Kulowa kwa Madzi amchere a M'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zitsime zakumwa zowononga za Storm-Surge¶

Pamene mphepo yamkuntho, typhoon, nor'easter, king tide, kapena tsunami ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja imayendetsa madzi a m'nyanja kudutsa magombe otsika, zitsime zamadzi akumwa zapadera ndi madzi osaya a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakumana ndi zoopsa ziwiri: ** kusefukira kwa mphepo yamkuntho ** ndi ** kulowetsedwa kwa madzi amchere pamwamba pa nyanja **. Pakusefukira pamwamba pa madzi, madzi osefukira amadutsa pachitsime kapena kutsika pansi pamipata yosadulidwa bwino, kuthira madzi a m'nyanja, zimbudzi zamadzimadzi, kutayira kwamafuta aulimi, ndi mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda (Escherichia coli, Vibrio vulnificus, ibrio *Cleridium) molunjikpakhoma. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chilala cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja, ndi kupopa madzi ochuluka a pansi pa nthaka **kulowetsedwa kwamadzi amchere ** ndi kukwezeka kwamadzi amchere, komwe madzi amchere a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amasunthira kumtunda kupita kumtunda kupita kumadzi am'madzi opanda mchere, kukweza madzi osungunuka a sodium ndi chloride, kusungunuka mpaka madzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzimadzi. kumwa.

Mosiyana ndi mabakiteriya achilengedwe, omwe amatha kuphedwa ndi madzi otentha kapena kuwonjezera bleach wapakhomo wa chlorine, mchere wosungunuka (sodium chloride) ndi zitsulo zolemera sizingachotsedwe ndi kuwiritsa, chlorination, kapena zosefera wamba za kaboni. Ndipotu, madzi owiritsa amchere amchere kapena amchere amawotcha nthunzi yoyera ndipo ** amaumiriza mcherewo kuti ukhale woopsa kwambiri **, kufulumizitsa kutaya madzi m'thupi kwa hypernatremic, kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa impso, ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri, makamaka kwa makanda, amayi apakati, akuluakulu, ndi dialysis kapena odwala mtima. Malinga ndi United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ndi World Health Organization (WHO), eni zitsime za m’mphepete mwa nyanja ayenera kudziwa kutseka ndi kusindikiza chitsime chisanafike, momwe angayezetse mchere wa pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito makina ogwiritsira ntchito m'manja kapena Total Dissolved Solids amphamvu kwambiri. kuwononga mandala amadzi opanda mchere, ndimomwe mungagwetsere chlorine ndikutsuka chitsime madzi osefukira aphwa.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Zimitsani chopondera cha 240-volt chisanadze chimphepo chamkuntho kapena madzi osefukira a m'mphepete mwa nyanja afikire malo anu. Kuzimitsa magetsi ku mpope wa chitsime kapena pampu yozama ya jet musanayambe kusefukira kumateteza kulephera koopsa katatu: kumayimitsa pampu kukokera madzi osefukira amchere pansi pamadzi, kumalepheretsa pampu yamagetsi yocheperako, kumalepheretsa pampu yamagetsi yamagetsi. chitsulo champhamvu bwino casing atayima mu conductive madzi amchere.
2. ** Tsekani valavu yayikulu yodzipatula pakati pa thanki yachitsime ndi mipopi ya m'nyumba musanasamuke.** Kutseka valavu yayikulu yotsekera madzi mkati mwa chipinda chothandizira kapena nyumba yachitsime kumapatula mapaipi anu amkati amkuwa kapena a PEX ndi tanki yanu yotenthetsera madzi (yomwe imasunga malita 150 mpaka 300 [malita 40 mpaka 80,*) yapaipi yamadzi amchere amchere. kubwereranso m'mampopi a nyumba yanu.
3. Mangani potulukira polowera pachitsime ndi chitsekerero cha chitsime CHOKHA ngati mungakonde kuti chitsime chanu chisasefukire, komanso matanki otetezeka a propane kapena mafuta oyandikana nawo pafupi. Zitsime zokhazikika zimapuma ndi mpweya wotchingidwa pa kapu ya ukhondo; ngati madzi osefukira akwera pamwamba pa kapu, madzi amathira molunjika papaipi yolowera. Musanasamuke, kulungani nsalu yotchinga ya polyethylene yosalowa madzi ndi tepi ya m'madzi yosalowa madzi mwamphamvu pa kapu ya chitsime ndi potulukira mpweya (pokumbukira kuti muyenera kuchotsa chisindikizochi musanayatsenso mpope, kapena mpopeyo imakoka chotsekera ndi kugwetsa chotengeracho kapena kuzima).
4. OSATI kumwa, kuphika ndi, kutsuka mano, kapena kusakaniza madzi osakaniza a ana ndi madzi a pachitsime pakasefukira m'mphepete mwa nyanja mpaka mabakiteriya NDI mchere atayezedwa. Ngakhale madzi otuluka pa mpope mwanu akuwoneka omveka bwino komanso amanunkhiza bwino, amatha kukhala ndi Vibrio kapena *E yosaoneka. coli * mabakiteriya pamodzi ndi sodium ndi chloride yapamwamba. Imwani madzi a m'mabotolo okha, madzi owiritsa/othiridwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera kumalo otsimikizika kuti alibe mchere, kapena madzi oyeretsedwa kudzera ku distillation kapena madzi a m'nyanja/brackish Reverse Osmosis (RO).
5. Yesani Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) yamadzi anu apampopi kapena Specific Conductance musanamwe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. Gwiritsani ntchito thumba la digito TDS / EC (Electrical Conductivity) mita kapena zingwe zoyezera kloridi:
6. Madzi akumwa atsopano: Pansi pa 500 milligrams pa lita (mg/L kapena ppm) TDS ndi pansi pa 250 mg/L chloride.
7. Zamchere pang'ono (kusamala pazakudya zopanda sodium ndi makanda): 500 mpaka 1,000 mg/L TDS.
8. Pakatikati mpaka kuchulukirachulukira (MUSAMAMWA; gwiritsani ntchito kutulutsa chimbudzi kokha): Pamwamba pa 1,000 mpaka 3,000+ mg/L TDS (madzi a m'nyanja ndi 35,000 mg/L TDS).
9. Musamapope chitsime cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja chokhala ndi mchere wambiri kwa maola olunjika ngati aquifer yanu yakhala pa lens yamadzi osaya kwambiri. Pazilumba zotchinga, ma peninsula a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi ma coral atolls, madzi apansi panthaka amayandama ngati lens woonda pamwamba pa madzi a m'nyanja owundana (lens ya Ghyben-Herzberg). Kupopa chitsime chakusefukira mwamphamvu komanso mwachangu kumatsitsa madzi ndi mita imodzi (mamita 3.3) ndikuyamwa madzi amchere apansi panthaka mamita 40 (mamita 131) m'mwamba (madzi amchere akukwera), kuwononga chitsimecho. Pompani pang'onopang'ono, kugunda kwamphamvu kwakanthawi kochepa poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mchere.

