<br/>3. Tulukani ndikudikirira Dipatimenti Yozimitsa Moto yapadera ya inert-gasi / chigumula"]
    Incident -->|"Kuwotcha Fumbi Lachitsulo, Chips, kapena 3D-Printing Powder (Kalasi D)"| MetalFire["1. MUSAgwiritse ntchito Madzi, Foam, CO2, kapena zozimitsa moto za ABC<br/>2. Zimitsani mafani a mpweya wabwino kuti fumbi loyaka zitsulo lisakwezedwe mumlengalenga<br/>3. Muzimitsa moto pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito ufa wa Class D (Met-L-X / Lith-X / Copper) kapena Mchenga Wouma M'mafupa<br/>4. Moto ukafalikira kapena kukhudza fumbi lachitsulo chochuluka: Choka nthawi yomweyo"]
    PrimaryBlast --> Medical["Thirani kutentha kwa flash ndi madzi ozizira (20 min) ndikuyang'ana kuvulala kwa mpweya"]
    Smolder --> Medical
    MetalFire --> Medical

The Combustible Fumbi Pentagon ndi msampha wachiwiri wophulika¶

Momwe zolimba wamba zimakhala zophulika kwambiri¶

Anthu ambiri amadziwa zachikale Moto Triangle (Mafuta, Oxygen, ndi Gwero Loyatsira). Kuti chinthu cholimba chipange **kuphulika kwa fumbi loyaka **, zinthu ziwiri zowonjezera ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa, kupanga ** Pentagon Yophulika Ya Fumbi Lambali Zisanu **:

1. Fumbi loyaka (Mafuta mu kukula kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono): Amatanthauzidwa ndi National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ngati tinthu tating'ono tomwe timagawanika 500 microns (0.5 millimeters) kapena ang'onoang'ono m'mimba mwake (wotha kudutsa mu sieve wamba wa U.S. No. ngozi kuphulika.
2. Oxygen (Oxidizer): Imapezeka mumpweya wanthawi zonse wapantchito pa 20.9 peresenti.
3. ** Gwero loyatsira (Kutentha / Spark):** Kutulutsa kwamagetsi mkati mwa mapaipi apulasitiki osasunthika, mikangano imachokera ku bawuti yotayirira mkati mwa chopukusira, mpira wotenthedwa ndi lamba wotumizira, slag wowotcherera wotentha, kapena kudziwotcha modzidzimutsa m'matumba amatabwa onyowa.
4. Kubalalika mumpweya (Mtambo wafumbi woyimitsidwa pamwamba pa Minimum Explosible Concentration/MEC): Mulu wathyathyathya wa ufa kapena utuchi utakhala pansi pansi ukhoza kuyaka pang'onopang'ono, koma sungathe kuphulika mpaka kusokonezeka kwa thupi kuukwezera mlengalenga pamtunda womwe uli pamwamba pafupifupi **20 mpaka 60 magalamu pa kiyubiki mita2000. Pa nthawiyi, mtambo wafumbi umakhala wokhuthala kwambiri moti simutha kuwona bwino babu la 25-watt kapena wantchito mnzako atayima 1.5 mpaka 2 mita (5 mpaka 6.5 mapazi).
5. Kutsekeredwa (Kutsekeredwa): Pamene mtambo wafumbi wobalalika ukuyaka mkati mwa chotengera chotsekedwa, ma ductwork, mwendo wokwezera ndowa, kapena chipinda chokhala ndi makoma anayi ndi denga, mpweya wotenthedwa kwambiri womwe ukukulirakulira sutha kuthawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukakamiza kumanga mokulira mpaka chotengera kapena nyumbayo itaphulika mwamphamvu.

