Acoustic flashbang, tasirin motsa jiki, da tarwatsa taron jama'a rauni taimakon farko¶

A lokacin tashin hankalin jama'a, zanga-zangar jama'a, ko jami'an tsaro na tarwatsa taron jama'a, 'yan kallo, 'yan jarida, likitoci, da mazauna wurin ana iya fallasa su zuwa nau'ikan makaman sarrafa taron jama'a (sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na haƙƙin ɗan adam suna rarraba su a matsayin "makamai marasa ƙarfi"). Waɗannan na'urori sun haɗa da kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) kamar harsashin roba, zagayen kumfa, zagayen jakunkuna, da gurneti na soso; ** fashewar gurneti na pyrotechnic stun gurneti (flashbangs)** da gurneti masu girgiza; ** na'urorin sauti masu tsayi (LRADs / cannons)*; da ** abubuwan da ke haifar da haushi (gas ɗin hawaye / CS, barkono mai fesa / OC, da barkono barkono)**.

Duk da kalmar "marasa kisa," nazarin likitancin da aka yi bita a cikin * BMJ* da kuma * The New England Journal of Medicine * sun nuna cewa tasirin tasirin tasirin motsa jiki da na'urori na pyrotechnic suna haifar da mummunan rauni, raunin rayuwa a kusa: buɗe ido na ido na duniya, raunin kwanyar kwanyar, rauni na ciki ko zubar jini na ciki, bugun jini na ciki ko na ciki. overpressure, da zurfin thermal karfe-oxide konewa. Sanin yadda ake fitar da wanda ya ji rauni daga layin wuta, da garkuwar ƙwallon ido da ya karye ba tare da an sha matsi ba, da magance fashewar fashewar fashewar ko fashewar kunnuwa, da kuma zubar da abubuwan da ke damun sinadarai cikin aminci yana hana tawaya ta dindindin da kuma ceton rayuka.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. ** Matsar da wanda aka ji rauni a kai tsaye daga layin wuta da sama sama nan da nan ***: Kafin yunƙurin kula da raunin rauni, jagora ko ɗaukar wanda ya ji rauni a gefe daga titin titin a bayan bangon bango mai ƙarfi (kamar kusurwar ginin gini ko bango) da ** sama / tudu ** daga gajimare mai sa hawaye mai sa hawaye, waɗanda ke nutsewa cikin ƙananan ƙofa da matakan jirgin karkashin kasa.
2. Kira lambar gaggawa ta gida nan da nan don kai, ƙirji, wuya, ko tasirin ido: Kira 911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a cikin Tarayyar Turai, 999 a Burtaniya, ko 000 a Ostiraliya. Harsashin roba ko jakar wake zagaye da ke bugun kai, wuya, ko ƙirji na iya haifar da mummunar zubar jini na ciki, rugujewar hanyar iska, ko kama zuciya (commotio cordis) koda kuwa fatar waje ba ta karye ba. Duba mu adireshin lambobin gaggawa.
3. Kada a taɓa, danna, ko shafa idon da wani tsinke ko fashewa ya buge: Idan harsashin roba, ƙwallon fenti ko barkono, ko gutsuttsuran ɓangarorin filashi ya bugi ido ko kewayawa, **KADA a shafa ido kai tsaye kuma KAR KA YI ƙoƙarin cire ɓangarorin da suka makale. rufe idon mara rauni haka kuma don dakatar da motsin ido na tausayi yayin jigilar asibiti.
4. Kada ku taɓa, ɗauka, ko zuba ruwa akan bututun walƙiya ko gwangwanin hayaki mai sa hawaye: gurneti masu tsauri da gwangwani mai sa hawaye irin na soja suna ƙone cajin magnesium na ciki ko aluminum-perchlorate a ** 1,000 zuwa 2,700 digiri Celsius (1,800 zuwa 4,900 digiri Fahrenheit ko na biyun ƙafafu. Ku tafi nan da nan; idan tufafi ya kama wuta, ** Tsaya, Drop, da Roll ** ko kuma kunna wuta da babban riga, sai fata mai sanyi ta ƙone tare da ruwan gudu na minti 20.
5. Ajiye ruwa, sabulu, da yatsu daga zub da jini ko kunnen ringi bayan fashewar buguwa: Idan gurneti mai ban mamaki ya fashe kusa da kan wani, girgizar 170 zuwa 180-decibel tana yawan fashe eardrum ( membrane tympanic ). Kada a taɓa sanya ɗigo, ruwa, ko auduga a cikin magudanar kunne. A hankali a sanya sako-sako da busassun gauze kushin a cikin kunnen waje don kama jini ko share ruwa kuma a nemi kulawar gaggawa na likita.
6. • Karbe gurbataccen hayaki ko barkonon tsohuwa da ruwan sanyi ko gishiri (tsalle madara da antacids akan raunukan bude ido): Matsa zuwa iska mai kyau, karkata gaba don gudun kada ya wanko cikin idanuwa ko makwancinsa, sannan a fitar da idanu daga kusurwar ciki (kusa da hanci) waje ta hanyar amfani da magudanar ruwa na ** Saline na yau da kullun ko tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai sanyi. Kada a taɓa zuba madara, shamfu na jarirai, ko antacid na ruwa a cikin ido wanda shima yana da yanke, goga, ko rauni.

