Kusungunuka kwa Nthaka ya Chivomezi, Zithupsa za Mchenga, Kufalikira Kwambiri, ndi Kuyandama kwa Ntchito Yokwiriridwa¶

Panthawi ya chivomezi chapakati kapena champhamvu (Magnitude 5.5+), kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwa mwala ndi theka la ngoziyo. Kudutsa zigwa za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mathithi a mitsinje, madera akale a nyanja, ndi malo ochita kupanga, mafunde ometa ubweya omwe amadutsa mchenga wotayirira, wodzaza ndi madzi ndi dothi lamchenga zimapangitsa kuti njere za nthaka zigwere limodzi, ndikuyendetsa madzi apansi panthaka (pore-water pressure) kupita m’mwamba mpaka njere za mchengazo zitayandama momasuka. Mkati mwa masekondi 10 mpaka 30 a kugwedezeka, nthaka yolimba imataya pafupifupi 100 peresenti ya mphamvu zake zometa ubweya ndikusintha kukhala wandiweyani, woponderezedwa madzimadzi slurry, chinthu cha geotechnical chodziwika kuti dothi liquefaction. Nyumba zokhala ndi konkriti zolemera ndi ma milatho amamira kapena kupendekera mpaka madigiri 60 m'mbali mwake (bearing capacity failure), akasupe oponderezedwa amadzi amatope ndi mchenga amaphulika m'ming'alu ya mayadi ndi zipinda zapansi (sand boils), malo otsetsereka otsetsereka m’mbali mwa mitsinje ndi madoko (lateral spreading), ndipo akasinja otayira zinyalala apansi panthaka, mabowo, ndi zitsime zamafuta zimayandama m’mwamba kuchokera m’mbali mwa msewu ngati mbiya za m’bafa, zomwe zimang’amba gasi ndi zitsime zamadzi. Ngati mukukumana ndi chivomerezi chotsatiridwa ndi kung'ambika pansi, kupendekeka, kapena fungo la mpweya wotuluka, imbani foni kwanuko. manambala angozi nthawi yomweyo ndipo funsani atsogoleri athu zivomezi: Kugwetsa, Kuphimba, ndi Gwirani, zivomezi pambuyo pa zivomezi, kulowanso nyumba, ndi kutsekedwa kwa gasi,ndi sinkholes ndi pansi pansi.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Gwirani, Kuphimbani, ndi Kugwiritsitsani panthawi yakugwedezeka kwachivomezi: Osayesa kuthamangira panja pomwe nthaka ikugwedezeka; Kugwa, mawindo akuphwanyika, ndi kampanda kogumuka m'mphepete mwa nyumbayo, kupha anthu ambiri kuposa amene amathira madzi m'nthaka.
2. Chokani nthawi yomweyo kugwedezeka kukayima ngati nyumba yanu ikupendekeka, kumira, kapena kuti zitseko zong'ambika ndi ming'alu ya maziko: Mosiyana ndi nyumba ya pa thanthwe lolimba lomwe limasiya kusuntha chivomezicho chikatha, nyumba yomwe imakhala pamchenga wamadzimadzi imatha kupitiriza kumira, kukhazikika mosagwirizana, kapena kugwedezeka kwa **mphindi zingapo mpaka maola angapo pambuyo pa kugwedezeka kwakukulu ndi kugwedezeka kwathunthu.
3. Fufuzani ndi kumvera magesi apansi panthaka atasweka ndikutseka mita yanu YOKHALA ngati mukumva kununkhiza kwa mpweya kapena kumva mluzu: Malo otalikirana ndi malo okhalamo osiyana siyana amapaka zitsulo zolimba zachitsulo ndi gasi pomwe amalowera kumaziko. Ngati mukumva fungo lovunda la dzira la mercaptan kapena mukuwona dothi/madzi akuwomba kuchokera papaipi yokwiriridwa, tembenuzirani valavu ya mita ya gasi yakunja kokhota mokhota ku chitoliro ndi chikwapu ndikutuluka kumtunda.
4. Yendani kumtunda ndi kutali ndi magombe a mitsinje, makoma a ngalande, madoko, ndi matope a m'mphepete mwa nyanja: Dothi losungunuka pansi pa malo otsetsereka (ngakhale nthaka yomwe imawoneka ngati yathyathyathya, yotsetsereka ya madigiri 0.5 mpaka 3) senda motsatana ndi midadada ikuluikulu yothyoka kupita ku ngalande zamadzi zotseguka (lateral spreading), kutsegulira ming'alu yakuya mamita 1 mpaka 3 (mamita 3 mpaka 10) m'lifupi.
5. Musamayendetse pa milatho, misewu yodutsa m'misewu yayikulu, kapena misewu yophimbidwa ndi matope ophulika ("chithupsa chamchenga") kapena mazenera otukuka: Kukhetsa madzi kumapangitsa kuti zitsulo zadothi zomwe zili kumapeto kwa mlatho zigwere pansi ndi 0.5 mpaka 2 metres, pomwe zokwiriridwa za ngalande za konkriti zimayandama mowongoka mtunda wa 1.5 metres.
6. Sungani madzi onse ndi matope omwe akutuluka mu zithupsa zamchenga ndi ming'alu ya pansi ngati zimbudzi zosaphika ndi mankhwala owopsa: Madziwo akaphwanyira ngalande zonyansa zapansi panthaka ndikuyandama matanki amadzi, madzi apansi panthaka omwe aphwanyidwa amasefukira m'misewu, malo okwawiramo, ndi zipinda zapansi zimakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (E. coli, Vibrio, hepatitis A) ndi ma hydrocarbons a petroleum.

