Lokacin da Masu karɓar Bashi ke Buƙatar Biyan Kuɗi na Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Matattu¶

Karɓar kiran waya ko wasiƙu daga ƙwararrun masu karɓar bashi na "matattu-account" suna buƙatar ku biya kuɗin katin kiredit na mijin marigayi, na iyaye, ko na yaro, takardar shaidar likita, ko lamuni na sirri daga aljihun ku yayin da kuke baƙin ciki babban gaggawa ne na kuɗi da na tunani. Hukumomin tattara fa'ida na musamman (kamar DCM Services, AscensionPoint Recovery Services, ko Phillips & Cohen Associates) bankuna da asibitoci ne ke hayar su don bin diddigin ƴan uwan ​​da ke baƙin ciki a cikin makonnin mutuwa da amfani da laifi, matsin ɗabi'a, ko rikiɗar harshe na doka don cire kuɗi daga asusun banki na sirri, biyan kuɗin inshorar rai, ko kuɗin ritaya. A karkashin dokar tarayya da na gama gari a fadin Amurka, Kanada, Burtaniya, Tarayyar Turai, da Ostiraliya, kusan 'yan uwa ba za su iya biyan bashin dan uwan mamaci daga cikin kudadensu ba. m. Kare kuɗaɗen rayuwa na dangin ku yana buƙatar kulle kadarorin da ba a biya ba (inshorar rayuwa, asusun 401 (k)/IRA, da dukiyar tsira ta haɗin gwiwa), tilastawa ** Bayanin Manufofin FTC akan Tarin Bashi Mai Kyau da ** Dokar CFPB F ***, duba kunkuntar keɓantacce kamar Haɗin gwiwa-Signer da Dokokin Mai Ba da izini na Al'umma / Mai ba da izini mara izini. mai ba da bashi guda ɗaya wanda ba shi da tsaro ba tare da tsari ba kafin tuntuɓar ƙa'idodin fifiko.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. Kare lafiyar jikinka da goyon bayan tunaninka a lokacin tsananin baƙin ciki. Idan mai karɓar kuɗi, wakilin repo, ko mai ba da bashi mai zaman kansa ya zo gidanka yana yin barazanar jiki, ko kuma idan baƙin ciki da matsin kuɗi ya haifar da matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kira yankin ku. lambobin gaggawa (911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a fadin Tarayyar Turai, 999 a Birtaniya, 000 a Ostiraliya) ko 988 Kashe kai da Rikicin Rayuwa a Amurka da Kanada. Ajiye aƙalla mita 2 (ƙafa 6.5) ta nisa a bayan ƙofar da aka kulle idan wani baƙo ya buƙaci shigarwa.
2. KADA KA biya kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na kuɗin ɗan'uwanka da ya rasu ta hanyar amfani da asusun ajiyar kuɗi na sirri, katin kiredit, ko biyan kuɗin inshorar rayuwa. Ko da mai karɓar kuɗi ya nuna aikin ku ne na ɗabi'a don share sunan iyayenku ko matar da suka mutu, Kada ba su bayanan biyan kuɗin ku ko sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sirri don ɗaukar bashin. Ko da kai ne Mai zartarwa ko Mai Gudanarwa na Estate, Kada ku biya kowane katin kiredit ko lissafin likita daga cikin asusun ƙasa a yanzu; a ƙarƙashin dokokin rashin biyan kuɗi na shari'a, farashin jana'izar, kuɗaɗen gudanarwar gidaje, ka'ida Family / Homestead Allowances, kuma dole ne a fara biyan haraji da farko, kuma biyan kamfanin katin kiredit ba tare da tsari ba na iya sanya mai zartarwa da kansa abin dogaro ga masu lamuni masu fifiko.
3. Kada ka bari mai bayar da katin kiredit ya canza ko canja wurin asusun matar da ya rasu zuwa cikin sunanka sai dai idan kun kasance mai neman haɗin gwiwa na gaskiya. Idan kai kaɗai ne Mai amfani da izini* akan katin kiredit na matarka ko iyayenka (ma'ana kana da katin da sunanka a ciki don siyan kayan abinci, amma wanda ya mutu kawai ya sanya hannu kan ma'aikacin kuɗi). Rushe katin, daina amfani da shi nan da nan bayan mai asusun ya mutu, kuma ka ƙi duk wani tayin saka asusun a cikin sunanka.
4. ** Sanin wanda aka ba da izini ga mai karɓar bashi bisa doka ya yi magana da shi a ƙarƙashin FDCPA (Sashe na 15 USC 1692c)** A ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya da ** Dokar CFPB F (Sashe na 12 CFR 1006.6)**, mai karɓar bashi ** an haramta shi sosai daga tattaunawa game da bashin wanda ya mutu, dangi ko dangi, dangin dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, abokai, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi, dangi da dangi sai dai idan wannan mutumin shine wanda aka nada a kai a kai *Mai zartarwa, Mai Gudanarwa, ko Wakilin Kasuwa na kadarorin (kodayake mai tarawa na iya magana da matar da ta tsira). Idan ba kai ne matar da ta tsira ba ko kuma Wakilin gidan, ka gaya wa wanda ya kira: "Ni ba Wakilin gidan ba ne kuma ba ni da wani alhaki na wannan asusun. Kada ku sake tuntuɓar ni."
5. ** Kare Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kuɗi (Inshorar Rayuwa, 401 (k)/IRAs, POD/TOD Accounts, and Joint Survivorship Homes) daga masu ba da lamuni na ƙasa. Canja wurin-kan-Mutuwa (TOD) banki ko asusun dillalai *, ko wani gida mallakar a ** Haɗin Haɗin gwiwa tare da Haƙƙin Tsira ** ko ** Hayar Haƙƙin Cikakkun Rayuwa ta tsallake gwaji gaba ɗaya kuma ** katin kiredit na mutumin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ko masu karɓar magani ba za su iya taɓa shi ba.
6. ** Kira Garn-St. Dokar Germain "Majiyi a cikin Interest" tana kare idan akwai jinginar gida akan gidan iyali.** Idan kun gaji gidan iyali daga matar da ta mutu, iyaye, ko dangi, dokar tarayya (** Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act, 12 U.S.C. Sashe na 1701j-3(d) (d) (d) (d) (d) haramtacciyar doka da (5) daga jawo batun "Due-on-Sale"** ko neman cikakken biyan bashin jinginar gida. Karkashin ka'idojin bada jinginar jinginar gida na CFPB, kuna da hakkin a gane ku a matsayin Tabbataccen Magajin Sha'awa, ku ci gaba da biyan jinginar kuɗi mara ƙarancin riba, ko neman canjin lamuni ba tare da sake sake kuɗaɗen sunan ku ba (duba. Sanarwa na kwacewa, juriyar jingina, da rage asara).

