Kutsawar Ruwan Gishiri na Teku da Guguwa-Tsarin gurɓataccen Rijiyoyin Sha¶

Lokacin da guguwa, typhoon, nor'easter, kogin sarki, ko tsunami na bakin teku ke korar ruwan teku a kan ƙananan rairayin bakin teku, rijiyoyin ruwan sha masu zaman kansu da magudanar ruwa masu zurfi na bakin teku suna fuskantar barazana guda biyu: ** guguwar iska mai tasowa ** da ** kutsawar ruwa mai gishiri . A lokacin da ake zubar da ruwa, ruwan ambaliyan ruwa ya mamaye kwandon rijiyar ko kuma ya gangara da wuraren da ba su da kyau, yana zubar da ruwan teku, dattin najasa daga tsarin septic da ya mamaye, da man noma, da kwayoyin cuta ( Escherichia coli, * Vibrio vulnificus*, Vibrio vulnificus, *Vibrio cholerae) kai tsaye cikin rijiyar. A lokaci guda, fari na bakin teku, hawan matakin teku, da ruwan famfo mai nauyi mai nauyi yana haifar da ƙarƙashin ƙasa ** kutsawar ruwa mai gishiri ** da ** haɓakar ruwan gishiri **, inda ɗigon ruwan gishirin teku ke ƙaura zuwa cikin ruwa zuwa sama cikin ruwa mai ruwa, yana haɓaka narkar da sodium da matakan chloride har sai ruwan famfo ya zama abin sha mai haɗari, abin sha mai haɗari.

Ba kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ba, waɗanda za a iya kashe su ta hanyar tafasasshen ruwa ko ƙara bleach chlorine na gida, ** narkar da gishiri (sodium chloride) da karafa masu nauyi ba za a iya cire su ta hanyar tafasa, chlorination, ko madaidaicin filtar carbon carbon **. A haƙiƙa, tafasasshen ruwa mai gishiri ko rijiyar daɗaɗɗen ruwa yana ƙafe tsaftataccen tururi kuma **yana mai da hankali kan gishiri har ma da matakan da ke da haɗari **, yana hanzarta bushewar hypernatremic, matsanancin damuwa na koda, da hauhawar hauhawar jini, musamman ga jarirai, mata masu juna biyu, manyan manya, da dialysis ko masu fama da bugun zuciya. A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS), Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC), da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), masu rijiyoyin bakin teku dole ne su san yadda ake rufewa da rufe rijiyar kafin hawan jini ya zo, yadda za a auna salinity bayan ambaliya ta amfani da na'urar sarrafa hannu ko Total Ruwan ruwa mai ƙarfi. da sauri yana lalata ruwan tabarau na ruwa, da yadda ake girgiza-chlorinate da zubar da rijiya da zarar ruwan ya koma.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. ** Kashe wutar lantarki mai jujjuyawa rijiyar 240-volt KAFIN guguwa ko ambaliya ta bakin teku ta isa ga dukiyar ku.* Karfe rijiyar casing mai kuzari yana tsaye a cikin ruwan gishiri.
2. Rufe babban bawul ɗin keɓewa tsakanin tankin matsi na rijiyar da famfo gidan kafin a kwashe. Rufe babban bawul ɗin rufe ruwa a cikin ɗakin amfani ko gidan rijiyar yana ware jan ƙarfe na cikin gida ko bututun PEX da tanki na ruwa (wanda ke ɗaukar lita 150 zuwa 300 [galan 40 zuwa 80) na ruwa mai tsafta wanda ba zai iya zama ruwan gishiri ba.** famfo na gida.
3. **Rufe bakin rijiyar da hular tsafta KAWAI idan an ba da shawarar ku don ƙayyadaddun ƙirar rijiyar da ke fama da ambaliya, da amintaccen buoyant propane ko tankunan mai kusa. idan ruwan ambaliya ya tashi sama da hular, ruwa yana zubowa kai tsaye cikin bututun iska. Kafin a kwashe, kunsa takarda polyethylene mai hana ruwa mai nauyi da tef ɗin ruwa mai hana ruwa tam a kan hular rijiyar da allon huɗa (tunan da ku **dole ne cire wannan hatimin kafin kunna famfo ɗin baya, ko kuma famfo ɗin zai ja injin ya ruguje casing ko ya ƙone).
4. **Kada ka sha, kayi girki, goge hakora da, ko hada madarar jarirai da ruwan rijiya bayan ambaliya ta bakin teku har sai an gwada kwayoyin cuta da gishiri. coli * kwayoyin cuta tare da haɓakar sodium da chloride. A sha ruwan kwalba kawai, tafasasshen ruwa/ruwan da aka gurbata daga tabbataccen tushen saline na birni, ko ruwan da aka tsarkake ta hanyar ** distillation ko ruwan teku / brackish Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane **.
5. ** Auna jimlar Ruwan famfo ɗinka (TDS) ko Ƙa'ida ta Musamman kafin sha ko kayan aiki.** Yi amfani da dijital na aljihu ** TDS / EC (Electrical Conductivity) Mita** ko tube gwajin chloride:
6. Sabon ruwan sha: Karkashin ** milligrams 500 a kowace lita (mg/L ko ppm) TDS** da kuma ƙarƙashin 250 mg/L chloride.
7. ** Ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara (tsanaki ga ƙananan abincin sodium da jarirai): *** ** 500 zuwa 1,000 mg/L TDS**.
8. Matsakaici zuwa jakunkuna (KADA A SHA; Yi amfani da ruwan wanka kawai): ** Sama da 1,000 zuwa 3,000+ mg/L TDS** (Ruwan teku shine 35,000 mg/L TDS).
9. Kada ku taɓa rijiyar gurɓataccen gishiri a bakin ruwa mai girma na tsawon sa'o'i kai tsaye idan magudanar ruwa na zaune a kan ruwan ruwan ruwan da ba shi da zurfi. A kan tsibirai masu shinge, rairayin bakin teku, da murjani atolls, ruwan ƙasa sabo yana yawo a matsayin ruwan tabarau na bakin ciki a saman ruwan teku mai yawa (** ruwan tabarau Ghyben-Herzberg*******. Fitar da rijiyar da ta cika da sauri tana sauke teburin ruwa da mita 1 (ƙafa 3.3) da tsotsa mazugi na ruwan gishiri mita 40 (ƙafa 131) zuwa sama (** ruwan gishiri na sama**), yana lalata rijiyar har abada. Yi famfo a hankali, matsananciyar matsewa a cikin gajerun zagayowar yayin sa ido kan salinity.

