Acoustic flashbang, kinetic impact, and crowd dispersal injury first aid¶

Wɔ ɔmanfo basabasayɛ, baguam ɔyɛkyerɛ, anaa mmarahyɛ baguafo reyɛ nnipadɔm a wɔpete wɔn apete adwuma mu no, wobetumi de wɔn a wɔrehwɛ, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo, nnuruyɛfo, ne wɔn a wɔte hɔ no adi akode ahorow a wɔde siw nnipadɔm ano (aduruyɛ ne nnipa hokwan ahorow akuw taa bu no sɛ "akode a enkum nnipa pii"). Saa mfiri yi bi ne kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) te sɛ rɔba atuo, foam baton rounds, beanbag rounds, ne sponge grenades; atopae a ɛpae a ɛma obi ho dwiriw no (flashbangs) ne atopae a ɛma obi ho popo; mfiri a wɔde bɔ nnyigyei a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri (LRADs / nnyigyei aprɛm); ne nnuru a ɛhyɛ abufuw (mframa a ɛma nusu / CS, ɛmo a wɔde petepete / OC, ne ɛmo bɔɔl).

Ɛmfa ho asɛmfua "nea edi awu kɛse" no, aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu a atipɛnfo asan ahwɛ mu a wotintimii wɔ BMJ ne The New England Journal of Medicine mu no kyerɛ sɛ afiri a wɔde tu mmirika a ɛma obi ho dwiriw no ne mfiri a wɔde yɛ ogya a ɛma obi ho dwiriw no no de opira a emu yɛ den a ɛde nkwa to asiane mu ba wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn: aniwa a ɛbue, ti nhwi a ɛpaapae a ɛyɛ adwenemhaw, mogya a ɛtɔ wɔ ahurututu mu anaa yafunu mu, tympanic membrane (aso mu ntini) a ɛtow fi nnyigyei a ɛpae a ɛboro so mu, ne ɔhyew a emu dɔ a ɛyɛ dade-oxide hyew. Nim a wunim sɛnea wobeyi obi a wapira afi ogya no mu, abɔ aniwa a apaapae ho ban a wɔmfa nhyɛso nni dwuma, sa flashbang blast burn anaa aso a ɛpaapae, na wɔhohoro nnuru a ɛhyɛ abufuw ho dwoodwoo no siw dɛmdi a ɛtra hɔ daa ano na egye nkwa.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Fa onipa a wapira no kɔ nkyɛn fi ogya no mu na kɔ soro ntɛm ara: Ansa na wobɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛhwɛ kuru no yiye no, kyerɛ onipa a wapira no kwan anaa fa no kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn fi abɔnten so kwan no so wɔ kataso a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ den akyi (te sɛ kɔnkrit ɔdan no ntwea so anaa aboɔ fasu) na mframa a ɛkɔ soro / foro kɔ akyirikyiri fi mframa a emu yɛ duru a ɛma nusuo mununkum mu, a ɛkɔ fam kɔ apon a ɛba fam mu na keteke a ɛnam fam antweri so.
2. Frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ ntɛmpɛ nɔma ntɛm ara na woanya ti, wo moma so, wo kɔn, anaa w’ani so nkɛntɛnso: Trɛ 911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, 999 wɔ United Kingdom, anaa 000 wɔ Australia. Rɔba tuo anaa bankye kotoku kurukuruwa a ɛbɔ ti, kɔn, anaa moma so no betumi ama mogya atɔ nipadua no mu a edi awu, mframa kwan ahwe ase, anaasɛ koma no agyae (commotio cordis) sɛ mpo akyi honam ani hwɛbea no mmubu a. Hwɛ yɛn ntɛmpɛ nɔma ahorow ho kyerɛwtohɔ.
3. Mfa wo nsa nka, mia, anaa ntwitwiw aniwa a wɔde afiri anaa ɔtopae abɔ da: Sɛ rɔba tuo, paintball/ɛmo bɔɔl, anaa flashbang asinasin bi bɔ aniwa no anaa kyinhyia no a, MMFA nhyɛsoɔ nhyɛ aniwa no so tẽẽ na MMƆ mmɔden sɛ wobɛtwe asinasin a akyea no afiri mu. Fa dome a ɛyɛ den a ɛbɔ wo ho ban (te sɛ dadeɛ aniwa kyɛm anaa krataa a ɛho tew ase kuruwa a wɔde teyp abɔ nnompe anim ne afono so) na kata aniwa a enpirapira no nso so na ama aniwa a ɛwɔ tema no agyae bere a wɔde rekɔ ayaresabea no.
4. Nbɔ wo nan, nnye, anaa nhwie nsu ngu flashbang anaa tear gas canister a ɛretu sigaret so da: Pyrotechnic stun grenades ne asraafo kwan so tear gas canisters hyew magnesium anaa aluminum-perchlorate charges a ɛwɔ mu wɔ 1,000 kosi 2,700 degrees Celsius (1,800 kosi 4,900 degrees Fahrenheit) na ebetumi detonate secondary ɔtopae a ɛtwa nsateaa anaa anan. Twe wo ho ntɛm ara; sɛ ntade mu gya hyew a, Gyina, Tow, na Bobɔw anaasɛ fa atade a emu yɛ duru mia ogyaframa a, ɛnde nsu a ɛreworo so hyew honam ani nwini simma 20.
5. Ma nsuo, samina, ne nsateaa nkɔ aso a mogya retu anaa ɛrebɔ wɔ flashbang a ɛpae akyi: Sɛ atopae a ɛma obi ho dwiriw no pae wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn obi ti a, asorɔkye a ɛyɛ decibel 170 kosi 180 no taa paapae aso no mu (tympanic membrane). Mfa nsuo a ɛtɔ, nsuo, anaa kotokuo nhyɛ aso mu da. Fa gauze pad a ɛnyɛ den na ɛyɛ nwunu gu aso a ɛwɔ akyi no so brɛoo na ama mogya anaa nsu a emu tew na hwehwɛ aduruyɛ a egye ntɛmpɛ.
6. Fa nsuonwini anaa nkyene a ɛnyɛ den yi tear gas anaa ɛmo a wɔde petepete so no ho fĩ (twa nufusu ne nnuru a ekum asikre so wɔ akuru a abue so): Fa kɔ mframa pa mu, dan kɔ w’anim sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu a ɛsen no anhohoro fam akɔ aniwa anaa akyi berɛmo mu, na fa sterile normal saline anaa nsuonwini a ɛho tew a wɔnom hohoro aniwa no fi emu ntwea so (a ɛbɛn hwene no) kɔ abɔnten. Mfa nufusu, nkokoaa aduru, anaa nsu a ɛko tia asikre ngu aniwa a ɛno nso atwitwa, akisikuru, anaasɛ apira a wɔde afiri a wɔde tu mmirika apira mu da.

