Misewu Yamphepo Yokwera Kwambiri, Makatani Agalasi Akugwa, ndi ngozi za Tower Crane Storm Hazards¶

Mphepo yamkuntho yoopsa, derecho, chimphepo chamkuntho, kapena chimphepo champhamvu kwambiri cha bomba chikawomba malo owundana, ma skyscraper grid amasintha mphepo zam'deralo kukhala ma jeti owononga omwe amakhalako. Kupyolera mu **matauni canyon Venturi zotsatira ** ndi **kutsika kwa vortex kukhetsa **, 75-kilomita-pa ola (47-maile-pa ola) synoptic mphepo yam'mwamba imatha kuthamanga ku 120 mpaka 160 kilomita pa ola (75 mpaka 100 mailosi pa ola)- pamayendedwe oyenda pamtunda kupita kumayendedwe awo okwera. magalimoto, kung'amba zitseko zozungulira ndi zomangika pamacheke awo, ndikupanga zipsinjo zowopsa zomwe zimazula magalasi okhala ndi ma kilogalamu mazana angapo komanso mapanelo otenthetsera a spandrel kuchokera pansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ziboliboli zokhala pamwamba pa zitsulo zomangira zitali zimayenera kutsegulidwa kuti zizizungulira momasuka mumphepo (kuthamanga kwanyengo) kapena kuwonongeka kwachiwopsezo pamene mphepo yamkuntho idutsa malire ogwirira ntchito. Ngati wina wagundidwa ndi zinyalala zakugwa, kuphulitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto mumsewu, kapena kutsekeka pansi pa njanji yakugwa, imbani foni nambala yanu yazadzidzi yapafupipafupi (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) kapena onani buku lathu lapadziko lonse la manambala angozi. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za namondwe, werengani malangizo athu derecho, mphepo yowongoka, ndi kupulumuka kwa microburst, mphepo yamkuntho, mvula yamkuntho, ndi mvula yamkuntho,ndi crane tip-over, kuyimitsidwa kwa katundu, ndi kukhudzana kwa chingwe chamagetsi.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Tulukani misewu yotseguka ya m'tauni nthawi yomweyo ndikubisala m'kati mwa chipinda cholowera kutali ndi malo ofikira magalasi. Mphepo ikayamba kuwomba mluzu pakati pa nsanja zazitali kapena zinyalala zapamsewu ziyamba kuwukira mumlengalenga, musayese kudutsa ngodya za nyumba zosanja. Lowani polowera pafupi ndi konkire- kapena khomo lopangidwa ndi miyala, dutsani zitseko zagalasi zakunja kulowa mkatikati mwa zikepe zamkati kapena masitepe apansi, osabisala pansi pa denga lagalasi, skybridge, kapena denga lagalasi la atrium.
2. Musachoke pa "Curtain-Wall Drop Zone" powolokera ku mbali ya mphepo kapena pobisalira mkati ngati mukumva kuphulika, kunjenjemera, kapena kugwedezeka kwa magalasi pamwamba pake. Galasi la zenera lotalikirapo likaphwanyidwa pamalo apamwamba, kusiyana kwamphamvu kotengeka ndi mphepo ndi miyala yakugwa kapena mipando ya muofesi imayambitsa kuphulika kwa magalasi* oyenda bwino. Magalasi akugwa sagwera pansi molunjika; amanjenjemera ndikuwuluka mopingasa kudutsa msewu pamayendedwe achipwirikiti ndi ma eddies opingasa molingana ndi 50 mpaka 100 peresenti ya kutalika kwa nyumbayo.
3. Dzikani pamalo otsetsereka ndipo gwirani chitseko chokhazikika, zikwangwani, kapena chitseko chamiyala ngati mphepo yamkuntho yapakona yadzidzimutsa ikukugwetsani. Mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvu kwambiri ya oyenda pansi imachitika mkati mwa 3 mpaka 10 metres (mamita 10 mpaka 33) mwa ngodya zokhotakhota za nyumba zazitali ndi mkati mwa tinjira tating'onoting'ono. Kuyenda kwa anthu kumalephera kotheratu pamene mphepo yamkuntho idutsa 90 kilomita pa ola (56 miles pa ola); kugwetsa pakati pa mphamvu yokoka kumalepheretsa mphepo yamkuntho kuti isakuponyereni cham'mbuyo kuchoka mmphepete mwa msewu kupita kunjira za basi kapena zamagalimoto.
4. Musamenyane ndi chitseko chagalasi chakunja chodzaza ndi mphepo; gwiritsani ntchito chitseko chozungulira kapena dikirani kuti bata pang'ono. Kuyimirira kwakanthawi kolowera mphepo kapena kuyamwa kwambiri mumsewu wa Venturi kumatha kuyika 400 mpaka 1,200 newtons (90 mpaka 270 pounds-force) pa tsamba lokhazikika lachitseko chagalasi. Kukankhira chitseko cholowera chakunja mumphangayo wamphepo wokwera kumapangitsa mphepo kung'amba chitsekocho m'manja mwanu, ndikuphwanya tsamba lagalasi pamwala kapena kudula zala zomwe zagwidwa m'mbali mwake.
5. **Ngati muli m’chipinda chapamwamba kapena ofesi pamene mazenera ayamba kuwerama kapena kusweka, tulukani m’chipinda chakunja mwamsanga ndi kutseka chitseko cholimba chamkati kumbuyo kwanu. Kubwerera ku bafa yamkati, kolowera, kapena shaft yapakati ya konkriti ndikutsekera chitseko chamkati kumalepheretsa kupha **kuphulika kwapakatikati kwamkati ** komwe kumachitika pamene zenera losweka lamphepo limalowetsa mphepo yamkuntho kulowa mnyumba ndikuphulitsa mawindo a leeward kapena zitseko zapanja.
6. **Musachite mantha mukaona chiwombankhanga chosayendetsedwa ndi munthu chikuzungulira momasuka pansanja yosanja nthawi yamphepo yamkuntho, pokhapokha ngati jib ipindika mowonekera, kumenya nyumba yoyandikana nayo, kapena kusokonekera. mphepo yamkuntho kotero kuti jib yopingasa imachita ngati mphepo, kuloza mchira wake wopapatiza mumphepo kuti muchepetse kukokerako. Tulukani mu midadada yozungulira mzindawu pokhapokha ngati khola watsekedwa motalikirana ndi mphepo yamkuntho, ngati makoko awiri ataya malo oletsa kugundana, kapena ngati kolala yomangirira pamtengo wachoka pamwala wanyumbayo.