(Chidziwitso chofunikira: Ngakhale popanda kutsekeredwa m'ndende, Zinthu 1 mpaka 4 zokha, mtambo woyaka fumbi umatulutsa moto woyaka moto wakupha wakuphayo* wowerengera 1,000 mpaka 2,000 digiri Celsius womwe umayambitsa kuyaka koopsa komanso kuyatsa kwanjira ya mpweya pamalo ochitira zinthu.)*

Chifukwa chiyani "Kuphulika Kwachiwiri" kumawononga mafakitale onse¶

Malipoti ofufuza a U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) ndi UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) akuwonetsa kuti ogwira ntchito saphedwa kawirikawiri ndi kuyatsa koyamba mkati mwa makina. M'malo mwake, kufa kumachitika pa Domino Secondary Explosion:

1. Years of invisible overhead accumulation: Fine fugitive dust escapes from saws, sanders, grain conveyors, sugar mills, or powder mixers and floats upward on warm thermal air currents, settling quietly on top of overhead horizontal I-beams, cable trays, fluorescent light fixtures, and acoustic drop-ceiling tiles where floor sweepers never see it.
2. The 0.8-millimeter (1/32-inch) paperclip rule: According to NFPA 652 / NFPA 660, if settled organic dust covers just 5 percent of a room's footprint (including overhead beam surfaces) to a depth of 0.8 millimeters (1/32 of an inch, the thickness of a standard paperclip), there is already enough fuel present to fill the entire room from floor to ceiling with an explosive dust cloud if shaken loose.
3. The acoustic shockwave trigger: A minor primary deflagration occurs inside a clogged dust collector or grain elevator boot, sounding like a distant thunderclap or dropped pallet. That pressure wave ripples along the steel ductwork and shakes the building frame.
4. The ceiling rains fuel: Millions of grams of dry, powdery dust rain down from the overhead rafters and false ceiling across the entire 100-meter-long factory floor, creating an instantaneous, building-wide dust fog. One-half second later, the trailing flame jet from the ruptured duct reaches the falling dust cloud and detonates the entire building in a secondary blast (sometimes followed by tertiary blasts through connected tunnels and silos).

Class D combustible metal fires: Aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and 3D-printing powders¶

Why water and standard fire extinguishers cause metal fires to explode¶

In machine shops, aerospace manufacturing, automotive die-casting, foundries, and additive manufacturing (metal 3D printing / Direct Metal Laser Sintering), workers machine, grind, polish, or laser-sinter reactive metals including magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, lithium, sodium, and potassium.

When finely divided metal dust, drill swarf, lathe turnings, or wet grinding sludge ignites, it burns at extreme temperatures between 2,000 and 3,300 degrees Celsius (3,600 and 6,000 degrees Fahrenheit) with a blinding white or ultraviolet glare:

1. Why Water (\(H_2O\)) triggers a hydrogen detonation: At 2,500 degrees Celsius, reactive metals have a far stronger chemical affinity for oxygen than hydrogen does. The instant a single stream of water hits burning magnesium, aluminum, or titanium powder, the molten metal rips the oxygen atoms directly out of the water molecules to form metal oxide, releasing massive quantities of free hydrogen gas (\(H_2\)) according to the violently exothermic reaction: $\(\text{Mg} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{MgO} + \text{H}_2\uparrow + \text{Heat}\)$ Mpweya wa haidrojeni wotulutsidwawo umasakanikirana ndi mpweya wa m’sitolo ndi kuphulika nthaŵi yomweyo, pamene madzi otsalawo amayaka nthunzi (yowonjezereka kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 1,700 m’kuchuluka kwake), akumaponyera zitsulo zoyera zoyera zoyera zachitsulo chosungunuka kufika mamita 30 (mamita 100) mbali zonse.
2. Chifukwa chiyani zozimira za Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)), Halon, ndi ABC Dry Chemical zimalephera ndikuphulika:
3. Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)): Kuwotcha magnesiamu, titaniyamu, ndi aluminiyamu kumawotcha kudzera mu carbon dioxide, kutulutsa maatomu a okosijeni mu gasi wa \(CO_2\) ndikusiya mwaye wakuda wa carbon uku mukuwonjezera motowo.
4. Standard Multipurpose ABC Dry Chemical (Monoammonium Phosphate) ndi BC (Sodium Bicarbonate): Pa 2,500 digiri Celsius, ammonium phosphate imawola mwamphamvu ndikuchitapo kanthu poyaka magnesiamu kapena aluminiyamu, pomwe jeti yotulutsa nayitrojeni yothamanga kwambiri kuchokera pa chozimitsira moto wokhazikika kukhala choyatsira chitsulo chaching'ono, chimasandutsa chitsulo choyatsira mpweya. moto kukhala wakupha ** Gulu D zitsulo kuphulika kwachitsulo **.
5. Nayitrogeni (\(N_2\)) mpweya SALI wolowera kuzitsulo zonse: Pamene mpweya wa nayitrogeni umaziziritsa moto wachilengedwe, kuyaka titaniyamu, magnesium, ndi zirconium zimachita molunjika ndi nayitrogeni pa kutentha kwakukulu kuti apange zitsulo za nitrides, kupitiliza kuyaka ngakhale mumlengalenga wa 100% wa nayitrogeni (wokha ndi titanium yoyera ** Argon to gas).