flowchart TD
    A["Nnipadɔm a Wɔpete Apirakuru Ba"] --> B["Fa wɔn a wɔapirapira no kɔ akyi wɔ kataso a ɛyɛ den akyi na fa mframa kɔ soro kɔ baabi a ahobammɔ wɔ"]
    B --> C{"Dɛn ne ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so pira obi?"}
    C -->|"Kinetic Projectile Nkɛntɛnso (Rɔba Tuo, Beanbag, Sponge Kurukuruwa) ."| D{"Nipadua no fã bɛn na wɔbɔɔ no?"}
    C -->|"Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Blast anaa Nnyigyei LRAD"| E{"So ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew, aso a mogya tu, anaasɛ shrapnel wɔ hɔ?"}
    C -->|"Nnuru a ɛhyɛ abufuw nkutoo (Tear Gas CS / Pepper Spray OC) ."| F["Yi akyi fã a efĩ wom no fi hɔ, ma mframa pa bɔ w’ani, na fa nsu a ɛnyɛ den anaa nkyene hohoro aniwa no mu kɔ akyi"]
    D -->|"Ti, Kɔn, Koko, anaa Yafunu"| G["Frɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so ntɛm ara: hwɛ mframa kwan/home kwan so na hwɛ sɛ mogya retu wɔ wo mu anaasɛ wo ho popo anaa"]
    D -->|"Aniwa anaa Orbit"| H["ZERO pressure on eye: fa krataa kuruwa kyɛm a ɛyɛ den bɔ nnompe socket so na kata aniwa abien no nyinaa so"]
    D -->|"Limb Laceration anaasɛ Embedded Kurukuruwa"| I["Fa ring/press pressure a ɛyɛ den di mogya a ɛretu no so a wonpia embedded projectile no nkɔ akyiri"]
    E -->|"Ɔhyew a Ɛyɛ Ɔhyew a efi Canister anaa Flash mu"| J["Fa nsu a ɛho tew a ɛreworo so hyew ɔhyew no nwini simma 20 na fa aduru a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma ho anaasɛ aduru a ɛnyɛ nnam kata so yiye"]
    E -->|"Aso a Ɛpaapae (Asotiw, Ɛbɔ, Aso a Mogya Tu) ."| K["Ma aso kwan no nyɛ nwunu 100% (nsu anaa nsu biara nni mu), fa gauze a ɛyɛ dry kata aso akyi yiye, na hwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ wo yaw anaa"]

