Sneaker Waves, Jetty Sweeps, ndi Incoming Tide Cliff Entrapment¶

A sneaker wave (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti sleeper wave, king wave, kapena infragravity surge) ndi mafunde akulu kwambiri a m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe amayenda motalikirapo komanso mwachangu ku gombe, rock ledge, kapena doko la doko kuposa mafunde ang'onoang'ono angapo omwe adatsogola kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 45. Poyendetsedwa ndi kuphulika kwa nyanja kwa nthawi yayitali (masekondi 14 mpaka 22+ pakati pa mafunde amadzimadzi) opangidwa ndi mvula yamkuntho yakutali, mafunde a sneaker amasamutsa mphamvu kudzera mu ** kusokoneza kwa mafunde ** ndi ** infragravity wave shoaling ** kuti apange pepala loyenda mofulumira la whitewater lomwe likuyenda kutali ** 50 mpaka 10 mamita 150 m'mphepete mwa nyanja* kuposa mzere wokhazikika wa mchenga wonyowa. Chifukwa mafundewa amayandikira popanda nkhope yolunjika mpaka masekondi omaliza, oyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, osokera, ndi ojambula omwe aima pafupi ndi mphepete mwa madzi kapena pamashelefu a miyala ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja amachotsedwa m'madzi akuya m'mabondo ndikuwakokera m'madzi oundana ndi **backwash **.

Zowopsanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kuseseratu kwamadzi ndi **kutsekeka kwa mafunde akubwera **. Pamene owotchera, owonera, kapena owonera mkuntho aima pamabenchi achilengedwe a basalt, mitu yamchenga, kapena mafunde ophulika (riprap ndi dolosse jetties), chiwombankhanga chimodzi chowongoka chimapereka ma kilogalamu masauzande amphamvu ya hydrodynamic pa sikweya mita, kusesa ozunzidwa kuchoka pamiyala yotchingidwa ndi algae yomwe imakutidwa ndi ndere ndi kugwetsa madontho oyera amtundu wa algae ndi kugwetsa matanthwe oyera a ndere. kubwerera kunja. Panthawiyi, anthu oyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'mapanga a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena mafunde amatope nthawi ya mafunde akuyenda pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zambiri amapeza njira yobwerera kwawo pafupi ndi miyala yamwala yomwe imamizidwa ndi mafunde omwe akukwera, kuwatsekera kumapiri omwe akuimirira pamene mphepo yamkuntho ikuwomba m'munsi mwa bluff. Malinga ndi bungwe la United States National Weather Service (NWS), United Kingdom Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA), Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA), ndi Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI), mafunde a sneaker, kusesedwa kwa miyala, ndi kugwa kwa mafunde amapangitsa gawo lalikulu la madzi ozizira m'mphepete mwa nyanja padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka kumenya munthu wosasambira yemwe sanafune kusambira.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Sindikani molunjika kumtunda kapena kukankhira kumtunda wapamwamba kwambiri nthawi yomweyo muwona mdima wandiweyani ukufutukuka kapena kutsika kwadzidzidzi kwamadzi. Ngati mafunde amakokera kumbuyo kumtunda wa gombe ndikuwonetsa miyala yonyowa ndi mchenga, kapena ngati muwona mzere wakuda wopingasa ukukwera pamwamba pa zophulika zakunja, masitepe a sneaker afika. Tayani nsapato, makamera, mabulangete, ndi zida za usodzi, ndipo thamangani molunjika mpaka kumphepete mwa nyanja kumtunda wa dune wouma kapena pamwamba pamiyala.
2. LULUKANI KUCHOKERA pa chipika cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja kulowera kumtunda nthawi yomweyo ngati madzi oyera okwera afika pachipika. Osakhala, kuyimirira, kapena kuyenda pa zipika za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zili pafupi ndi mchenga wonyowa kapena thovu lomwe likubwera. Masentimita 10 mpaka 15 okha (ma mainchesi 4 mpaka 6) amadzi oyera amadzimadzi* amafunikira kuyandama mkungudza wodzaza matani 3 kapena chipika cha mkungudza, ndikuchigudubuza pamiyendo, mchiuno, kapena pachifuwa pamene mafunde akukwera ndikuchikokeranso.
3. Gwirani thupi lanu pamalo otsetsereka a thanthwe kapena kuseri kwa mwala ngati mafunde atsala pang'ono kuthyoka pamwamba pa thanthwe kapena jeti ndipo simungadutse. Kuima mowongoka polimbana ndi mafunde amphamvu kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda pamtunda wa 30 mpaka 50 makilomita pa ola (makilomita 19 mpaka 31 pa ola). Dulani pansi, gwirani miyala yokhazikika, mikwingwirima ya barnacle, kapena zitsulo zomangira zitsulo ndi manja onse awiri, lozani mutu kapena mapazi anu mukuchita opaleshoni, ndipo gwirani mpweya wanu kwa 5 kwa masekondi a 15 pamene chiwombankhanga chikudutsa pa inu, kenaka muthamangire kumalo okwera mafunde otsatira asanafike 14 mpaka 20 masekondi pambuyo pake.
4. Mukakokeredwa m'nyanja kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'mphepete mwa miyala, chepetsani kugwedezeka kwa madzi ozizira kwa masekondi 60 oyambirira, chotsani nsapato zolemera ngati zikukokerani pansi, ndi kusambira KUCHOKERA ku miyala yokhotakhota. The gasp reflex and hyperventilation of kugwedezeka kwamadzi ozizira m'madzi otsika 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit ngati madzi apansi) nkhope yanu imatha kugwa pansi.** Pereka kumbuyo kwanu, kwezani nkhope yanu mmwamba, kumbatirani zida zilizonse zowoneka bwino, ndikuwongolera kupuma kwanu kwa masekondi 60. Ngati itasesedwa pashelefu yamiyala kapena bwalo lamadzi, musayese kukwera molunjika pamwamba pa thanthwe lomwe linamenyedwa ndi mafunde pomwe mafunde akusweka pamiyala ndi miyala; M'malo mwake, pala mamita 30 mpaka 50 (mamita 100 mpaka 165) kulowera kunyanja kupyola malo ophwanyidwa ndi kusambira motsatana ndi gombe kupita kugombe lamchenga, njira yolowera ngalawa, kapena malo otsetsereka.
5. Ngati mungadulidwe ndi mafunde a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, Imani kuyesa kuyenda kapena kusambira mozungulira malo omwe madziwo ali pansi pamadzi. Kuyenda mozama mpaka m'chiuno mozungulira miyala yokwera mafunde ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusesa koopsa. Imbani nambala yanu yadzidzidzi yakuderalo (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 ku European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom ndi Ireland, 000 ku Australia, 111 ku New Zealand, kapena onani manambala angozi) ndikufunsani Coast Guard chizindikiro chanu cham'manja chisanathe kapena madzi akufikirani. Kwerani pa benchi yolimba kwambiri yamwala pamwamba pa mvula yakuda ** yamchere yamchere yamchere ndi barnacle line **, ndipo ** musayese kukwera dongo lophwanyika, shale, kapena matanthwe a mchenga wamchenga **.
6. Ngati ndinu waimirirapo mukuchitira umboni munthu wina wakosedwa m'mafunde, imbani kaye achipatala, ponyani pansi, ndipo perekani malo oti muwawone. Musalowe m'madzi olemera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'madzi oyera opanda bolodi ndi zipsepse. Ponyani mphete yamoyo, yoziziritsa, tayala lopumira, chikwama chowoneka bwino, kapena mtsuko wapulasitiki wopanda kanthu womangidwa pamzere, ndikusankha munthu woyimilira kuti ayime pamalo okwera akulozera mutu wa wozunzidwayo mpaka helikopita ya Coast Guard kapena boti lopulumutsa anthu lifika.

Mawonekedwe a sneaker, kusesa miyala, ndi mtengo wosankha wa mafunde¶

Gwiritsani ntchito tchatichi kuti musankhe yankho loyenera la kupulumuka pamasekondi pang'ono mukakumana ndi mafunde a m'mphepete mwa nyanja mosayembekezereka kapena kukwera kwa mafunde.

flowchart TD
    Start["Coastal Shoreline, Jetty, Rock Shelf, kapena Tidal Cove Hazard"] --> Scenario{"Ndi ngozi yanji yomwe ikuchitika<br/>pakali pano?"}

    Scenario -->|"1. Sneaker Wave Kukwera Pagombe<br/>kapena Kukugwetsa Pansi pa Masewero"| BeachSurge{"Kodi mukadali pamtunda<br/>kapena mwagwetsedwa kale?"}

    BeachSurge -->|"Pagombe / Near Driftwood"| RunInland["1. Tayani zida zonse, makamera, ndi nsapato nthawi yomweyo<br/>2. OSATI kuyimilira kumbuyo kapena pamwamba pa matabwa oyendetsa nyanja <br/>3. Yendani molunjika kumtunda kupita ku milulu yowuma / njira ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja<br/>4. Ngati mukuthamangitsa galu pa mafunde: Imani ndipo khalani pamtunda"]