Kuwunika kwachitsime cham'mphepete mwa nyanja pambuyo pakuchita opaleshoni komanso mtengo wosankha madzi akumwa¶

Gwiritsani ntchito tchatichi chikatha mvula yamkuntho ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kusefukira kwa madzi, kapena chilala choopsa kuti muwone ngati chitsime chanu chili chotetezeka kuti chitha kupereka mphamvu, kutsuka, kupha tizilombo, kapena kumwa.

flowchart TD
    Start["Mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho, King Tide Flood, kapena Saltwater Intrusion Event"] --> FloodCheck{"Kodi madzi osefukira anafika kapena<br/>anamiza chitsime chakumutu?"}

    FloodCheck -->|"INDE: Wellhead Inamizidwa <br/>kapena Kuzunguliridwa ndi Surge"| PowerOff["1. OSAYANDIKIRA kumutu wonyowa mpaka 240V breaker IYAZIMIKA<br/>2. Yang'anani kapu ya chitsime, chisindikizo cha ukhondo, ndi ngalande ngati zawonongeka <br/>3. Tsukani matope/mchere wa m'nyanja ndi madzi abwino <br/>4. Pitani ku Throttled Pump Purge & Salinity Check"]

    FloodCheck -->|"AYI: Wellhead Inakhala Yowuma,<br/>Koma Madzi Amakoma Mchere / Chitsulo"| SubsurfaceCheck["KULOWERA KWA MADZI A NTCHITO / KUPULUKA:<br/>1. Yezerani madzi ndi digito TDS / Conductivity Meter<br/>2. Yang'anani kuchuluka kwa sodium & Chloride kudzera pa labu yotsimikizika<br/>3. Imitsani kuthirira kwambiri kapena kupopa mosalekeza nthawi yomweyo"]