Msampha wobisika wa "Thermite" muzopukusira masitolo osakanikirana ndi osonkhanitsa fumbi¶

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapha zitsulo zamoto pa msonkhano zimachitika pamene katswiri wamakina amagwiritsa ntchito sander lamba yemweyo, chopukusira benchi, kapena chotolera fumbi louma kuti akupera zonse za aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo cha kaboni (chitsulo chachitsulo):

• Chitsulo chogaya kaboni chimapanga fumbi labwino lokutidwa ndi ** iron oxide (\(\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3\), dzimbiri)**.
• Kugaya aluminiyamu kumapanga aluminiyamu ufa wabwino (\(\text{Al}\)).
• Kusakaniza kwapamtima kwa iron oxide ufa ndi aluminiyamu ufa ndi njira yeniyeni ya mankhwala a ** Thermite **. Wogwira ntchito akadzagwiranso chitsulo pa gudumu lopera ndikutumiza kuwala kotentha kwa lalanje pansi pa chute ya aluminiyamu yosakanikirana ndi dzimbiri, kusakanizako kumayatsa zomwe zimatenthetsa mpweya pa **2,500 digiri Celsius (4,500 madigiri seshasi 4,500 pansi pa makina oyaka) sangathe kuzimitsidwa ndi makina oyaka. ngakhale pansi pa madzi chifukwa amapereka mpweya wake kuchokera ku iron oxide.

Ndondomeko yapang'onopang'ono yozimitsa moto wachitsulo wa Gulu D¶

Yesetsani kuyatsa moto wachitsulo woyaka moto ngati uli waung'ono, wokhazikika ku mulu wawung'ono wa tchipisi/zokhotakhota kapena thireyi yamakina imodzi, ndipo sunakwere mumtambo wafumbi. Ngati wotolera fumbi, scrubber yonyowa (yomwe madzi ake akulephera kuyenda), kapena ng'oma yochuluka ya ufa wachitsulo ili pamoto, **chotsani mnyumbamo nthawi yomweyo **.