Mtengo wosankha: kupulumuka mumphepo zam'tawuni, magalasi akugwa, ndi zoopsa za crane¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Mphepo Yamkuntho Yamphamvu M'chigawo Cham'tauni Chapamwamba: Gusts >= 75 km/h (47 mph) Aloft kapena >= 100 km/h (62 mph) mu Street Canyons"] --> UserPos{"Kodi muli kuti mphepo ikakula?"}

    UserPos -->|"1. MAPAZI PA MSIDEWALK: Kumenyedwa ndi Corner Vortices kapena Zinyalala Zogwa"| StreetAction{"Kodi magalasi, zotchingira, kapena zinyalala zapakhomo zikugwa?"}

    StreetAction -->|"Inde: Kuphwanyidwa kwa magalasi kapena mapanelo osenda pamwamba"| GlassEscape["KUTHAWUKA KWA DZIKO LAPANSI PAMODZI PAMODZI: 1. OSAyang'ana molunjika ndi nkhope yopanda kanthu (mutu wa chishango ndi thumba kapena malaya) 2. Lowerani pakhomo la konkire lapafupi, khomo la subway, kapena garaja yoyimitsira magalimoto 3. Khalani kunja kwa msewu (ndege zamagalasi zotsetsereka kudutsa munjira) 4. Mukalowa m'chipinda chofikira magalasi, sunthani magalasi a konkriti omwe ali pafupi ndi nyumbayo."]

    StreetAction -->|"Palibe zinyalala pano, koma mphepo yamkuntho ikugwetsa oyenda pansi"| WindWalk["URBAN CANYON WIND-TuNNEL KUPULUMUKA: 1. Pewani ngodya zomangira zamphepo ndi mipata yopapatiza pakati pa nsanja ziwiri 2. Igwereni pa khola ndikugwira zitsulo zokhazikika kapena zitsulo zamwala ngati vortex igunda 3. Bwererani m'mbuyo 3 m (10 ft) kuchokera m'mphepete mwa msewu kotero kuti musalowe m'mphepete mwa khomo lolowera pansi pa khomo."]