    BeachSurge -->|"Kugwetsedwa mu Backwash"| BackwashSurvival["1. Imbani zidendene ndi manja mumchenga POKHALA poyambira pang'onopang'ono<br/>2. Mukakokedwa mumsewu wakuya wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja: Imani kulimbana ndi zomwe zikuchitika pano<br/>3. Tembenukirani chakumbuyo, sungani njira yodutsamo pakazizira kwa mphindi 60<br/>4. Muyandame pazifukwa zodutsa, kenako sambirani motsatana ndi gombe"]

    Scenario -->|"2. Wave pafupi Kudutsa<br/>Rock Ledge kapena Stone Jetty"| JettyChoice{"Kodi munaseseredwa kale m'madzi?"}

    JettyChoice -->|"Still on the Rock / Jetty<br/>(Impact in 1 to 3 Seconds)"| BraceOnRock["1. OSAYESA kuthamangitsa mafunde pabwalo lonyowa pang'ono<br/>2. Igwetseni pansi kuseri kwa mwala kapena mkati mwa thanthwe<br/>3. Gwirani miming'alu yakuya kapena mphete zachitsulo zokhazikika ndi manja onse <br/>4. Pambuyo pa mafunde adutsa, thamangitsani nthawi yomweyo kumalo okwera"]

    JettyChoice -->|"Seseratu Rock / Jetty<br/>Mumadzi Otentha Oyera"| SweptOffRock["1. OSATI kukwera mmwamba mwala womenyedwa ndi mafunde<br/>2. Sambani kapena kukankha 30 mpaka 50 m (100 mpaka 165 ft) SEAWARD m'madzi obiriwira kwambiri<br/>3. Yesetsani kugwedezeka kwamadzi ozizira (yandama kumbuyo kwa masekondi 60)<br/>4. Sambirani motsatana ndi gombe kupita ku gombe lamchenga kapena doko lodekha"]

    Scenario -->|"3. Kutsekeredwa ndi Mafunde Akubwera<br/>mu Pocket Cove kapena Nyanja Yam'madzi"| TideTrap["1. MUSAMAfunde kapena kusambira mozungulira malo amiyala omira pansi pa madzi<br/>2. Imbani 911 / 999 / 112 / 000 TSOPANO ndikufunsani COAST GUARD <br/>3. Kwerani pamwamba pa mzere wonyowa wonyowa kwambiri, udzu, ndi ma barnacles<br/>4. OSATANAKE kukwera dothi loyima lopindika/mwala wamchenga (khalani m'mbali yolimba)"]

Kuyerekeza zoopsa 5 zakupha kwambiri pamiyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mafunde osambira¶

Kumvetsetsa momwe zimakhalira kumbuyo kwa mafunde a sneaker, kusesedwa kwa miyala, kusweka kwa gombe, ndi kutsika kwa mafunde kumathandiza alendo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuzindikira zizindikiro zochenjeza asanakwere pamchenga kapena miyala.

Fiziki ya mafunde a sneaker: Chifukwa chiyani mphindi 20 za mafunde ang'onoang'ono ndi chinyengo chakupha¶

Mosiyana ndi tsunami ya seismic (onani tsunami), zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuphulika kwa chivomezi, ** sneaker wave ** ndi zochitika zam'nyanja zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri m'nyengo ya autumn, yozizira, ndi kasupe m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimayang'ana kumadzulo zomwe zimayang'ana kumadzulo kwa nyanja zazikulu, monga ** US Pacific Northwest ndi Northern California (Oregon, Washington, Redwood Coast) , Iceland Western sand British Columbira* gombe lakumpoto la British Columbira * Columbira * British Columbira Europe (Ireland, Cornwall, Scotland, Portugal, Spain, France)**, Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.