Bayan aikin tantance rijiyar bakin ruwa da bishiyar shawarar ruwan sha¶

Yi amfani da wannan taswirar yanke shawara ta filin bayan guguwar bakin teku, ambaliya ta ruwa, ko fari mai tsanani don tantance ko rijiyar ku tana da aminci don ƙarfafawa, gogewa, lalata, ko sha.

flowchart TD
    Start["Guguwar gabar teku, Ambaliyar Ruwan Sarki, ko Lamarin Kutsawar Ruwan Gishiri"] --> FloodCheck{"Shin ambaliya ta kai ko<br/> nutsar da rumbun rijiyar?"}

    FloodCheck -->|"YES: An Nitse Magudanar Ruwa <br/> ko An Kewaye da Surge"| PowerOff["1. KADA KA kusanci rigar rijiya har sai an kashe mai kashe wuta 240V<br/>2. Bincika hular rijiyar, hatimin tsafta, da magudanar ruwa don lalacewar jiki<br/>3. Kurkura marine laka/gishiri daga kwandon waje da ruwa mai dadi<br/>4. Ci gaba zuwa Tsabtace Ruwan Ruwa & Tabbatar da Salinity Check"]

    FloodCheck -->|"A'a: Magajin Ruwa Ya Kasance Busasshe,<br/>Amma Ruwa Yana Dandanni Gishiri/ Karfe"| SubsurfaceCheck["SHIGA RUWAN GIDAN KWANA / UPCONING:<br/>1. Auna ruwa tare da na'urar TDS na dijital / Mitar Gudanarwa<br/>2. Bincika matakan Sodium & Chloride ta hanyar ƙwararrun Lab<br/>3. DAINA ban ruwa mai nauyi ko ci gaba da yin famfo nan da nan"]

    PowerOff --> SalinityTest{"Menene TDS / Salinity na ruwa<br/>bayan farkon jinkirin tsarkakewa?"}
    SubsurfaceCheck --> SalinityTest