    UserPos -->|"2. MKATI MWACHIPINDA KAPENA OFISI: Khoma Losanjika Pamwamba: Khoma Lopindika kapena Kusweka"| HighRiseIn{"Kodi zenera lathyoka kapena kuwomberedwa mkati?"}

    HighRiseIn -->|"Chipinda chakunja chimasweka kapena kugwada mkati kapena kunja"| WindowBow["KUBWERERA KWAMKATI KUTI KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO: 1. Chotsani aliyense kunja kwa chipinda chozungulira nthawi yomweyo 2. Tsekani ndi kutsekera chipinda cholimba chamkati kapena chitseko cha ofesi kumbuyo kwanu 3. Malo ogona m'kati mwa bafa, mumsewu wopanda mawindo, kapena masitepe apakatikati 4. Musamatsegule mawindo a leeward kapena zitseko zapanjira kuti mufanane ndi kupanikizika"]

    HighRiseIn -->|"Zenera lasweka ndipo mphepo yamkuntho ikuomba mkati"| BreachTriage["KULIMBITSA KWA MAPANGA: 1. Kwerani pansi kuseri kwa mipando yolemera kutali ndi magalasi akuwuluka ndi zipangizo 2. OSATIKULULA chitseko chapanjira pamene mphepo ikuwomba 3. Yembekezerani kuti mphepo ikhale bata kapena tulukani kudzera mkatikati mwa chipinda cholumikizira 4. Tengani masitepe amoto pansi pa 3 mpaka 5 masitepe ophwanyika."]

    UserPos -->|"3. PAFUPI PANKHANI YOPANGIRA PAMODZI: Tower Crane kapena Exterior Hoist"| CraneCheck{"Kodi crane ya tower ikuchita bwanji?"}

    CraneCheck -->|"Boom imazungulira pang'onopang'ono mozungulira ndi mphepo ndipo palibe katundu pa mbedza"| NormalVane["NTCHITO YOYAMBIRA NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA: 1. Mabuleki a Crane amamangika dala kuti mphepo ipite pansi 2. Pewanibe kuyenda molunjika pansi pa mpanda wozungulira 3. Yang'anani mawonekedwe a plywood otayirira akuwuluka kuchokera kumtunda."]

    CraneCheck -->|"Kupindika kwa Boom, nyumba yomenyedwa, kapena kupumira kwamphamvu kumapindika cham'mbuyo"| CraneCollapse["KUCHOKERA KWA CRANE YOPHUNZITSIRA: 1. Chotsani utali wa nyumba yonse ya 1.5x + kutalika kwa crane nthawi yomweyo 2. Yendani chammwamba kapena molunjika kudera lomwe boom ikutsamira."]

Kusinthasintha kwamadzi am'miyendo yamphepo yokwera kwambiri: chifukwa chake misewu ya skyscraper imakulitsa mphepo¶

Kumalo akumidzi otseguka, kuwombana kwapamtunda kumachepetsa mphepo pafupi ndi nthaka pomwe liwiro la mphepo limakwera molingana ndi kukwera (**kutsika kwa malire a mumlengalenga **). Pa mtunda wa mamita 200 mpaka 300 (mamita 650 mpaka 1,000) pamwamba pa mzinda, mphepo imawomba 50 mpaka 80 peresenti mofulumira kuposa mmene ilili mumsewu chifukwa palibe kuwombana kwapansi kuti kuzizire. Mphepo zothamanga kwambiri zikamawomba pamalo otakasuka ansanjika yamagalasi yamakono, zida zinayi zotsogola zimalozeranso mphamvu zakuthambo zomwe zili m'munsimu:

1. The Downwash Effect ndi Standing Horseshoe Vortex¶

Mphepo ikamawomba pakhonde lathyathyathya la nyumba yayitali, malo oyimirira amakhala pafupifupi 70 mpaka 80 peresenti ya kutalika kwa nyumbayo. Pamwamba pa mfundoyo, mpweya umayenda pamwamba ndi pamwamba pa denga; M'munsimu, phokoso lalikulu la mpweya wothamanga wamtunda wapamwamba umakakamizika ** kutsika kutsogolo kwa skyscraper kulowera mumsewu ** (** downwash **). Ndege yotsikirayi ikagunda msewu wa m'mphepete mwa nsanjayo, imazungulira kutsogolo ndikuzungulira mbali zonse za nyumbayo ngati chimphepo chachikulu chopingasa: kuima kwa horseshoe vortex komwe kumasesa oyenda pansi ndikuwaponyera mumsewu.

2. Mphamvu Yothamangitsira Pakona (Pressure-Suction Shear)¶

Pamene mphepo yapansi ndi yopingasa imagawanika mozungulira makona akuthwa a 90-degree kutsogolo kwa nsanja yokwera kwambiri, mpweya wa mpweya uyenera kuyenda njira yayitali yokhotakhota kuzungulira ngodya pamene ukusintha kuchoka ku kuthamanga kwabwino pakhoma la mphepo kupita ku kukanikiza koyipa (kukoka) pamakoma am'mbali. Ndi mfundo ya Bernoulli ndi kutsekeka kwa malire, kuthamanga kwa mphepo mkati mwa **3 mpaka 15 mita (mamita 10 mpaka 50) kuchokera pamakona omangira nyumba yolowera mphepo ** imathamangira ku 1.5 mpaka 2.2 kuwirikiza liwiro lamphepo yamsewu. Woyenda pansi akuyenda mwakachetechete m'mbali mwa khoma lotetezedwa la nyumba yomwe imadutsa pakona ndi kukameta ubweya wa ubweya amakumana nthawi yomweyo ngati khoma.