flowchart TD
    A["Mai Tarar Bashi Ya Bukaci Biyan Kudin Dan uwan ​​Marigayi"] --> B{"Shin da kanku kun sanya hannu kan ainihin kwangilar a matsayin Mai Neman Haɗin gwiwa / Mai Ba da Lamuni?"}
    B -->|"Ee: Mai Sa hannu na Gaskiya ko Mai Riƙon Asusu na Haɗin gwiwa"| C["Kuna da alhakin kwangilar kwangila (BA idan kun kasance Mai Izini kaɗai ba); bukatu na asali da aka sanya hannu a karkashin FDCPA"]
    B -->|"A'a: Bashin Mutum Na Dama"| D{"Kuna zaune a cikin Jaha Mai Mallakar Al'umma ko A'idar Jiha Dole ne KUMA Su ne Ma'aurata Masu Rayuwa?"}
    D -->|"Ee"| E["Bincika ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ma'aurata (misali, kadarorin al'umma da kadarorin da ke raba, ko lissafin likita masu mahimmanci); kare keɓanta alawus na tsira"]
    D -->|"A'a (ko Kai Babban Yaro ne / Iyaye / Dan'uwanka)"| F["Kuna da alhakin kai ZERO; Kada ku biya daga asusun sirri, Inshorar Rayuwa, ko 401 (k) / IRA"]
    F --> G{"Shin Magidancin Mutumin da ya mutu yana da tsabar kuɗi ko dukiya da ba a keɓe ba?"}
    G -->|"A'a: Insolvent/Zero-Asset Estate"| H["Aika Certified 'Insolvent Estate/Wasikar Tsagaita Mai Tsira Ba Mai Lamuni' Tare da Takaddar Mutuwa; Bashi Ya Mutu Ba a Biya ba"]
    G -->|"Ee: Magance Probate Estate"| I["KADA ku biya masu tarawa akan wayar; Bukatar Da'awar Mai Ba da Lamuni na Haɓaka a cikin taga sandar doka & fara biyan ba da izinin Iyali bisa doka"]

Mataki na 1: Doka ta Zinare na Bashi Mai Kyau: Mara Probate vs. Probate Assets¶

Lokacin da wani ya mutu, rayuwarsu ta kuɗi ta rabu gida biyu daban-daban na shari'a: ** Kayayyakin da ba Probate ** (waɗanda ke wucewa kai tsaye ga masu rai ta hanyar kwangila ko aiki a lokacin mutuwa) da ** Kaddarorin Gidajen Probate ** (dukiya mai suna kawai a cikin sunan mamacin ba tare da sunan mai amfana ba).