1. Zimitsani zofanizira mpweya wa m'deralo ndi mapampu oziziritsira makina nthawi yomweyo: Kuyimitsa mpweya kumalepheretsa ufa woyaka moto kuti usalowe m'manjira a pamwamba pomwe ungaphulike.
2. Tetezani maso anu ku cheza champhamvu cha ultraviolet (UV): Kuwotcha kwa magnesium ndi titaniyamu kumatulutsa kuwala kochititsa khungu kwa ultraviolet ndi actinic white light yomwe ingayambitse photokeratitis ("welder's flash") mumasekondi; yang'anani mwanjira ina kapena valani magalasi otetezedwa ndi mithunzi / chishango chakumaso; onani diso lachilendo chinthu, cornea abrasion, ndi kuwotcherera kung'anima.
3. Sankhani chozimitsa chozimitsa cha Class D CHOKHA chogwirizana ndi chitsulocho:
4. Sodium Chloride-based Class D Dry Powder (monga Met-L-X / Super-D): Muli mchere wowuma wowuma wa sodium chloride wosakanizidwa ndi zowonjezera za thermoplastic. Yoyenera ** magnesiamu, sodium, potaziyamu, ndi aluminiyamu ** chip moto; kutentha kumasungunula mcherewo kuti ukhale m'kati mopanda mpweya komanso osaphatikizapo mpweya. (OSATI ntchito pamoto wa lithiamu.)
5. Copper Powder Class D Agent (Navy 125S): Yopangidwira makamaka kumoto wa lithium ndi lithiamu-alloy; ma aloyi amkuwa okhala ndi lithiamu wosungunuka kuti apange kutumphuka kosasunthika komwe kumapangitsa kutentha kutali.
6. Graphite Powder Class D Agent (G-Plus / Lith-X): Imachotsa kutentha ndi kuziziritsa lithiamu, magnesium, titaniyamu, ndi zirconium kuyatsa popanda kuchitapo kanthu ndi mankhwala.
7. Bone-Dry Foundry Sand kapena Dry Cast-Iron Borings (Emergency Shop Improvisation): Ngati chozimitsira chachikasu cha Class D sichingafike, mutha kutsekereza mulu wawung'ono wakuwotcha magnesium kapena aluminiyamu pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga wowuma fupa, wowuma patebulo kapena mchere wowuma* chidebe chosakwanira chinyezi. (Chenjezo: Musagwiritse ntchito mchenga wonyowa panja kapena miyala yonyowa yochokera pabwalo; chinyezi mkati mwa mchenga wonyowa chimachititsa kuphulika kwa nthunzi/hydrogen.)
8. Ikani wothandizirayo pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito scoop wamtali wamtali kapena ndodo yogwiritsira ntchito yotsika kwambiri:
9. Musamaphulitse ufa pakati pa fumbi lachitsulo loyaka moto. Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito chozimitsira chachikasu cha Gulu D, ikani kumbuyo mamita 1.5 mpaka 2.5 (mamita 5 mpaka 8), tsegulani valavu yoyika pamphuno mwapang'onopang'ono kuti chipale chofewa chiwoloke pamoto, ndipo pangani yunifolomu yosanjikiza . mainchesi 2 mpaka 2 wokhuthala pafupifupi 2 mpaka mita* kuphimba chitsulo choyaka.
10. Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito ndowa ya ufa wa Gulu D kapena mchenga wouma m'mafupa, gwiritsani ntchito fosholo yathyathyathya yokhala ndi chingwe chachitali kuti muyike ufawo mozungulira mozungulira ndi pamwamba pa tchipisi toyaka popanda kusonkhezera kapena kuponya chitsulocho.
11. Osasokoneza mulu wokhuthala mpaka utazirala: Pansi pa mchere wosungunuka kapena mchenga, chitsulo chosungunuka chimakhala pamwamba pa kutentha kwake kwa mphindi 30 mpaka 90. Ngati chidontho chofiyira chawotcha, onjezerani pang'onopang'ono ufa wina wa Gulu D pamalopo. Osagwedeza kapena kufosholo muluwo mpaka choyezera choyezera kutentha kwa infrared chikuwonetsa kuti chazirala mpaka kutentha.

Thandizo loyamba la kuvulala kwa kuphulika kwa fumbi ndi kuyaka kwazitsulo¶

Opulumuka pamoto woyaka moto woyaka moto kapena kuphulika kwachiwiri amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri zovulala zotentha, zopumira, ndi barotrauma:

1. Sungani wovulalayo kumphepo yamphepo yamphepo ndikuzimitsa zovala zakuntchito zofuka ("Imani, Dontho, ndi Roll" kapena thirani madzi, KOPANDA wokutidwa ndi fumbi lachitsulo):
2. Ngati zovala za wogwira ntchito zikuyaka ndi moto woyaka (nkhuni, tirigu, shuga, ufa, malasha, pulasitiki), zitsitsireni nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi kapena shawa yodzitetezera.
3. Kupatulapo kofunikira pafumbi lachitsulo lokhazikika pazovala: Ngati zophimba za wogwira ntchito zakutidwa ndi zosapsa kapena zoyaka magnesium, aluminiyamu, lithiamu, kapena ufa wa sodium, musa** kuziyika pansi pa madzi pang'ono; athandizeni kuvula zotchingira zakunja nthawi yomweyo (pogwiritsa ntchito zosenga zodula zovala) kwinaku akutsuka ufa wowuma wosasunthika Asanaziziritse khungu lotentha ndi madzi ochulukirapo kwa mphindi 20; onani kuyaka kwambiri ndi kutulutsa mankhwala.
4. Unikani ngati munthu wavulala pokoka mpweya: Wogwira ntchito akakoka mpweya pamoto woyaka fumbi, tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tomwe timayaka timakokedwa mkati mwa pharynx ndi trachea. Yang'anani tsitsi la m'mphuno loyimba, mwaye pakamwa kapena lilime, chifuwa chamkuwa, kumva mawu mawu, kapena kupuma mokweza kwambiri (stridor). Mpweya wodutsa mpweya wotenthedwa ndi fumbi lotentha kwambiri ukhoza kutupa kutsekeka mkati mwa mphindi 20 mpaka 45; khalani wozindikira, wodwala kupuma mowongoka pa madigiri a 45 (omwe amachepetsa edema ya airway) ndikukonzekera zoyendera zadzidzidzi kuti muyambitse endotracheal intubation.
5. ** Khungu lozizira limayaka ndi madzi apampopi ozizira kwa mphindi 20, kenako kupewa hypothermia:** Sambani manja, nkhope, ndi manja otenthedwa ndi madzi ozizira othamanga (15 mpaka 20 digiri Celsius / 59 mpaka 68 digiri Fahrenheit, osati ayezi) kwa mphindi 20, chotsani mphete ndi mawotchi musanayambe kutupa zala, ndikukulunga ndi pulasitiki yoyera yoyera. ngati ma tourniquet) kapena zobvala zosatsatika zomwe sizimamatira kwinaku mukutenthetsa pakati pa wodwalayo ndi mabulangete; onani amayaka.
6. Yang'anani ngati kuphulika kwaphulika kwa pulayimale ndi kusukulu: Ngati kuphulika kwaphulitsa makoma kapena kuponyera munthu wovulalayo ndi makina, yesani ngati m'makutu wang'ambika, kuphulika kwa mapapo (kutsokomola magazi apinki, kupuma movutikira), ming'oma yolowera, ndi kuvulala kwa msana kapena mutu; onani kuphulika kwa zozimitsa moto, kuyaka kwamoto, ndi kuvulala kwamoto.

Zoyang'anira zowopsa za fumbi m'nyumba ndi mndandanda wa kupewa¶

Kupewa kuphulika kwafumbi lachiwiri kapena moto wa shopu ya Class D kumadalira uinjiniya wokhazikika komanso kusunga nyumba:

• Limbikitsani lamulo la 0.8-millimeter (1/32-inch) "Paperclip Rule" pamalo okwera: Yang'anani pamwamba pamiyala yapamutu, ma ductwork, zoyika zounikira, ndi denga loyimitsidwa mlungu uliwonse. Ngati fumbi lokhazikika libisa mtundu wa utoto wapansi kapena kupitirira mamilimita 0.8 (1/32 inchi) kupitirira 5 peresenti ya chipindacho, zimitsani zoyatsira ndikuyeretsa nthawi yomweyo.
• MUSAgwiritse ntchito mpweya woponderezedwa ("kuwomba pansi") kapena kusesa kouma kuti mutsuke fumbi lomwe lingapse: Kuwomba utuchi, ufa, kapena fumbi lachitsulo pamiyala kapena makina okhala ndi mipiringidzo 6 (90-psi) yokhala ndi mpweya woponderezedwa kumapangitsa mtambo wophulika womwe umayenera kuphulitsa nyumbayo. Gwiritsani ntchito Kalasi II, zotsukira zosaphulika za Gawo 1 (zotsekera zitsulo zotetezeka kwambiri, zokhazikika zokhazikika zokhala ndi mapaipi owongolera, osati vac ya pulasitiki yokhalamo).
• Musagwiritse ntchito chitoliro cha pulasitiki cha PVC popanga matabwa kapena kusonkhanitsa fumbi la mafakitale: Kuthamanga kwa utuchi wodutsa mumlengalenga kudzera papaipi ya pulasitiki ya PVC yosakhala ya conductive kumapanga ma volt masauzande ambiri a magetsi osasunthika; gwiritsani ntchito ma ductwork zitsulo ozungulira (kapena kumangiriza ndikuyatsa magawo onse osonkhanitsira fumbi mosalekeza).
• Kusiyanitsa kotheratu mphero ya aluminiyamu/magnesiamu kuchokera ku chitsulo/chitsulo chopera (Prevent Thermite): Patulirani zogaya zosiyana, zokhala ndi placards momveka bwino ndi zotolera fumbi zamtundu wonyowa zokhazokha za aluminiyamu, magnesium, kapena titaniyamu; osagaya chitsulo pamakina omwe ali ndi fumbi la aluminiyamu, ndikutsuka zinyalala zonyowa tsiku lililonse kuti mpweya wa haidrojeni usaunjikane mkati mwa hood.
• Ikani zozimitsira moto zamtundu D zachikasu ndi zidebe za mchenga wouma pamtunda wa mamita 10 (mamita 33) kuchokera pamalo onse opangira zitsulo ndi 3D: Phunzitsani wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense kuti asakoke chozimira chofiira cha ABC kapena CO2 pamoto wachitsulo.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi n'chifukwa chiyani kuli koopsa kugwiritsa ntchito payipi yoponderezedwa pophulitsa fumbi la utuchi kapena fumbi la tirigu pa denga ndi makina?¶