3. The Venturi Channel Effect (Gap ndi Passage Acceleration)¶

Nyumba ziwiri zazitali zikayima moyandikana, kapena njira yopapatiza ikalumikiza kanjira kolowera mphepo kupita ku kanjira kocheperako, mpweya wonse umafinyidwa kukhosi kopapatiza pakati pa zomangazo. Ngakhale ma equation apamwamba a chitoliro cha Venturi amangogwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono chifukwa denga la tawuni limatseguka pamwamba, mayeso aukadaulo amphepo (monga njira zokometsera mphepo za Lawson ndi Davenport) zimatsimikizira kuti **mipata yopapatiza pakati pa nyumba zomwe zili pamtunda wa 30 mpaka 45-degree kumphepo yamkuntho yomwe ilipo, mvula yamkuntho*0 imakhala ngati chiwongolero chamkuntho0. ola (makilomita 80 pa ola).

4. Wake Turbulence ndi Vortex Shedding (Von Karman Street)¶

Kumbuyo kwa nsanja yayitali, mpweya wolekanitsidwa umapanga ma eddies oyenda pang'onopang'ono omwe amachotsa kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa nyumbayo motsatizana (** vortex shedding **). Izi zimapangitsa kuti pamwamba pa denga la nsanjika 60 kugwedezeke motsatana ndi 30 mpaka 90 centimita (1 mpaka 3 mapazi) perpendicular to wind uku kumapanga mosayembekezereka, kubweza kamvuluvulu kudutsa m'mabwalo ndi mphambano zimatchinga mphepo.

Kuyerekeza zoopsa zamphepo yamkuntho komanso mtunda wopulumuka¶

Chifukwa chiyani makoma otchinga magalasi okwera akuphwanyika komanso momwe mungapulumukire kuphulika kwa facade¶

Panthawi ya mphepo yamkuntho ya m’tauni (monga mphepo yamkuntho ya Alicia ku Houston, Mkuntho wa Mangkhut ku Hong Kong, kapena mvula yamkuntho yoopsa ku Chicago, Toronto, ndi Dallas), mazenera masauzande ambirimbiri atuluka m’mabwalo otalikirapo ngakhale pamene mphepo ya mkuntho inakhalabe pansi pa malire a kamangidwe ka nyumbayo. Kumvetsetsa njira zitatu za kulephera kwa khoma lotchinga kumapulumutsa miyoyo pamsewu komanso mkati mwa zipinda zapamwamba:

1. Kukoka kwa Aerodynamic pa "Corner Strip" (Galasi imakokera KUNJA, osati kukankhidwira mkati)¶

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mawindo a skyscraper amaphwanyidwa ndi mphepo powakankhira mkati kumbali ya mphepo ya nyumbayo. Zoona zake, kuyezetsa kwamphepo kumasonyeza kuti kulephera kwa magalasi achiwawa kwambiri kumachitika ** pafupi ndi ngodya za makoma am'mbali ndi makoma a leeward **, kumene kupatukana kwa malire kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kupanikizika kwakukulu (kuthamanga kwa mpweya) **. Kukoka uku kumakoka galasi lagalasi **kunja mumsewu ** pomwe mpweya wabwino wochokera kunyumba yamkati ya HVAC umakankhira kumbuyo.

2. Kuphulika kwa Mizinga ya Padenga-Gravel¶

Mphepo yamkuntho ikawomba madenga athyathyathya a nyumba zakale za m'zipinda zosanjikizana ndi magalasi otalikirapo, amakweza nsabwe za m'mphepete mwa nsabwe za m'magalasi, zitsulo zotayirira za HVAC, ndi zoyala padenga n'kulowetsa mpweya. Kugunda khoma lansanjika lagalasi lapamwamba pamtunda wa makilomita 130 pa ola (makilomita 80 pa ola), chidutswa chimodzi cha miyala ya denga cha 10 gramu (0.35-ounce) chimaposa kupsinjika kwa galasi lolimbitsa kutentha kapena kupsya mtima, ndikuphwanya mbali yakunja. Zenera limodzi litathyoka ndikutulutsa zida zamkati mu vortex, mipando yakuofesi yowuluka, zotchingira maso, ndi zidutswa zamagalasi zimagunda nsanja motsatira unyolo.