Masu karɓar bashi suna ƙidayar baƙin cikin ku ba za su taɓa gaya muku wannan bambanci ba. Suna fatan za ku ɗauki rajistan inshorar rayuwa na $ 100,000 ko mahaifiyar ku ta 401 (k) rollover da rubuta cak zuwa Visa, Mastercard, da asibiti. Fahimci waɗanne kaddarorin da masu bin kadarori ba za su iya taɓa su ba bisa doka:

Mataki na 2: Keɓantattun keɓantacce guda 5 inda mai rai zai iya ɗaukar alhakinsa¶

Kafin ka ƙin yarda da buƙatar mai tarawa, duba waɗannan takamaiman yanayin shari'a guda biyar don tabbatar da ko banda ya shafe ka:

1. Gaskiyar Mai Rike Haɗin Asusu / Abokin Sa hannu vs. "Mai Amfani da Izini"¶

• Mai amfani da Izini (ZERO Liability): Marigayin sun bude katin kiredit da sunan nasu sannan suka yi odar katin na biyu da sunanka a ciki domin ka iya amfani da asusun. Ƙarƙashin Dokar Damar Ba da Dama ta Tarayya (ECOA, Regulation B)** da Gaskiya a Dokar Bayar da Lamuni (TILA), mai izini yana da ** alhakin kwangilar sifili ** don biyan ma'auni bayan mai katin farko ya mutu.
• Mai Bukatar Haɗin gwiwa/Mai Sa hannu (Cikakken Alhaki): Dukku da mamacin sun sanya hannu kan ainihin takardar ƙirƙira (ko bayanin kula) a matsayin masu karɓar bashi, kuma mai ba da lamuni ya duba duk rahotannin kiredit ɗin ku daga asalin (duba) Tsohuwar Cosigner, alhakin haɗin gwiwa, da kariyar bashi).
• Yadda ake tabbatar da wanene ku: Aika rubutaccen buƙatun Tabbatar Bashi na FDCPA** (Sashe na 1692g na U.S.C. Idan banki ba zai iya samar da kwangilar haɗin gwiwar mai ba da ku ba, kai mai amfani ne kawai mai izini kuma kuna bin $0.

2. Jihohin Dukiyar Al'umma (Don Ma'auratan da suka tsira kawai)¶

Jihohi tara na Amurka suna aiki ƙarƙashin Dokar Dukiyar Al'umma: Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, da Wisconsin (da ** Alaska** idan ma'aurata sun shiga). - Bashin da kowane ma'auratan zai ci lokacin daurin aure don amfanin al'ummar auratayya gaba daya ana zaton basuson al'umma ne, ma'ana kadar kadarorin al'umma na ma'aurata za'a iya biyan basussukan. - Iyakokin da ke kare rayuwar ma'aurata a cikin Dukiyar Al'umma ta ce: Ma'auratan da suka tsira ** Dukiya ta dabam* (kayayyakin da aka mallaka kafin aure, gadowa/kyaututtuka da kuka samu kai kaɗai, da ** kuɗin inshorar rai** ana biyan ku a matsayin masu amfana) gabaɗaya ** ana kiyaye shi daga asusun matar da ta mutu ko kuma kun sanya hannu a kan ƙayyadaddun bashi na keɓaɓɓen ka'ida. (kamar California Family Code Sashe na 914, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin iyakancewa na shekaru 1 a ƙarƙashin ** Sashe na Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na California 366.2 *** bayan mutuwa). A cikin ** Texas *, ma'auratan da suka tsira suna da ** abin alhaki na sirri *** don bashin katin kiredit na matar da ya mutu sai dai idan bashin ya kasance don takamaiman buƙatun doka ( Sashe na Iyali na Texas 3.201 ***), da ** Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Texas ** da keɓancewar kadarorin gida daga masu lamuni marasa tsaro.

3. "Rukunan Bukatun" don Kuɗin Lafiya na Ƙarshe da Kuɗin Asibiti (Ma'aurata Kawai)¶