1. Swell Period vs. Wave Height: Chifukwa chiyani 1.5-Meter Wave pa 18 Seconds Ndi Yakufa Kuposa 3-Meter Wave pa 8 Seconds¶

Anthu ambiri oyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja amangoyang'ana ** kutalika kwa mafunde ** poyang'ana zam'madzi kapena kuyang'ana nyanja. Komabe, akatswiri a zanyanja amayesa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya mafunde monga momwe mafunde amadziwira kutalika kwake ndi nthawi ya mafunde (nthawi ya masekondi pakati pa mafunde):

• Nyengo Yaifupi ya Mphepo (6 mpaka 9 masekondi): Amapangidwa ndi mphepo yam'deralo pafupi ndi gombe. Ngakhale atakwera mamita 2.5 (mamita 8) m’mwamba, mafunde amenewa ndi otsetsereka ndiponso otalikirana kwambiri, ndipo amasweka kumtunda pa mchenga wakunja ndi kukankhira madzi pang’ono m’mphepete mwa nyanja youma.
• Zotsogola Za Nthawi Yaitali Zikuphulika (masekondi 14 mpaka 22): Zopangidwa ndi mkuntho wamphamvu makilomita 1,500 mpaka 4,000 (900 mpaka 2,500 miles) panyanja. Chifukwa chakuti kuphulika kwa kutalika kwa mafunde kumayenda mofulumira kudutsa nyanja (**wave dispersion **), kuphulika komwe kumatalikirana ndi masekondi 16 mpaka 22 kumadutsa mphepo yamkuntho ndikufika pamphepete mwa nyanja, masiku opanda mphepo nyengo isanasinthe. M'madzi akuya, 1.5-mita (5-foot) imatupa ndi nthawi ya 20-sekondi imakhala ndi kutalika kwa 624 mamita (2,047 mapazi) ndipo imanyamula ** katatu kutsogolo ndi mphamvu yamadzi ** ya 8-sekondi ya mphepo yamkuntho.

2. Magulu a Wave, Kusokoneza Kopanga, ndi Infragravity "Bound Wave"¶

Chifukwa chiyani nyanja imadikirira mphindi 20 mpaka 40 isanatumize mawotchi amodzi akulu akulu? 1. Kugawika Kwa Mafunde (Kuyika ndi Kuyimba): Pamene masitima apamtunda awiri okhala ndi nthawi yosiyana pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, masekondi 16 ndi masekondi 17.5) amayenda limodzi, nthawi ndi nthawi amagwa kuchoka pagawo (kupanga mphindi 15 mpaka 30 za mafunde athyathyathya, ofatsa) ndikutseka mugawo (**kuwonjezera kusokoneza kwa 5 -3 ndi voliyumu) ** khalani **. 2. Infragravity Wave Runup (The Invisible Elevator): Pansi pa gulu lililonse la mafunde akuluakulu a nthawi yayitali amayenda kutalika kwatali infragravity wave (ndi nthawi ya 60 mpaka 300 masekondi). Gulu la mafunde likamasweka pamchenga wakunja, mafunde amtunduwu amathamangira kugombe ngati mafunde adzidzidzi amphindi 5 **kukweza madzi am'dera la mafunde ndi 0.5 mpaka 1.5 metres (1.5 mpaka 5 mapazi) kwa masekondi 60. 3. The Double-Wave Piggyback Effect**: Mafunde oyamba a setiyo atsuka gombe, madzi ake sangatulukenso mafunde achiwiri ndi achitatu asanafike pamwamba pa mafunde okwera a infragravity. Kudutsa pamadzi am'mafunde am'mbuyomo m'malo mwa mchenga wowuma, ma roketi achitatu kapena achinayi 50 mpaka 150 metres (165 mpaka 490 mapazi) kumtunda kwa gombe, akusesa kudutsa mzere wa mchenga wonyowa ndikuyandama chipika chilichonse chomwe chili panjira yake.

3. Chifukwa chiyani Sneaker Wave Backwash Imagwetsera Akuluakulu M'madzi Akuya Mabondo¶

Madzi a m'nyanja oyenda ndi wandiweyani (1,025 kilogalamu pa kiyubiki mita, kapena mapaundi 64 pa kiyubiki phazi, kuphatikiza 10 mpaka 20 peresenti yolemera kuchokera ku mchenga ndi miyala yomwe yaimitsidwa). Mphepete mwa nyanja yotsetsereka imathamangira ku gombe lotsetsereka kufika ku 3 mpaka 6 mamita pamphindi (mamita 10 mpaka 20 pamphindikati, kapena 7 mpaka 14 mph) pamene mukupukuta mchenga pansi pa nsapato zanu (** liquefaction scour **). Maondo anu akamangirira ndipo malaya anu achisanu, ma jeans, ndi nsapato zidzadzaza ndi madzi ndi mchenga (kuwonjezera ** 15 mpaka 25 kilograms [33 mpaka 55 pounds] **), simungathe kuyimirira kumbuyo musanakukokereni kumphepete mwa nyanja ndikupita kunja. rip current.