Triage matrix: nnipadɔm a wɔpete akode ne opira nhyehyɛe pɔtee¶

Sɛ wɔte sɛnea mfiri biara a wɔde pete nnipadɔm no fa so yɛ adwuma no ase a, ɛma wɔn a wodi kan yɛ ho biribi ne wɔn a wɔrehwɛ no tumi hwehwɛ mu apirakuru a ahintaw a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛpa wɔ mmɔnten so tebea a basabasayɛ wom mu.

Anamɔn 1: Kinetic Impact Projectile (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag) apirakuru a wɔbɛsa¶

Atosɛm bi a atrɛw ne sɛ wɔde rɔba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛhuruhuruw te sɛ abofra agode bɔɔl na ɛyɛ "rɔba atuo". Nokwarem no, kinetic impact projectiles pii yɛ dade a ɛyɛ den, kɔbere, anaa aluminium core a wɔde rɔba a ɛyɛ den a wɔde vulcanized anaa polyurethane foam a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ milimita 2 akata so, bere a 12-gauge "beanbag" rounds yɛ Kevlar ntama pillow a wɔde 40 grams (1.4 ounces) a ɛyɛ #9 kɔbere ahyɛ mu ma birdshot a wɔtow fi tuo a wɔde tow tuo a ɛyɛ mita 70 kosi 90 wɔ sekan biara mu (anammɔn 230 kosi 300 wɔ sekan biara mu).

Sɛ wɔtow fi baabi tiaa, anaasɛ sɛ ɔtopae bi fi asphalt kwan so na ɛhwe ase wɔ anoano kɔ obi a ɔhwɛ hɔ mu a, ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe ade a ɛyɛ den no twitwa honam ani tẽẽ, bubu dompe, na ɛde agyan no (ne ntama a ɛho ntew a efi nea wɔakum no no ntade mu) hyɛ ntini anaa nipadua mu amena mu tɔnn.

1. Ocular trauma: bere a projectile anaa ɛmo bɔɔl bi bɔ aniwa no¶

Aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ aniwa so nkɛntɛnso a efi kinetic projectiles mu no de dɛmdi a ɛtra hɔ daa dodow a ɛkɔ soro sen biara wɔ nnipadɔm a wɔpete tebea horow mu no mu biako, ɛtaa paapae aniwa no mu (open globe injury), ɛtetew retina no mu, anaasɛ ɛde mogya hyɛ anim dan no ma (traumatic hyphema).