A cikin kusan rabin jihohin Amurka (kamar New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, da Indiana), kotu ko dokoki sun amince da ** Koyarwar Bukatun ***, wanda zai iya ɗaukar ma'auratan da ke da alhakin ** kuɗin da ake bukata na likita ko na asibiti ** wanda marigayiyar aurensu ya jawo a lokacin aure idan dukiyar matar da ta mutu ba za ta iya biya ba. Yawancin wasu jihohi, gami da *Alabama, Florida, Jojiya, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, da New York , sun soke Dokokin gama gari na Bukatu ko mashaya da ke da alhakin mata sai dai idan mai rai da kansa ya sanya hannu kan garantin kuɗi. - Yadda ake kawar da lissafin Asibitin Ma'auratan da suka rasu: Koda a cikin Doctrine of Ncessaries state, kada a taba biyan kudin sitika na asibiti. Karkashin ** Lambobin Harajin Cikin Gida Sashe na 501®, kowane asibitin da ba riba a Amurka dole ne ya bayar da rubutacciyar Dokar Taimakon Kudi (Cire Sadaukaki) wanda ke yafe 50% zuwa 100% na kuddin asibiti ga gidaje masu samun har zuwa 200% zuwa 400% na Matakin Talauci na Tarayya bayan mutuwar iyali (musamman ma ga mutuwa). A nemi ** Kula da Sadaka na Asibitin Bayan Mutuwa nan take (duba Tarin lissafin likita, taimakon kuɗi na asibiti, da kulawar agaji).

4. Gidan jinya "Kungiyoyi masu Alhaki" Kwangiloli (Hana Dokar Gyara Gida ta Tarayya)¶

Lokacin da aka shigar da tsofaffi tsofaffi a gidan jinya, ofishin shiga yakan nemi babban yaro ya sanya hannu kan layin "Jam'iyyar da ke da alhakin", kuma daga baya ya kai karar yaron da kansa don rashin biya. - ** Garkuwar Tarayyarku (42 U.S.C. Sashe na 1396r©(5)(A)(ii) & 42 CFR Sashe na 483.15(a)(3)):** A karkashin dokar tarayya Nursing Home Reform Act, duk gidan jinya da ya karɓi Medicare ko Medicaid shine ** hana shi a matsayin babban garantin yaro ga wani ɓangare na uku. biya a matsayin sharadi na admission ko ci gaba da zama.** - Gidan reno zai iya tambayar babban yaro wanda ke da ikon lauya ko kuma ke sarrafa kudaden iyaye ya biya wurin ** daga cikin kudin shiga na iyaye da albarkatun Medicaid**. Ba za su iya *** ba za su tilasta maka ka biya daga cikin walat ɗin ku ba sai dai idan kun karkatar da kuɗin Social Security na iyayenku ko kuɗin fansho da kanku. A cikin **Yuli 2022, CFPB da CMS sun ba da gargaɗin haɗin gwiwa na tarayya *** suna bayyana cewa gidajen jinya da masu karɓar bashi waɗanda ke kai ƙarar yara manya a ƙarƙashin sashin "Jam'iyyar da ke da alhakin" sun saba wa Dokar Gyara Gida na Nursing da FDCPA.

5. Shirin Farfado da Gidajen Medicaid (MERP): Lokacin da Jiha ta Iya kuma Ba za ta Iya Da'awar Gidan ba¶

Idan iyayenku da suka mutu ko matar ku sun karɓi ** Medicaid fa'idodin kulawa na dogon lokaci ** bayan ** shekaru 55 , dokar tarayya (42 U.S.C. Sashe na 1396p(b)) na buƙatar hukumar Medicaid ta jihar don neman farfadowa daga dukiyar mai karɓar mamaci ( Shirin Farfado da Gidajen Medicaid / MERP**). - Wajibi na keɓancewa na Tarayya waɗanda ke Toshe Medicaid Daga ɗaukar Gidan Iyali: Ƙarƙashin 42 U.S.C. Sashe na 1396p (b)(2), jihar ** BA ZAI IYA warkewa daga gida ko ƙasa ba idan mai karɓar Medicaid da ya mutu ya rayu da: (1) mace mai rai, (2) yara ƙasa da shekara 21, ko (3) ** yaro na kowane zamani wanda yake makaho ko maras lafiya na dindindin da SSI (SS) gabaɗaya. - ** Yaro Mai Kula da Manya da Keɓancewa:** Dokar tarayya kuma ta keɓe gida idan ** babban yaro ya zauna a gidan iyaye aƙalla shekaru 2 masu ci gaba kai tsaye kafin shigar da gidan reno** kuma ya ba da kulawar da ta jinkirta samar da cibiyoyi, KO idan ɗan'uwan da ke da riba ya rayu a cikin gida na akalla shekara 1 kafin shiga. Kowace jiha kuma dole ne ta ba da Medicaid Undue Hardship Waiver (yawanci tare da kwanakin ƙarshe na kwanaki 30 zuwa 60 na aikace-aikacen**).