flowchart TD
    A["Raunin Watsewar Jama'a Yana Faruwa"] --> B["Matsar da abin da ya faru a gefe a bayan murfi mai ƙarfi da sama zuwa wani yanki mai aminci"]
    B --> C{"Menene tsarin raunin farko?"}
    C -->|"Tasirin Kinetic Projectile (Bullet Rubber, Bag Bag, Round Sponge)"| D{"Wane yanki ne aka buge?"}
    C -->|"Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Blast ko Acoustic LRAD"| E{"Akwai zafi mai zafi, zubar kunne, ko shrapnel?"}
    C -->|"Sinadari Mai Haushi Kawai (Tear Gas CS / Pepper Spray OC)"| F["Cire gurɓataccen Layer na waje, kiftawar iska mai daɗi, da yayyafa idanuwa ciki-zuwa waje da ruwa ko gishiri."]
    D -->|"Kai, wuya, ƙirji, ko Ciki"| G["Kira sabis na gaggawa nan da nan: duba hanyar iska/numfashi da kuma duban zubar jini na ciki ko tashin hankali"]
    D -->|"Ido ko Orbit"| H["Matsin ZERO akan ido: tefa garkuwar kofi mai tsauri a kan soket ɗin kasusuwa kuma rufe idanu biyu"]
    D -->|"Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwa"| I["Sarrafa zubar jini tare da tsayayyen zobe/matsi kai tsaye ba tare da zurfafa zurfafawa ba"]
    E -->|"Ƙunƙarar zafi daga Canister ko Flash"| J["A sanyaya ƙonawa tare da tsaftataccen ruwan gudu na tsawon mintuna 20 kuma a rufe shi da kyau tare da bakararre manne ko rigar da ba ta daɗe."]
    E -->|"Ruptured Eardrum (Kurma, Ringing, Jin Jini)"| K["Rike canal na kunne 100% bushe (babu digo ko ruwa), rufe kunnen waje sako-sako da busassun gauze, sannan a duba gauze"]

Triage matrix: taron tarwatsa makamai da takamaiman yanayin rauni¶

Fahimtar tsarin jiki na kowane na'ura mai tarwatsa taron jama'a yana ba masu amsawa na farko da masu kallo damar neman ɓoyayyun raunukan ciki waɗanda ke da sauƙin ɓacewa a cikin yanayin titi mai ruɗi.

Mataki 1: Maganin Kinetic Impact Projectile (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag) raunin da ya faru¶

Tatsuniyar tatsuniyar ita ce, "harsashin roba" an yi su ne da roba mai laushi, mai laushi kamar ƙwallon wasan yara. A zahiri, yawancin tasirin tasirin motsi ya ƙunshi ** ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, gubar, ko asalin aluminium ** mai rufi a cikin ƙaramin milimita 2 na bakin ciki na roba mai ƙarfi ko kumfa polyurethane mai ƙarfi, yayin da 12-ma'auni "jakar bean" ya ƙunshi matashin masana'anta na Kevlar cike da ** 40 grams (1 * # 9 fired gubar daga harbin bindiga) Mita 90 a sakan daya (ƙafa 230 zuwa 300 a sakan daya).