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS <500 mg/L (ppm) <br/>& Chloride < 250 mg/L"| BioDisinfect["RUWAN SABON GISHIRI (Rashin Gishiri, Amma Haɗarin Halitta Ya Rasu):<br/>1. Yi Shock Chlorination (120 zuwa 200 ppm chlorine kyauta) <br/>2. Rike ruwan chlorinated a cikin rijiyoyi & bututu na awanni 12 zuwa 24<br/>3. Cire daga tsarin septic har sai warin chlorine ya ɓace<br/>4. Gwajin Lab don Total Coliform & E. coli kafin a sha"]

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS 500 zuwa 1,500 mg/L <br/>(Maɗaukaki zuwa Matsakaici Brackish)"| BrackishProtocol["SANARWA RUWA MAI GIRMA:<br/>1. Rashin lafiya ga jarirai (formula), dialysis, masu ciwon zuciya/koda<br/>2. KADA a tafasa (tafasa yana maida gishiri)<br/>3. Sanya Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙa don (RO) ko amfani da Distiller Countertop<br/>4. Matsakaicin baya rijiyar famfo yawan kwararar ruwa don dakatar da haɓakar ruwan gishiri"]

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS> 1,500 zuwa 35,000 mg/L<br/>(Mai Girma Gishiri / Ruwan Teku)"| HighSalt["MATSALAR RUWAN GISHIRI:<br/>1. KAR KA SHA ko gudu ta cikin injin ruwa / kayan aiki<br/>2. Yi amfani da bandaki KAWAI don zubar da ruwa (kauce wa hawan jini) <br/>3. Yi famfo a takaice, jinkirin bugun jini na tsaka-tsaki don skim brine mai yawa<br/>4. Dogara da ruwan kwalba ko tankunan ruwa na birni"]

Salinity ruwan sha, TDS, da ƙofofin aminci na chloride¶

Kodan mutum na iya fitar da iyakacin adadin sodium da chloride kawai kafin a buƙaci ruwa mai yawa don fitar da gishiri fiye da yadda ruwan da ake cinyewa ke bayarwa. Yi amfani da wannan tebur na tunani wanda aka harhada daga ** Dokokin Ruwa na EPA na Sakandare na Amurka , ** Jagororin WHO don Ingancin Ruwan Sha, da ** USGS Salinity Classifications* don fassara sakamakon gwaji daga mitar TDS/EC na hannu ko dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa.

Ilimin kimiyyar ruwa na rijiyoyin bakin teku: Me yasa guguwa ta hauhawa da buguwa fiye da kima suka zama gishiri¶

Don gyara rijiyar bakin teku ba tare da lalata tushen ruwa ba, masu mallakar rijiyar tare da Gulf of Mexico, ** US Atlantic Coasts **, Caribbean , ** Mediterranean , ** Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da ** Kasashen tsibiri dole ne su fahimci hanyoyin guda biyu daban-daban da gishirin teku ke shiga rijiyar.

Injiniyanci na 1: Haɓaka Haguwar Sama-Ƙasa da Ƙarfafawa da Tsallakewa na Shekara-shekara¶

Lokacin da guguwa ta tashi daga guguwa ko igiyar ruwa ta mamaye ƙasa kusa da rijiyar ku: 1. ** Shigar da Casing Kai tsaye ***: Yawancin rijiyoyin gida suna da hushin iska don ba da damar iska a ciki da waje yayin da matakin ruwa ya tashi ya faɗi cikin rumbun. Da zarar ambaliya ta tashi sama da saman kwandon rijiyar (yawanci \(30 rubutu zuwa }45\rubutu{centimeters}\) [\(12\rubutu{zuwa} }18\rubu{inci}\)] sama da ƙasa), ruwan teku mai nauyi (yawan \(1.025 rubutu{g/cm}^3\)) yana zubo ginshiƙan cikin sauri da sauri da sauri. (\(1.000\rubutu{g/cm}^3\)) zuwa kasan rijiyar. 2. Tsarin Tashar Sararin Samaniya: Ko da ambaliya ba ta haye kan hular, tsofaffin rijiyoyin suna da fashe fasfo ɗin siminti ko kuma ba su da kyau ** filaye na shekara-shekara *** (ratar da ke tsakanin waje na PVC ko bututun ƙarfe da rijiyar ƙasa da aka haƙa). Tafkunan ruwan gishiri mai gishiri a kusa da bututu da tashoshi kai tsaye zuwa waje na rumbun cikin allon rijiyar. 3. ** Septic-Surge Cocktail ***: Saboda kaddarorin bakin teku tare da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan koyaushe suna da na sirri ** tsarin septic *** (duba gazawar tsarin septic) wanda ke wurin \(15\text{zuwa }30\text{ meters}\) (\(50\text{ to }100\text{ feet}\)), guguwa a lokaci guda ta mamaye filin magudanar ruwa kuma ta haɗa danyen najasar ɗan adam da ruwan gishirin teku kafin a ɗauke ta zuwa cikin rijiyar.

Injiniyanci 2: Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ruwan Gishiri da Dangantakar Ghyben-Herzberg¶

A cikin kowane ruwa na bakin teku, ko tare da tsibiran shinge na yashi na Gulf of Mexico da US East Coast, dutsen karst aquifers na **Florida (Biscayne Aquifer) da Yucatán Peninsula , ko tsibiran volcanic da murjani a duk duniya, ruwan sama mai kyau daga ruwan sama ba ya zama a kan busasshiyar dutse. Madadin haka, ** ruwa mara nauyi (\(1.000\rubutu{g/cm}^3\)) yana yawo kamar ruwan tabarau a saman ruwan gishirin teku (\(1.025\rubutu{g/cm}^3\)) wanda ke cika dutsen da yashi mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin tekun.

Dangane da dangantakar ** Ghyben-Herzberg **, saboda ruwan teku shine ** $ 1/40 rubutu {th}$ ($ 2.5 \% \() ya fi girma fiye da ruwa mai kyau **, ga kowane mita 1 (ƙafa 3.3)** cewa teburin ruwan ƙasa yana tsaye sama da ma'anar matakin teku (\) h_f \(), ruwan tabarau na ruwan ruwan ruwa ya kai mita 40 (\) 13 a ƙasa teku) matakin gishiri ($ 13 a ƙasan teku). dubawa:

Me yasa Fiye da Tufafi Ke Haɗuwa da Bala'i "Tsarin Ruwan Gishiri": - Saboda wannan * 1-to-40 hydrostatic ratio , idan kun sauke teburin ruwan ruwa a cikin rijiyar ku kawai ** 1 mita (ƙafa 3.3) ta hanyar tafiyar da rijiyar ku da ƙarfi da ci gaba (misali, ƙoƙarin fitar da ruwan ambaliya da sauri, cika wurin shakatawa, ko ban ruwa bayan guguwa), ** mazugi mai zurfi na ruwa mai zurfi na ruwa mai zurfi na tekun gishiri yana tashi sama da mita 3 kai tsaye. - Da zarar wannan mazugi mai girma na ruwan gishiri mai yawa (** mai zuwa*) ya taɓa shan ƙasa na famfon rijiyar ku, ruwan famfo ɗinku ya zama gishiri cikin mintuna kaɗan. Ko da bayan ka kashe famfon, zai iya ɗaukar watanni ko shekaru* na ruwan sama mai ƙarfi don ruwan ruwan ruwan gishiri don tura wannan mazubin ruwan gishiri baya.

   GROUND SURFACE
   =================================== [Wellhead]
                                           |
   --- Freshwater Water Table (hf) ---     |  <-- Lowering water table by 1 m (Drawdown cone)
        \                           /      |
         \   Freshwater Lens       /      [Pump Intake Screen]
          \  (Density 1.000)      /        ^
   ========\=====================/=========|=================== Mean Sea Level
            \                   /          |
             \                 /      /----+----\
              \               /      /  UPCONING \  <-- Saltwater cone rises 40 m
               \             /      /  (40 x hf)  \
   -------------\-----------/------/---------------\----------- Saltwater Interface
                 Dense Ocean Saltwater Wedge (Density 1.025)

Wanne tace ruwa yana cire gishiri, kuma waɗanne ne gaba ɗaya sun gaza¶

Ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi mafi haɗari bayan guguwar bakin teku ita ce masu tace sansanin gaggawa, tacewa, ko tafasawa na iya sa ruwan rijiyar da ba ta da kyau a sha.

Yarjejeniya ta mataki-mataki don dubawa, sharewa, da kuma gyara guguwar da ta mamaye rijiya¶

Da zarar ruwan da ke bakin teku ya janye gaba daya daga kewayen rijiyar ku kuma kasa ba ta da lafiya don tafiya, sai ku bi wadannan matakai na United States EPA, CDC, da National Ground Water Association (NGWA) a jere.

Mataki 1: Tsaron Wutar Lantarki da Duba lafiyar Jiki¶

1. ** Tabbatar da cewa 240V breaker yana KASHE *** a babban sashin wutar lantarki kafin ku kusanci gidan rijiyar ko rijiyar.
2. ** Bincika lalatawar tsarin:** Bincika idan tarkacen guguwa da ke iyo ya lanƙwasa rumbun rijiyar, ya fashe bututun PVC, ya yayyaga magudanar wutar lantarki, ko kuma ya nutsar da maɓallin matsi da akwatin sarrafa capacitor.
3. Idan akwatin kula da wutar lantarki, matsewar matsa lamba, ko injin bututun jet mai zurfi ya nutse a cikin ruwan gishiri: Kada a kunna mai karya wuta. Ruwan gishiri da aka bari a cikin lambobin lantarki yana haifar da matattun guntun wando ko gobarar lantarki. Samu dan kwangilar rijiyar mai lasisi ko mai lantarki ya maye gurbin maɓalli/akwatunan sarrafawa da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma a gwada juriya na rufewar famfo tare da megohmmeter (Megger) kafin sake ƙarfafawa.
4. ** Cire duk wani abin rufe fuska na robobi kafin hadari** daga hular rijiyar kuma tabbatar da iskar da aka tantance ta fita daga laka da kwari ta yadda rijiyar zata iya yin numfashi yayin yin famfo.
5. A wanke wajen bakin rijiya da siminti tare da tsaftataccen ruwa mai tsafta da ruwan bleach mai laushi don cire laka da najasa a saman.

Mataki na 2: Keɓance aikin famfo na gida kuma Yi Tsabtace Salinity¶

Kada ku taɓa yin famfo ruwan rijiyar bayan-ruwa ta bututunku na cikin gida, na'urar dumama ruwa, ko mai laushin ruwa yayin gwajin farko: 1. Tabbatar babban bawul ɗin keɓewar gidan yana RUFE don haka babu ruwan rijiyar da zai iya shiga injin ruwan zafi na gida, mai yin ƙanƙara, ko famfo. 2. Haɗa tiyon lambun zuwa magudanar ruwa mai gefen rijiyar ** (wanda yake a bakin rijiyar ko a gindin tankin matsi kafin * babban bawul ɗin rufe gidan). Guda bututun zuwa rami mai magudanar ruwa ko yanki mai tsakuwa ** aƙalla nisan mita 15 zuwa 30 (ƙafa 50 zuwa 100) nesa da tankin ɗinku da filin magudanar ruwa (kada ku taɓa mamaye tsarin septic ɗinku da dubunnan lita na ruwa mai tsafta) kuma nesa da bishiyoyi ko lambuna masu jin gishiri. 3. ** Matsar da bawul ɗin fitarwa zuwa matsakaicin saurin gudu zuwa matsakaici (20 zuwa 40% na matsakaicin iya aiki):* - Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sashin Ghyben-Herzberg da ke sama, idan rijiyar ku tana cikin ruwa mai yashi mara zurfi, ** kar a buɗe bawul ɗin 100% buɗewa na tsawon sa'o'i . Yin famfo a hankali yana cire ruwan gishiri mai nauyi wanda ya zubo kwandon daga saman ba tare da ƙirƙirar mazugi mai zurfi ba wanda ke tsotse ruwan tekun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga ƙasa. 4. ** Kula da TDS da Turbidity kowane minti 15 yayin tsarkakewa: - Da farko, ruwan da ke fitowa daga rijiyar da aka yi sama da ƙasa sau da yawa zai zama turɓaya (laka/gizari) kuma yana nuna babban salinity (\(2,000\rubutu{zuwa} }20,000+\rubutu{mg/L TDS}\)). - Yi famfo na tsawon mintuna 30 zuwa 60**, sannan a kashe famfon ɗin na tsawon mintuna 30 zuwa 60** don ba da damar ruwan ruwa ya sake caja rijiyar burtsatse a gefe ba tare da an tashi ba. - Maimaita waɗannan zagayowar share-da-huta na tsaka-tsaki har sai ruwan ya gudana gabaɗaya kuma na hannu ** Mitar TDS ta faɗi ƙasa da 500 MG/L (ko ta dawo cikin salinity na rijiyar gabanin guguwa)**.

Mataki na 3: Shock Chlorination (Kwaryar Halittu)¶

Da zarar ruwan da ake cirewa daga spigot ɗin rijiyar ya bayyana kuma sabo (\(\text{TDS} <500\text{mg/L}\)), dole ne a kashe rijiyar, tankin matsa lamba, da famfo na gida don kashe E. coli , Vibrio, da kuma cututtuka na fecal: 1. ** Yi ƙididdige yawan ruwan rijiyar ku kuma ana buƙatar bleach na gida mara ƙamshi (5% zuwa 8.25% sodium hypochlorite): - Kada a taɓa amfani da bleach mai ƙamshi, bleach maras ruwa, bleach ɗin wanke wanke, ko allunan cyanuric acid na wurin wanka. Yi amfani da fili kawai, mara ƙamshi NSF-60 ƙwararriyar ruwa mai chlorine bleach (yawanci \(5.25%\) zuwa \(8.25\%\) zuwa \(8.25\%\)it sodium hypochlorite well. - Don daidaitaccen ** 10-zuwa-15-centimeter (4-to-6-inch) diamita mazaunin rijiyar ** rike ** 15 zuwa mita 30 (ƙafa 50 zuwa 100) na ruwa na tsaye , ƙara kusan ** 1.5 zuwa lita 2 (3 zuwa 4 pints / 0.5 gallons) na rashin ƙamshi na gida mara ƙamshi a cikin ƙafar 100 na ruwa (zurfin ruwa na 1000 mita) ** sassa 100 zuwa 200 a kowace miliyan (ppm) chlorine kyauta. 2. ** Sake zazzage sinadarin chlorine a cikin bangon kwandon:** - Cire hular rijiyar (bayan kashe mai fasa famfo don aminci yayin buɗe hular, sa'an nan kuma sake ƙarfafawa tare da kula da wayoyi marasa tushe). - A haxa bleach ɗin da aka ƙididdige a cikin ruwa mai tsabta mai lita 20 (gallon 5) na ruwa mai tsabta sannan a zuba a saman kwandon rijiyar. - Sanya ƙarshen ƙarshen tiyon lambun (wanda aka haɗa da spigot gefen rijiyar) a cikin saman kwandon rijiyar kuma kunna famfo na tsawon mintuna 15 zuwa 30 ** don wanke ruwan chlorined a saman busassun bangon bangon calo ɗin sannan a haɗa dukkan ginshiƙi na ruwa har sai kun ji warin chlorine mai ƙarfi yana fitowa daga cikin tiyo. 3. Zana ruwan chlorined ta kowace famfo a cikin gidan: - Bude babban bawul ɗin ruwa na gidan (a kiyaye masu laushin ruwa da RO membranes ** akan kewayawa ** don haka chlorine mai ƙarfi 200-ppm baya lalata RO membranes ko resin softener). - Daya bayan daya, kunna kowace famfo mai sanyi da zafi, shawa, baho, da bututun waje a cikin gida (kuma a wanke kowane bandaki sau ɗaya) har sai kun wari ** ƙamshin bleach bleach mai ƙarfi** a kowane ɗaki ɗaya, sannan a kashe kowace famfo. 4. ** Rike sinadarin chlorine a cikin na'urar na tsawon sa'o'i 12 zuwa 24:** Kada ku yi amfani da kowane ruwa, zubar da bayan gida, ko sarrafa kayan aiki yayin wannan taga sadarwar sa'o'i 12 zuwa 24. 5. ** Fitar da chlorine zuwa wani wuri mai aminci (KADA a cikin tanki na septic):** - Bayan sa'o'i 12 zuwa 24, haɗa bututun lambun zuwa wani spigot na waje sannan a zubar da rijiyar a kan titin tsakuwa ko rami mai nisa daga filin magudanar ruwa, koguna, da tsire-tsire na ado har sai ƙaƙƙarfan warin chlorine ya ɓace, sannan a taƙaice kunna faucet na cikin gida na mintuna 5 don share bututun cikin gida.