Kupulumuka kwapang'onopang'ono ngati kugwidwa ndi sneaker wave pagombe¶

1. Pamene mafunde akukwera mkati, thamangani molunjika kumalo okwera: Mukangowona thovu likudutsa pamchenga wonyowa kapena kumva kugunda kwamphamvu, kugwetsa zikwama, ma tripods, ndodo zophera nsomba, ndi zidebe, ndikuthamangira kumapiri, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena njira ya bluff. Chotsani zipika zonse za driftwood kumbali yakumtunda; osabisala kumbuyo kwa chipika, chifukwa chidzakukwezani ndikukuphwanyani ku banki.
2. Pamchenga wonyowa poyamba, kumbani pansi komanso motambasuka: Ngati madzi akuya mpaka kushin amakukokerani chammbuyo kumtunda kwa gombe, tambasulani manja ndi miyendo yanu, yendetsani zala zanu, zigongono, mawondo, ndi zidendene za nsapato mumchenga, ndikukwapulani mozungulira pakati pa mafunde.
3. Ngati mukokedwa m'madzi akuya modutsa masitepe olowera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, IMANI kulimbana ndi chimbudzi cha msana: Kusambira molunjika pa bwalo la masitepe kumathera mphamvu pakadutsa masekondi 20 ndipo kumapangitsa kuti mupume m'madzi pamene funde lotsatira liphulika.
4. Pangani 60-Second Cold Water Shock Protocol ("Float to Live"): M'madzi otsika 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit), kumizidwa kumayambitsa gasp reflex ndi mpweya wambiri. Kwezerani mutu wanu kumbuyo kuti pakamwa ndi mphuno zanu zisakhale zopopera, tambasulani manja ndi miyendo yanu, ndikutsamira m'malo oyandama nyenyezi kwa masekondi 60 mpaka kupuma kwanu kuchepe. Sungani jekete lanu lachisanu (mpweya wotsekeka m'mapewa umayandama pachifuwa chanu), ndipo muzingochotsa nsapato zolemera kapena nsapato ngati zikukoka mapazi anu molunjika.
5. Thawani chakumapeto ngati mphepo yamkuntho: Kupuma kwanu kukakhala pang'onopang'ono, kuyandama kapena kusambira motsatana ndi gombe kuchoka pa ngalande yotayira kuseri, kenako kukwera mafunde ang'onoang'ono amadzi oyera kubwereranso kumchenga wotsetsereka pang'ono.

Coastal rock ledge ndi harbor jetty sweep survival¶

Kusodza miyala (kotchedwa ledge fishing ku North America ndi Europe, kapena rock fishing ku Australia ndi New Zealand) ndi imodzi mwamasewera omwe amapha anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mosiyana ndi gombe lamchenga kumene mchenga wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja umakakamiza mafunde aakulu kuti aphwanyike mamita 100 kumtunda, nsanja za miyala ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mabwato a miyala amagwera mu 5 mpaka 20 mamita (16 mpaka 65 mapazi) m'madzi akuya m'mphepete mwa thanthwe.

Chifukwa chiyani ma Platform a Rock ndi Jetties Ali Owopsa Mwachinyengo¶

• Zero Offshore Wave Breaking & Low-Friction Algae: Chifukwa madzi omwe ali kutsogolo kwa thanthwe kapena jeti ndi akuya, mafunde a nthawi yayitali amagunda thanthwe osasweka ndi mphamvu yapanyanja yotseguka. Miyala ya intertidal yomwe imakutidwa ndi ndere zam'madzi (* letesi wa m'nyanja* ndi cyanobacteria) ndi yoterera kuposa ayezi wonyowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsapato zanthawi zonse kapena nsapato zapamtunda zigwere nthawi yomweyo.
• "Msuzi Woyera Wamadzi" & Ma Cavities a Riprap: Mafunde osambira m'mphepete mwa thanthwe ali ndi **30 mpaka 50 peresenti ya thovu la mpweya ndi voliyumu **, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi kotero kuti ozunzidwa opanda jekete zopulumukira azimira ngakhale akuponda madzi. Pamajeti opangidwa ndi anthu omangidwa ndi konkire yolumikizirana * dolosse * kapena miyala ya granite (riprap), mafunde opitilira muyeso amatsikira pansi kudzera m'mipata yakuya pakati pa miyala, kutsekereza miyendo pansi pamadzi.