Lokacin da aka harbe shi daga ɗan gajeren zango, ko kuma lokacin da madaidaicin ricochets daga kan titin kwalta kuma ya faɗi ƙasa zuwa maƙiyi, ƙarfin kuzarin da aka tattara yana yanke kai tsaye ta fata, ya wargaza ƙashi, kuma ya haɗa kayan aikin (tare da ƙazantaccen masana'anta daga tufafin wanda aka azabtar) zurfin cikin tsoka ko cavities na jiki.

1. Ciwon ido: lokacin da ball ko barkono ya bugi ido¶

Binciken likita ya nuna cewa ** tasirin ido daga aikin motsa jiki yana ɗaukar ɗayan mafi girman ƙimar nakasa ta dindindin a cikin saitunan tarwatsa jama'a**, yawanci rupturing ƙwallon ido (** rauni na buɗe ido a duniya*), cire ido, ko cika ɗakin gaban da jini (traumatic hyphema).

Tsarin raunin ido nan da nan: - Gane Rauni Buɗe Globe: Duba (ba tare da taɓa ko ja a kan fatar ido ba) ga almajiri mai siffar hawaye ko marar ka'ida, jini yana taruwa a cikin iris masu launi (hyphema), nama mai duhu mai kama da fitowar fari daga ido, faɗuwa ko faɗuwar bayyanar idon ido, ko (baƙi) ya tafi kwatsam. - A shafa matsi ZERO ga ƙwallon ido: Kada a taɓa maƙallan gauze akan idon da ya buge, kuma kar a taɓa zuba ruwa mai ƙarfi ko gaurayawan antacid na gida a cikin idon da ya yi tasiri sosai. Danna maƙarƙashiyar ƙwallon ido yana matse da ɗanɗano ɗanɗano daga ido, yana haifar da makanta mara jurewa. - ** Gina garkuwar ido mai tsaftar ido **: Idan baku da garkuwar ido na aluminium na soja, ɗauki ruwa mai tsabta ** takarda ko kofin shan kumfa , yanke ko yayyage ƙasan rabin ya kai tsayin centimeters 4 (inci 1.5), sannan ku taɓa gefen kofin a kan ** kashin goshin ido da ke ƙasa da ido. ko kwayar idon kanta. - Rufe idon da bai samu rauni ba (Bilateral Patching): Idanuwan mutum suna hade da juna ta hanyar jijiya ( motsin ido na hadin gwiwa): duk lokacin da idonka na hagu mai kyau ya zagaya don duba ma'aikatan jinya ko fitilun titi, idonka na dama da ya ji rauni yana tafiya daidai a cikin kwas dinsa, yana nika kashin orbital ko yaga kyallen ido. Rufe ido mai kyau a hankali tare da gauze yana kwantar da idanu biyu yayin da kake jagorantar mutumin da hannu zuwa motar asibiti. - Matsayi a tsaye a digiri 30 zuwa 45: Ka kiyaye mara lafiya a tsaye (kada a yi kwance ba tare da sunkuyar da kai ba) kuma ka umurce su da cewa kada su yi tari, hura hanci, ko damuwa ***, wanda ke haifar da matsa lamba na intraocular. Dubi cikakken bayanin mu raunin ido Jagoran taimakon farko.

2. Tasirin kai, wuya, da fuska¶

Baton kumfa mai tsawon millimita 40 ko harsashi na roba da ke bugun goshi, haikali, muƙamuƙi, ko wuyansa yana ba da isasshen ƙarfi don karye kwanyar, murkushe makogwaro (akwatin murya), ko rarraba jijiya carotid.

• **Hanyar iska ta farko a wuyan wuyanta ta fara bugawa ***: Wani mashigin da ke bugun gaban makogwaro zai iya karya thyroid ko cricoid guringuntsi, yana haifar da kumburin ciki da sauri wanda ke toshe hanyar iska a cikin mintuna 10 zuwa 20. Idan wani ya bugi wuyansa ya sami murya mai tsauri, wahalar haɗiye miyagu, hayaniya mai yawan numfashi (stridor), ko kumbura/kumburi a ƙarƙashin fatar wuyan (subcutaneous emphysema), kira sabis na gaggawa nan da nan kuma a ajiye su a tsaye tsaye suna jingina gaba kaɗan.
• Allon don Jinin Ciki: Duk wanda ya buge a kai wanda ya rasa hayyacinsa (ko da daƙiƙa 3), amai, ya rikice, ya sami ɗalibai marasa daidaituwa, yana da ruwa mai tsabta ko jini yana digo daga hanci ko kunnuwa, ko kuma ya sami ciwon kai mai muni yana buƙatar hoto na gaggawa na gaggawa na CT. Duba mu jagoran raunin kai.