Ntɛm ara aniwa a ɛyɛ hu protocol: - Hu Open Globe Injury: Hwɛ (a wonka anaa worentwe aniwa no anim) sɛ wowɔ aniwa a ɛte sɛ nusu anaasɛ ɛnteɛ, mogya a ɛreboaboa ano wɔ iris a ɛwɔ kɔla no mu (hyphema), ntini a ɛyɛ tumm a ɛte sɛ jelly a ɛpuepue fi aniwa no fitaa mu, aniwa no kurukuruwa a ayɛ tratraa anaasɛ abubu, anaasɛ aniwa no a ɛyera mpofirim ("biribiara a asɛe tuntum anaa kɔkɔɔ"). - Fa ZERO nhyɛsoɔ gu aniwa no so: Mfa gauze pad nhyɛ aniwa a wɔabɔ so da, na nhwie nsuo a nhyɛsoɔ kɛseɛ anaa antacid a wɔde afra a wɔayɛ wɔ fie ngu aniwa a ayɛ mmerɛw no mu da. Sɛ womia aniwa a apaapae so a, ɛpiapia aseresɛm a ɛyɛ vitreous no fi aniwa no mu, na ɛma anifurae a wontumi nsakra. - Yɛ aniwa kyɛm a ɛyɛ den a wɔayɛ no yiye: Sɛ wunni asraafo aluminum Fox Eye Shield a, fa krataa anaa foam anom kuruwa a ɛho tew a wɔtow gu, twa anaa tetew ase fã no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ne tenten bɛyɛ sɛntimita 4 (nsateakwaa 1.5), na teyp kuruwa no ano wɔ bony brow ridge a ɛwɔ aniwa no atifi ne nnompe anim dompe a ɛwɔ ase no so eye enti biribiara nka aniwa anaa aniwa no ankasa. - Kata aniwa a enpira no nso so (Bilateral Patching): Wɔde ntini mu kɔndua abɔ onipa aniwa abom (consensual conjugate eye movement): bere biara a w’ani benkum pa no bɛbɔ akuturuku akɔhwɛ nnuruyɛfo anaa mmɔnten so akanea no, w’ani nifa a apira no tu pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ ne socket mu, na ɛyam orbital dompe a abubu anaasɛ ɛtetew retinal tissue. Sɛ wode gauze kata aniwa pa no so brɛoo a, ɛma w’ani abien no nyinaa dwo bere a wode ne nsa kyerɛ onipa no kwan kɔ ambulance nkyɛn no. - Fa gyinabea gyina hɔ tẽẽ wɔ digrii 30 kosi 45: Ma ɔyarefo no ntra hɔ tẽẽ (ɔnntra fam da na ɛnsɛ sɛ ɔkotow ne ti nkɔ fam da) na kyerɛ wɔn wɔnkɔfe, wɔnnbɔ wɔn hwene, anaasɛ wɔnyɛ den, a ɛma aniwa mu nhyɛso kɔ soro. Hwɛ yɛn nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri aniwa a opira mmoa a edi kan akwankyerɛ.

2. Ti, kɔn, ne anim a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu¶

Foam poma anaa rɔba tuo a ne tenten yɛ milimita 40 a ɛbɔ moma so, asɔredan, anom, anaa kɔn no de ahoɔden a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛdɔɔso ma a ɛbɛma ti nhwi no abubu, abubu anom (nne adaka), anaasɛ atwitwa carotid ntini no mu.

• Airway first on neck hits: Projectile a ɛbɔ menewa no anim no betumi abubu thyroid anaa cricoid cartilage, na ama emu ahonhon ntɛmntɛm a esiw mframa kwan no wɔ simma 10 kosi 20 mu. Sɛ obi a wɔabɔ no kɔn mu nne yɛ den, ɛyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛmene nnompe, ɔhome a ɛkorɔn a ɛyɛ dede (stridor), anaasɛ ɔbɔ/ɛbɔ ne kɔn ho were ase (subcutaneous emphysema) a, frɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so ntɛm ara na ma wɔntra ase gyina hɔ tẽẽ a wɔde wɔn ho akɔto n’anim kakra.
• Screen for Intracranial Bleeds: Obiara a wɔabɔ no wɔ ne ti mu a n’adwene firi ne ho (sekan 3 mpo), ɔfe, n’adwene tu fra, n’aniwa n’ani so nyɛ pɛ, nsuo anaa mogya a ɛda adi pefee fi ne hwene anaa n’aso mu, anaasɛ ɔnya tiyɛ a ɛreyɛ kɛseɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no ntɛm ara wɔ dan mu CT mfonini. Hwɛ yɛn ti apirakuru ho akwankyerɛ.