Mataki na 3: Dokokin FTC da CFPB da ke tafiyar da yadda masu tara za su iya tuntuɓar waɗanda suka tsira¶

Ƙarƙashin Bayanin Manufofin FTC akan Bashin Masu Bashi (2011)** da ** Dokar CFPB F (Sashe na 12 CFR 1006.2 (e) da 1006.6) ***, masu karɓar bashi dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin tarayya guda huɗu:

1. ** Ƙayyadaddun Iyaka akan Wanda Za'a Iya Tuntuɓa (12 CFR Sashe na 1006.6(a)(4)):** Sai dai idan kun yarda, mai tarawa zai iya tattauna bashin mamaci kawai tare da: (a) matakin rai, (b) iyaye* (KAWAI idan wanda ya rasu ya kasance ƙarami), © mai kula da shi.**** Mai Gudanarwa, ko Wakili na Musamman *** na Estate. Mai tarawa na iya kiran sauran dangi ** sau ɗaya** kawai don neman bayanan tuntuɓar Mai zartarwa, kuma ba zai iya bayyana cewa wanda ya mutu yana bin bashi ba (15 U.S.C. Sashe na 1692b).
2. Hani akan 'yan uwa masu ruɗi Game da Laifin Keɓaɓɓen (15 U.S.C. Sashe na 1692e): Mai tarawa ya keta dokar tarayya idan sun bayyana ko suna nuna cewa ɗan uwa ya wajaba ya biya bashin daga kuɗin nasu, inshorar rayuwa, ko fa'idodin ritaya lokacin da ba su da alhakin doka.
3. Bayyana wajabcin Cewa Ana Neman Biyan Daga Wurin Kadai: Masu tara kuɗi dole ne su bayyana cewa ana neman biyan kuɗi ne kawai ** daga kadarorin wanda ya rasu ne kawai**, ba daga kuɗin ɗan uwa ba.
4. Haƙƙin Dakatar da Duk Kira da Wasiƙu Nan da nan (Sashe na 15 U.S.C. 1692c©): Mace mai rai, Mai zartarwa, ko Wakili na sirri yana da haƙƙin ƙa'ida don aika rubutacciyar sanarwar Tsagaitawa da Hana** tilasta mai tarawa ya dakatar da duk kiran waya da wasiƙu.

Mataki na 4: Matsayin fifiko na da'awar: Me yasa masu zartarwa ba zasu taba biyan katunan kiredit ba tukuna¶

In every U.S. state (modeled on Uniform Probate Code Section 3-805), debts of an insolvent estate must be paid in a rigid Statutory Waterfall of Priority:

1. Class 1 (Highest Priority): Costs and Expenses of Estate Administration (Court filing fees, probate attorney fees, and Executor commissions).
2. Class 2: Statutory Family Allowance, Homestead Allowance, and Exempt Property Allowance (In almost every state, the surviving spouse and minor/dependent children are entitled to take a Statutory Family Allowance and Exempt Property Allowance, often $15,000 to $60,000+ in cash and property, off the top of the estate BEFORE unsecured creditors get a dime).
3. Class 3: Reasonable Funeral, Burial, and Cremation Expenses.
4. Class 4: Debts and Taxes With Preference Under Federal Law (such as unpaid IRS taxes under the Federal Priority Statute, 31 U.S.C. Section 3713, which holds an executor personally liable if they pay credit cards before paying the IRS).
5. Class 5: Reasonable Medical and Hospital Expenses of the Last Illness (and Medicaid Estate Recovery claims).
6. Class 6: State and Local Taxes.
7. Class 7 (Lowest Priority): All Other Claims, Including Unsecured Credit Cards, Personal Loans, Payday Loans, Utility Bills, and Deficiency Balances.

Suppose your late father died with $22,000 in his checking account and $35,000 in credit card debt. If the funeral cost $8,000, probate administration cost $2,000, and your state grants a $15,000 Statutory Family / Exempt Property Allowance, 100 percent of that \(22,000 goes legally to the funeral home and the surviving family under Classes 1, 2, and 3**, leaving **\)0 for Class 7 credit cards, which are legally discharged.

Phase 5: Verbatim letters to stop Deceased-Account Collectors¶

Template 1: Non-Liable Surviving Relative & Insolvent/No-Estate Cease Letter (Most Common)¶

[Date]

VIA CERTIFIED MAIL - RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Tracking Number: [Insert Tracking Number]

To: [Name of Deceased-Account Collection Agency / Creditor]
[Street Address, City, State/Province, Postal Code]

Re: Deceased Account Holder: [Full Name of Deceased Relative] | Date of Death: [Insert Date]
Account / Reference Number: [Insert Account Number]

NOTICE OF DEATH, INSOLVENT / NO-PROBATE ESTATE STATUS, NON-LIABILITY OF SURVIVORS,
AND DEMAND TO CEASE ALL COMMUNICATIONS (15 U.S.C. Section 1692c(c))

To Whom It May Concern:

Please take formal notice that [Full Name of Deceased Relative] passed away on [Date of Death]. A copy of the Death Certificate [with cause of death and Social Security number redacted for privacy, or unredacted if closing an original bank account] is enclosed.