    PowerOff --> SalinityTest{"Kodi TDS / Salnity m'madzi ndi chiyani"}
    SubsurfaceCheck --> SalinityTest

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS <500 mg/L (ppm)<br/>& Chloride <250 mg/L"| BioDisinfect["MADZI ATSOPANO (Mchere Wochepa, Koma Zowopsa Zachilengedwe Zatsalira):<br/>1. Pangani Shock Chlorination (120 mpaka 200 ppm wopanda klorini)<br/>2. Ikani madzi a chlorine mchitsime & mapaipi kwa maola 12 mpaka 24<br/>3. Chotsani ku septic system mpaka fungo la chlorine litachoka<br/>4. Kuyesa kwa labu kwa Total Coliform & E. coli musanamwe"]

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS 500 mpaka 1,500 mg/L<br/>(Brackish Wochepa mpaka Wapakati)"| BrackishProtocol["CHENJEZO CHA MADZI A BRACKISH:<br/>1. KUSATETEZEKA kwa makanda (chilinganizo), dialysis, odwala mtima/impso<br/>2. OSATI wiritsani (kuwira kumawonjezera mchere)<br/>3. Ikani Under-Sink Reverse Osmosis (RO) kapena gwiritsani ntchito Countertop Distiller<br/>4. Pitirizani kuthamanga kwa mpope kuti muyimitse kukwera kwa madzi amchere"]

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS> 1,500 mpaka 35,000 mg/L<br/>(Kuthamanga Kwambiri kwa Mchere / Madzi a M'nyanja)"| HighSalt["KUCHITIKA KWAMBIRI KWA MADZI AMcherewe:<br/>1. OSATI KUMWA kapena kuthamanga pa chotenthetsera chamadzi / zida zamagetsi <br/>2. Gwiritsirani ntchito POKHALA potsukira zimbudzi (peŵani kuchulukidwa kwamadzi)<br/>3. Pompani mwachidule, kugunda kwapang'onopang'ono kuti muthe kuthira madzi ambiri <br/>4. Dalirani pamadzi am'mabotolo kapena matanki amadzi amtawuni"]

Kumwa madzi amchere amchere, TDS, ndi chloride chitetezo zipata¶

Impso za anthu zimatha kutulutsa sodium ndi chloride pang'ono asanafune madzi ochulukirapo kuti atulutse mcherewo kuposa momwe madzi odyedwa amaperekera. Gwiritsani ntchito tebulo lolozera lomwe lapangidwa kuchokera ku Malamulo a US EPA Sekondale a Madzi akumwa, Malangizo a WHO pa Ubwino wa Madzi Akumwa, ndi Magulu a USGS Salinity kuti mumasulire zotsatira za mayeso kuchokera pa mita ya TDS/EC kapena labotale yam'manja kapena labotale yamadzi.

Hydrogeology ya zitsime za m'mphepete mwa nyanja: Chifukwa chiyani mvula yamkuntho ndi kupopera madzi kumapangitsa kuti madzi azikhala amchere.¶

Kuti akonzenso chitsime cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja popanda kuwononga aquifer wapansi, eni ake omwe ali pafupi ndi ** Gulf of Mexico **, ** US Atlantic ndi Pacific magombe **, ** Caribbean **, ** Mediterranean **, ** Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia **, ndi ** mayiko a zilumba ** ayenera kumvetsetsa njira ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri zomwe mchere wa m'nyanja umalowa m'chitsime.

Mechanism 1: Mkuntho Wamkuntho Wokwera Pamwamba Pamwamba ndi Kutuluka Kwa Annular¶