Kupulumuka Kwapang'onopang'ono Ngati Kugwidwa pa Mwala Mwala kapena Jetty¶

1. Ngati mafunde atsala pang'ono kuthyola thanthwe kapena jetty (masekondi 1 mpaka 4 isanafike): Ngati simungathe kufika pamalo owuma kwambiri pamasitepe awiri, **OSATI kutembenuka ndikuthamangira msana wanu kufundeli **, komwe kumakuwolotsani miyala yolimba pa 10 mpaka 15 metres pamphindi (22 mpaka 33 mph). **Gwirani mosabisala NTHAWI YOMWEYO kuseri kwa sitepe yolimba ya mwala, mwala, kapena mpanda wa konkire **, pendekera mu mphanvu ya mwala, gwirani mng'alu wakuya kapena mphete yachitsulo ndi manja onse awiri, mutu wanu ukhale pansi, ndikusiya madzi akudutsa pamsana wanu musanathamangire pamalo okwera.
2. Ngati mungasesedwe kuchoka pa thanthwe kapena jeti kulowa m'nyanja: Pemberani mumpira ndi mikono yoteteza mutu wanu masekondi 3 oyambirira a chipwirikiti. **MUSAMAyese kusambira kubwerera ku thanthwe lomwelo kuti mukwere kunja **, pomwe mafunde otsatira masekondi 14 kenako adzaphwanya chigaza ndi msana wanu ndi mwala wokutidwa ndi barnacle. M'malo mwake, kusambira mamita 30 mpaka 50 (mamita 100 mpaka 165) SEAWARD m'madzi akuya, osasweka obiriwira kunja kwa malo osweka. Mukakhala m'madzi akuya pomwe mafunde amadutsa pansi panu osasweka, yandani kumbuyo kwanu, perekani umboni pathanthwe, ndi kusambira motsatana ndi gombe kupita kugombe lamchenga kapena mtunda waboti wabata, kapena dikirani bwato lopulumutsa kapena kukwera ndege.

Mafunde akubwera mafunde, cove, ndi mudflat kupulumuka kutsekeka¶

Zopulumutsira zikwizikwi zimachitika chaka chilichonse ndi UK RNLI, US Coast Guard, ndi French SNSM m'mphepete mwa nyanja pomwe oyenda amafufuza matumba, mapanga a m'nyanja, zisumbu zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena mafunde amatope pamafunde otsika ndikudulidwa mafunde akamakwera.

1. Chifukwa Chake Mafunde Akukwera Mofulumira Kuposa Mumayembekezera: "Lamulo la khumi ndi ziwiri"¶

Mafunde a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatsata njira ya sinusoidal yofanana ndi oyendetsa sitima 'Lamulo la khumi ndi ziwiri* m'malo mokwera mofanana ndi maola 6: - Maola 1 ndi 2 pambuyo pa mafunde otsika: Madzi amakwera ndi chigawo chakhumi ndi ziwiri mu Ola 1 ndi ziwiri-khumi ndi ziwiri mu Ola 2. - Maola 3 ndi 4 (Kuthamanga Kwapakati pa Mafunde): Madzi amakwera ndi zitatu-khumi ndi ziwiri mu Ola 3 ndi zitatu-khumi ndi ziwiri mu Ola 4 (**50 peresenti ya kukwera kwa mafunde okwera kumachitika mkati mwa maola awiri , kuthamanga katatu kuposa Ola 1). - Maola 5 ndi 6: Madzi amakwera ndi ** ziwiri-khumi ndi ziwiri mu Ola 5 ndi ** limodzi ndi khumi ndi ziwiri ** mu Ola 6 kuti afike mafunde akulu.

Pa Mafunde a Spring (mwezi watsopano ndi mwezi wathunthu, onani mafunde amphamvu ndi mvula yamkuntho) kuphatikiza ndi kutsika kwa barometric ndi mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho, mafunde amakwera mofulumira ndipo amafika ** 0.5 mpaka 1.5 mamita (1.5 mpaka 5 mapazi) pamwamba ** kuposa momwe mafunde amaneneratu. Pamalo amatope athyathyathya kapena m'mphepete mwa mchenga (monga Morecambe Bay ku UK, Mont-Saint-Michel ku France, Wadden Sea, kapena Cook Inlet ku Alaska), mafunde akukwera ** amathamangira ku ngalande zakuya (gullies) kumbuyo kwanu** pa **8 mpaka 15 kilomita pa ola (5 mpaka 9 mph, akuzungulirani mchenga pamtunda)*.

