Tree Well and Deep Powder Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS)¶

Kumizidwa ndi Chipale chofewa (SIS), imatchedwanso Non-Avalanche Related Snow Immersion Death (NARSID), zimachitika pamene wotsetsereka kumapiri a m'mapiri, okwera m'chipale chofewa, kapena wokwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja atagwa molowera (pamutu) mu chitsime chamtengo kapena mumtsinje wakuya wa ufa wa mkuntho wosasunthika ndikugwa mkati mwa chipale chofewa. Chitsime cha mtengo ndi malo obisika, ooneka ngati funnel opanda malo opanda kanthu komanso ufa wosaphatikizana mpaka 2 to 3.5 meters (6.5 to 11.5 feet) chakuya mozungulira thunthu la mtengo wobiriwira wobiriwira, womwe nthawi zambiri **subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock, kapena Engelmann spruce **, yomwe nthambi zake zowirira za m'munsi zimakhala ngati ambulera, zimatsekereza chipale chofewa kuti zisadzaze kapena kugwirizana mozungulira tsinde la thunthu. Wotsetsereka m'chipale chofewa akafika m'mphepete kapena kulephera kuwongolera m'mitengo ndikukankhira kutsogolo mumsewu wobisikawo, maski awo otsetsereka otsetsereka otsetsereka kapena matalala otsetsereka amakhazikika m'nthambi zake pamwamba pomwe mutu ndi thupi lawo zimagwera mozondoka mumtsuko womwe ukugwa wa ufa wosalumikizana.