Mphepo yamkuntho ikasefukira kuchokera ku mphepo yamkuntho kapena mafunde akusefukira pansi mozungulira chitsime chanu: 1. Kulowera Kwachindunji: Zotchingira zitsime zambiri zokhalamo zimakhala ndi polowera mpweya wotchingidwa kuti mpweya ulowe ndi kutuluka pamene madzi akukwera ndikugwera mkati mwabowo. Madzi osefukira akakwera pamwamba pa chitsime (nthawi zambiri \(30\text{mpaka}45\text{centimeters}\) [\(12\text{ to }18\text{ mainchesi}\)] pamwamba pa nthaka), madzi a m'nyanja olemera (kuchuluka \(1.025\text{ g/cm}^3\)) amathira molunjika mu chubu chamadzi atsopano. (\(1.000\mawu{ g/cm}^3\)) mpaka pansi pa chitsime. 2. Annular Space Channeling: Ngakhale madzi osefukira apanda pamwamba pa kapu, zitsime zakale nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zong'ambika pamwamba pa konkriti kapena zosadulidwa bwino mipata yapachaka (mpata pakati pa kunja kwa PVC kapena chitoliro chachitsulo ndi boreboe). Madzi osefukira amchere mozungulira chitoliro ndi ngalande zolunjika kunja kwa bokosilo kulowa pazenera. 3. Septic-Surge Cocktail: Chifukwa malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja okhala ndi zitsime zachinsinsi pafupifupi nthawi zonse amakhala ndi septic system* (onani kulephera kwa septic system) yomwe ili kutali ndi \(15\text{ mpaka }30\text{ met}\) (\(50\text{ to }100\text{ feet}\)), mphepo yamkuntho nthawi yomweyo imasefukira pa ngalande zamadzimadzi ndikusakaniza zimbudzi za anthu ndi madzi amchere a m'nyanja musanazitengere kuchitsime.

Njira 2: Kulowa kwa Madzi a Mchere Pansi-Kumtunda ndi Ubale wa Ghyben-Herzberg¶

M'madzi aliwonse am'mphepete mwa nyanja, kaya m'zilumba zotchinga zamchenga za Gulf of Mexico ndi US East Coast, mafunde amiyala amiyala a Florida (Biscayne Aquifer) ndi Yucatán Peninsula, kapena zilumba zamapiri ndi matanthwe padziko lonse lapansi, madzi apansi abwino ochokera kumvula sakhala pamwala wouma. M'malo mwake, madzi opanda mchere ochepa kwambiri (\(1.000\text{ g/cm}^3\)) amayandama ngati disolo pamwamba pa madzi amchere owuma kwambiri (\(1.025\text{ g/cm}^3\)) amene amakwirira mwala ndi mchenga kunsi kwa gombe.

Malinga ndi Ghyben-Herzberg Relation, chifukwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi \(1/40\text{th}\) (\(2.5\%\)) olimba kuposa madzi abwino, pa mita imodzi iliyonse (mamita 3.3) pomwe madzi apansi panthaka amaima pamwamba pa nyanja (\(h_f\)), lens yamadzi amchere imakhala pansi pa 13 sea*$ (mamita 40)*$ kugunda mawonekedwe a saltwater:

Chifukwa Chimene Kupopa Mopitirira Muyeso Kumayambitsa Tsoka la "Kukwera kwa Madzi amchere": - Chifukwa cha izi 1-to-40 hydrostatic ratio, ngati mutsitsa tebulo lamadzi m'chitsime chanu ndi 1 mita (3.3 mapazi) pothamanga chitsime chanu mwamphamvu ndikupopera mosalekeza (mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kutulutsa madzi osefukira mofulumira, kudzaza dziwe losambira, kapena kuthirira mphepo yamkuntho), ** kukwera pansi pamtunda wa mamita 1 m'mphepete mwa nyanja * 1 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja yamchere* pamwamba pa nyanja yamchere. skrini yanu yabwino. - Madzi amchere omwe akukwera (upconing) akakhudza pansi pampopi yanu yolowera pansi, madzi anu apampopi amasanduka amchere pakangopita mphindi zochepa. Ngakhale mutazimitsa mpope, zingatenge miyezi kapena zaka zamvula yamphamvu kuti lens yamadzi amchere ikankhire msomali wolemerawo.

   GROUND SURFACE
   =================================== [Wellhead]
                                           |
   --- Freshwater Water Table (hf) ---     |  <-- Lowering water table by 1 m (Drawdown cone)
        \                           /      |
         \   Freshwater Lens       /      [Pump Intake Screen]
          \  (Density 1.000)      /        ^
   ========\=====================/=========|=================== Mean Sea Level
            \                   /          |
             \                 /      /----+----\
              \               /      /  UPCONING \  <-- Saltwater cone rises 40 m
               \             /      /  (40 x hf)  \
   -------------\-----------/------/---------------\----------- Saltwater Interface
                 Dense Ocean Saltwater Wedge (Density 1.025)

Zomwe zimasefa madzi zimachotsa mchere, ndi zomwe zimalephera kwathunthu¶

Imodzi mwa nthano zowopsa kwambiri pambuyo pa mkuntho wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi yakuti zosefera zam'misasa yadzidzidzi, zosefera za mbiya, kapena kuwira zimatha kupanga madzi amchere amchere kukhala abwino kumwa.