2. Kuwerenga Natural High-Tide Line pa Sea Cliff¶

Musanayende mozungulira mutu uliwonse kapena pobisalira pakhoma, yang'anani khoma la thanthwe kuti muwone momwe madzi amafika pamtunda waukulu: - ** Dark Wet Band, Wrack Line, and Barnacles**: Ngati matabwa atsopano ndi matabwa omangika amangiriridwa molunjika kukhoma loyima lopanda mchenga wouma kumbuyo kwawo, kapena ngati ma barnacles, mussels, ndi ndere zonyowa zobiriwira zimafikira pachifuwa pamiyala, gombe lonse limamira pamafunde akulu. Mkati mwa mapanga a m'nyanja, makoma osalala amatanthawuza kusweka kwa mafunde ndikudzaza mphanga pamafunde akulu.

3. Ndondomeko ya Pang'onopang'ono Ngati Idulidwa ndi Kukwera Kwamadzi¶

1. IMANI ndipo OSATI kusambira kapena kusambira mozungulira mtunda umene uli pansi pa madzi: Ngakhale madzi ofika m'mawondo oyenda pamiyala amanyamula mafunde otsetsereka ndi madontho omwe amasesa mafunde pamiyala.
2. Imbani 911 / 999 / 112 / 000 NTHAWI YOMWEYO mukakhala masana: Funsani Coast Guard, perekani zolumikizira za GPS ya foni yanu yam'manja, ndikusindikiza foni yanu m'chikwama chosalowa madzi.
3. ** Kwerani pashelefu yolimba kwambiri kapena benchi yamwala kumbuyo kwa phirili ** pamwamba pa barnacle ndi mzere watsopano wamiyala yam'nyanja.
4. MUSAMAkwere mwaulere pathanthwe la m'mphepete mwa nyanja: Matanthwe a m'nyanja a glacial till, shale, dongo, choko, kapena miyala yamchenga amaphwanyika ndi kugwetsa okwera pamatanthwe patatsala mphindi zochepa kuti bwato lopulumutsira anthu lifike. Khalani pabenchi yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe ili pansi pamiyala ndikudikirira kutulutsa bwato kapena helikopita.
5. Ngati muli m'matope amatope kapena mumchenga: Osalimbana ndi kulunjika. Gona chagada chagada kapena mmimba kuti mugawire kulemera kwanu, gwedezani phazi limodzi nthawi imodzi (kusiya nsapato ngati kuli kofunikira), ndikukwawirani cham'mimba kupita ku mchenga wolimba kwambiri.

Mndandanda wachitetezo cham'mphepete mwa nyanja musanayende ulendo¶

• ** Onani Nyengo Yakuphulika, osati Kutalika kwa Wave: ** Ngati nthawi yotupa kunyanja ndi ** masekondi 14 kapena kuposerapo **, samalani gombe ngati logwira ntchito ** Sneaker Wave Hazard Zone ** ndikuyang'ana National Weather Service ** Ndemanga za Zowopsa za M'mphepete mwa nyanja **.
• **Yang'anani pa Tide Table yakumaloko musanachoke pamalo oimikapo magalimoto: ** Ingoyang'anani mabwalo, mafunde amadzi, kapena mapanga akunyanja pa ** mafunde akugwa **, ndikuyika alamu ya foni kwa ** ola limodzi isanafike Low Tide ** kuti mubwerere kuzungulira mitu.
• Yang'anani pamalo okwera kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 20 musanaponde pamiyala: Osayenda pamwala wonyowa kapena wakuda wokutidwa ndi ndere, ndi kuvala lifejacket (PFD) ndi nsapato za spired/zovala powedza miyala.
• Sungani Mchenga Wouma: Khalani pamwamba pa matabwa onse, sungani agalu pa chingwe, ndipo musatembenukire kunyanja.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa sneaker wave, rogue wave, ndi mafunde amfumu?¶

A sneaker wave ndi kukwera kwa nyanja komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho yakutali (14 mpaka 22 + masekondi motalikirana) kuphatikiza kukankhira madzi 50 mpaka 150 metres (165 mpaka 490 mapazi) kumtunda kwa mchenga kuposa 20 40 mphindi ya mafunde ang'onoang'ono. Mafunde amphamvu ndi mafunde a m'nyanja yotseguka kuwirikiza kawiri kutalika kwa nyanja zozungulira zomwe zimakantha zombo zakutali. Mphepo yamkuntho ndi mafunde apamwamba a zakuthambo pamene dzuwa, mwezi, ndi dziko lapansi zimagwirizana, kukweza madzi a m'nyanja kwa maola ambiri; Mafunde a sneaker omwe amachitika panthawi ya mafunde ndi owopsa kwambiri chifukwa kusefukira kumayambira pafupi ndi matanthwe ndi malo oimika magalimoto.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji mafunde a sneaker amachitika pamene nyengo ya m’mphepete mwa nyanjayi ili yadzuwa, yabata, komanso yopanda mphepo?¶