Pakuyesa kwa benchmark kochitidwa ndi Northwest Avalanche Center (NWAC) ndi akatswiri ofufuza zachitetezo cha ski ku United States ndi Canada, 90 peresenti ya anthu odzipereka omwe adalowetsedwa mu chitsime chamtengo weniweni sanathe kudzipulumutsa okha. Mosiyana ndi chigumukire chomwe chili pamalo otsetsereka, chomwe chimatha kuwonedwa patali, munthu wovulalayo amakwirira mutu pansi pa nthambi zobiriwira. 3 meters (10 feet) Kuthamanga kokonzekera kutsetsereka kumawonekeratu pokhapokha ngati mnzawo wa ski kapena pa snowboard amawayang'ana panthawi yomwe adasowa. Ngati mnzanu wasowa m'nkhalango kapena kugwera mumtengo, fuulani kuti akuthandizeni, imbani Ski Patrol mwachindunji (sungani Nambala Yadzidzidzi ya Ski Patrol yanu yosungidwa pafoni yanu) kapena imbani nambala yanu yadzidzidzi yakudera lanu (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) pogwiritsa ntchito bukhu lathu la manambala angozi, ndipo yambani nthawi yomweyo kufukula kwa abwenzi molunjika kunjira ya mpweya wa wovulalayo osadikirira mphindi imodzi kuti Ski Patrol ifike. Pazamavuto okhudzana ndi nyengo yachisanu ndi mapiri, funsani malangizo athu Kumizidwa kwamtengo bwino komanso kutsekeka kwa chipale chofewa, skiing, snowboarding, ndi ngozi zotsetsereka,ndi chipululu cha hypothermia ndi kupulumuka kozizira.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Gwirani thunthu la mtengo kapena nthambi zolimba zamkati ndi manja onse awiri nthawi yomweyo mukagwetsera mu chitsime cha mtengo. Ngati mukugwera pamtengo womwe uli mu ufa wakuya, musayese "kutuluka" mzere wozungulira siketi yamtengo. Siyani mitengo yanu ya ski (yomwe sayenera kukhala ndi zingwe zapamanja zozungulira manja anu m'mitengo), lowetsani mkati kuti mukumbatire thunthu lamtengo wamatabwa kapena nthambi zamkati zamkati ndi manja onse awiri, ndikukulunga miyendo yanu mozungulira thunthulo kuti muyimitse kutsika kwanu chipale chofewa chisanameze mutu wanu.
2. *Ikani kumenya mwamphamvu, kumenya, ndi kugwedera nthawi yomweyo mukatera mokhota. Mtengo umagwira ntchito ndendende ngati mchenga wowuma kapena nkhokwe yambewu: nthawi iliyonse mukamenya miyendo yanu kapena kumenya mapewa mozondoka, mumagwedeza mazana a chipale chofewa pansi pamakoma ndi nthambi zozungulira, kunyamula chipale chofewa kuti musawonjezeke.
3. Pangani thumba la mpweya wopumira kutsogolo kwa pakamwa panu ndi mphuno ndikulavula chipale chofewa. Chipale chofewa chisanakugwereni kuzungulira nkhope yanu, kapuni dzanja limodzi kapena mkono wanu pakamwa ndi mphuno, gwedezani mutu wanu mofatsa uku ndi uku (5 to 8 centimeters [2 to 3 inches]) kunyamula kabowo kakang'ono kopumira patsogolo pa nkhope yanu, ndikukokera kolala ya jekete kapena khosi (Buff) pakamwa panu kuti mukhale ngati fyuluta ya chipale chofewa.
4. klzzwx:0036 Pumani mpweya pang'onopang'ono komanso modekha kuti musunge mpweya m'thumba lanu la mpweya ndikuchedwetsa carbon dioxide (CO2) unjika. Ngati mutha kufikira ndi dzanja lanu cholumikizira chomangira ski kapena kukankha chidendene cham'mbali moyera opanda* kuyambitsaugwa kwa chipale chofewa, masulani skis yanu; Pachipale chofewa, gwedezani pang'onopang'ono kuti mukhale okhazikika kunthambi kwinaku mukuyimba mluzu wanu wa Fox 40 wopanda pea woduliridwa ku kolala yanu.
5. klzzwxh:0040 Mukaona kuti skis kapena chipale chofewa cha mnzanuyo chikutsamira nsi pamtengo, musayende pamwamba pa dzenje kapena kupondapo chipale chofewa kuzungulira nthambi. Pokwera pamwamba pa munthu wovulalayo, chipale chofewa chimagwera m'thumba ndikuphwanya njira yawo yolowera mpweya.
6. Tunnel HORIZONTALLY mkati kuchokera kumbali yotsika molunjika kumutu wa wovulalayo ndi njira ya mpweya poyamba. Yandikirani mtengowo kuchokera ku pansi (kutsika) kapena kuchokera kumbali, bakha pansi pa nthambi zobiriwira nthawi zonse kuti mupeze mutu wa wovulalayo pafupi ndi thunthu, kuchotsani chipale chofewa m'kamwa mwawo ndi mphuno mkati mwa masekondi 60 kuti mubwezeretse kupuma ndi kupuma pang'onopang'ono, ndikutulutsa mpweya ndi kupuma. ngalande yopingasa.

Chitsime cha Mtengo ndi Kumizidwa kwa Chipale chofewa (SIS) mtengo wosankha kupulumuka ndi kupulumutsa¶

Tsatirani njira zanzeru izi kutengera ngati ndinu otsetsereka otsetsereka / snowboarder kugwera mumtengo bwino kapena mnzanu amene akupulumutsa mnzanu nthawi yomweyo.

flowchart TD
    A["Mtengo Wamtengo / Ufa Wozama Womiza Mwadzidzidzi"] --> B{"Kodi muli ndi udindo uti pompano?"}

    B -->|1. Victim Falling Into Tree Well or Deep Powder| C["Protocol Yodziteteza Mwamsanga"]
    B -->|2. Partner / Witness on the Slope| D["Immediate Buddy Rescue Protocol (Mphindi 4 Woyamba)"]

    C --> C1["Tsitsani Zingwe za Pole & Gwirani Thunthu la Mtengo kapena Nthambi Zokhuthala Zamkati Mwamsanga"]
    C1 --> C2{"Kodi mudayima molunjika mutagwira thunthu, kapena kugwa mokhotakhota kutsogolo?"}