Ndondomeko yapang'onopang'ono yoyang'anira, kuyeretsa, ndi kukonzanso chitsime chamkuntho chomwe chinasefukira¶

Madzi osefukira a m'mphepete mwa nyanja akasefukiratu kuzungulira chitsime chanu ndipo nthaka ili yabwino kuyendapo, tsatirani masitepe awa United States EPA, CDC, ndi National Ground Water Association (NGWA) motsatizana.

Khwerero 1: Chitetezo cha Magetsi ndi Kuyang'ana Bwino Kwathupi¶

1. Tsimikizirani kuti chophwanyira cha 240V CHOZIMA pagawo lalikulu lamagetsi musanayandikire kuchitsime kapena pachitsime.
2. Yang'anirani kuwonongeka kwa mafunde: Onani ngati zinyalala zoyandama zomwe zapindika popindika chitsime, kusweka chitoliro cha PVC, kutulutsa ngalande yamagetsi, kapena kumiza chosinthira chamagetsi ndi bokosi lowongolera la capacitor.
3. Ngati bokosi lowongolera magetsi, chosinthira mphamvu, kapena chopopera chopopa chamadzi chosazama chamizidwa m'madzi amchere: OSATI kuyatsanso chobowola. Madzi amchere omwe amasiyidwa mkati mwazolumikizira zamagetsi amayambitsa akabudula kapena moto wamagetsi. Khalani ndi kontrakitala wa chitsime kapena katswiri wamagetsi kuti alowe m'malo mwake masiwichi/mabokosi owongolera omwe ali pansi pamadzi ndikuyesa kukana kwa pampu yamadzi ndi megohmmeter (Megger) musanapatsenso mphamvu.
4. Chotsani zokulunga zilizonse za pulasitiki zomwe zidasefukira pachitsimepo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mpweya wotsekera ndi wopanda matope ndi tizilombo kotero kuti chitsime chizitha kupuma panthawi yopopa.
5. **Tsukani kunja kwa chitsime ** ndi pad konkire ndi madzi oyera oyera ndi bleach wofatsa wochotsa matope am'madzi ndi zotsalira za zimbudzi.

Khwerero 2: Bwezerani Panyumba Pang'onopang'ono Ndikuchita Kutsuka Kwamchere Wotsekemera¶

Osapopa madzi pachitsime chapambuyo pobowola kudzera m'mapaipi anu amkati, chotenthetsera madzi, kapena chofewetsa madzi pakuyesa koyamba: 1. Tsimikizirani kuti valavu yayikulu yodzipatula ndiyotsekedwa kotero kuti palibe madzi a m'chitsime omwe angalowe m'nyumba yotenthetsera madzi otentha, opangira ayezi, kapena mipope. 2. Lumikizani payipi ya dimba ku spigot yolowera m'mbali mwa chitsime ** (yomwe ili pachitsime kapena m'munsi mwa thanki yopondereza pamaso pa valavu yotsekera nyumba yayikulu). Thamangani payipi ku dzenje la ngalande kapena malo a miyala osachepera 15 mpaka 30 mita (50 mpaka 100 mapazi) kutali ndi thanki lanu la septic ndi drainfield (osasefukira m'madzi anu okhala ndi malita masauzande amadzi otsuka) komanso kutali ndi mitengo kapena minda yosamva mchere. 3. Pitanitsani valavu yotulutsa kuti ikhale yotmanga pang'onopang'ono (20 mpaka 40% ya mphamvu yaikulu): ** - Monga tafotokozera m'gawo la Ghyben-Herzberg pamwambapa, ngati chitsime chanu chili m'madzi ozama amchenga, **matsegule valavu 100% yotseguka kwa maola **. Kupopa pang'onopa'ono kumachotsa madzi amchere olemera omwe adathira pansi pamtunda popanda kupanga kondomu yozama yomwe imayamwa madzi apansi pa nyan kuchokera pan. 4. Yang'anirani TDS ndTurbidity mphindi 15 zilizonse pakutsuka: - Poyamba, madzotuluka pa chitsime chomwe chili pamwamba pake amakhala amatope (amatope/amtambo) ndi kusonyeza mchere wambiri (\(2,000\text{ to }20,000+\text{mg/L TDS}\)**). - Pompani kwa mphindi 30 mpaka 60, kenaka zimitsani pompayo kwa **30 mpaka 60 mindi kuti madzi amchere alowetsenso pobowo motsatana popanda kukwera. - Bwerezaninso kachitidwe kameneka kakutsuka ndikupumula mpaka madzi atayera bwino ndipo chogwirizira m'manja TDS mita itsikira pansi pa 500 mg/L (kapena kubwereranso ku chitsime chanu chisanakhale mchere wamkuntho).