Fumbi lomwe likukhala lathyathyathya pamtengo wapamwamba kapena tebulo la makina silingathe kuphulika mpaka litamwazika mumlengalenga ngati mtambo woyimitsidwa. Wogwira ntchito akagwiritsa ntchito mpweya woponderezedwa kwambiri kuti aziphulitsa utuchi, ufa, shuga, kapena fumbi lachitsulo kuchokera pamwamba kapena m'makabati amagetsi, ndegeyo imakweza ma kilogalamu a tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'ono kwambiri mumtambo wandiweyani womwe umadutsa mulingo wa Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC). Ngati mtambo wotsikirawo ukhudza nyali imodzi yoyaka moto, spark yamagetsi yamoto, chotenthetsera m'mlengalenga, kapena kutulutsa kwapaipi komwe kumapangidwa ndi mpweya wokha, chipinda chonsecho chimayaka nthawi yomweyo ndi moto wamoto kapena kuphulika kwafumbi. Nthawi zonse muzitsuka fumbi lomwe lingapse ndi moto pogwiritsa ntchito makina osaphulika, zotsekera m'mafakitale kapena njira zochapira madzi ngati kuli koyenera.

Kodi zosakaniza wamba monga shuga wothira, chimanga, kapena ufa wa tirigu zingaphulika bwanji ngati dynamite?¶

Zakudya zilizonse zama organic (shuga, wowuma, ufa, tirigu, koko, ufa wa mkaka) zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zama mankhwala, zopatsa mphamvu zomwe thupi lanu limawotcha ngati mafuta. Mu cube yolimba ya shuga kapena mulu wa ufa, mpweya wochepa kwambiri ungathe kukhudza mamolekyu amkati, kotero amayaka pang'onopang'ono kapena moto. Komabe, shuga kapena wowuma akagandidwa kukhala tinthu ting’onoting’ono tosaposa 50 microns ndi kukalendewera mumlengalenga ngati mtambo wafumbi, tinthu ting’onoting’ono tosaoneka ndi maso tambirimbiri timazingidwa ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni. Kanthu kakang'ono kakang'ono kamayatsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kutentha kowala kumayatsa tinthu tating'ono tozungulira nthawi imodzi munjira yoyenda mamita mazana pa sekondi imodzi, kutenthetsa mpweya wozungulira mpaka madigiri 1,500 Celsius (2,700 degrees Fahrenheit) mu milliseconds ndikupanga mafunde amphamvu owononga mpaka 8 bar (115 psi).