    C2 -->|Stopped Upright Against Trunk| C3["Gwirani Thunthu Molimba, Imbani / Mluzi Wothandizirana naye, Kick Steps kapena Tulutsani Skis Mosamala"]
    C2 -->|Inverted Headfirst in Loose Snow Funnel| C4["IMANI ZONSE ZONSE & KUKWENZANTHAWI YOMWEYO (Pewani Kulongedza Kwachangu)"]
    C4 --> C5["Cup Dzanja / Pamphuno Pakamwa & Mphuno + Rock Mutu Mofatsa Kuti Mupange Pocket Ya Air"]
    C5 --> C6["Pumani Pang'onopang'ono, Limbani Mluzu wa Collar, Dikirani Buddy Horizontal Dig"]

    D --> D1["Sungani Zowoneka Zenizeni pa Mtengo + Fuulani Thandizo & Imbani Ski Patrol"]
    D1 --> D2["OSATI KUDIKIRA Ski Patrol: Yambani Kukumba Pompopompo (4-Min Asphyxia Clock)"]
    D2 --> D3["Yandikirani Mtengo Bwino Kuchokera PASI (Kutsika): OSAYENERA KUKHALA Pamwamba Pamwamba"]
    D3 --> D4["Phunzirani / Bakha Pansi pa Nthambi Kuti Mupeze Mutu & Chotsani Airway POYAMBA"]
    D4 --> D5["Unclip Ski/Snowboard Bindings + Fukulani Ngalande Yopingasa Kuchokera Kuthunthu"]
    D5 --> D6{"Kodi Mpweya Wozunzidwa Kamodzi Wachotsedwa?"}
    D6 -->|Yes| D7["Mouth Mouth, Insulate From Cold, Monitor for Hypothermia & Pulmonary Edema"]
    D6 -->|No: Unresponsive & Apneic| D8["Chipale Choyera Chodzaza Kuchokera ku Oropharynx + Yambani Kupulumutsa Mpweya & CPR Nthawi yomweyo"]

Anatomy ya mtengo wa conifer bwino komanso fizikiki ya kupukusa chipale chofewa¶

Anthu ambiri odziwa masewera otsetsereka m'madzi otsetsereka ndi chipale chofewa omwe amavala zipewa ndi kunyamula ma transceivers kumtunda amanyalanyaza zitsime zamitengo chifukwa chitsime chamtengo chimaoneka ngati ufa wopanda vuto, wofewa pansi pa mtengo wokongola wobiriwira nthawi zonse. Kumvetsetsa za zomera za subalpine conifers ndi makina amadzimadzi a chipale chofewa chosagwirizanitsa kumafotokoza chifukwa chake chitsime cha mtengo chimakhala choopsa kwambiri.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       ANATOMY OF A SUBALPINE FIR / SPRUCE TREE WELL & INVERTED FALL     |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                         |
|                     / \                                                 |
|                    / | \    Conifer Crown (Umbrella Effect)             |
|                   /  |  \   Blocks falling snow from compacting         |
|  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/~~~|~~~\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <-- Deep Snowpack   |
|  Consolidated   /    |    \      [Skis / Board]         (2 to 3m deep)  |
|  Snowpack      /     |     \      Wedged in Boughs                      |
|  Wall         /      |      \        \   /                              |
|              |  LOOSE|POWDER |       [Legs]                             |
|              |  FUNNEL VOID  |         ||                               |
|               \      |      /       [Torso] <-- Snow packs tight around |
|   [RESCUER]    \     |     /          (Head)    chest if victim kicks   |
|   Digs Inward   \    |    /       (Air Pocket)                          |
|   HORIZONTALLY ==\==>|   /        Next to Trunk                         |
|   From Below      `--|--'                                               |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Momwe mtengo umapangidwira bwino komanso chifukwa chake umakhala wobisika¶