1. NO PERSONAL LIABILITY OF SURVIVING FAMILY:
I am the [surviving spouse / adult child / sibling / relative] of the decedent. I did not co-sign or jointly apply for this account, and I have zero personal legal liability for the decedent's individual debts. Under the Federal Trade Commission Policy Statement on Decedents' Debts and CFPB Regulation F (12 CFR Part 1006), any representation that a surviving family member must pay this debt from personal funds, life insurance proceeds, or retirement benefits is unlawful.

2. NO PROBATE ESTATE / INSOLVENT ESTATE:
The decedent left no probate estate [OR: The decedent's estate is insolvent and contains no non-exempt assets available for Class 7 general unsecured creditors after statutory funeral expenses, administration costs, and statutory family/exempt property allowances]. No probate proceeding will be opened for the purpose of paying unsecured claims, and this account must be written off as uncollectible due to death.

3. DEMAND TO CEASE AND DESIST ALL COMMUNICATIONS (15 U.S.C. Section 1692c(c)):
Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 1692c(c) and 12 CFR Section 1006.6, I hereby demand that you immediately CEASE AND DESIST all further telephone calls, letters, and communications to me or any member of my family regarding this account, except to confirm in writing that this account has been closed.

Sincerely,
[Your Printed Name & Mailing Address]

Template 2: Executor / Personal Representative Demand for Formal Probate Claim & FDCPA Validation¶

[Date]

VIA CERTIFIED MAIL - RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
Tracking Number: [Insert Tracking Number]

To: [Name of Collection Agency / Creditor] ([Street Address])

Re: Estate of [Full Name of Decedent], Deceased
Probate Court & Case Number: [Name of County Probate/Surrogate's Court, Case #]
Alleged Account Number: [Insert Account Number]

NOTICE OF FORMAL PROBATE ADMINISTRATION, FDCPA VALIDATION DEMAND (15 U.S.C. Section 1692g),
AND MAIL-ONLY CEASE NOTICE (15 U.S.C. Section 1692c)

To Whom It May Concern:

I am the court-appointed [Executor / Administrator / Personal Representative] of the Estate of [Full Name of Decedent].

1. DEMAND FOR DEBT VALIDATION (15 U.S.C. Section 1692g):
The Estate formally disputes the validity and amount of the alleged debt referenced above. Please provide complete written validation, including the original signed contract or application, an itemized accounting of all principal, interest, and fees, and proof of chain of assignment.

2. REQUIREMENT TO FILE FORMAL PROBATE CREDITOR CLAIM:
The Estate will not make any informal or telephone payments to any creditor. If you contend that you hold a valid claim against the Estate, you must file a formal, verified Creditor's Claim with the [Name of County Probate/Surrogate's Court] in strict compliance with state probate non-claim statutes before the statutory creditor bar deadline. Any verified claim timely filed will be paid strictly in accordance with the statutory priority of claims under state probate law (after Class 1 to 6 administration costs, statutory family allowances, funeral expenses, and priority taxes) to the extent solvent estate funds remain.

3. CEASE ALL TELEPHONE CALLS:
Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 1692c, you are directed to cease all telephone calls to me and communicate solely in writing at the estate mailing address below.

Sincerely,
[Your Signature & Printed Name], as Personal Representative of the Estate of [Decedent Name]
[Estate Mailing Address]

Phase 6: International survivor debt protection frameworks¶

• United Kingdom (Administration of Estates Act 1925, Tell Us Once, & Death Notification Service):
• Zero Survivor Liability: In England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, a spouse, civil partner, or child is never personally liable for a deceased person's individual debts unless they signed a joint credit agreement or a written personal guarantee. Individual debts are payable only from the deceased person's estate.
• Jointly Owned Homes (Joint Tenants vs. Tenants in Common): If a couple owns their home as Joint Tenants, the deceased person's share passes automatically by survivorship to the surviving partner at the instant of death and does NOT form part of the probate estate.
• Statutory Insolvent Estate Order: Under the Administration of Estates Act 1925 and the Administration of Insolvent Estates of Deceased Persons Order 1986, reasonable funeral, testamentary, and administration expenses have first priority ahead of all unsecured creditors. Use the government's free Tell Us Once service to notify HMRC, DWP, DVLA, and council tax offices, and use the Death Notification Service to notify major UK banks simultaneously to freeze interest and stop collection letters.
• Kanada (Ayyukan Amintattun Lardi, Tsira, & Keɓance Inshorar Rayuwa/RRSPs):
• A duk faɗin lardunan Kanada, membobin dangi suna da ** abin alhaki na sirri *** don katunan kuɗi ɗaya na dangin mamaci, layin bashi, ko basussukan haraji sai dai idan sun sanya hannu kan lamuni ko kuma sun karɓi rarraba kadarorin da bai dace ba kafin Hukumar Kuɗi ta Kanada (CRA) ta ba da ** Takaddun Shaida *** a ƙarƙashin * Dokar Harajin Shiga.
• ** Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kariya:** Karkashin Lardi * Ayyukan Assurance* da * Ayyukan Gyaran Dokar Nasara* (misali, Ontario * SLRA*), ** Manufofin Inshorar Rayuwa , ** RRSPs, ** RRIFs*, da *TFSAs tare da mai suna mai cin gajiyar kuɗi mai suna wanda ba a ba da izinin banki ba tare da kati ba. masu ba da bashi (ko da yake CRA na iya tantance mai cin gajiyar RRSP don harajin samun kuɗin shiga na marigayin wanda ba a biya shi ba wanda aka danganta ga RRSP a ƙarƙashin * Sashe na 160.2 a Dokar Harajin Kuɗi ** idan dukiya ba za ta iya biya ba). Karkashin lardi Ayyukan Amintattu, daidaitattun jana'izar da kashe kuɗaɗen jana'izar suna da fifiko na farko a gaban masu lamuni marasa tsaro.
• ** Ostiraliya (Fa'idodin Mutuwar Superannuation, Inshorar Rayuwa, da Kayayyakin Matattu):**
• A Ostiraliya, dangi ba za su taɓa yin alhaki a kansu ba kan bashin mutum ɗaya da ya rasu. Karkashin Dokar Tattalin Arziki ta 1966 (Cth) (Sashe na 116(2)(d))** da kuma ** Dokar Kwangilar Inshora ta 1984 (Cth) (Sashe na 48), ** Fa'idodin Mutuwar Superannuation da ** Inshorar Rayuwa** da aka biya kai tsaye ga wanda ke dogaro da shi ko mai suna wanda aka kebe daga wanda aka ba shi kyauta. masu ba da bashi *, koda kuwa dukiyar da ta mutu ta lalace gabaɗaya a ƙarƙashin ** Sashe na XI na Dokar Fatarar 1966.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Me zai faru idan ni "Mai amfani da Izini" ne akan katin kiredit na matata da ya rasu kuma banki ya ba da rahoton ma'auni na rashin gaskiya akan rahoton kiredit NA?¶

Idan kai Mai Amfani ne kawai Mai Izini (kuma ba mai neman haɗin gwiwa ba), ba ku da alhaki na doka don ma'auni. Da farko, kira ko rubuta zuwa Sashen Asusu na Matattu / Matattu don bayar da rahoton mutuwar mai katin farko kuma a nemi a soke sunanka nan da nan a matsayin Mai Izini. Na biyu, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Bayar da Bayar da Ba da Lamuni (15 U.S.C. Sashe na 1681i), shigar da takaddama ta kan layi ko rubuce-rubuce tare da Equifax, Experian, da TransUnion yana mai cewa: "Ni kawai mai amfani ne mai izini akan wannan asusun; mai katin farko ya mutu kuma ba ni da wani alhaki na kwangila. Cire wannan layin kasuwanci daga rahoton kuɗi na nan da nan." Ma'aikatan bashi suna share layukan ciniki masu izini a cikin kwanaki 14 zuwa 30 na jayayya.

Shin zan iya ci gaba da tuka motar matata da ta rasu ko iyayena, ko in hana banki sake mallake ta?¶

Idan motar tana da rancen mota mai aiki, mai ba da rancen mota yana riƙe da amintaccen jingina akan taken abin hawa. Idan babu wanda ya biya kuɗin mota na wata-wata, mai ba da bashi yana da hakkin ya dawo da motar da kanta, ko da yake ba za su iya shigar da 'yan uwa da suka tsira da kansu ba don duk wani ma'auni na rashi bayan sake mallakar su (wannan rashi shine da'awar da ba a tabbatar da shi ba a kan dukiya kawai). Idan motar ba ta da daraja fiye da ma'auni na rance, za ku iya kiran mai ba da lamuni na mota, ku sanar da su wanda ya ba da bashi ya mutu, kuma ku shirya mika wuya na maɓalli na son rai don haka ba ku da wani abu daga aljihu. Idan kana so ka ajiye motar, ci gaba da biyan kuɗin wata-wata akan lokaci kuma amfani da DMV na jihar ku Shaidar Canja wurin Ba tare da Probate ba don canja wurin take.