Mtengo wosankha: Kugwetsa nthaka ndi chivomerezi komanso kuyankha kulephera kwa nthaka¶

flowchart TD
    Quake["Chivomezi Champhamvu (Kugwetsa, Kuphimba, ndi Kugwiritsitsa Mpaka Kugwedezeka Kusiya)"] --> CheckGround{"Kugwedezeka Kwayima: Yang'anani Kumanga & Pansi Pansi Panu"}
    CheckGround -->|"Nyumba Yopendekeka, Kumira, Zitseko Zopanikizana, kapena Dothi Lothimukira Pansi"| GasCheck{"Kununkha Gasi Wotuluka, Kumva Kulira, Kapena Kuwona Spark?"}
    GasCheck -->|"Inde"| EvacNoSwitch["OSAKHUDZA Maswiti a Kuwala; Choka Nthawi Yomweyo; Zimitseni Kunja kwa Vavu Yamagesi Pokhapo Ngati Otetezeka Potuluka"]
    GasCheck -->|"Ayi"| EvacTilt["Tulukani Panyumba Pompopompo Kudzera Masitepe (Osakwera Elevator); Sunthani 1.5x Kutali Kwambiri Kutali"]
    CheckGround -->|"Kunja Near Riverbank, Harbor Seawall, kapena Reclaimed Bay Fill"| LateralCheck{"Kusweka kwa Pansi Kufanana ndi Madzi, Kusunga Makoma Kumaphulika, Kapena Kuphulika kwa Zithupsa Zamchenga?"}
    LateralCheck -->|"Inde"| MoveInland["Thamangani Perpendicularly Inland / Kukwera Kutali Kuchokera Kumtsinje, Ngalande, kapena Seawall Pambuyo Pakufalikira Kwambiri Banki Yakugwa"]
    LateralCheck -->|"Ayi, Near Coastline"| TsunamiRule["Kumbukirani Kufunika Kwambiri kwa Tsunami: Ngati Pa Open Coast Pambuyo pa Chivomezi Chachitali / Champhamvu, Chokani Kumtunda Wapamwamba Nthawi yomweyo."]
    EvacTilt --> HazardZone["Pewani Mizere Yamagetsi Otsitsidwa, Manhole Okwezeka, Mabwalo a Sunken Bridge, ndi Silt Woipitsidwa ndi Mchenga Woipitsidwa ndi Madzi onyansa."]
    MoveInland --> HazardZone
    HazardZone --> AftershockPrep["Yembekezerani Kubwerezanso Kusungunuka Panthawi ya Aftershocks; Osamwa Madzi a Pampopi Mpaka Zomwe Zidzatsimikizira Kuti Mains Alibe"]

Geotechnical mechanics: Momwe nthaka yolimba imasinthira kukhala matope amadzimadzi¶

Kuti amvetse chifukwa chomwe madera ena amasanduka mchenga wothamanga pakachitika chivomezi pomwe nyumba za m'mphepete mwa mapiri pamtunda wa makilomita awiri sizikuwonongeka konse, akatswiri amawunika zinthu zitatu za geotechnical zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo nthawi imodzi: **nthaka yotayirira yosasunthika **, machulukidwe amadzi apansi panthaka, ndi kupsinjika kwa zivomezi.

1. Zofunikira zitatu zakuthira nthaka¶

1. Mchenga wotayirira, wosalumikizana kapena silt wopanda pulasitiki (Holocene deposits and uncompacted hydraulic fill):
2. M'dothi louma kapena lotayidwa bwino, mchenga ndi dothi limodzi zimapumirana pamalo otseguka, opakidwa chigoba.high void ratio). Kulemera kwa nyumba ndi nthaka yokulirapo kumathandizidwa kwathunthu ndi **kukangana kwatirigu-ku-njere pamalo olumikizana ** pakati pa tinthu ta mchenga (effective stress, yotchulidwa kuti sigma-prime).
3. Dothi lodzala ndi dongo silisungunuka m'njira yachikale chifukwa mapulateleti adongo ang'onoang'ono amalumikizana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, pomwe mchenga woyera ndi njere za silt sizimalumikizana ndipo zimadalira kugundana.
4. Tebulo lamadzi osaya (Mkati mwa 1 mpaka 15 mita / 3 mpaka 50 mapazi kuchokera pamwamba):
5. Malo aliwonse ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono pakati pa njere za mchenga pansi pa tebulo lamadzi ndi 100% yodzazidwa ndi madzi amadzimadzi osasunthika.
6. Kugwedezeka kofulumira kwa cyclic seismic (Kutsegula kosasunthika):
7. Pamene chivomezi Mafunde a S (mafunde akumeta ubweya) adutsa m'nthaka, amameta mchenga wosasunthika uku ndi uku kambirimbiri mumasekondi 15 mpaka 45.
8. Kugwedezeka uku kumagwedeza mchenga wosasunthika kuchoka pamalo ake otseguka ndikuukakamiza kuti ayese kulongedza limodzi kuti akhale wothina kwambiri (contractive behavior).
9. Komabe, chifukwa mipata ya pore imadzazidwa ndi madzi ndipo kugwedezeka kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri kuti madziwo alowe munthaka, njere za mchenga zomwe zikugwa zimafinya madzi omwe atsekeredwa m'malo mwake.
10. ** Zero kupsinjika kogwira mtima (sigma-prime = 0)**: Kuthamanga kwa madzi pore (u) imakwera mpaka itafanana ndi kulemera konse kwa nthaka yomwe ili pamwamba (sigma). Wolemba Terzaghi's Effective Stress Equation (sigma-prime = sigma - u), mphamvu yamadzi ikakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, mphamvu yolumikizana pakati pa njere zamchenga imatsika mpaka ziro. Pamene njerezo zimangoyimitsidwa m'madzi opanikizidwa popanda kukhudzana, nthaka ilibe mphamvu zometa ubweya ndipo imakhala ngati madzi olemera omwe amalemera pafupifupi 1,800 mpaka 2,000 kg/m3 (112 mpaka 125 lb/ft3), pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri ngati madzi oyera.

2. Kumene kukhetsedwa kwamadzi: Mitundu ya madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu¶

• ** Kudzaza kwa hydraulic kosasunthika ndikubwezeredwa malo **: Maboma, ma eyapoti, malo okhala m'mphepete mwamadzi, ndi zilumba zopanga zopangidwa pochotsa mchenga ndi matope kuchokera pansi ndikulipopera kuseri kwa khoma lanyanja popanda kugwedezeka kozama (monga Chigawo cha San Francisco's Marina, Tokyo Bay / Urayasu Bay, ndi Boston Back Island).
• Matsinje a mitsinje, zigwa zosefukira, ndi mitsinje yosiyidwa (oxbows ndi point bars): Mchenga waung’ono wa alluvial ndi mchenga wotayidwa ndi mitsinje yoyenda m’kati mwa zaka 10,000 zapitazo (monga mitsinje ya Christchurch Avon River ku New Zealand, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Mississippi River New Madrid zone sesmic zone, ndi Fraser River Delta pafupi ndi Vancouver).
• Makonde a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madambo otchinga m'mphepete mwa nyanja: Mchenga wosasunthika wowombedwa ndi mphepo utakhala pamwamba pa madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Kufananiza zoopsa zisanu zazikulu zamadzimadzi¶

Kuzindikira ndi kupulumuka kusungunuka kwamadzi panthawi ya chivomezi komanso nthawi yomweyo¶

Momwe liquefaction imawonekera, imamveka, komanso imamveka pansi¶

1. Kugwedezeka kumasintha kuchoka pakugwedezeka chakuthwa kupita ku "malo amadzi" pang'onopang'ono, kuseketsa kapena kugudubuza bwato: Pomwe mchenga wapansi panthaka umasungunuka, kugwedezeka kwapang'onopang'ono koyimirira komanso kopingasa kumachepetsedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi mafunde apansi kwa nthawi yayitali (0.5 to 2 Hz) zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kapena kuyimirira kukhala kosatheka.
2. Mageya amadzi amatope omwe akutuluka m'mphepete mwa msewu ndi ming'alu ya udzu: Pakadutsa masekondi 10 mpaka 60 kuchokera pamene kugwedezeka kuyambika, madzi apansi apakatikati amaphwanyira pansi. Mutha kuwona madzi akuda otuwa kapena akuda akusefukira ** 0.5 mpaka 2 mita (mamita 1.5 mpaka 6.5) mumlengalenga ** kuchokera ku ming'alu yapansi, malo olumikizirana mumayendedwe a konkriti, kapena kuzungulira mitengo yamafoni ndi mitengo ikuluikulu.
3. Mizati yamafoni, magetsi apamsewu, ndi magalimoto oyimitsidwa akumira pamaso panu: Mizati yolemera imamira molunjika kapena kutsamira m'makona amisala pomwe phula wozungulirawo ukugwedezeka.

Kusamuka kwapang'onopang'ono kuchokera panyumba yomira kapena yopendekera¶

Kugwedezeka kwamphamvuko kukachepa mokwanira kuti muimirire:

1. Yang'anani kupendekeka kwadongosolo nthawi yomweyo: Yang'anani mafelemu a zitseko, mafelemu a zenera, zolerera, kapena ikani chinthu chozungulira/botolo lamadzi pansi. Ngati pansi ndi potsetsereka, kapena ngati mukuyenera kukankhira mwamphamvu chitseko chamatabwa kuti mutsegule, maziko a nyumba yanu awonongeka mosiyanasiyana.
2. Valani nsapato zolimba, gwirani chikwama chanu, ndikutuluka kudzera masitepe nthawi yomweyo:
3. Musagwiritse ntchito zikepe: Ngakhale njanji yopendekeka ya 1-degree yokhotakhota ndikutchera misampha pakati pa pansi.
4. Yang'anirani makwerero anu pa **potuluka pansi **: Nyumba yolemera ikamira masentimita 30 mpaka 90 (1 mpaka 3 mapazi) mu dothi lamadzimadzi, msewu wakunja ukhoza kulowera m'mwamba kudutsa zitseko zotulukira zapansi, kapena masitepe akunja angakhale atakoka kuchoka pakhonde lotseguka, ndikusiya mchenga wakuya.
5. ** Khalani kutali ndi mthunzi wakugwetsa nyumbayo (1.5 times building height)**: Mukakhala panja, musasonkhane m’mphepete mwa msewu pafupi ndi nyumba yosanja yansanjika zambiri. Pitani kupaki yotseguka, mphambano zazikulu, kapena malo oimikapo magalimoto osachepera ** 1.5 kuwirikiza kutalika kwa nyumbayo ** kutali ndi kutsogolo kotsamira.

Kusamalira zofunikira za pambuyo pa chivomezi komanso zoopsa zaumoyo m'malo opangira madzi¶

Pazivomezi zazikulu zamatauni (monga chivomezi cha 2011 Christchurch, chomwe chinatulutsa matani 400,000 a liquefaction silt ** m'misewu yamzindawu, kapena zivomezi za 1995 za Kobe ndi 1989 Loma Prieta), kuphulika kumawononga zida zokwiriridwa "njira yopulumukira" m'maboma onse nthawi imodzi:

1. Zomangamanga zamadzi zosweka zolumikizidwa ndi mizere yong'ambika ya gasi (Conflagration risk)¶

• Chifukwa chiyani zida zozimitsa moto zimauma: Kukhetsa madzi ndi kufalikira kwapambuyo kumakoka mapaipi amadzi a brittle cast-iron ndi simenti ya asbestosi pamalo aliwonse, kutsitsa mphamvu yamadzi amzinda kufika paziro panthawi yomwe mizere ya gasi yachilengedwe imayatsa moto mkati mwa nyumba zamatabwa zomwe zasinthidwa.
• Mmene mungatetezere nyumba yanu:
• Musati **** muzimitsa mita yanu ya gasi ngati kulibe fungo la gasi, kulibe phokoso la mkokomo, komanso kusasunthika kapena kupendekeka kwa nyumba yanu (monga makampani ayenera kuyang'ana ndikuwunikiranso mita iliyonse yotseka, yomwe imatha kutenga milungu ingapo m'nyengo yozizira).
• **Zimitsani valavu yanu yayikulu ya gasi nthawi yomweyo ** ngati nyumba yanu yasunthika pa maziko ake, ngati ming'alu yofalikira yodutsa pabwalo lanu pafupi ndi mpweya wa gasi, kapena ngati mukumva fungo la gasi kapena kumva kulira.
• Tsekani valavu yanu ** yayikulu yolowera madzi** (pomwe madzi amalowa mnyumba pambuyo pa mita ya msewu) kuti mutseke madzi akumwa aukhondo mkati mwa mapaipi anu apanyumba ndi tanki yotenthetsera madzi musanaphwanyike mayendedwe amisewu akuyamwitsa madzi apansi oipitsidwa kumbuyo mumipope yanu.

2. Matanki oyandama amadzi oyandama, ngalande zodutsamo zosweka, ndi kuyeretsa silt ya biohazard¶

• Chifukwa pafupifupi 100% ya dongo la pansi pa nthaka lodyetsedwa ndi mphamvu yokoka ndi mizere ya PVC ya ukhondo imathyoka pamene madzi amadzimadzi amasuntha pansi ndi masentimita 10 (4 mainchesi), madzi apansi otuluka mumchenga zithupsa m'mabwalo, misewu, ndi zipinda zapansi ndi ** osakanizidwa ndi zimbudzi za anthu zosaphika **.
• **Musalole ana kapena ziweto kusewera mumchenga wiritsani matope kapena madontho otayira oyima **.
• **Pamene mukukankhira matope m'nyumba ndi m'njira **:
• Valani nsapato za rabara zosalowa madzi, magolovesi olemera osalowa madzi, zoteteza maso, ndi N95 / FFP2 particulate respirator (makamaka ngati silt yabwino ya glacial/alluvial rock-flour ikauma m'fumbi la silika lopangidwa ndi mpweya m'masiku otsatirawa, kupangitsa ngozi yopumira yomwe imadziwika ku Christchurch ngati "mkuntho wa fumbi la liquefaction").
• Fosholoni dothi lonyowa kuti likhale milu m'mphepete mwa msewu (musamatsuke mchenga pansi pa ngalande zapakhomo kapena ngalande zamphepo zamkuntho, popeza mchenga wolemera nthawi yomweyo umatseka ngalande za mkuntho zolimba ngati simenti ndikuyambitsa kusefukira kwa madzi mumsewu mvula yamkuntho yotsatira).

Kuchepetsa chivomezi chisanachitike: Kuyang'ana mamapu ndikuteteza katundu wanu¶

Ngati mumakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitsinje, kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe kumakonda kuchitika chivomezi:

1. Onani mamapu ovomerezeka a geological liquefaction hazard:
2. Ku United States, kafukufuku wa geological state (monga California Geological Survey CGS Seismic Hazard Zones, Washington DNR, Oregon DOGAMI, ndi Utah UGS) ndi USGS amasindikiza mamapu aulere, misewu ndi msewu Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps pa intaneti.
3. Maziko ndi zofunikira zobwezeredwa m'malo opangira ma liquefaction:
4. Kubowoleza kwachivomezi kokhazikika (kumanga mbale zamatabwa kupita kumalo osakhazikika) nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosakwanira ngati nthaka isungunuka ndikufalikira mozungulira, chifukwa chopondapo chimakoka. Nyumba zomwe zili m'malo okhalamo madzi ambiri zimafunikira mayala olimba a konkriti, ma gridi okhazikika, kapena milu yakuya yotsitsidwa pansi pamipanda yowundana yopanda madzi.
5. Ikani zolumikizira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri kapena zolukidwa ndi zivomezi pa mita yanu ya gasi, chotenthetsera madzi, ndi polowera madzi kuti masentimita 15 mpaka 30 ( mainchesi 6 mpaka 12) akhazikike pakati pa msewu ndi nyumba yanu kuti asamete mapaipi olimba kukhoma.

Nambala zangozi zachigawo ndi ndondomeko za bungwe¶

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Chifukwa chiyani nthaka yolimba imasanduka madzi pakachitika chivomezi?¶

Pa dothi lotayirira, lamchenga kapena lamchenga lomwe lili pansi pa madzi apansi panthaka, kulemera kwa nyumba ndi pansi nthawi zambiri kumathandizidwa ndi kukangana komwe mchenga umodzi umakanikizana. Mafunde a chivomezi akamagwedeza mwamphamvu nthaka uku ndi uku, njere za mchengazo zimayesa kukhazikika pamalo othina kwambiri, n’kufinya madzi amene ali m’mabowo aang’ono kwambiri apakati pa njerezo. Chifukwa kugwedezeka kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri kuti madzi achoke, madzi amathamanga kwambiri mpaka amakankhira mchenga. Mbewuzo zimayandama m'madzi opanikizidwa m'malo mogwirana, nthaka imataya mphamvu zomangika ndipo imakhala ngati slurry yamadzimadzi yolemera.

Kodi "zithupsa zamchenga" kapena "mapiri a mchenga" ndi chiyani ndipo ndi owopsa?¶

Zithupsa zamchenga (zomwe zimatchedwanso kuphulika kwa mchenga kapena kuphulika kwamatope) zimapangika pamene mchenga wodzaza ndi madzi wa mamita 2 mpaka 10 pansi pa nthaka usungunuka pansi pa kukanikiza kwakukulu ndikuphulika m'mwamba kupyolera mu ming'alu ya nthaka youma kapena miyala ya konkire. Madzi opanikizidwawa amanyamula mchenga wotuwa kapena wofiirira pamwamba, ndikumanga milu yonyowa yoyambira masentimita 30 mpaka mamita angapo kudutsa. Ngakhale kuti kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kozizira (osati kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala chotentha), zithupsa zamchenga ndi zowopsa chifukwa zimabowola mabowo apansi pa misewu ndi maziko, amasefukira pansi ndi matope ambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaipitsidwa ndi zimbudzi zachimbudzi zochokera ku ngalande zosweka za pansi pa nthaka.

N’chifukwa chiyani zovundikira dzenje zokwiriridwa, matanki amadzimadzi, ndi maiwe osambira zimatuluka pansi panthawi yothira madzi?¶

Mchenga wokhuta ukasungunuka pa chivomezi, matope amchenga ndi madzi amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 1,900 pa kiyubiki mita (pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa madzi oyera). Malinga ndi mfundo ya Archimedes, chidebe chilichonse chobisika chomwe kulemera kwake pa kiyubiki mita ndi chopepuka kuposa mchenga wamadzi wozungulira, monga tsinde lopanda kanthu la konkriti la sewer, thanki lopanda kanthu la fiberglass, thanki yamafuta apansi panthaka, kapena dziwe losambira lakuseri, limakankhidwira mmwamba mwamphamvu ndikuyandama pamtunda wa 2 metres.

Kodi munthu angamire pamutu pake ndikumira mumchenga wamadzi osungunuka panthawi ya chivomezi?¶

Ayi, munthu sangakhoze kumira pansi pa mchenga wathyathyathya wonyezimira kupyolera mu kuwomba kwake kokha. Chifukwa thupi la munthu lili ndi kachulukidwe pafupifupi 1,000 kg/m3 pomwe matope a mchenga wa liquefied ali ndi kachulukidwe pafupifupi 1,900 kg/m3, munthu amayandama pafupifupi kuya kwa bondo mpaka m'chiuno. Komabe, liquefaction imatha kugwira kapena kupha oyenda pansi m'njira zitatu: choyamba, madzi akangotuluka mumchenga chithupsa, mchengawo umatseka miyendo yanu ngati simenti yolimba; chachiwiri, ming'alu yotambasula imatsegula ming'alu yakuya pafupi ndi magombe a mitsinje omwe anthu kapena magalimoto amatha kugweramo; ndipo chachitatu, pa malo otsetsereka kuposa madigiri a 3, kukhetsa madzi kungayambitse kuphulika kwamatope othamanga kwambiri (`flow slide`).

Kodi "kufalikira kwapambuyo" ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani kumawononga nyumba pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi madoko?¶

Kufalikira kwapambuyo kumachitika pamene nthaka yolimba pamwamba (pomwe imamangidwa nyumba, misewu, ndi mapaipi) imakhala pamwamba pa mchenga wokwiriridwa womwe umasungunuka panthawi ya chivomezi. Ngakhale nthaka itatsetsereka pa ngodya yosaoneka bwino ya madigiri 0.5 mpaka 2 kulowera kumtsinje, ngalande, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena pamphepete mwa nyanja, kutumphuka kwapamwamba kumatsetsereka kutsika pamwamba pa mchenga wamadzimadzi ngati chipika cha ayezi otsetsereka pamafuta. Pamene nthaka ikutambasula m'mbali ndi mamita 0.5 mpaka 5+ kumadzi, imang'amba ming'alu yozama yomwe imang'amba maziko ndikumeta madzi aliwonse okwiriridwa, ngalande, ndi chitoliro cha gasi.

Ngati nyumba yanga imapendekeka pang'ono panthawi ya chivomezi koma ilibe makoma osweka, kodi ndi bwino kukhala mkatimo?¶

Ayi, muyenera kutuluka mnyumba iliyonse yomwe yapendekeka kapena kumira pansi mutangosiya kugwedezeka. Ngakhale konkriti kapena matabwa akuwoneka osasweka, nyumba yopendekeka yasuntha pakati pa misa yake (`the P-Delta effect`), kuyika mphamvu yokoka kwambiri m'munsi mwa maziko pomwe nthaka pansi imakhalabe yamadzi komanso yofooka. Chivomezi choyamba chikawomba patangopita mphindi kapena maola angapo, mchenga wapansi panthaka umasungunukanso nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zingachititse kuti nyumba yopendekeka pang'ono idutse m'mbali mwake kapena kugweratu. Yembekezerani mainjiniya omanga kuti ayang'anire ndikulemba nyumbayo.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Zivomezi: Dontho, Kuphimba, ndi Gwirani masitepe opulumuka
• Zivomezi pambuyo pa zivomezi, kulowanso nyumba yowonongeka, ndi kuyendera gasi wotsekedwa
• Sinkholes, pansi pansi, ndi kugwa kwa maziko
• Kugumuka kwa nthaka, matope, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa zinyalala
• Tsunami: kugwetsa zivomezi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kusamutsidwa koyima

Magwero ndi malangizo ovomerezeka¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS) - Pulogalamu Yowopsa za Zivomezi: Dothi Liquefaction Fact Sheet, Real-Time Ground Failure Modeling, ndi Lateral Spreading Hazard Assessment.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) & National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Programme (NEHRP, United States): Kuchepetsa Zowopsa Zakugwedezeka kwa Nyumba Zomwe Zilipo komanso Infrastructure of Lifeline in Liquefaction-Prone Dothi.
• GNS Science, Toka Tū Ake EQC, & Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE, New Zealand): Planing and Engineering Guidance for Potentially Liquefiable Land (Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission Lessons).
• California Geological Survey (CGS, United States): Special Publication 117A: Malangizo Owunika ndi Kuchepetsa Zowopsa za Seismic (Liquefaction and Seismic Landslides) ku California.
• National Research Council (NRC) - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (United States): State of the Art and Practice in Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Zotsatira Zake.