Chifukwa chiyani kupopera madzi pamoto woyaka wa magnesium kapena aluminiyamu kumayambitsa kuphulika kwakukulu?¶

Zitsulo zowonongeka monga magnesium, aluminiyamu, titaniyamu, zirconium, ndi lithiamu zimayaka pa kutentha kwakukulu pakati pa 2,000 ndi 3,300 madigiri Celsius (3,600 ndi 6,000 madigiri Fahrenheit). Pakutentha kumeneko, madzi ($H_2O$) saziziritsa chitsulo; m'malo mwake, chitsulo chosungunulacho chimachotsa maatomu a okosijeni kuchokera m'madzi kuti apange oksidi yachitsulo, nthawi yomweyo kutulutsa mitambo yamafuta ophulika a haidrojeni ($H_2$) kwinaku akuthwanima madzi otsalawo mu nthunzi yotentha kwambiri. Mpweya wa haidrojeni umenewo umaphulika nthawi yomweyo mumlengalenga wozungulira, ndikuphulitsa zitsulo zosungunuka m'chipindamo. Nthawi zonse muzitchinjiriza zitsulo zoyaka kapena ufa pang'onopang'ono ndi ufa wodzipereka wa Gulu D (monga sodium chloride salt flux, copper powder, kapena graphite) kapena mchenga wowuma m'mafupa.

Kodi "lamulo la paperclip" la kusonkhanitsa fumbi loyaka mumsonkhano kapena fakitale ndi chiyani?¶

Malinga ndi National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 652 ndi NFPA 660), mutha kuyang'ana mwachangu za ngozi yachiwiri kuphulika kwa fumbi pogwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a paperclip wamba wachitsulo, pafupifupi mamilimita 0.8 (1/32 inchi). Ngati fumbi loyaka moto (monga utuchi, fumbi la tirigu, ufa, utomoni wa pulasitiki, kapena fumbi la malasha) lafika kukula kwa 0.8 millimeters (1/32 inchi) kapena kupitilirapo pa 5 peresenti ya malo apansi a chipinda (kuwerengera pamwamba pa matabwa apamwamba a I-miyendo, malo opangira magetsi, zopangira magetsi, zopangira magetsi, zipangizo zoyatsira, zopangira magetsi, zipangizo zoyatsira, ndi zipangizo zopangira magetsi). ngozi yachiwiri kuphulika kwafumbi ngati kugwedezeka pang'ono kugwedeza fumbi pansi mumlengalenga.

*Bukhuli limapereka chidziwitso chokonzekera mwadzidzidzi komanso chithandizo choyamba cha kuphulika kwa fumbi ndi moto wazitsulo wa Gulu D ndipo sichilowa m'malo mwa uinjiniya wachitetezo cha mafakitale kapena maphunziro ozimitsa moto. Ganizirani kutengapo chithandizo choyamba ndi maphunziro a CPR kuchokera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena bungwe lachitetezo chapafupi.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kuwotcha ndi scalds thandizo loyamba
• Kuwotcha kwambiri ndi kuwotcha mankhwala
• Kuphulika kwa zozimitsa moto, kuwotcha kwamphamvu, ndi kuvulala kwamoto
• Famu makina PTO entanglement ndi tirigu bin entrapment
• Moto wa batri wa lithiamu-ion
• Kuvulala kuntchito ndi ngozi zamakampani

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Standard on the Fundamentals of Combustible Fust (NFPA 652 / Consolidated Standard for Combustible Dusts NFPA 660), Standard for Prevention of Fires and Fust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities (NFPA 61), ndi Standard for Combustible Dusts (NFPA 48 Metal)
• US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB, United States): Lipoti Lofufuza Zowopsa za Dothi Loyaka (Ripoti No. 2006-H-1) ndi Malipoti a Imperial Sugar / Metal Fumbi
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): Dothi Loyatsa Fumbi Ladziko Lonse Lotsindika Pulogalamu (CPL 03-00-008) ndi Njira Zozimitsa Moto pa Class D Combustible Metal Fires
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Kugwira Motetezedwa kwa Fumbi Loyaka: Njira Zopewera Kuphulika (HSG103)
• Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) ndi Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI 2263): Fumbi Kuphulika \(K_{st}\) Deflagration Index Classification and Secondary Explosion Prevention