M'nyengo yamkuntho yamphepo yamkuntho m'madzi ndi m'mapiri a chipale chofewa (monga Cascade Range ya Washington ndi Oregon, British Columbia's Coast ndi Columbia Mountains, California's Sierra Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, ndi mapiri a Yuki-gun a Hokkaido ndi Honshu ku Japan), 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16 feet) Chipale chofewa chimaunjikana pansi pa nkhalango: - Nthambi zolendewera za subalpine fir, white fir, hemlock, ndi spruce mitengo zimakula 1 to 2 meters (3.3 to 6.5 feet) Kunja kuchokera pamtengowo ndikutsika pansi ngati denga lachihema. - Pamene chipale chofewa kunja kwa mzere wodontha wa nthambi chimakhazikika ndikuphatikizana kukhala maziko othandizira, danga ** pansi pa nthambi mozungulira thunthu ** imakhalabe yopanda kanthu (1 to 3 meters zakuya) zodzazidwa ndi nthenga za chipale chofewa chopepuka kwambiri, chosakanizidwa ndi ziro. - Pamene chipale chofewa chowombedwa ndi mphepo chimayenda kunja kwa nthambi za m'munsi, zimapanga ** mawonekedwe abodza ozungulira (siketi yamtengo) ** yomwe imabisa dzenje lakuya mozungulira thunthulo mpaka skier kapena snowboarder atembenukire pafupi kwambiri ndi denga la mtengo ndipo m'mphepete mwake mumadutsa nsalu yotchinga yakunja ya nthambi kupita kumtunda wopanda malire.

2. Chifukwa chiyani kuvutikira kumayambitsa "Snow Quicksand" komanso kupuma mwachangu¶

Munthu wotsetsereka m'madzi kapena snowboarder akamalowera cham'mbuyo mumsewu wosamangika, imfa imachitika kudzera njira zitatu zolumikizana zathupi mkati mwa 4 mpaka 15 mphindi:

1. Mawonekedwe Opindika / Grain-Silo Compaction Effect (Mechanical Asphyxia):
2. Chifukwa chitsime cha mtengowo chimapangidwa ngati chotsetsereka cha V-funnel cholowera kumizu, wovulalayo amagwera pansi (180 degrees inverted) mutu ndi mapewa awo pansi pa cone ndi nsapato zawo zodulidwa mu a 170-centimeter skis kapena a 160-centimeter snowboard wopindika mu nthambi olimba pamwamba.
3. Pamene wochita mantha amayesera mwachibadwa kumenya miyendo yake, kupotoza m'chiuno, kapena kukankhira mmwamba mu ufa wopanda malire, zinthu ziwiri zimachitika: thupi lawo limamira ** mozama ** mu nsonga yopapatiza ya chulucho, ndipo kukwapula kwawo kumagwedeza mazana a kilogalamu za chipale chofewa kuchokera kumakoma ozungulira chipale chofewa ndi nthambi pansi mozungulira torso.
4. Mkati mwa masekondi 15 akulimbana, chipale chofewacho chimakhazikika ndikuzungulira pachifuwa ndi pamimba ngati konkriti yonyowa. Nthawi iliyonse wozunzidwayo ** akutulutsa ** ndipo mphamvu ya chifuwa chake imachepa 2 centimeters, chipale chofewa cholemeracho chimalowera mkati kuti chidzaze kusiyana, kutseka nthiti zawo kuti asapume mpweya wina (compressive / positional asphyxia).
5. Kulumikiza kwa Airway Direct ("Snow Cork"):
6. Ngati wovulalayo agwedezeka popanda kutseka pakamwa pake kapena kutembenuzira nkhope yake ku thunthu, chipale chofewa chimakwera m'mphuno, m'kamwa, ndi kumbuyo kwa pharynx, kupanga pulagi yowundana yomwe imatsekereza mpweya wonse.
7. ** Hypercapnia (CO2 Narcosis) ndi Kuwala kwa Ice-Mask: **
8. Ngakhale wozunzidwayo apanga kathumba kakang'ono ka nkhonya, mpweya wotentha wotuluka (37°C / 98.6°F) amasungunula mkatikati mwa chipale chofewa, chomwe nthawi yomweyo chimasungunuka kukhala kuyera kosasunthika kwa ayezi olimba komwe kumatchinga mpweya wabwino kuti usalowere mu chipale chofewa ndikutsekera mpweya wotuluka (CO2), kuchititsa kukomoka mkati mwa mphindi zochepa.

Kuyerekeza: Chitsime cha Mtengo / Ufa Wakuya (SIS) vs. Slab Avalanche Burial¶

Ndondomeko ya sitepe ndi sitepe ya Buddy Rescuer: Momwe mungakumbire mnzanu mkati mwa mphindi 4¶

Chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa ubongo kuchokera ku anoxic asphyxiation kumayamba mkati mwa 4 mpaka 6 mphindi pamene wovulalayo akuyenda ndi chipale chofewa, komanso chifukwa zimatengera ngakhale malo othamanga kwambiri a Ski Patrol mphindi 10 mpaka 20 kuti alandire foni, kukwera pa chairlift, ndi ski kupita kumtengo wothamanga, ** kupulumuka kwa wovulalayo kumadalira 100 peresenti pa skiing omwe ali nawo tsopano.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|     RIGHT VS. WRONG EXCAVATION PATH FOR A TREE WELL BUDDY RESCUE        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                         |
|   [WRONG: Stepping on Top Rim]          [RIGHT: Horizontal Tunneling]   |
|                                                                         |
|     Rescuer steps on top of               Rescuer approaches from       |
|     snow rim above branches:              BELOW (downhill) side:        |
|                                                                         |
|        [Rescuer Steps Here]                      / \                    |
|            |    / \                             / | \                   |
|            v   / | \                           /  |  \ [Skis Visible]   |
|     ~~~~~~~|~~/~~|~~\~~~~~~~          ~~~~~~~~/~~~|~~~\~~~~~~~          |
|     COLLAPSES/   |   \                       /    |    \                |
|     SNOW    /  [Head] \         [RESCUER] ==/====>| [Head / Airway]     |
|     ONTO   /  CRUSHES  \        Digs Straight     |  Cleared First      |
|     VICTIM   AIR POCKET         Inward to Trunk   |  in < 60 Seconds    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Khwerero 1: Osataya mawonekedwe: Sungani lamulo la "Partner in Sight".¶

1. Mukamasambira kapena kukwera chipale chofewa m'mitengo patsiku la ufa (30+ cm / 12+ inches wa chipale chofewa chatsopano), ** konse "leapfrog"** (pamene munthu m'modzi amadumphira pansi osawoneka ndikudikirira pansi pakuthamanga). Mutha kukwera mothina mowoneka bwino mukuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mnzanuyo, kapena gwiritsani ntchito malo otsetsereka amitengo yaifupi pomwe wotsetserekayo ayima pamalo otsetsereka kwinaku akuyang'anitsitsa mnzakeyo mpaka pansi.
2. Nthawi Yomwe Mnzanu Wasowa:
3. Yang'anani maso anu pa **mtengo weniweni kapena mawonekedwe amtunda ** pomwe mudawona jekete kapena chipale chofewa.
4. Fuulani mokweza ("THANDIZANI, SKIER PACHISIMA CHA MTENGO") kuti mulembe anthu otsetsereka modutsa m'makutu, imbani mluzu katatu, ndipo ngati pali munthu wachitatu, awayimbireni Ski Patrol Dispatch ndi dzina lenileni ndikukweza nambala ya nsanja pamene mukuyamba kukumba nthawi yomweyo.

Khwerero 2: Yandikirani kuchokera PASI (Kutsika): Osaponda pamphepete chakumtunda¶

1. OSATI kuyesa kugwira skis/bolo lachipale chofewa la wozunzidwayo ndikuwakokera mmwamba molunjika kuchokera pamwamba:
2. Pamene an 80-kilogram (176-pound) wamkulu anakwiriridwa mozondoka 2 meters wa chipale chofewa ndi 30 kilograms chipale chofewa chokhala pachifuwa ndi mapewa, kukoka mmwamba pamapazi awo kapena zomangira za snowboard ** sizidzawatulutsa **; idzangotambasula minyewa ya mawondo awo kwinaku ikugwedeza matani a matalala otayirira kuchokera kunthambi mpaka kumaso kwawo.
3. ** Tsikirani Pansi pa Chitsime cha Mtengo:**
4. Ski kapena kuthamangira ku ** kutsika (kumunsi) mbali ** ya mtengowo.
5. Chotsani skis kapena snowboard nthawi yomweyo kuti mukhale ndi nsapato zokhazikika.
6. Bakha pansi pa nthambi zobiriwira nthawi zonse (kapena kuswa/kukankhira nthambi zapansi) kuti uyang'ane mu dzenje lomwe lili pafupi ndi thunthulo.

Khwerero 3: Yatsani poyambira POYAMBA mkati mwa masekondi 60¶

1. ** Tsatirani Thupi la Wozunzidwayo Mpaka Kumutu Kwawo:**
2. Pogwiritsa ntchito manja anu kapena fosholo ya avalanche (kusesa chipale chofewa * kutali * ndi nkhope ya wozunzidwayo ndi kutsika kuchokera m'dzenje), tsatirani thunthu la wozunzidwayo kumunsi kwa mtengo kuti mupeze ** chisoti, nkhope, pakamwa, ndi mphuno **.
3. Sesani M'kamwa ndi M'mphuno Yeretsani Ndipo Yang'anani Kupuma:
4. Chotsani kwambiri 30-centimeter (12-inch) njira yopumira yozungulira mutu ndi pachifuwa kuti mapapo awo athe kufalikira momasuka.
5. Gwiritsani ntchito zala ziwiri zokhala ndi magolovesi kuti musese chipale chofewa chilichonse chodzaza mkamwa ndi m'mphuno mwawo.
6. Afunseni mokweza ngati angathe kupuma. **Nkhope zawo ndi pachifuwa zikakhala kuti zili ndi mpweya wabwino wakunja, wotchi yokwanira ya mphindi 4 imayima **, kukupatsani nthawi yomasula miyendo ndi zomangira zawo mosamala.

Khwerero 4: Masulani zomangira za ski kapena snowboard ndikuchotsa mopingasa¶

1. Pezani Mapazi Pamutu:
2. Pamene mukuteteza njira yolowera pansi, fikirani mmwamba (kapena kuti wopulumutsira wachiwiri alowe kuchokera kumbali) kuti ** akanikizire chidendene chotchinga cha ski bindings ** kapena ** kumasula zingwe zomangira zachipale chofewa ** kotero kuti nsapato za wovulalayo zisakhalenso ndi bolodi / skis zomwe zili munthambi.
3. Kokerani Wozunzidwayo Panjira Yopingasa:
4. Kumba ngalande yopingasa yotulukira kunja kuchokera ku thunthu kumbali yotsika, thandizirani mutu ndi khomo lachiberekero la wovulalayo, ndi kutsetsereka mopingasa pa chipale chofewa.
5. Kutsitsimutsidwa Kwachangu Ngati Apneic (Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest):
6. Chifukwa kumangidwa kwa mtima kwamtengo kumayambitsidwa ndi hypoxia/asphyxiation (monga kumizidwa kapena kuikidwa m'manda), **kupumula (kupuma mpweya) ndikofunikira **. Chotsani chipale chofewa mkamwa, tsegulani njira yolowera mpweya (head-tilt/chin-lift kapena jaw-thrust ngati kuvulala kwa msana kukuganiziridwa), perekani ** 5 kupuma koyambirira kopulumutsira ** kutsatiridwa ndi muyezo ** 30: 2 CPR ** (30 chifuwa choponderezedwa ku 2 mpweya wopulumutsira), ndipo gwiritsani ntchito AED mwamsanga pamene Ski Patrol ifika. Tikukulimbikitsani kwambiri kutenga maphunziro a CPR ndi First Aid kuchokera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena wothandizira mapiri anu.

Oyang'anira ski padziko lonse lapansi ndi njira zopulumutsira mapiri pazadzidzidzi zazitsime zamitengo¶

• United States ndi Canada (Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, Rockies, Sierras):
• In-Bounds Ski Resort: Imbani nambala yamalo ochezerako chindunji cha Ski Patrol Emergency Dispatch (yosindikizidwa pamapu, nsanja za chairlift, kapena pulogalamu ya Epic/Ikon; sungani mu Zokonda zanu musanathamangire koyamba) kapena perekani chizindikiro chokwera chapafupi kapena wolondera wachikasu/wovala jekete yofiira. Kuitana 911 kuchokera kumalo otsetsereka a ski kupita kwa sheriff dispatcher m'chigwacho yemwe ayenera kuyimbanso foni ku Ski Patrol, zomwe zimawononga 3 mpaka 5 mphindi zamtengo wapatali.
• Backcountry / Sidecountry (Opanda Malire): Imbani 911 ndikuyambitsa Garmin inReach kapena Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) kulimbikitsa County Search and Rescue (SAR) kapena Parks Canada Visitor Safety.
• European Union & Switzerland (Alps, Pyrenees, Dolomites, Scandinavia):
• Imbani 112 (European Emergency Number) kapena imbani pafupipafupi kupulumutsa alpine: ** France (112 / PGHM)**, Switzerland (1414 REGA), Austria (140 Alpinnotruf), Italy (118 / 112 CNSAS).
• Japani (Hokkaido: Niseko, Rusutsu, Furano, Kiroro; Honshu: Hakuba, Nozawa Onsen, Myoko):
• Mitengo yotsika kwambiri ya ku Japan ya birch ndi nsungwi (Sasa) yophatikiziridwa ndi mikungudza ya subalpine ndi 15+ meters Kugwa kwa chipale chofewa pachaka kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi zomiza kwambiri zaufa (kuphatikiza mabowo obisika a mitsinje ya geothermal). M'malire a malo ochezera, imbani ** Nambala ya Ski Patrol yosindikizidwa pa chiphaso chanu **; pazadzidzidzi zomwe zatuluka, imbani 110 (Police Mountain Rescue) kapena 119 (Moto/Ambulansi).
• Australia ndi New Zealand: Imbani 000 (Australia Ski Patrol / Alpine Police Rescue in NSW and Victoria) or 111 (New Zealand Ski Patrol / LandSAR).

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi okwera pa snowboard kapena otsetsereka ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chofera mumtengo bwino?¶

Onse otsetsereka m'madzi ndi snowboarders amagawana pafupifupi magawo ofanana akupha pachitsime chamitengo (pafupifupi 55 mpaka 60% otsetsereka ndi 40 mpaka 45% a snowboarders kudutsa nkhokwe zaku North America), koma pazifukwa zamakina zosiyana pang'ono. A skier's releasable DIN bindings may release one ski during a twisting fall, but if the skier leaves their hands inside their ski pole wrist straps, mitengoyo imakhomerera manja awo pamwamba pamutu kuti asachotse thumba la mpweya. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, a za snowboarder zomangira zosatulutsidwa zomangira zimasunga mapazi onse okhomedwa kwanthawi yayitali 155 mpaka 165 cm bolodi lomwe limakhala ngati nangula wokhazikika munthambi pamwambapa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kutembenukira kumanja mpaka mnzake atamasula zomangirazo.

Why shouldn't I try to ski close to tree trunks where the powder is untouched?¶

After a storm when open runs get tracked out, skiers and snowboarders are tempted to turn right underneath the outer branches of evergreen trees where the snow looks deep and untracked. That "untracked" apron beneath the branches is not a solid slope; it is the false roof of a hollow tree well. Always keep your ski or snowboard tracks outside the outer drip-line of the tree canopy, never aim at the base of a conifer to control your speed, and always look at the open spaces between trees rather than staring at the trees themselves.

If I fall into deep powder on a flat or low-angle run away from trees, can I still suffocate?¶

Yes, while roughly two-thirds of Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) deaths occur inside conifer tree wells, the remaining one-third occur in deep open powder (`> 60 to 90 cm / 2 to 3 feet` of unconsolidated storm snow) when a skier or snowboarder catches a tip ("tomahawks" or "augurs in") headfirst into a deep drift, creek bed, or terrain depression. If you land headfirst in deep open powder, stay calm, stop thrashing, rock your head to create an air space, and roll onto your side or back horizontally rather than trying to push straight down against bottomless snow.

Why did 90% of test subjects fail to escape a tree well in scientific experiments?¶

M'mayesero otchuka olamulidwa motsogozedwa ndi mpainiya wachitetezo cha mtengo-chitsime Paul Baugher (Northwest Avalanche Center / Crystal Mountain Ski Patrol), otsetsereka otsetsereka otsetsereka otsetsereka otsetsereka m'chipale chofeŵa analowetsedwa mu chitsime cha mtengo weniweni ndipo anthu odzionetsera chitetezo atayima pafupi ndi kuuzidwa kuti atuluke. Maphunziro asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi adalephera kotheratu ndipo amayenera kutulutsidwa ndi gulu lachitetezo chifukwa mayendedwe aliwonse a manja, thunthu, kapena miyendo yawo nthawi yomweyo idagwetsa makoma a chipale chofewa mkati, kuwakwirira mozama ndikumangirira pachifuwa chawo mkati mwa masekondi 30.

Kodi ndikhwimitse zokonda zanga za DIN zomangirira ski mpaka pamlingo waukulu patsiku la ufa wakuya kuti ndisataye ski?¶

Ayi, kutsitsa zikhalidwe zanu zomangira ski (`DIN`) pamwamba pa tchati chanu chovomerezeka cha kutalika / kulemera / mtundu wa skier kotero kuti masewera anu "osatulutsidwa mu ufa" ndi owopsa kwambiri m'mitengo. Ngati muthamangira mumtengo pachitsime chokhala ndi zomangira zolimba kwambiri za DIN (kapena zomangira zosatulutsidwa za telemark/tech zotsekeredwa `Tour/Ski-Lock` kukwera mode), anu `180-centimeter` Ma skis azikhala otsekeredwa ku nsapato zanu ndikulowera munthambi zamitengo kumtunda, ndikukulowetsani mozondoka. M'malo mwake, sungani zomangira zanu pamalo oyenera ndikumangirira nayiloni yowala zingwe za ufa / riboni kulowetsedwa mu pant cuff yanu ngati mukuda nkhawa kuti mupeze ski yotulutsidwa mu chipale chofewa chakuya.

Kodi munthu angapulumuke mozondoka mumtengo mpaka liti ngati apanga thumba labwino la mpweya?¶

Nthawi yopulumuka imadalira kwathunthu kukula kwa thumba la mpweya komanso ngati njira ya mpweya ndi yoyera: ngati pakamwa ndi mphuno zili ndi chipale chofewa, chikomokere chimachitika. 2 mpaka 3 mphindi ndipo kuvulala kosasinthika kwa ubongo kumayambira 4 mpaka 6 mphindi. Komabe, ngati wozunzidwayo angokhala chete, amateteza nkhope yake ndi mkono kapena jekete kuti atetezeke. 15-masentimita (6-inchi) thumba la mpweya pafupi ndi thunthu la mtengo, ndikupuma pang'onopang'ono, opulumuka enieni akhalabe ozindikira 30 mpaka 90+ mphindi mpaka kupulumutsidwa.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kumizidwa kwamitengo bwino komanso kutsekeka kwa matalala akuya
• Ngozi zamasewera otsetsereka pa snowboard, ndi malo otsetsereka
• Wilderness hypothermia ndi kupulumuka kozizira
• Kugwa kwa Crevasse, kuyenda kwa madzi oundana, kudzimanga nokha, ndi kugwa kwa chipale chofewa
• Snowmobile kapena ATV yathyoledwa mu ayezi wa m'nyanja kapena yotsekeka mumtsinje wakuya wa ufa ndi pogona pa hypothermia

Magwero ndi malangizo ovomerezeka¶

• National Ski Areas Association (NSAA) & DeepSnowSafety.org (United States & Canada): Malangizo Ovomerezeka a Tree Well and Deep Snow Safety, NARSID / SIS Statistical Database, ndi Partner-in-Sight Protocols (Paul Baugher / Northwest Avalanche Center Research).
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, United States): Malangizo Othandizira Zachipatala Popewa ndi Kuwongolera Ozunzidwa ndi Chipale chofewa ndi Osagwa Mvula.
• National Ski Patrol (NSP) & Canadian Ski Patrol (CSP, North America): Outdoor Emergency Care (OEC): Tree Well Extrication Mechanics, Airway Clearance, ndi Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation.
• International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR / CISA-IKAR, International): Kutsitsimutsa kwa Chipale chofewa ndi Ozunzidwa ndi Asphyxiation ku Alpine Environments.
• ** European Resuscitation Council (ERC) & American Heart Association (AHA): ** * Mikhalidwe Yapadera Yotsitsimula: Mwangozi Hypothermia ndi Snow Burial Airway / Ventilation Priority *.