3. Koko ne yafunu mu ahodwiriw a ɛyɛ mmerɛw (ne projectiles a wɔde ahyɛ mu) .¶

• Ntwe rɔba tuo anaa bankye kotoku kurukuruwa a wɔde ahyɛ mu da: Wɔ mmeae a ennu mita 15 (anammɔn 50) no, sponge kurukuruwa a ne kɛse yɛ milimita 40 ne bankye kotoku a wɔde kɔbere tow tuo a ne kɛse yɛ gauge 12 no bɔ honam ani pɛɛ daa na ɛkɔhyɛ koko fasu, yafunu, anaa asen mu. Fa ɔtopae a wɔde ahyɛ mu di dwuma te sɛ sekan a wɔabɔ no asɛndua mu pɛpɛɛpɛ: sɛ wotwe fi abɔnten wɔ abɔnten a, ebetumi abue ntini bi a atetew. Gyae no wɔ nea ɛwɔ hɔ, fa gauze a ɛho tew twa anoano no ho hyia na ama ayɛ den, na fa kɔma oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn a ɔyɛ apirakuru. (Hyɛ no nsow ma ER nnuruyɛfo: lead birdshot wɔ beanbag kurukuruwa a ne kɛse yɛ gauge 12 a ebetumi apaapae abue wɔ kuru no mu, na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde X-ray si so dua sɛ wɔde oprehyɛn ayi kɔbere a wɔde ayɛ aduru ne ntama a wɔde ahyɛ mu nyinaa afi hɔ.)
• Hwɛ sɛ Mogya a Ɛkyɛ wɔ Mu (Akisikuru, Mmerɛbo, ne Ahurututu): Obi a wɔde poma abɔ no mpampam anaa ne yafunu ase no taa nantew kɔ a osusuw sɛ ɔwɔ akuru kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ abofono nkutoo, na ɔhwe ase nnɔnhwerew 2 akyi wɔ fie esiane akyi berɛmo a apaapae, mmerɛbo a apaapae, anaasɛ tension pneumothorax (ahurututu a abubu). Hwehwɛ ayaresabea nhwehwɛmu a egye ntɛmpɛ wɔ nipadua no mu nkɛntɛnso biara akyi sɛ onipa no nya ahome tiaa, ɛyaw a ano yɛ den bere a ɔrehome denneennen, ɛyaw a ɛhyerɛn kɔ ne mmati benkum ano (Kehr sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mogya hyɛ ahurututu no abufuw fi akyi berɛmo a apaapae mu), honam ani a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, adwenemhaw bere a ogyina hɔ, anaasɛ yafunu a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ mmerɛw.

Anamɔn 2: Flashbang (Stun Grenade) ne Acoustic Blast apirakuru a wɔbɛsa¶

flashbang (stun grenade) yɛ afiri a ɛpaapae a mfiase no wɔyɛɛ no sɛ asraafo a wɔfa wɔn nnommum-gye wɔn dan mu kɔ dan mu, na ɛnyɛ nnipadɔm a wɔabue mmɔnten so. Nanso sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ nnipadɔm a wɔyɛ den mu a, flashbang pae denam nhyɛso a ɛboro so a ɛyɛ hu a ɛyɛ 170 kosi 185 decibels (bɛboro nnyigyei nhyɛso a ɛpaapae nnipa aso nhyehyɛe ahorow mmɔho 1,000), anifuraefo kanela ɔpepem 6 kosi 8 hann a ɛhyerɛn, ne ogya bɔɔl a ano yɛ den a wɔde dade magnesium anaa aluminium a wɔde yɛ powder.