Shin IRS ko Hukumar Haraji ta Jiha za ta iya sanya matar da ta tsira ko babba yaro ya biya harajin kuɗin shiga na baya na wanda ya mutu?¶

An babba yaro ko wani dangi ba zai taba zama abin dogaro da kansa ba ga iyayen da suka mutu ba a biya IRS ko harajin kuɗin shiga na jiha (sai dai idan yaron ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai zartarwa kuma ya rarraba kuɗin ƙasa ga magada kafin ya biya IRS ta cin zarafin Sashe na 31 na U.S.C. 3713). Za a mace mai rai, kai ne kawai da kanka ke da alhakin bashin harajin kuɗin shiga na matar da ta mutu idan kun sanya hannu kan takardar Komawa Harajin Haɗin Kai (Mai Aure A Haɗe) domin waccan shekarar haraji ta musamman. Ko da kun sanya hannu kan dawo da haɗin gwiwa, idan bashin haraji ya taso ne daga kuɗin shigar da matar ku da ba a ba da rahoto ba ko kurakurai waɗanda ba ku sani ba, kuna iya shigar da su. IRS Form 8857 (Neman Taimakon Ma'aurata marasa laifi) karkashin 26 U.S.C. Sashe na 6015 don samun IRS ya sauke ku daga alhaki na sirri.

Menene "Tagar Mai Ba da Lamuni na Gajeren Lokaci," kuma ta yaya take goge basussukan wanda ya mutu har abada?¶

Kowace Jiha Code Probate ya ƙunshi a Doka'ar Da'awa. Lokacin da Executor ya buɗe probate kuma ya buga na yau da kullun Sanarwa ga Masu Ba da Lamuni a cikin wata jarida ta gida (da kuma aika wasiku kai tsaye zuwa ga sanannun masu ba da bashi), dokar jihar ta kafa ƙaƙƙarfan agogon ƙirgawa, yawanci kawai Wata 3 zuwa 6 (misali, watanni 4 a California da Massachusetts, watanni 3 a Florida da Washington). Duk wani mai bin bashi wanda ya kasa shigar da takardar da'awar Creditor a rubuce kafin wa'adin watanni 3 zuwa 6 ya kare. har abada doka ta hana daga karbar kashi daya. Ko da babu wanda ya buɗe probate kwata-kwata, jihohi da yawa suna da cikakkiyar waje Ƙa'idar iyaka ta shekara 1 ko 2 bayan Mutuwa (kamar California Code of Civil Procedure Sashe na 366.2 ko Florida Dokokin Sashe na 733.710) bayan haka kusan duk da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba akan mamaci an kashe ta har abada.

An duba tushe¶

• Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya (FTC) (Amurka): Sanarwa Manufofin Game da Sadarwar Sadarwa tare da Tarin Bashi Mai Layi, 76 Fed. Reg. 44915 (Yuli 27, 2011) da *Shawarar Masu Amfani da FTC: Bashi da Matattu.
• ** Ofishin Kariyar Kuɗi na Mabukaci (CFPB) (Amurka):** Dokar F (Dokar Ayyukan Tara Bashi), Sashe na 12 CFR 1006.2 (e) da 1006.6 (a) (4); Shawarwari na Haɗin gwiwa na CFPB & CMS akan Hana Garanti na ɓangare na uku (2022); da Dokar X/Z Magaji cikin Dokokin Sha'awa.
• U.S. Dokokin Tarayya na Congress (Amurka): Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act na 1982, 12 U.S.C. Sashi na 1701j-3(d); Dokar Gyaran Gidan Jiyya, 42 U.S.C. Sashe na 1396r © (5) (A) (ii); Dokar dawo da Estate Medicaid, 42 U.S.C. Sashe na 1396p (b) (2); da Sashe na 3-805 na Uniform Probate Code (UPC)
• Gwamnatin Burtaniya, Hukumar Harajin Harajin Kanada / Ma'aikatun Lardi, & Hukumar Tsaron Kuɗi ta Australiya (AFSA): Dokar Gudanar da Gidaje ta 1925 & Bayar da Kayayyaki 1986 (Birtaniya); Dokar Canjin Dokar Canji ta Ontario & Dokar Amincewa (Kanada); da Dokar fatarar fatara ta 1966 (Cth) Sashe na 116(2)(d) & Sashe na XI (Australia).

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Makullin shari'a, daskarewar gidaje, da hukumar gaggawa ta zartarwa
• jinkirin da'awar inshorar rai, jayayyar masu cin gajiyar, da bambance-bambancen takardar shaidar mutuwa
• Asarar mai samun firamare
• Cin zarafi da masu karbar bashi
• Tarin lissafin likita, taimakon kuɗi na asibiti, da kulawar agaji
• Sanarwa na kwacewa, juriyar jingina, da rage asara
• Lambobin gaggawa ta ƙasa