Mafunde oyenda pang'onopang'ono amapangidwa ndi namondwe wamphamvu pamtunda wa makilomita 1,500 mpaka 4,000 (900 mpaka 2,500 mailosi) m'nyanja yakuya osati chifukwa cha nyengo. Chifukwa chakuti nyanja yamchere imafufuma kwa nthawi yaitali (yokhala ndi masekondi 15 mpaka 22 pakati pa ming'alu) imayenda pamtunda wa makilomita 50 mpaka 80 pa ola (makilomita 30 mpaka 50 pa ola) ndi kutaya mphamvu pang'ono, imadutsa mkuntho ndikufika kumphepete mwa nyanja masiku angapo pansi pa thambo loyera ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Nyengo yadzuwa imakopa alendo kufupi ndi madzi ndi kuyika matabwa kapena miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masiku omveka bwino pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho kukhala masiku owopsa kwambiri opha anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera kusambira kupita kunyanja m'malo mokwera m'matanthwe ngati mutasesedwa kuchokera pashelufu ya miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena jeti?¶

Ikasesedwa pamiyala kapena madzi osweka amiyala, mtunda wa mita 10 mpaka 20 moyang'anizana ndi thanthwe ndi malo omwe mafunde amathyola pamwala wokutidwa ndi miyala ndipo madzi oyera a mpweya amachepetsa kuphulika ndi 40 peresenti. Kuyesera kusambira mmbuyo ndikukankhira pamwamba pa mwala wonyowa woyima kumatanthauza kuti funde lotsatira masekondi 14 pambuyo pake lidzaphwanya mutu wanu ndi msana pamphepete. Kusambira mamita 30 mpaka 50 (mamita 100 mpaka 165) kumakulowetsani kuseri kwa malo osweka kukhala madzi akuya, obiriwira obiriwira pomwe matupi amadutsa pansi panu osasweka, kukulolani kuyandama chagada ndi kusambira motsatana kupita kugombe kugombe lamchenga kapena kudikirira bwato lopulumutsira.

Kodi ndingadziwe bwanji ngati gombe la m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena gombe pansi pa thanthwe limadulidwa pamafunde akulu ngati ndilibe mafunde?¶

Yang'anani pansi pakhoma la thanthwe ndi miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanjayo musanayende pagombe. Ngati miyala yamchere yamchere, kelp, kapena driftwood yonyowa imakanikizidwa molunjika patsinde pa thanthwe popanda mchenga wouma kumbuyo kwake, kapena ngati thanthwe likuwonetsa gulu lakuda lonyowa, ma barnacles, mussels, kapena algae wobiriwira mpaka m'chiuno kapena pachifuwa pamiyala, nyanjayi imamira pamtunda womwewo ndikutuluka. Nthawi zonse yang'anani tchati cham'deralo ndikubwerera m'mbuyo mafunde omwe akubwera asanafike kunja kwa khola.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• National Weather Service (NWS / NOAA, United States): Zotsatira za Ndemanga za Zowopsa za M'mphepete mwa nyanja, Fiziki ya Sneaker Wave, ndi Malangizo a Chitetezo pagombe.
• United Kingdom Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) ndi Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI): Lemekezani Campaign ya Madzi, "Float to Live" Protocol, ndi Tidal Cutoff Rescue Guidance.
• Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) ndi New South Wales Government: National Coastal Safety Report ndi Rock Fishing Safety Act Lifejacket Mandates.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS) ndi Oregon State University: Infragravity Wave Runup Mechanics and Constructive Wave Group Interference.
• Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue (ICE-SAR / Landsbjörg): Reynisfjara Sneaker Wave Hazard Zoning and North Atlantic Swell Protocols.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kuphulika kwa mafunde, kuphulika kwa nyanja, ndi zochitika zadzidzidzi zamadzi a m'nyanja
• Mafunde amphamvu, mvula yamkuntho, ndi kusefukira kwa nyanja
• Ma tsunami: Zizindikiro za chenjezo lachilengedwe komanso kuthamangitsidwa pamtunda
• Permafrost thaw, kukokoloka kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi kugwa kwa matanthwe a m'nyanja
• Kupulumutsidwa kwamadzi ndi chithandizo choyamba chamadzi
• Hypothermia ndi chisamaliro cha frostbite