3. Spontaneous Nickel Sulfide (\(\text{NiS}\)) ndi Thermal Stress Fracture mu Spandrel Glass¶

Ngakhale pakawomba pang'onopang'ono kapena kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kutsogolo kozizira, opaque pandrel glass panels (magalasi amdima omwe amabisala pansi konkire ndi kutsekereza pakati pa nkhani) amatha kusweka zokha. Ma microscopic inclusions a nickel sulfide (\(\text{NiS}\)) otsekeredwa mkati mwa galasi loyandama popanga pang'onopang'ono amasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pagawo lotentha kwambiri la alpha kupita ku gawo lotsika la beta pazaka 5 mpaka 15, kukulirakulira ndi 2 mpaka 4 peresenti. Kugwedezeka kwa mphepo kukasintha gulu lomwe lili ndi mwala wokulirapo wa \(\text{NiS}\) womwe uli mkatikati mwa galasi lotentha, gulu lonselo limasweka nthawi yomweyo kukhala masauzande a ma cubes olumikizana omwe amagwa m'mphepete mwa msewu.

Njira yopulumukira pang'onopang'ono ngati muli m'chipinda cham'mwamba pomwe galasi likulephera:¶

1. Zindikirani chenjezo la kulephera kwa magalasi: Magawo amakono oundana (magalasi amitundu iwiri kapena katatu) amasinthasintha momveka ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Ngati muwona chiwonetsero cha nyumba zoyandikana nazo zikugwedezeka ngati galasi losangalatsa pawindo lanu, mverani zitsulo zofuula kuchokera mu aluminiyamu mumillions, kapena kuwona ukonde wa akangaude akung'ambika mkati kapena kunja, **chokani m'chipindamo mkati mwa masekondi asanu **.
2. Tsekani ndi kutsekera chitseko chamkati potuluka: Ngati zenera lakunja liwomba mkati (mbali yolowera mphepo) kapena litayamwa (m'mbali mwa ngodya ya leeward), kupanikizika mkati mwa chipindacho nthawi yomweyo kumatsekereza mphamvu yamkuntho yakunja.
3. Ngati chipindacho chili ku mbali yakumphepo yamkuntho ndipo mukusiya chitseko chamkati chitseguke, kuphulika kwa mpweya wa 140-kilomita pa ola (87-maile-pa ola) kumadutsa m'chipindamo, ndikulowa mkatikati mwa khoma lowuma, kutulutsa matailosi a denga, ndikuphulika mawindo a mbali ina ya nyumbayo.
4. Musamayese kukankha chitseko chamkati pomwe zenera lolowera mphepo laphulika kale: Kuthamanga kwa mphepo kudutsa muyeso wa \(0.9\text{-by-}2.1\text{-meter}\) (\(3\text{-by-}7\text{-foot}\)) malo apakhomo amatha kupitilira 3,000 newtons (675 pounds of force kuthyola chala cha mzindawo), kuthyola chigaza.
5. **Pogona pachimake cha konkire: ** Pafupifupi nyumba zonse zamakono zimamangidwa mozungulira pakati ** pakhoma lolimba la konkriti ** lomwe limakhala ndi zikwepe, masitepe oyaka moto, zokwera makina, ndi zimbudzi zamalonda. Pitani kuchipinda chamkati kapena chimbudzi mkati mwa konkritiyo, khalani moyang'anizana ndi khoma lamkati kutali ndi makoma a magalasi, ndikudikirira kuti chiwombankhanga chidutse.

Ma cranes a Tower mumkuntho woopsa: nyengo yabwinobwino vs kugwa komwe kwayandikira¶

Kuwona chiwombankhanga chachikulu chomangira chikuyenda mdera lapakati pa tawuni panthawi yamphepo yamkuntho, derecho, kapena mphepo yamkuntho kumayambitsa machenjezo a anthu ambiri komanso mafoni masauzande ambiri. Kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa kusintha kwanyengo kotetezedwa ndi kulephera kwadongosolo komwe kuli pafupi kumakudziwitsani ngati muzikhala pomwepo kapena kusamuka nthawi yomweyo.