3. Ciwon ƙirji da na ciki (da abin da aka saka)¶

• Kada a ciro harsashi na roba ko jakar wake zagaye: A cikin jeri da ke ƙasa da mita 15 (ƙafa 50), zagaye na soso na millimita 40 da jakunkuna masu harbin gubar mai ma'auni 12 akai-akai suna buga kai tsaye ta cikin fata kuma su kwana cikin bangon ƙirji, ciki, ko cinya. Yi maganin abin da aka makala daidai kamar igiyar wuka da aka rataye: fitar da shi a titi na iya kwance jijiyar da ta tsage. Ka bar shi a wuri, shirya gauze mai tsabta a kusa da gefuna don daidaita shi, kuma kai ga likitan fiɗa. (Lura ga likitocin ER: 12-gauge bean bag rounds sun ƙunshi ** hoton tsuntsayen gubar ** wanda zai iya fashewa a cikin rauni, yana buƙatar tabbatar da X-ray cewa duk pellet ɗin gubar da masana'anta ana cire su ta hanyar tiyata.)
• Kallon Jinkirin Jinin Ciki (Spleen, Hanta, da Huhu): Mutum ya bugi ƙananan haƙarƙari ko ciki da sandar zagaya yakan yi tafiya yana tunanin kawai yana da mugun abu mai launin shuɗi, sai dai ya ruguje bayan sa'o'i 2 a gida daga wani ** fashewar saifa, hanta, ko tashin hankali pneumothorax (gudanar huhu). Nemi kimantawar asibiti na gaggawa bayan duk wani tasiri mai ƙarfi idan mutum ya sami ƙarancin numfashi, zafi mai zafi lokacin shan numfashi mai zurfi, jin zafi yana haskakawa zuwa ƙarshen kafadar hagu ( Alamar Kehr** na jini da ke damun diaphragm daga ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ƙwayar cuta), kodaddin fata mai laushi, dizziness lokacin da yake tsaye, ko taurin ciki.

Mataki 2: Maganin Flashbang (Stun Grenade) da raunin fashewar Acoustic¶

A flashbang (stun gurneti) na'urar fashewa ce da aka kera tun asali don shigar da ɗakin ceton sojoji, ba buɗe taron jama'a ba. Amma duk da haka lokacin da aka tura shi cikin jama'a masu yawa, flashbang yana fashewa tare da matsananciyar matsananciyar girgiza na ** 170 zuwa 185 decibels ** (fiye da sau 1,000 madaidaicin matsi wanda ke rushe tsarin kunnuwa na ɗan adam), makanta ** 6-zuwa-8-million-candela haske walƙiya ***, da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi na magnesium.

.¶

Lokacin da gurneti mai walƙiya ko tashin hankali ya tashi a tsakanin mita 1 zuwa 5 (ƙafa 3 zuwa 16) na mutum, igiyar ƙararrawa mai ƙarfi tana shiga cikin kwanyar da canal kunne na waje:

• ** Alamomin Ruptured Eardrum**: Ciwon kunne kwatsam a lokacin fashewar yana biye da jita-jita nan da nan ko kuma kurma a wancan gefen, ƙara mai ƙarfi ko ƙara mai ƙarfi (** tinnitus**), matsanancin dizziness (** vertigo*** da asarar ma'auni daga kunnen kunne na semicircular canal shock), ko matsewar jini daga kunnen dama.
• Matattaunan Dokokin Agajin Farko don Ciwon Kunnen Fashewa:
  1. Kiyaye canal na kunne 100 bisa 100 ya bushe: Kada a taɓa wanke kunnen da ya ji rauni da ruwa, gishiri, ko wankin ido yayin wanke hayaki mai sa hawaye. Idan mutum yana da tsinkewar kunne daga walƙiya kuma wani ya zuba gurɓataccen hayaki mai sa hawaye a cikin kunnuwansa, ƙwayoyin cuta da kristal na CS suna shiga tsakiyar kunnen kai tsaye, suna haifar da cututtukan tsakiyar kunne (* otitis media*) da zafi mai tsanani.
  2. Kada a toshe cikin magudanar kunnen da ke zubar da jini sosai: Idan tsaftataccen ruwa ko jini na ruwa yana fita daga cikin kunnen bayan buguwar kai, yana iya ƙunsar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) daga karyewar kwanyar basilar. Kada a taɓa ƙwallan auduga ko toshe kunnuwa a cikin magudanar kunne mai zubar jini. Madadin haka, sai a buga wani busasshiyar gauze pad a sako-sako da a wajen na kunn don haka ruwa zai iya zubowa a jikin kushin, kuma a nemi tantancewar likita na gaggawa. (Mafi yawan tsaftataccen fashewar bugun kunne na warkarwa da kansu sama da makonni 4 zuwa 8 idan an bushe gaba ɗaya, yayin da manyan hawaye suna buƙatar facin ƙwararrun ENT ko tympanoplasty.)

2. Na biyu da na uku na Flashbang Trauma: Shrapnel da Magnesium Thermal Burns¶

Kodayake an ƙera gurneti don haka ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe na sama da na ƙasa suna ci gaba da kasancewa yayin da iskar gas ke fitowa ta ramuka na gefe, na'urar walƙiya mai nauyi na zamani / filasta da gurneti na hayaki na pyrotechnic akai-akai suna fashe akan fashewa, suna haifar da ɓarke ​​kaifi na filastik kona, fitilun ƙarfe, da saurin sinadarai masu zafi: a waje.

• Cooling Flashbang da Canister Thermal Burns: Idan flashbang ta fashe a kan kafar wani, jakar baya, ko rigar wani, ko kuma idan wani ya yi kuskure da gangan ya yi goga da gwangwani mai sa hawaye na digiri 500-Celsius (932-Fahrenheit):
  1. Kashe duk wani tufafi na roba da ke ƙonewa nan da nan (jaket ɗin nailan na roba ko na polyester narke ya zama kwalta mai ɗaɗi mai zafi; cire tufafin waje masu hayaƙi idan ba a narke cikin fata ba).
  2. A hankali a goge duk wani busasshen busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun, sannan ** ambaliyar ruwa mai sanyi da tsaftataccen ruwan gudu na tsawon mintuna 20** (kada a yi amfani da kankara, man shanu, man goge baki, ko manna soda baking a kan kuna).
  3. Rufe ƙonawar da aka sanyaya a hankali tare da fim ɗin dafa abinci mai tsabta na filastik (dage farawa, ba a nannade shi sosai a kusa da wani kumburin hannu ba) ko rigar da ba ta da sanda ba kuma a je wurin ƙonawar asibiti ko sashin gaggawa.

3. Kare Na'urorin Acoustic na Dogon Rage (LRADs / Cannons)¶

Lokacin da LRAD (Na'urar Acoustic Na'urar Dogon Range) ta kunna sautin tsayayyen sautin sa, yana aiwatar da ƙarfin sauti mai ƙarfi na 2,000-zuwa-4,000-hertz a 135 zuwa 162 decibels. Domin ana auna decibels akan sikelin logarithmic, kowane adadin decibel 10 yana ninka kuzarin sauti da ninki 10: decibels 150 shine ** sau 1,000 fiye da wasan kide-kide na dutsen decibel 120 ko siren motar asibiti**, wanda hakan ke haifar da tsagewar injin kunne mai laushi a cikin dakika mai laushi.

Mataki na 3: Amintaccen lalatawar Tear Gas (CS) da Pepper Spray (OC) tare da raunuka¶

Lokacin da mutum yana da duka biyun rauni na zahiri (kamar gogewa, laceration, ko ruptured eardrum) DA gurɓataccen gurɓataccen sinadari mai nauyi (CS Tear gas ko OC/PAVA barkono mai fesa), dabarar lalatawar ku dole ne ku guje wa guba a buɗe rauni.