Mataki na 4: Tabbatar da Laboratory Kafin Sha¶

Ko da bayan girgiza chlorination da TDS cak, ** kar a sha ruwan har sai wata jiha ko na ƙasa bokan gwajin gwajin ruwa gwajin samfurin ***: 1. Jira 48 zuwa sa'o'i 72 bayan fitar da chlorine kafin tattara samfurin kwayan cuta na hukuma (gwaji da sauri yayin da ragowar chlorine ke nan yana ba da sakamako mara kyau). 2. Nemi kwamitin bakin teku bayan ambaliya wanda ke rufe Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Chloride, Sodium, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), da Nitrates.

Kare bututun tagulla, na'urorin dumama ruwa, da na'urori daga ruwa mara kyau¶

Ko da ruwa mai laushi (** 800 zuwa 2,500 mg/L TDS**) yana aiki azaman mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da mummunan lalata ** galvanic da lalata lalata ** a cikin tsarin aikin famfo na gida:

• ** Hadaya Anode Rod Ragewa da Hydrogen Sulfide ("Ruɓaɓɓen Kwai") Gas a cikin Ruwan Ruwa:** Ruwa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi yana sa sandar hadaya ta magnesium ko aluminum a cikin hitar ruwan zafi ɗin ku ta narke a ** 5 zuwa sau 10 na al'ada**, yana samar da aljihunan fashewar iskar hydrogen gas da ciyar da iskar gas mai zafi. Da zarar an cinye sandar anode, ruwan gishiri yana saurin lalata tankin karfe kuma yana haifar da fashewar tanki ko gazawar wutar lantarki.
• ** Rage bawul ɗin Brass Valves da Pinhole Leaks a cikin Bututun Copper:** Chloride ions suna cire zinc daga bawul ɗin ƙwallon tagulla na rawaya (* dezincification *), yana haifar da bawuloli don karye a hannunka lokacin da aka juya, kuma suna cin ɗigon ɗigon ɗigon ɗigon ruwa ta hanyar gwiwar hannu na jan karfe.
• ** A cewar binciken USGS da US EPA na kutsawa cikin ruwa na bakin teku, haɓakar chloride-to-sulfate mass ratios (CSMR) a cikin ruwan rijiyar brackish mai tsananin ƙarfi ** gubar mai guba ** daga cikin tsofaffin kayan aikin bututun gubar da tagulla cikin ruwan sha. Koyaushe gudanar da fam ɗin ruwan sanyi na tsawon mintuna 1 zuwa 2 kafin zana ruwa, kuma a gwada gubar idan gidanku yana da haɗin gwiwar siyar da tagulla kafin 1986.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Shin tafasar ruwan rijiyar yana cire gishiri bayan guguwar gabar teku ko kutsawar ruwan gishiri?¶

A'a, tafasasshen ruwa baya cire narkar da gishiri, sodium, chloride, nitrates, ko karafa masu nauyi. A haƙiƙa, tafasasshen ruwa mai ɗanɗano ko gishiri yana sa ya fi haɗari a sha saboda ruwa mai tsabta yana tserewa kamar tururi yayin da kashi 100 na gishiri ya kasance a baya a cikin tukunyar, yana ƙara yawan gishiri na sauran ruwa. Don cire gishiri daga ruwan sha a gida, dole ne a yi amfani da na'urar distiller na lantarki ko hasken rana (wanda ke ɗauka da kuma sanya tururi mai tsabta a cikin wani akwati mai tsabta) ko tsarin tacewa na Reverse Osmosis (RO) wanda aka ƙididdige matakin salinity na ruwa.

Me ya sa rijiyar da ke bakin teku ta zama gishiri bayan guguwar duk da cewa ruwan ambaliya bai kai ga yadina ko rijiya ba?¶

Rijiyar bakin teku da ta bushe gaba daya a saman tana iya yin gishiri bayan guguwa saboda dalilai biyu na karkashin kasa. Na farko, guguwa da ke mamaye rairayin bakin teku masu ƙanƙanta ko rairayin bakin teku masu tsayin mita ɗari da yawa na iya kutsawa cikin teburin ruwa mara zurfi kuma su yi ƙaura ta gefe zuwa ga allon rijiyar ku. Na biyu, kuma yawanci, yaduwar ruwa bayan guguwa ta hanyar maƙwabta (ko kayan aikin birni) yana saukar da tebur na ruwa na gida, wanda ke haifar da zurfin zurfin zurfin ruwan gishirin teku zuwa mazugi sama (ruwa mai gishiri a matakin 40-to-1 a ƙarƙashin dangantakar Ghyben-Herzberg) daidai cikin rijiyar ku mai zurfi.