1. Chifukwa chiyani Hammerhead (Horizontal Jib) Tower Crane IYENERA Kuzungulira Mphepo¶

Chiboliboli chokhazikika cha hammerhead tower tower chimakhala ndi mlongoti wachitsulo wokhazikika wokhazikika ku nyumbayo, chotchingira chozungulira (mphete yobaya) pamwamba, chopingasa chachitali chogwira ntchito (jib, nthawi zambiri 50 mpaka 80 metres [165 mpaka 260 mapazi] utali), ndi kuwerengera kotalikirako konkriti* kumbuyo* - Malire amphepo yapantchito ndi yomwe sikugwira ntchito: Ngakhale kuti crane ikunyamula katundu ndi woyendetsa mu kabati, liwiro lake lalikulu la mphepo yotetezeka (**mumalire a ntchito **) nthawi zambiri ndi 50 mpaka 72 kilomita pa ola (31 mpaka 45 mailosi pa ola). Mphepo zikadutsa malirewo, kukweza kumayima. - Mmene nyengo imagwirira ntchito: Chifukwa jib yopita kutsogolo ili ndi malo okulirapo amphepo omwe amakhala kutali ndi pivot mast kuposa jib yayifupi yakumbuyo, mphepo imakankhira mwamphamvu pa jib yayitali. Asanakwere kutsogolo kwa mkuntho, woyendetsa galimotoyo amakweza mbedza mpaka pamwamba, kusuntha trolley pafupi ndi mast, ndi kumasula mabuleki owombera (amayika crane mumayendedwe a free-slew / weathervane). - Chifukwa chiyani izi zimalepheretsa kugwa: Chotsegulacho chikatsegulidwa, mphepo imangosuntha jib yopita kutsogolo kutsika kwamphepo kotero kuti crane imalozetsa jib yake yopapatiza mumphepo ngati tambala padenga la barani. Kuloza kumunsi kwamphepo kumachepetsa kugwedezeka kwa mpweya pa mlongoti ndi 60 mpaka 75 peresenti, kulola kuti chiwombankhanga chozikika bwino kuti chipulumuke ku mphepo mpaka 150 mpaka 200 makilomita pa ola (93 mpaka 125 miles pa ola).

2. The Luffing-Jib Tower Crane Hazard (Chifukwa Chake Ma Crane A Urban Ovuta Kwambiri Ndi Osiyana)¶

M’mizinda yothina kwambiri (monga New York City, London, Toronto, kapena Sydney) kumene nyumba zosanjikizana zoyandikana zimaima motalikirana ndi mamita 20 (65 feet), chopingasa chopingasa cha hammerhead sichingazungulire mozungulira ma degree 360 ​​popanda kugunda nyumba yoyandikana nayo. Makontrakitala pamasamba olimbawa amagwiritsa ntchito luffing-jib tower cranes, yomwe ma angles ake amakwera mokwera kumwamba ngati crane yoyenda. - The Minimum-Radius Weathervane Trap: Kuti chiwombankhanga cha luffing-jib chiziyenda bwino m'tauni yothina popanda kugunda nyumba zoyandikana, oyendetsa amayenera kukweza (luff) chiwombankhangacho mpaka kotsetsereka asanatsegule tebulo. - Njoka Yakumbuyo-Boom-Flip (monga momwe tawonera ku Manhattan pa nthawi ya Mkuntho Sandy): Ngati crane ya luffing-jib itayimiridwa pamtunda kwambiri (pafupi ndi ofukula) ndipo chiwombankhanga chokwera chokwera kwambiri chikugunda pansi pa chiwongolero chokwera pomwe crane ikutembenuka, mphepo imatha kukankhira kumbuyo chitsulo chonse* zingwe zopindika ndikupinda zitsulo zokhala ndi matani angapo mozondoka kudutsa msewu womwe uli pansipa.

3. Zibendera zitatu zofiira zomwe zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kuchoka pamalopo nthawi yomweyo:¶

Chotsani utali wapansi wofanana ndi **1.5 kuchulukitsa kutalika kwa nyumbayo kuphatikiza crane ** ngati muwona zotsatirazi: 1. Chibolibolicho chimakhala chokhomedwa m'mbali mwake (mozungulira) ku mphepo yamkuntho yoopsa komanso yokhotakhota: Ngati mabuleki akukanika kutulutsa kapena mphamvu itatayika ogwira ntchitoyo asatsegule pawokha ma hydraulic brake, mphepo yam'mbali imatha kupindika mlongoti mpaka milongoti yamphamvu kwambiri ikametedwe. 2. Mlongoti woyima wachoka panyumba "chomangira": Zingwe zazitali zokwera motsatira nyumba zosanjikiza zimamangidwira pansi pa konkriti pamamita 30 mpaka 50 aliwonse (mamita 100 mpaka 165) ndi zitsulo zopingasa zotchedwa makolala. Ngati kolala ikung'ambika kuchokera pa slab ya konkire, mlongoti woyima waulere udzagwedezeka. 3. Mphepo yamkuntho yawerama cham'mbuyo pamwamba pa kabati kapena ikugunda kutsogolo kwa nyumbayo.

Nambala zangozi zachigawo ndi ndondomeko za bungwe¶

Panthawi yadzidzidzi wamphepo yamkuntho, zochitika zagalasi zogwa, kapena kulephera kwa crane yomanga, funsani ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi am'deralo ndi madipatimenti achitetezo akumatauni nthawi yomweyo:

• United States: Imbani 911 nthawi yomweyo kuti munene kuti magalasi akugwa, ziwiya zotsuka mazenera, kapena makina a tower cranes omwe awonongeka kuti apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto athe kutseka ma gridi amisewu. A Municipal Maofesi a Zomangamanga (DOB) (monga NYC DOB Forensic Engineering Unit kapena Chicago Department of Buildings) amakhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka oyendera ma facade (monga NYC Local Law 11 / FISP) ndi malamulo otetezedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Chitetezo cha crane chapantchito chimayendetsedwa ndi OSHA (29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC).
• ** Canada: ** Imbani ** 911 ** kuti mutseke misewu nthawi yomweyo ndikuyankha moto / kupulumutsa. Akuluakulu omanga ma tauni (monga Toronto Building kapena Vancouver Development, Buildings and Licensing) ndi oyang'anira malo ogwira ntchito m'chigawo (WorkSafeBC, Ontario Ministry of Labor, CNESST ku Quebec) amakakamiza CSA Z248 (Code for Tower Cranes) ndi malo otetezedwa okwera pamapangidwe apamwamba.
• ** United Kingdom: ** Imbani ** 999 ** kapena ** 112 ** kwa apolisi ndi Fire and Rescue Service cordons mumsewu. Akuluakulu a Health and Safety (HSE) ndi Construction Plant-hire Association (CPA) Tower Crane Interest Group amakakamiza BS 7121 ndi EN 14439 kutseka kwamphepo komanso njira zoyendetsera nyengo. Monitor Met Office Machenjezo a Amber ndi Red Wind.
• European Union: Imbani 112 m'maiko onse omwe ali membala wa EU. Kuwotcha kwamphepo kokwera kwambiri komanso kuyenda kwanyengo popanda ntchito kumayendetsedwa ndi Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4: Zochita Mphepo) ndi EN 14439 (Cranes - Safety - Tower Cranes).
• Australia, New Zealand, ndi Asia-Pacific: Imbani 000 ku Australia (kapena 132 500 ya State Emergency Service [SES] yankho la mkuntho) ndi 111 ku New Zealand; ma cranes a nsanja amatsata AS 2550.4 / AS 1418.4. Ku Hong Kong, imbani 999 ndikutsatira Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (T8, T9, T10) ndi Buildings Department malangizo achitetezo pakhoma; ku Japan, imbani 119; ku Singapore, imbani 995.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Chifukwa chiyani mphepo yamsewu pakati pa misewu iwiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yamphamvu kuposa liwiro la mphepo lomwe limanenedwa ndi oyang'anira nyengo?¶

Kuthamanga kwa mphepo yamkuntho kumayesedwa pamalo otseguka a nyengo ya ndege pamtunda wa mamita 10 (33-foot) popanda zopinga zozungulira. M'chigawo cha skyscraper m'tauni, nsanja ya magalasi ya mamita 250 (820-foot) imadutsa mphepo zam'mlengalenga zomwe zikuwomba 50 mpaka 80 peresenti mwachangu kuposa mphepo yam'mlengalenga ndi ma ngalande omwe amathamanga kwambiri molunjika mpaka kumsewu. Ndege yotsikayo ikazungulira m'ngodya zakuthwa za nyumba ndikupyola mipata yopapatiza pakati pa nsanja zoyandikana, mphepo yamkuntho yapamsewu nthawi zambiri imaposa 1.5 mpaka 2.2 liwiro lamphepo la eyapoti.

Kodi nditsegule zenera kumbali yakumunsi ya nyumba yanga yokwera kuti "ndifanane ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya" panthawi yamkuntho kapena mphepo yamkuntho?¶

Osatsegula zenera panthawi yamphepo yamkuntho kuti mufanane ndi kukakamizidwa. Nthano yakaleyo yatsutsidwa kwathunthu ndi kafukufuku waukadaulo wa mphepo kuchokera ku FEMA, NIST, ndi National Wind Institute ya Texas Tech University. Nyumba sizikhala ndi mpweya, ndipo kutsegula zenera la leeward sikuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa mphepo kapena kuteteza envelopu yomanga; m'malo mwake, ngati zenera lamphepo likuphwanyidwa kapena chitseko chapanjira chikutseguka, zenera lotseguka la leeward limapanga ngalande yamphepo yosatsekeka molunjika m'nyumba mwanu yomwe imachotsa makoma amkati ndi ziwiya.

Kodi kuika masking tepi kapena tepi ya "X" pamawindo okwera kwambiri kumalepheretsa kusweka?¶

Kujambula mawindo sikumawonjezera mphamvu zamagalasi polimbana ndi kuthamanga kwa mphepo kapena kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala zowuluka. Choyipa chachikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito tepi pagalasi lopindika kapena lolimbitsidwa ndi kutentha kumamangirira tizidutswa tating'ono tosweka kukhala timagulu tating'onoting'ono, tolemera, tokhotakhota timene timayambitsa mikwingwirima yowopsa pomwe chowotcha chikawomba mkati. M'malo mojambula magalasi, tsitsani mithunzi yolemera kwambiri kapena kutseka makhungu kuti mugwire tinthu tating'ono tagalasi, chokani pawindo, ndikutseka chitseko cholimba chamkati chachipindacho.

Ngati kabati ya tower crane ilibe kanthu pa nthawi yamphepo yamkuntho, chifukwa chiyani chiwombankhangacho chikuzungulira chokha?¶

Chiwombankhanga chozungulira chozungulira pamphepo yamkuntho chimagwira ntchito monga momwe mainjiniya adapangira kuti chikhalepo. Asanatuluke pa crane pamene mphepo imadutsa makilomita 50 mpaka 72 pa ola (makilomita 31 mpaka 45 pa ola), woyendetsayo amatsegula mabuleki otembenukira (kuyika crane mumayendedwe a free-slew kapena weathervane). Monga momwe mphepo imayendera padenga, mphepo imakankhira mphepo yamkuntho yopita kutsogolo kotero kuti crane nthawi zonse imakhala ndi gawo lake laling'ono kwambiri pamakomezi osuntha, kulepheretsa mlongoti woyimirira kuti usadutse.

Kodi ndi chithandizo chanji choyamba chimene ndiyenera kupereka ngati woyenda pansi agundidwa ndi galasi lokwera pamwamba pa msewu wamphepo?¶

Choyamba, musathamangire malo ogwetsera magalasi omwe ali pansi pa facade yosweka pokhapokha mutakokera wovulalayo pakhomo la konkire kapena pansi pa slab yolimba mkati mwa masekondi, chifukwa magalasi otsekemera amapitirira kugwa kwa mphindi zochepa pambuyo pa kusweka koyambirira. Mukakhala pansi pa chivundikiro cholimba, chepetsani magazi owopsa a mtsempha kapena venous nthawi yomweyo pogwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu, kukakamiza kwachindunji ndi nsalu yoyera kapena kuvala zoopsa, kapena gwiritsani ntchito windlass tourniquet yamalonda 5 mpaka 7 centimita (2 mpaka 3 mainchesi) pamwamba pa bala lophulika. Osatulutsa galasi lalikulu lomwe limapachikidwa mozama m'khosi, pachifuwa, pamimba, kapena m'maso, chifukwa galasilo likhoza kutseka chotengera chachikulu cha magazi; m'malo mwake, khazikitsani shard m'malo ndi padding yochuluka ndikudikirira othandizira. Kutenga manja pa kuwongolera magazi ndi chithandizo choyamba kuchokera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena wothandizira wakomweko amakukonzekeretsani kuvulala kwakukulu kwamatawuni.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Derecho, mphepo yowongoka, ndi kupulumuka kwa microburst
• Kuwongolera kwa crane, kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono, ndikulumikizana ndi chingwe chamagetsi pamwamba
• Gome lagalasi likuphwanyidwa, khomo la khonde lotsetsereka, komanso kung'ambika
• Kuwongolera magazi kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito tourniquet

Magwero ndi malangizo ovomerezeka¶

• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ndi National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Mitigation Assessment Team (MAT) Reports on High-Rise Glazing Performance, Roof Ballast Missiles, and Urban Wind Loading in Severe Storms.
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 7): *Katundu Wocheperako Womanga ndi Zofananira Zogwirizana nazo Zomangamanga ndi Zomangamanga Zina: Main Wind Force Resisting Systems (MWFRS) ndi Zigawo ndi Cladding (C&C) Pangodya Zokakamiza *.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1400) and Construction Plant-hire Association (CPA, UK): Tower Crane Safety in High Winnds, In-Service vs Out-of-Service Wind Limits, ndi Free-Slew Weathervaning Procedures.
• Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) and Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory (Western University): *Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety Criteria (Lawson & Davenport Scales), Downwash Vortices, and Nickel Sulfide (\(\text{NiS}\)) Mu Magalasi Okhazikika.
• ** American Red Cross ndi American College of Surgeons (Lekani Kutaya Magazi):** * Prehospital Hemorrhage Control and Impaled Object Stabilization Guidelines*.