Yadda ake goge idanu da fata ba tare da yada lu'ulu'u na sinadarai zuwa ƙasa ba¶

1. **KADA KA shafa idanunka ***: CS tear gas ba gas ba ne; Yana da kyau aerosol girgije na microscopic m crystalline barbashi (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) tare da kankanin kaifi gefuna. Shafa idanunku yana niƙa waɗannan lu'ulu'u kai tsaye zuwa cikin cornea, yana haifar da raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi.
2. Ka tsaya cikin iskar ka yi kiftawa da sauri: Da zarar an fita daga cikin gajimaren hayaki, fuskanci iska mai tsafta, ka rike hannayenka daga ɓangarorinka, sannan ka kiftawa da sauri don haka hawaye na zahiri su fara shawagi da barbashi.
3. Cike daga hanci a waje yayin da kake jingina gaba: karkatar da kan ka gaba da gefe (don haka gurbataccen ruwan wanke yana digowa a ƙasa maimakon gudu zuwa wuyanka, ƙirji, da kuma cikin makwancinka, inda fata sirara ke ƙonewa sosai). Zuba magudanar ruwa na ** tsaftataccen ruwan sanyi ko salin salin da bakararre** a buɗe ido yana farawa daga ** kusurwar ciki kusa da gadar hanci** kuma yana gudana waje ta haikalin na tsawon mintuna 5 zuwa 10.
4. ** Kula da tsananin Asthma ko COPD bronchospasm ***: Shakar CS tear gas ko barkonon tsohuwa yana haifar da tashin hankali na iska a cikin mutanen da ke fama da asma ko cutar ta iska. Taimaka musu su zauna tsaye a cikin iska mai daɗi kuma ka taimake su yin amfani da abin da aka umarce su da albuterol/salbutamol ceto inhaler (2 zuwa 4 puffs via spacer); idan ihun ya ci gaba ko kuma leɓunansu sun zama shuɗi, kira ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na gaggawa nan da nan.
5. *Shawa mai sanyi a gida (kafin zafi): Lokacin da kuka dawo gida, cire gurɓatattun tufafinku a cikin gareji ko banɗaki a cikin jakar filastik da aka rufe. Shiga cikin shawa mai sanyi na tsawon mintuna 5 na farko yayin da kuke jingina kanku gaba don kada ruwa ya wanke ragowar gashi a jikinku na ƙasa; shan ruwan zafi na farko yana buɗe pores na fata kuma yana sake kunna lu'ulu'u na CS da suka kama tarko, yana haifar da sabon yanayin zafi mai cike da jiki.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

An duba tushe¶

• ** Kwamitin kasa da kasa na Red Cross (ICRC) da Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Red Crescent ta Duniya (IFRC) (Na Duniya) **: * Taimako na Farko a Rikicin Makamai da Sauran Halin Tashe-tashen hankula jagororin asibiti don raunin fashewar fashewa, raunin motsin motsa jiki, garkuwar ido, da gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta.
• ** Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam (PHR) da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Duniya (INCLO) (Amurka / Ƙasashen Duniya) **: * Mutuwar Mutuwar Kaya: Sakamakon Lafiya na Makamai Masu Kula da Jama'a da * BMJ Buɗe * nazari na yau da kullun game da mace-mace da cututtuka daga kayan aikin motsa jiki, makamai masu guba, stuncoustics.
• ** Cibiyar Nazarin Ido ta Amurka (AAO) (Amurka)**: Ganewa da Magance Raunukan Ido Tsakanin Masu Zanga-zangar (kariyar buɗe ido ta buɗe ido, kula da cututtukan da ke haifar da rauni, da kuma guje wa matsin lamba).
• Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) da Cibiyar Tsaron Ma'aikata da Lafiya ta ƙasa (NIOSH) (Amurka): * Ma'aikatan Kula da Tarzoma (CS, CN, da OC) Sharuɗɗan Gudanar da Likitanci* da *Maganin Raunukan fashewa: Kunne da fashewar Matsala mai ƙarfi.
• Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) da Faculty of Pre-Asibiti Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Pre-asibiti fashewa barotrauma, tympanic membrane perforation bushe-kunne ladabi, da thermal ƙona jagororin sanyaya.
• Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) (International): Ka'idodin kula da rauni na gaggawa don raunin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, cranial, da ciwon ido.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

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