Gawo 3: Shock Chlorination (Biological Disinfection)¶

Madzi otsuka pachitsime akamveka bwino (\(\text{TDS} <500\text{mg/L}\)), muyenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pachitsime, tanki yopondereza, ndi mipope yapanyumba kuti muphe E. coli, Vibrio, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: 1. Yeretsani kuchuluka kwa madzi a m'chitsime chanu ndikufunika bulitchi yapakhomo yosanunkhira (5% mpaka 8.25% sodium hypochlorite): - Musagwiritse ntchito bleach wonunkhiritsa, bulitchi yopanda splashless, chotsukira zovala, kapena mapiritsi osambira a sianuric acid. Gwiritsani ntchito bleach wamba, wosanunkhiritsa NSF-60 certified liquid house chlorine bleach (nthawi zambiri \(5.25\%\) mpaka $8.25\%-sanitizing hypochlorite ya sodium) kapena sodium hypochlorite ya sodium hypochlorite. - Pachitsime chokhazikika cha 10-to-15-centimeter (4-to-6-inchi) m'mimba mwake chokhala ndi 15 mpaka 30 mita (50 mpaka 100 mapazi) amadzi oyimilira, onjezerani pafupifupi 1.5 mpaka 2 malita (3 mpaka 4 pints / 0.5 galoni) a bulitchi yapakhomo yosanunkhira pa mtunda wa mita 0 mpaka 1) kwaniritsani kuzama kwamadzi 30 mita 00 200 magawo miliyoni (ppm) klorini yaulere**. 2. Kuzunguliranso klorini pansi pa makoma a mkati mwa botolo: - Chotsani kapu yachitsime (mutatha kuzimitsa chophulitsira mpope kuti mutetezeke mukutsegula kapu, kenaka perekaninso mphamvu mosamala popanda mawaya opanda kanthu). - Sakanizani bulitchi yowerengeka mu chidebe choyera cha malita 20 (magalani asanu) a madzi abwino ndikutsanulira pamwamba pa chitsime. - Ikani mbali yoyera ya payipi ya dimba (yolumikizidwa ndi spigot ya m'mbali mwa chitsime) pamwamba pa chitsime ndikuyendetsa mpope kwa 15 mpaka 30 mphindi kutsuka madzi a chlorine pansi pa makoma owuma a m'bokosi ndikusakaniza ndime yonse yamadzi mpaka mutamva fungo lamphamvu la klorini likutuluka mu payipi. 3. Tengani madzi a klorini pampopi iliyonse mnyumba: - Tsegulani valavu yamadzi a m'nyumba (sungani zofewa zamadzi ndi ma membrane a RO ** pa bypass ** kotero kuti 200-ppm klorini yokhazikika sichiwononga ma membrane a RO kapena utomoni wofewa). - M’modzim’modzi, yatsani mpope uliwonse wozizira ndi wotentha, shawa, bafa, ndi payipi ya panja m’nyumbamo (ndi kutsuka chimbudzi chilichonse kamodzi) mpaka mutanunkhiza fungo lamphamvu la chlorine bleach pamalo aliwonse, kenaka muzimitsa mpope uliwonse. 4. Gwirani chlorine mu makina kwa maola 12 mpaka 24: Musagwiritse ntchito madzi aliwonse, zimbudzi zotsukira, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi pawindo lolumikizana la maola 12 mpaka 24. 5. Yatsani chlorine pamalo otetezeka (OSATI mu thanki yanu yamadzi): - Pambuyo pa maola 12 mpaka 24, phatikizani payipi ya dimba ku spigot yakunja ndikuponya chitsimecho panjira ya miyala kapena dzenje lakutali ndi ngalande, mitsinje, ndi zokongoletsa zanu mpaka fungo lamphamvu la klorini litazimiririka, kenaka thamangitsani mipope yamkati mwachidule kwa mphindi zisanu kuti muchotse mapaipi amkati.