1. Opira a Ɛho Pae Titiriw: Aso a Ɛpaapae (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) ne Ɔpae a Ɛpae¶

Sɛ flashbang anaa concussion grenade pae wɔ mita 1 kosi 5 (anammɔn 3 kosi 16) fi obi nkyɛn a, asorɔkye a ɛpae a ɛboro nnyigyei so no bɔ ti nhwi ne aso a ɛwɔ akyi no mu:

• Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ aso mu apaapae: Aso mu yaw a ano yɛ nnam mpofirim bere a ɔtopae no a ɛno akyi no, aso a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ntɛm ara anaasɛ ɛyɛ asotiw wɔ saa ɔfã no, dede a ano yɛ den anaasɛ ɛnne a ano yɛ den a ɛbɔ (tinnitus), adwenemhaw a emu yɛ den a ɛkyinkyini (vertigo ne kari pɛ a ɛyera esiane aso mu a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa fã a ɛyɛ ahodwiriw), ne mogya kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ hyew anaasɛ nsuo a emu da hɔ/pinkish a ɛfiri aso no mu.
• Mmoa a Edi Kan Mmara a Ɛyɛ Katee a Ɛfa Blast Ear Trauma Ho:
  1. Ma aso kwan no nkɔ so nyɛ DRY ɔha biara mu nkyem 100: Mfa nsu, nkyene, anaa aniwa hohoro nhohoro aso a ɛpae no da bere a worehohoro mframa a ɛma nusu hohoro no. Sɛ obi wɔ aso mu ntokuru a efi flashbang mu na obi hwie nsu a wɔde hohoro nusu mframa a efĩ wom gu n’aso kwan so a, mmoawa ne CS nnuru ahwehwɛ hyɛn aso mfinimfini tẽẽ, na ɛde mfinimfini aso mu yare a emu yɛ den (otitis media) ne ɛyaw a emu yɛ den ba.
  2. Mfa aso a mogya retu no mu denneennen da: Sɛ nsu a emu da hɔ anaa mogya a nsu wom retu afi aso no mu wɔ ɔtopae anaa ti a wɔabɔ akyi a, ebia amemene mu nsu (CSF) a efi basilar skull fracture mu wɔ mu. Mfa kotoku anaa aso a wɔde hyɛ aso mu nhyɛ aso a mogya retu mu da. Mmom no, fa gauze pad a ɛnyɛ yare na ɛyɛ dry teyp a ɛnyɛ den wɔ aso no akyi so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu betumi akɔ pad no so kwa, na hwehwɛ aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu ntɛm ara. (Aso a ɛpaapae mu ntokuru dodow no ara a ɛho tew no ankasa sa wɔ adapɛn 4 kosi 8 mu sɛ wɔma ɛyɛ nwunu koraa a, bere a nusu akɛse hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ENT ho ɔbenfo aduru anaa tympanoplasty yɛ no.)

2. Flashbang Trauma a Ɛto so Abien ne Nea Ɛto so Abien: Shrapnel ne Magnesium Ɔhyew a Ɛhyew¶

Ɛwom sɛ wɔayɛ atopae a ɛma obi ho dwiriw no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a dade a emu yɛ duru a ɛwɔ soro ne ase atuo nketewa no kɔ so tra hɔ bere a mframa fa ntokuru a ɛwɔ nkyɛnkyɛn mu no de, nanso nnɛyi atopae a emu yɛ hare a wɔde afrafra/plastic nipadua ayɛ ne wusiw atopae a ɛyɛ hyew taa bubu bere a ɛpae, na ɛma plastic a ɛrehyew, dade pin, ne nnuru a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ nnam asinasin a ɛyɛ nnam te sɛ ahwehwɛ no kɔ abɔnten wɔ ahoɔhare a ɛyɛ hu so:

• Cooling Flashbang and Canister Thermal Burns: Sɛ flashbang pae obi nan, n’akyi bag, anaa n’atade so, anaasɛ sɛ obi de brush to 500-degree-Celsius (932-degree-Fahrenheit) tear gas canister so wɔ akwanhyia mu a:
  1. Dum ntade biara a wɔde ayɛ a ɛrehyew ntɛm ara (nylon anaa polyester jacket a wɔde ayɛ no nwene ma ɛyɛ tar a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ nnam; yi akyi ntade a ɛrehyew no fi hɔ sɛ ɛnyɛ nwene wɔ honam ani a).
  2. Fa brush fi powder a ɛyɛ dry a ayɛ hare biara a aka no brɛoo, afei fa nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini na ɛho tew a ɛreworo so no hyɛ ɔhyew no mu simma 20 mũ nyinaa (mmfa nsukyenee, bɔta, aduru a wɔde sew sẽ, anaa baking soda paste nni dwuma wɔ ɔhyew so da).
  3. Fa plastic a ɛho tew a wɔde kyekyere adididan mu (a wɔde ato hɔ petee, a wɔmfa nkata ɔhonam akwaa a ɛho ahonhon ho denneennen) anaasɛ aduru a ɛnyɛ den a ɛnyɛ nea wɔde kyekyere ho kata ɔhyew a ayɛ nwini no so yiye na kɔ ayaresabea baabi a wɔhwɛ ɔhyew anaa ntɛmpɛ so.

3. Wɔbɔ wɔn ho ban fi Nnyigyei Mfiri a Ɛkɔ Akyirikyiri (LRADs / Sound Cannons) ho .¶

Sɛ LRAD (Long-Range Acoustic Device) ma ne nne a ɛkorɔn a ɛsiw ano no yɛ adwuma a, ɛma hann a ɛtwe adwene si so denneennen a ɛyɛ 2,000-kɔ-4,000-hertz nnyigyei ahoɔden a ɛyɛ 135 kosi 162 decibels. Esiane sɛ wɔsusuw decibel wɔ logarithmic nsenia so nti, decibel 10 biara a ɛkɔ soro no ma nnyigyei ahoɔden dɔɔso mpɛn 10: decibel 150 yɛ ahoɔden boro decibel 120 rock kɔnsɛt anaa ambulance siren mpɛn 1,000, na ɛma mfiri twitwa stereocilia nhwi nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛwɔ mu no mu ntɛm ara aso a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ sikɔne kakraa bi mu.

Anamɔn 3: Tear Gas (CS) ne Pepper Spray (OC) a wɔde bɛpete akuru ho a ahobammɔ wom¶

Sɛ obi wɔ honam fam kuru a abue (te sɛ aso a wɔabɔ, apaapae, anaa aso a apaapae) NE nnuru a ɛhyɛ abufuw a emu yɛ duru (CS tear gas anaa OC / PAVA pepper spray) nyinaa a, ɛsɛ sɛ wo decotamination kwan no kwati sɛ wode awuduru bɛhyɛ kuru a abue no mu.

Sɛnea wobɛhohoro aniwa ne honam ani a worentrɛw nnuru a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ mu nkɔ fam¶

1. MMFA w’ani ntwitwiw wo ho: CS tear gas nyɛ gas ankasa; ɛyɛ aerosol mununkum fɛfɛ a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ den nketenkete (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) a ɛwɔ anoano nketenkete a ano yɛ nnam. Sɛ wode w’ani petepete w’ani so a, ɛyam saa ahwehwɛ no kɔ w’aniwa mu tẽẽ, na ɛma w’aniwa no yɛ yaw.
2. Gyina mframa no mu na hwirew w’ani ntɛmntɛm: Sɛ wufi wusiw mununkum no mu pɛ a, hwɛ mframa a ɛho tew no, kura wo nsa fi w’afã, na bɔ w’ani ntɛmntɛm sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a abɔde mu nusu befi ase asensɛn nneɛma nketenkete no afi mu.
3. Fhohoro fi hwene mu kɔ abɔnten bere a wodan kɔ w’anim: Dan wo ti kɔ w’anim ne nkyɛn (enti nsu a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a efĩ wom no bɛtɔ tẽẽ akɔ fam sen sɛ ɛbɛtu mmirika akɔ wo kɔn, wo moma so, ne wo srɛ mu, baabi a honam ani hwɛbea a ɛyɛ tratraa hyew kɛse no). Hwie nsuonwini a ɛho tew anaa nkyene a ɛho ntew a ɛkɔ so daa gu aniwa a abue no so fi ase wɔ mfinimfini ntwea a ɛbɛn hwene no bridge no so na ɛsen kɔ abɔnten fa asɔredan no mu simma 5 kosi 10.
4. Hwɛ sɛ Akisikuru anaa COPD ahurututu mu yare a emu yɛ den: Sɛ wohome CS nusu mframa anaa ɛmo a wɔde petepete so a, ɛkanyan mframa kwan a ɛyɛ basabasa wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ ayamtu anaa mframa kwan mu yare a ɛyɛ adwuma no mu. Boa wɔn ma wɔntra mframa pa mu tẽẽ na boa wɔn ma wɔmfa wɔn albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler (2 kosi 4 puffs via spacer) a wɔakyerɛw ama wɔn no nni dwuma; sɛ akisikuru kɔ so anaasɛ anofafa yɛ bruu a, frɛ nnuruyɛfo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so ntɛm ara.
5. Asuo a awɔw wom wɔ fie (ansa na ɛbɛyɛ hyew): Sɛ woadu fie a, yi wo ntade a efĩ wom wɔ kar dan anaa aguaree mu kɔ plastic bag a wɔatoto mu mu. Fa wo nan hyɛ abo a ɛyɛ nwini shower mu simma 5 a edi kan bere a wode wo ti to w’anim sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu renhohoro nhwi nkae wɔ wo nipadua ase; aguare a ɛyɛ hyew di kan bue honam ani ntini na ɛma CS ahwehwɛ a wɔakyere no san yɛ adwuma, na ɛma nipadua mũ no nyinaa hyew foforo.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• Amanaman Ntam Boayikuo a ɛhwɛ Red Cross so (ICRC) ne Amanaman Ntam Mmeamudua Kɔkɔɔ ne Ɔsram Kɔkɔɔ Fekuw (IFRC) (Amanaman Ntam): Mmoa a Edi Kan wɔ Akodeyɛ mu Ntawntawdi ne Basabasayɛ Tebea Afoforo mu ayaresabea akwankyerɛ a ɛfa opira a ɛpae, kinetic impact trauma, aniwa a wɔde bɔ ho ban, ne nnuru a ɛhyɛ abufuw a wɔde tew efĩ ho.
• Nnuruyɛfo a wɔhwɛ Hokwan a Nnipa Wɔ So (PHR) ne Amanaman Ntam Nkitahodi a Ɛhwɛ Ɔmanfo Ahofadi Ahyehyɛde So (INCLO) (United States / Amanaman Ntam): Ewudifo a Wɔakatakata So: Akwahosan a Ɛde Nnipadɔm a Wɔde Di Dwuma Akode ne BMJ Open nhyehyɛe mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ owu ne nyarewa a efi kinetic impact projectiles, stun grenades, acoustic weapons, ne nnubɔne mu ba nneɛma a ɛhyɛ abufuw.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) (United States): Aniwa mu Opira a Wohu na Wɔsa Wɔ Ɔsɔretiafo Mu (open globe rupture shielding, traumatic hyphema management, ne aniwa mu nhyɛso a wɔkwati).
• Asoɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ nyarewa so na ɛsi ano (CDC) ne Ɔman Asoɛeɛ a ɛhwɛ Adwumayɛ mu Ahobanbɔ ne Akwahosan so (NIOSH) (United States): Basabasayɛ ano aduru (CS, CN, ne OC) Aduruyɛ Ho Akwankyerɛ ne Ayaresa a wɔde ma wɔ ɔtopaeɛ mu opira: Aso ne ɔtopaeɛ mu nhyɛsoɔ a ɛboro soɔ ho apirakuru.
• Ɔman Akwahosan Dwumadibea (NHS) ne Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Barotrauma a wɔde pae ansa na wɔakɔ ayaresabea, tympanic membrane perforation dry-ear protocols, ne thermal burn cooling akwankyerɛ.
• Wiase Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) (Amanaman Ntam): Akwankyerɛ a wɔde hwɛ apirakuru a egye ntɛmpɛ ma ahurututu, ti nhwi, ne aniwa mu ahodwiriw a ɛnyɛ den.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Ɔmanfo basabasayɛ
• Nnipadɔm a wɔbubu wɔn ho ne stampede nkwagye
• Aniwa a wɔapirapira
• Ti a wɔapirapira