Zan iya amfani da LifeStraw, Sawyer tace, ko Brita tulu don tace ruwan rijiyar gishiri?¶

A'a, šaukuwa microfilters (kamar LifeStraw ko Sawyer hollow-fiber membranes) da kunna-carbon tulu ko tacewa (kamar Brita ko Pur) cire sifili narkar da gishiri daga ruwa. Filayen zangon fasinja-fiber suna da pores masu auna 0.1 zuwa 0.2 microns faɗi don tarko ƙwayoyin cuta da protozoa, yayin da narkar da sodium da ions chloride suna auna kusan 0.0004 microns, ɗaruruwan sau ƙanƙanta fiye da ramukan tacewa, barin duk gishiri ya wuce kai tsaye. Kawai Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes (0.0001 microns) ko distillation zai iya raba narkar da gishiri da ruwa.

Me yasa ba zan watsar da ruwan rijiyar chlorin a cikin na'urar tawa ba bayan na kashe rijiya ta?¶

Zubar da rijiyar chlorin mai girgiza ta cikin kwanon ruwa na cikin gida ko bayan gida zuwa na'ura mai zaman kansa yana haifar da matsaloli biyu masu tsanani. Na farko, fitar da ruwa daga lita 2,000 zuwa 5,000 (galan 500 zuwa 1,300) na ruwa a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan ya cika tankin ruwa da magudanar ruwa mai cike da ruwa, yana tilasta danyen najasa ya koma cikin gida ko kuma ya wanke tsattsauran ramuka a cikin ramukan magudanar ruwa. Na biyu, zubar da ɗaruruwan lita na 200-ppm super-chlorinated ruwa a cikin tanki na septic yana kashe kwayoyin cutar anaerobic masu fa'ida da ake buƙata don wargaza ƙaƙƙarfan sharar ɗan adam. Koyaushe goge ruwa mai kyau da ruwa mai girgizawa a waje ta hanyar bututun lambu zuwa wurin magudanar ruwa mai aminci aƙalla mita 15 zuwa 30 (ƙafa 50 zuwa 100) nesa da tsarin septic.

An duba tushe¶

• Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (US EPA): Abin da Zaku Yi Da Rijiyar Ku Mai Zaman Kanta Bayan Ambaliyar Ruwa, Matsayin Ruwan Sha Na Biyu don Chloride da Total Narkar da Ruwan Ruwa (TDS), da Kutsawar Ruwan Teku a Magudanan Ruwan Teku.
• ** Binciken Yanayin Kasa na Amurka (USGS):** Cikin Ruwan Gishiri da Dangantakar Ghyben-Herzberg a Tsarin Ruwan Ruwa na Gabas, Makanikai Masu Gabatarwa, da Lalacewa/Tarawar Jagora a Ruwan Rijiyar Brackish.
• Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC, Amurka): *Kwantar da Rijiyoyi Bayan Gaggawa: Tsarin Gaggawa Shock Chlorination da Sharuɗɗan Gwajin Ruwan Rijiyar Guguwar Bayan Guguwa.
• Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO): Sharuɗɗa don Ingancin Ruwan Sha: Sodium, Chloride, Jimillar Narkar da Ruwa, da Rarrabewa / La'akari da Lafiyar Osmosis.
• Ƙungiyar Ruwan Ƙasa ta Ƙasa (NGWA, Amurka): *Mafi kyawun Shawarwari ga Masu Rijiyoyi Kafin da Bayan Ambaliyar Ruwa da Guguwar Ruwa.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Tofa gazawar famfo da gurbatar rijiyar sirri
• Amintaccen ruwa, sanarwar tafasa-ruwa, da lalatawar gaggawa
• Ruwan ruwa, guguwa da guguwa, da ambaliyar ruwa
• Rashin gazawar tsarin septic da ajiyar najasa
• Guba abinci, m gastroenteritis, da rashin ruwa