Khwerero 4: Kutsimikizira Laboratory Musanamwe¶

Ngakhale mutayezetsa kwambiri ndi TDS, musamwe madziwo mpaka labotale yovomerezeka ya boma kapena dziko lonse itayesa chitsanzo: 1. Dikirani maola 48 mpaka 72 mutatsuka chlorine musanatenge chitsanzo cha bakiteriya (kuyezetsa posachedwa pomwe chlorine yotsalira idakalipo kumapereka zotsatira zabodza). 2. Pemphani gulu la m'mphepete mwa nyanja pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi lomwe likuphimba Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Chloride, Sodium, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), ndi Nitrates.

Kuteteza mipope yamkuwa, zotenthetsera madzi, ndi zida zamagetsi kumadzi amchere¶

Ngakhale madzi amchere pang'ono (800 mpaka 2,500 mg/L TDS) amakhala ngati electrolyte yamphamvu yomwe imayambitsa kuwononga galvanic ndi pitting corrosion mkati mwa mapaipi apanyumba:

• Kuchepa kwa Ndodo ya Anode ndi Hydrogen Sulfide ("Mazira Owola") Gasi mu Zotenthetsera Madzi: Madzi amchere okhathamira kwambiri amachititsa kuti ndodo ya magnesiamu kapena aluminiyamu ya nsembe ya anode yomwe ili mkati mwa chotenthetsera chanu chamadzi otentha isungunuke pa 5 mpaka 10 kuchuluka kwake koyenera, kutulutsa matumba a hydrogen sulphate ndi mabakiteriya ophulika. madzi onunkhira ndi mpweya wovunda wa dzira. Ndodo ya anode ikadyedwa, madzi amchere amatha kuwononga thanki yachitsulo ndikupangitsa thanki yophulika kapena kulephera kwa chotenthetsera madzi.
• Kuwonongeka kwa Mavavu a Brass ndi Pinhole Leaks mu Copper Pipes: Chloride ions amavula zinki m'mavavu a mpira wamkuwa wachikasu (dezincification), kuchititsa kuti mavavu azing'ambika m'manja mwanu mukatembenuza, ndikudya mapini ang'onoang'ono akutuluka kudzera m'zigongono zamkuwa.
• Lead Solder Leaching: Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa USGS ndi US EPA wokhudza kulowa pansi kwa madzi pansi pa nyanja, kuchuluka kwa ma chloride-to-sulfate mass ratios (CSMR) m'madzi a brackish amatulutsa mwamphamvu ** lead lead ** kuchokera m'mipope yakale ya lead-tin ndi mipope yamkuwa kulowa m'madzi akumwa. Nthawi zonse thamangani pampopi wamadzi ozizira kwa mphindi imodzi kapena ziwiri musanatunge madzi, ndipo yesani kutsogolo ngati nyumba yanu ili ndi zolumikizira zamkuwa za 1986.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi madzi a m'chitsime owiritsa amachotsa mchere pambuyo pa mvula yamkuntho ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena kulowerera kwa madzi amchere?¶

Ayi, madzi otentha samachotsa mchere wosungunuka, sodium, chloride, nitrates, kapena zitsulo zolemera. M'malo mwake, kuwiritsa madzi amchere kapena amchere kumapangitsa kukhala kowopsa kumwa chifukwa madzi oyera amatuluka ngati nthunzi pomwe 100 peresenti ya mchere umakhala mumphika, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mchere wamadzi otsalawo. Kuti muchotse mchere m'madzi akumwa kunyumba, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kapena solar water distiller (yomwe imagwira ndi kufewetsa nthunzi yoyera mu chidebe choyera) kapena sefa ya Reverse Osmosis (RO) yomwe idavotera kuchuluka kwa mchere wamadzi.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji chitsime changa cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja chinasanduka mchere pambuyo pa mkuntho ngakhale kuti madzi osefukira sanafike pabwalo kapena pachitsime changa?¶

Chitsime cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja chomwe chinakhala chowuma pamwamba pake chimasanduka mchere pambuyo pa mkuntho pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, mvula yamkuntho yomwe imasefukira m'madambo kapena magombe mazana angapo kuchokera kutali kumatha kulowa m'madzi osaya ndikusuntha cham'mbali kulowera pachitsime chanu. Chachiwiri, komanso nthawi zambiri, kupopa madzi apansi pa mvula yamkuntho ndi oyandikana nawo (kapena ma municipalities) kumachepetsa tebulo lamadzi amchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi akuya amadzi amchere akwere mmwamba (kukwezera madzi amchere pa chiŵerengero cha 40 mpaka 1 pansi pa ubale wa Ghyben-Herzberg) kulowa pansi pa chitsime chanu chakuya.

Kodi ndingagwiritse ntchito LifeStraw, Sawyer fyuluta, kapena Brita mbiya kusefa madzi amchere amchere?¶

Ayi, zosefera zazing'ono zam'misasa (monga LifeStraw kapena Sawyer hollow-fiber membranes) ndi zosefera za carbon activated kapena mafiriji (monga Brita kapena Pur) amachotsa mchere wosungunuka m'madzi. Zosefera za msasa za hollow-fiber zili ndi pores otalika ma microns 0.1 mpaka 0.2 m'lifupi kuti atchere mabakiteriya ndi protozoa, pomwe ayoni osungunuka a sodium ndi chloride amayesa pafupifupi ma microns 0.0004, ocheperako kambirimbiri kuposa ma pores, kulola mchere wonse kudutsa molunjika. Ma membrane a Reverse Osmosis (RO) okha (0.0001 microns) kapena distillation angalekanitse mchere wosungunuka ndi madzi.

Chifukwa chiyani sindiyenera kuthira madzi a m'chitsime cha chlorinated mu septic system yanga nditathira mankhwala pachitsime changa?¶

Kuthira chitsime chodzidzimutsa kudzera m'masinki amkati kapena zimbudzi munjira yachinsinsi ya septic kumabweretsa zovuta ziwiri. Choyamba, kuthira malita 2,000 mpaka 5,000 (malita 500 mpaka 1,300) amadzi m'maola owerengeka amadzaza thanki yamadzi ndi madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimakakamiza zimbudzi zosaphika kuti zibwerere m'nyumba kapena kutsuka zinyalala zolimba kulowa m'ngalande. Chachiwiri, kutaya mazana a malita a 200-ppm super-chlorinated madzi mu thanki la septic kumapha mabakiteriya opindulitsa a anaerobic omwe amafunikira kuti awononge zinyalala zolimba za anthu. Nthawi zonse tsukani madzi otsukidwa bwino ndi madzi otenthedwa ndi chlorinated panja kudzera mu paipi ya dimba kupita kumalo otayirako madzi otetezeka osachepera mamita 15 mpaka 30 (mamita 50 mpaka 100) kuchokera pa septic system.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA): Zoyenera Kuchita Ndi Chitsime Chanu Payekha Pambuyo pa Chigumula, Miyezo Yachiwiri Yamadzi Akumwa a Chloride ndi Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), ndi Kulowerera Kwa Madzi a M'nyanja M'madzi a M'mphepete mwa Nyanja.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Saltwater Intrusion and the Ghyben-Herzberg Relation in Coastal Groundwater Systems, Upconing Mechanics, ndi Corrosivity/Lead Mobilization in Brackish Well Water.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): *Kupha Zitsime Pakachitika Zadzidzidzi: Njira Zadzidzidzi Zowonongeka kwa Chlorination ndi Malangizo Oyesa Madzi Pambuyo pa Hurricane Well *.
• World Health Organization (WHO): Malangizo pa Ubwino wa Madzi-Kumwa: Sodium, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids, ndi Desalination / Reverse Osmosis Health kuganizira.
• National Ground Water Association (NGWA, United States): Njira Zabwino Zomwe Zaperekedwa kwa Eni Eni Zitsime Zisanachitike ndi Pambuyo pa Kusefukira kwa M'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi Kuwonjezedwa kwa Mkuntho.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kulephera kwa mpope komanso kuipitsidwa kwachitsime chachinsinsi
• Kutetezedwa kwa madzi, zidziwitso za madzi owiritsa, ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwadzidzidzi
• Mafunde amphamvu, mvula yamkuntho, ndi kusefukira kwa nyanja
• Kulephera kwa Septic system ndikusunga zonyansa
• Chakudya poyizoni, pachimake gastroenteritis, ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi