Bepɔw so Gyata, Cougar, ne Ɔkraman Kɛse a Wohyia: Nea Enti a Ɛsɛ sɛ Woko Tia Na Wondi agoru Da¶

Bepɔw so gyata a wohu ( .Puma concolor, a wɔsan frɛ no cougar, puma, anaa panther), jaguar (Panthera onca), anaa asono ( .Panthera pardus) sɛ wofi ledge anaa akwan bi so hwɛ wo a, ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔdan grizzly bear awosu mu nkate ahorow no ntɛm ara. Nea ɛnte sɛ asono a wodi biribiara a wɔtaa tow hyɛ wɔn so esiane ahodwiriw a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban nti na sɛ wudi agoru a wɔawuwu a ebia wobefi hɔ no, mpataa akɛse a wɔyɛ ankonam no yɛ asɛyɛde sɛ wodi nam boro so na wɔtow hyɛ mmoa a wɔkyere mmoa we. Sɛ ɔkraman kɛse bi di n’akyi anaa ɔtow hyɛ wo so a, obu wo sɛ nea ɔkyere wo. Mmirikatu, kotow a wobɛkyekyere mpaboa anaasɛ wobɛma abofra so, w’akyi a wobɛdan, anaa ɔdan a wobɛda fam no kanyan akraman a wɔmpɛ na wɔtow hyɛ wɔn so a wɔde wɔn ani si awotwaa no akyi berɛmo ne ti nhwi no ase.

Sɛ ɔkraman kɛse bi aka wo anaa obi a ɔwɔ w’apontow no mu, abɔ wo nsateaa, anaasɛ wabɔ no akuturuku a, frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a ɛhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so (911 wɔ United States ne Canada no, . 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, . 999 wɔ United Kingdom no), fa satellite SOS beacon (PLB anaasɛ Garmin inReach), anaa hwɛ yɛn wiase nyinaa directory of nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ bere a aboa no san n’akyi na wɔreyɛ mogya a ɛtɔ no ano aduru ntɛm ara no. Sɛ wopɛ ahobammɔ a ɛtrɛw a ɛfa mmoa a wɔkyere mmoa we ho na wɔde toto ursid ahobammɔ ho a, hwɛ mu asono ne wuram mmoa a wohyia wɔn, . chargeing ungulate ne wuram mprako nkwa, na akyi mogya a wɔtu fi hɔ ne adwenemhaw a wɔde siw ano. Di suban mu de-escalation, aniwa a wɔde siw ano, ne honam fam ɔko nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ ase ha no akyi.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. GYINA NTOM NA MMIRIKI DA: Fa wo forward motion to freeze bere a wubehu cougar, jaguar, anaa leopard no. Mmirikatu, mmirikatu, anaa sakre a wɔde tu mmirika kɔ akyirikyiri no kanyan feline optic-motor chase reflex, wɔ ɔkraman a kan no na ɔpɛ sɛ ohu nneɛma pii anaasɛ ɔretwam kɛkɛ mpo mu.
2. LOCK DIRECT EYE CONTACT WITH THE CAT: Nea ɛnte sɛ grizzly asono anaa afie mu akraman a wɔyɛ basabasa a ebia wɔbɛkyerɛ ani a wɔde hwɛ ade denneennen ase sɛ asetra mu asɛnnennen no, mpataa a wɔtow hyɛ wɔn so no de wɔn ho to mmoa a wɔtow hyɛ wɔn so a wonnim so. Sɛ wode cougar anaa asono to w’ani tẽẽ a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ nea wɔde kata wo ho no adi nkogu na woasiesie wo ho sɛ wobɛbɔ wo ho ban.
3. FA MMOFRA NKYEKYƐMU NE AFIAMMOA A WONKOTO ANAA WODANE HO: Fa wo ho to wo kotodwe biako so kosi baabi a ɛho hia bere a wo honam ani gyina hɔ na w’ani da ɔkraman no so, anaasɛ ma ɔpanyin foforo mma abofra no so mfi w’akyi. Mma w’asen nkɔ w’anim da a wo ti akɔ fam, efisɛ saa mfonini no suasua anan a ɛwɔ nan anan a ɛredidi na ɛto nsa frɛ awotwaa no kɔn mu.
4. MA WO HO NHYEHYƐ KƐSE NA ƐNYƐ AKWANKYERƐ: Gyina ɔbotan a ɛkorɔn sen biara so anaasɛ dua wo nan ase ntɛm ara, ma wo nsa abien no nyinaa so kɔ soro, trɛw wo jacket mu trɛw te sɛ ntaban, anaasɛ fa wo trekking nnua ne w’akyi bag kura wo ti so. Mpataa akɛse bu asiane ne akatua ho akontaa ansa na wɔahuruw; botae a ɛteɛ a ɛyɛ mmɔho abien mpofirim wɔ ne sorokɔ a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ no sɛe wɔn akuturuku akontaabu no.
5. KASA NA TEƐM WƆ NNƐM A ƐYƐ DEN, ƐYƐ MMƆDENBƆ, ƐHYƐ ADWUMA MU: Nteɛteɛm wɔ ehu a emu yɛ den mu, a ɛte sɛ aboa a wakyere no a wahaw a ɔrebɔ ose. Teɛm ahyɛde ahorow a emu dɔ, a ɛwɔ anom (NO, . GET BACK, . HEY), bɔ aluminium nnua a wɔde nantew bom ma ɛyɛ dade dede, na wɔtow abo, nkorabata, anaa nsu nkotoku a ɛyɛ ma kɔ ɔkraman no so a wonkotow nkɔ fam.
6. MMƆ AGYINA AWU DA - SƐ NKYERƐKYERƐMU BA A, KO MA WO NKWA: Sɛ bepɔw so gyata, jaguar, anaa asono tow anaasɛ ɔde ne ho hyɛ nipadua mu a, sɛ wodi agoru a awu a, ɛbɛma woatumi ahome anaasɛ awotwaa no akyi berɛmo atwa. Fa wo kɔn a wode abɔ wo hwene mu na fa w’akyi bag hama kɔ soro bɔ wo kɔn ho ban, na fa nnua a wɔde nantew, kotoku mu sekan, abotan, wo nsateaa, anaa nsu toa bɔ ɔkraman no ani, ne hwene, ne menewa, ne mframa afiri no denneennen kosi sɛ obegyae na waguan.

Gyinaesi dua: ɔkraman kɛse a wohu, stalking, ne ambush defense¶

Fa saa adwumayɛ gyinaesi dua yi kenkan ɔkraman nipadua kasa na paw tactical escalation level a ɛfata:

flowchart TD
    Sight["Hu Bepɔw so Gyata, Cougar, Jaguar, anaa Asono wɔ Trail anaa Camp"] --> Stop["1. GYINA Ntɛm ara: MMIRI, Mmirikatu, anaa Pedal Nkɔ"]
    Stop --> Kids["2. Fa Face Cat Squarely, Lock Direct Eye Contact, Boaboa Kuw ano denneennen, Ma Mmofra so a Wonkotow"]
    Kids --> ReadBody{"3. Kenkan Cat Distance ne Nipadua Kasa"}
    ReadBody -->|"Akyirikyiri (> 50 m / 165 ft), Nantew Kɔ, Dua Sian, Wɔn ani nnye ho"| Distant["CALM DETERRENCE AND REROUTE: Tra akuw mu, kɔ so hwɛ w’akyi ne ledges a ɛsensɛn so, yield trail no, nni akyi"]
    ReadBody -->|"20 kosi 50 m (anammɔn 65 kosi 165), Ɔhwɛ Anim, N’aso Kɔ Anim, Ɔkotow"| Stalking["ACTIVE VISUAL AND ACOUSTIC ESCALATION: Bue jacket no trɛw, ma pack no so wɔ soro, teɛm wɔ nne a emu dɔ mu, bɔ nnua a ɛyɛ dede, san w’akyi nkakrankakra kɔ soro anaasɛ kɔ soro"]
    ReadBody -->|"Bɛn (< 20 m / 65 ft), Yafunu a ɛba fam, Dua a ɛtwetwe, Aso a ɛyɛ tratraa, Ɛwea anaasɛ Ɛbɔ"| PrePounce["AKWANKYERƐ A WƆBƐBƆ NTƐM NSƐM ANSA NA WƆATU AHYƐDE: Fa Bear Spray gu mita 6 kosi 9 (anammɔn 20 kosi 30), Tow Abotan/Nnua a Wonkotow, Brandish Trekking Poles anaa Sekan wɔ Chest Height"]
    PrePounce --> Contact{"4. So Ɔkraman no Yɛ Honam fam Nkitahodi?"}
    Contact -->|"DABI: Ɔkraman Gyina Anaasɛ Ɔsan N’akyi"| BackOut["Kɔ so San w’akyi Nkakrankakra Bere a Worehwɛ Ɔkraman no; Mma W’akyi Da; Bɔ Park Rangers a Wohu Ho amanneɛ"]
    Contact -->|"YIW: Ɔkraman Huruw Anaasɛ Ɔka"| Fight["FA AHYƐDE A ƐYƐ AWURADE KƆ SAN: Fa wo hwene hyɛ wo kɔn mu, fa w’akyi bag hyɛ wo ho de bɔ awotwaa no akyi berɛmo ho ban, fa nsateaa, sekan, nnua, anaa abotan kɔ aniwa ne hwene mu"]

Ɔfa 1: Felid ambush biomechanics vs. ursid ne canid suban ho ntease¶

Sɛ wɔde toto asono, mpataku, anaa wuram akraman ho a, dɛn nti na ɛsono sɛnea bepɔw so agyata, jaguar, ne asono yɛ wɔn ade wɔ nnipa gyinabea ne wɔn ani a wɔde hwɛ wɔn ho no ho? Nkwa gyina neurobiology ne abɔmmɔ mfiridwuma a ɛwɔ abusua Felidae mu no ntease so.

1. Biomechanics a ɛwɔ Felid Cervical Bite ne Skull Strike mu¶

Nea ɛnte sɛ pack-hunting canids (mpataku, coyotes, dingoes) a wɔbrɛ mmoa akɛse a wɔkyere wɔn no wɔ bere tenten a wɔde taa wɔn akyi denam wɔn akyi ne n’afã a wɔbɛka wɔn so, anaasɛ asono a wɔde ahoɔden a wɔde bɔ wɔn nan ase a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban na wɔde bɔ wɔn akuturuku di dwuma de siw ahunahuna a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ no ano no, mpataa akɛse yɛ awudifo a wɔyɛ ankonam pɛpɛɛpɛ a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔnam sum ase ne akraman biako a wɔyɛ gyinaesi so bɔ abɔmmɔ:

• Cougars (Puma concolor) ne Asono ( .Panthera pardus): Saa mpataa yi de brɔs, abotan, anaa nnua a ɛsensɛn so di dwuma komm kosi sɛ wɔbɛkɔ mita 5 kosi 15 (anammɔn 16 kosi 50) wɔ nea wɔde wɔn ani asi so no ho. Wɔde mmirika a ɛba fam to nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no akyi ne ne mmati so, na wɔde anim nsateaa a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a wotumi twetwe kɔ trapezius ntini no mu bere a wɔde wɔn akraman sẽ rekɔ awotwaa no akyi berɛmo no ntam (C1 to C5) de twa akyi berɛmo no, anaasɛ wɔde kyekyere ahurututu ne carotid ntini ahorow no fi anim.
• Jaguars (Panthera onca): Jaguar a ofi U.S. ne Mexico hye so fa Amerika Mfinimfini ne Kesee Fam, na ɔwɔ tumi a ɔde keka no dodow a ɛsen biara bere a wɔde toto nipadua mu duru ho sen ɔkraman kɛse biara, na ɔtaa ka ne ti nhwi anaa awotwaa akyi nnompe a ɛwɔ soro no mu tẽẽ.

2. Nea Enti a Wobɛkotow, Wobɛkotow, Anaasɛ Wotu Mmirikatu Ma "Prey Switch" no dannan.¶

Wɔde hama a ɛyɛ den abɔ ɔkraman kɛse bi aniwa no mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obehu geometric nsɛnkyerɛnne atitiriw abien: 1. Horizontal Spine Orientation with a Lowered Head: Sɛ onipa a wanyin gyina hɔ tẽẽ a ne tenten yɛ mita 1.6 kosi 1.9 (anammɔn 5 nsateakwaa 3 kosi anammɔn 6 ne nsateakwaa 3) a, yɛn mfonini a ɛda hɔ no nte sɛ afurum anan a ɔwɔ nan anan, ɔkraman a ne dua yɛ fitaa, anaa nguan a ɔwɔ mmɛn kɛse. Bere a ɔkwantufo bi kotow n’asen mu de kyekyere mpaboa hama, fa ɔbo, anaasɛ ɔsesa ɔkraman hama ntɛm ara no, wɔn honam ani yɛ mmerɛw na wɔn kɔn akyi (the nape) te fam mita 0.9 kosi 1.1 (anammɔn 3 kosi 3.6) na ɛne ɔkraman a ɔrewe adidi hyia. 2. Rapid Tangential anaa Receding Motion: Trail mmirikatufo, mmepɔw so sakrekafo, ne mmofra a wɔreguan no tu ntɛmntɛm fa ɔkraman no aniwa so a wɔadan wɔn akyi, na ɛkanyan autonomous predatory pursuit cascade ansa na cat no ahwɛyiye mmeae ahwɛ sɛ ebia nea wɔde wɔn ani asi so no yɛ asiane anaa.

3. Predator Suban Ntotoho: Bepɔw so Gyata / Asono ne Grizzly Bear ne Black Bear¶

Fa saa afuw mu ntotoho pon yi di dwuma wɔ sare so mmeae a mmoa a wɔkyere mmoa we pii wɔ a cougars, grizzly bears, ne black bears fa akwan koro no ara so:

Ɔfã 2: Anamɔn biara de-escalation ne active deterrence bere a cat kɛse hyia¶

Bepɔw so gyata anaa asono dodow no ara a wohu no di nea ennu sikɔne 30 na ɛba awiei bere a ɔkraman no hwe ase komm kɔ brɔs no mu. Nanso, sɛ ɔkraman kura ne fam, odi w’akyi fa akwan bi so, anaasɛ ɔda sɛnea ogyina hɔ ansa na woatow ahyɛ no so adi a, wo nipadua kasa na ɛkyerɛ nea ebefi mu aba.

1. Akenkan Afã Anum a Ɛma Big Cat Escalation¶

Ansa na wobɛyɛ w’ade no, kenkan ɔkraman no aso, ne dua, ne honam ani sorokɔ, ne sɛnea n’ani si n’ani so no ntɛm ara:

1. Ɔfã 1: Nneɛma a Wohu wɔ akwanhyia mu (> 50 meters / 165 feet):
2. Ɔkraman no gyina hɔ anaasɛ ɔte hɔ tẽẽ, n’aso kyerɛ sɛnea ɛte daa, ne dua ayɛ mmerɛw, ɔhwɛ wo bere tiaa bi ansa na wahwɛ akyirikyiri.
3. Wo Adeyɛ: Gyae nantew, boaboa wo kuw no ano wɔ baabi a wo nsa bɛka, ma w’ani si ɔkraman no so, kasa denneennen, na san w’akyi nkakrankakra wɔ akwan no so.
4. Stage 2: Akwankyerɛ anaa Akyidi (25 to 50 meters / 80 to 165 feet):
5. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, cougar mmea a wɔwɔ mpataa a wɔde wɔn ho ahintaw anaa asasesin mu mmarima de wɔn ho di nsɛ wɔ nnua mu mita ɔhaha pii, anaasɛ ebia ɔkraman a onnii mfe aduonu bɛyɛ obi a ɔno nkutoo nantew no sunsuma.
6. Wo Adeyɛ: Nkɔ so nantew a woadan w'akyi. Gyina, dan wo ho hwɛ ɔkraman no tẽẽ, fa wo nan si baabi a ɛkorɔn, trɛw wo jacket no mu kɛse, bɔ wo nantew nnua no wɔ wo ti so, na teɛm denneennen. Nantew kɔ w’akyi anaa nkyɛnkyɛn sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a worenhwere w’ani da.
7. Ɔfã 3: Nnama a Wɔde Di Dwuma (15 to 30 meters / 50 to 100 feet):
8. Ɔkraman no de ne yafunu to fam kɔ ​​fam, ɔtrɛw ne kɔn mu kɔ n’anim, ɔtow n’ani a ɛnyɛ n’ani so hwɛ wo, na ɔde abotan anaa brɔs wea kɔ n’anim bere biara a wobɛhwɛ w’ani so.
9. Wo Adeyɛ: Fa mmofra anaa akwantufo nketewa to mpanyimfo a wɔware sen biara no akyi. Twe wo asono aduru a wɔde petepete so (EPA-registered 1.34% to 2.0% major capsaicinoids), yi wo sekan no mu anaasɛ kura nnua a wode nantew no mu kɔ abɔnten te sɛ peaw, na tow abo, nkorabata, anaa nsu nkotoku a ɛyɛ ma gu ɔkraman no so tẽẽ.
10. Afã 4: Pre-Pounce Coil (< 15 meters / 50 feet):
11. Ɔkraman no ma n’aso yɛ tratraa san kɔ ne ti nhwi so denneennen, ɔtwetwe ne dua ano kɔ ɔfã biako, ɔdan n’akyi nan kɔ n’asen ase de twetwe adesoa, na ɔda ne sẽ adi.
12. Wo Adeyɛ: Ahuruw bi yɛ sikani kakraa bi. Dua wo nan wɔ baabi a ɛtrɛw, fa w’akyi bag no hyɛ wo kɔn mu, fa wo bear spray no si fam kakra mita 6 kosi 9 (anammɔn 20 kosi 30) wɔ ɔkraman no anim sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a sum mununkum no bɛforo akɔ n’anim bere a ɔrebɔ ahurututu no, na siesie wo ho sɛ wode wo nantew nnua no bɛtow ahyɛ n’anim.
13. Afã 5: Ambush Strike (0 meters):
14. Mpɛn pii no ɛba a wɔmfa kɔkɔbɔ mma obi a otu mmirika wɔ akwan so anaasɛ ɔte sakre so a ofi beae a ɛkorɔn anaasɛ anifuraefo ntwea so. Kɔ Ɔfa 3 no so ntɛm ara.

2. Sɛnea Wobɛfa Abofra anaa Ɔkraman a Wonkanyan Pounce¶

Sɛ wo ne abofra ketewa anaa ɔkraman retu kwan bere a bepɔw so gyata bi puei wɔ mita 30 (anammɔn 100) mu a: - The Two-Adult Shield Technique: Adult A tu anammɔn biako kɔ n’anim, ɔtow n’ani a ensɛee no mu wɔ ɔkraman no so, bue wɔn atade no kɛse, na okura trekking poles anaa bear spray wɔ krado. Ɔpanyin B gyina Ɔpanyin A akyi tẽẽ na ɔma abofra no so kɔ wɔn asen anaa wɔn mmati so. - The Solo-Adult Vertical Squat: Hyɛ abofra no brɛoo sɛ ɔmfa ne nan nsi wo nan so. Ma w’akyi berɛmo no gyina hɔ na wo hwene nkɔ soro a w’ani da ɔkraman no so, kotow wo nkotodwe wɔ ɔkwan a ɛteɛ so (ɛnyɛ wo ho nkɔ w’anim da wɔ w’asen mu), fa wo nsa biako hyɛ abofra no abasa ase, na ma so wɔ wo moma so. - Leashed vs. Off-Leash Dogs: Ɔkraman a onni hama a otu mmirika kɔ cougar nkyɛn na afei ɔde mmirika san kɔ ne wura nan so no bɛtwe ɔkraman a ɔtow hyɛ no so akɔ wo mu tẽẽ. Frɛ ɔkraman no ma ɔmfa ne nan ase ntɛm ara na twa ne hama no tiaa bere a ɔhwɛ ɔkraman no anim no.

3. Sɛnea Wɔtow Abotan anaa Wobɛfa Nkorabata a Wonkotow¶

Sɛ wuhia atuo a wode bɛtow stalking cougar na wunni hwee wɔ wo nsam a: - Mma w'ani mfi ɔkraman no so da anaasɛ mfa wo ti nkɔ dɔte no so da. - Twe nneɛma a emu yɛ duru fi w’akyi bag no nkyɛn kotoku anaa w’asen abɔso mu tẽẽ bere a wugyina hɔ tenten no: dade anaa Nalgene nsu nkotoku a ɛyɛ ma, adwinnade pii, kanea a ɛwɔ w’anim, anaasɛ twa nkorabata a awu a ɛte sɛ w’ani so fi dua bi a ɛwɔ wo mmati nkyɛn so. - Sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wofa abotan fi akwan no so a, fa kotodwe biako a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ no di dwuma: ma wo ti ne wo moma so ntra hɔ nhwɛ ɔkraman no, fa wo kotodwe biako to fam bere tiaa bi bere a wode wo nsa biako te fam a ɛwɔ wo mpaboa nkyɛn no, fa ɔbotan bi, na san sɔre tẽẽ kɔ soro.

Ɔfã 3: Honam fam ɔko ne nkwagye ho akwan horow sɛ ɔkraman kɛse bi tow hyɛ so a¶

Sɛ bepɔw so gyata, jaguar, anaa asono huruw ba wo so anaasɛ ɔbɔ wo hwe fam a, wo nkwagye gyina nneɛma abien a ɛho hia so: 1. Wo awotwaa mu akyi berɛmo, ahurututu, ne carotid ntini ahorow a wobɛbɔ ho ban, ne 2. Ɛyaw a ɛma anifuraefo anaasɛ ɛma ne menewa ba ɔkraman no nkate akwaa so.

1. Ntɛm ara kɔn ne Mframa kwan so Akode Protocol (The Turtle-Collar Guard) .¶

Ɔkraman no awosu ne sɛ ɔde ne hwene bɛkyekyere wo kɔn ho bere a ɔde n’akyi nsateaa rebɔ wo yafunu ne w’asen no: 1. Keep Your Backpack Strapped On: Akyi bag a wɔde nneɛma ahyɛ mu yɛ nipadua akode a egye nkwa. Sɛ cougar fi ɔpon bi so huruw kɔ ɔkwantufo bi akyi a, n’akraman sẽ ne n’anim nsateaa taa kɔhyɛ pack no atifi akataso anaasɛ nna mu sen sɛ ɛbɛkɔ ɔkwantufo no awotwaa mu akyi berɛmo mu. 2. Tuck Your Chin Hard Against Your Clavicle and Shrug Your Shoulders: Sɛ wobɔ wo hwene ase a, fa wo chin no to wo moma so denneennen, fa wo mmati abien no nyinaa to wo hwene dompe so, na fa w’abasa biako fa wo menewa so. Eyi ma ɔkwan a ɛda wo ti nhwi ne wo mmati ntam no to mu ma enti ɔkraman no anom ntumi nkata wo mframa nhama anaa w’akyi berɛmo ho. 3. Never Roll Face-Down Passively: Sɛ wobɔ wo yafunu so a ɔkraman no wɔ w’akyi a, fa wo ho to w’afã anaa w’akyi wɔ ɔbotan anaa dua dua bi so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔkraman no rentumi ntra wo kɔn akyi, na fa akode bɔ.

2. Anatomical Targets a Ɛsom Bo Kɛse wɔ Ɔkraman Kɛse a Ɔtow Tow So So¶

Mfa ahoɔden nsɛe ɔkraman kɛse mmati a ɛyɛ ntini, ne mpampam, anaa ne moma so ti nhwi mprɛte a ɛyɛ den a wode nsateaa a ɛda hɔ kwa. Bɔ adan anan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yi nkutoo so:

3. Kuw Nkwagye Nhyehyɛe: Nea Ɛsɛ sɛ Wɔyɛ Sɛ Wɔtow hyɛ Ɔhokafo anaa Abofra Bi So a¶

Sɛ bepɔw so gyata tow hyɛ ne hokafo bi a ɔwɔ w’anim pɛɛ so a: - NNYINA AKYI NA NTƐM MFI KƆLƆ: To kwan no mu ntɛm ara na tow hyɛ ɔkraman no so honam fam. - Bear Spray at Contact Range: Tu mmirika kɔ mita 1.5 kosi 3 (anammɔn 5 kosi 10) mu na fa nozzle no anim sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔtopae no bɛbɔ ɔkraman no anim ne ne hwene tẽẽ. Wo hokafo no benya capsaicin spray wɔ wɔn ani so, nanso bear spray no mma zero permanent tissue damage bere a cougar kɔn a ɛka obi no kum no wɔ sikani 60 kosi 120 mu. - Blunt and Piercing Force to the Head and Spine: Sɛ wunni aduru a wɔde petepete so a, fa ɔbotan a emu yɛ duru a ɛwɔ nsa abien (5 to 10 kg / 11 to 22 lb) anaasɛ poma a ɛyɛ den na bubu no gu ɔkraman no ti nhwi ne n’akyi berɛmo so, anaasɛ fa trekking pole ano ne nnade kɔ n’ani so kosi sɛ ebegyae.

Ɔfã 4: Aduruyɛ mu triage ne kuru hwɛ bere a ɔkraman kɛse bi abɔ no akyi¶

Sɛ ɔkraman no san n’akyi pɛ a, fa beae no di dwuma sɛ ahigh-risk tactical zone ne penetrating trauma emergency.

1. Ntɛm ara Scene Security + Tactical Hemorrhage Control (First 3 Minutes) .¶

1. Fa Spotter a Ɔde Akode Ma (360-Degree Overwatch): Bere a obiako resa nea wɔayɛ no bɔne no yare no, ɛsɛ sɛ onipa a ɔto so abien gyina wɔn so tẽẽ kura bear spray, ɔbotan, anaa akode, scan ledges a atwa ho ahyia ne brush sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔkraman no rentumi ntwa n’akyi.
2. Gyae Mogya a Ɛtɔ Ntini Kɛse (Carotid / Jugular / Brachial / Femoral):
3. Limb Hemorrhage: Sɛ deep claw rakes anaasɛ canine bites wɔ abasa anaa nan so retu mogya kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn a, fa CoTCCC windlass tourniquet (CAT anaasɛ SOFTT-W) Sɛntimita 5 kɔsi 8 (nsateakwaa 2 kɔsi 3) wɔ kuru no atifi na twitwa mframa afiri no kɔsi sɛ mogya no bɛgyae.
4. Neck / Junctional Hemorrhage: Pack gauze a ɛma mogya tu (QuikClot Combat Gauze / . Celox) anaasɛ sterile gauze denneennen kɔ kɔn mu kuru no mu de wo nsateaa di dwuma, fa nhyɛso tẽẽ a emu yɛ den pia kɔ mu kɔ awotwaa no akyi berɛmo no mu (a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri fi mframa afiri no ho), na fa trauma dressing a wɔakyekyere afi kɔn no fã a apira no wɔ abasa a ɛne no bɔ abira no ase (figure-of-eight axillary wrap).
5. Hwɛ Manual Cervical Spine Stabilization so:
6. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsa obiara a onyaa ne ti didii mu a ɔwɔ akyi kɔn a wɔaka no agyiraehyɛde, ne kɔn mu yaw kɛse, anaasɛ ne nsa ne ne nan ayɛ no yaw sɛ ɔwɔ awotwaa mu akyi berɛmo a entumi nnyina. Ma wɔn ti ne wɔn kɔn nhyia wɔ baabi a ɛnyɛ afã biara.
7. Hwɛ sɛ Sucking Chest Akuru (Open Pneumothorax):
8. Akraman a wɔatow a emu dɔ anaasɛ nsateaa a wɔatwitwa wɔ koko anaa akyi atifi no betumi atoto ahurututu no mu. Sɛ mframa rebɔ fa koko mu kuru bi mu a, fa vented chest seal (HyFin Vent) anaasɛ 3-sided occlusive dressing.

2. Mmoa mu Nyarewa a Ɛwɔ Asiane Kɛse a efi Felid Bites ( .Pasteurella, . Bartonella, na Rabies) .¶

Ɔkraman kɛse bi akraman sẽ atenten yɛ adwuma te sɛ nnade a ɛwɔ honam ani, na ɛde anom mmoawa gu ntini a ɛwɔ akyi, ne akyi berɛmo, ne nkwaa mu ntini mu kɔ akyiri:

• Pasteurella multocida ne Polymicrobial Sepsis: Ɛwɔ wuram felids bɛboro ɔha biara mu nkyem 75 kosi 90 mu, na ɛma cellulitis a ɛtrɛw ntɛmntɛm, nsu a ɛyɛ nwini, ɛyaw a ɛbɔ denneennen, ne septicemia ba wɔ nnɔnhwerew 6 kosi 12 akyi wɔ bere a wɔaka no akyi.
• Akyi Akuru a Wɔde Gugu Nsuo Ho Nhyehyɛe:
• Sɛ wodi mogya a ɛtɔ kɛse wɔ ntini mu no so wie a, fa nsu a ɛho tew a wɔnom mililita 500 kosi 1,000 gugu nsateaa mu nsensanee a emu nnɔ ne nea wɔabue no so wɔ nhyɛso ase denam nsu a wɔde gugu nnɔbae so anaasɛ toa a wɔde pia so gugu so.
• MFA nwene, glue, anaa ntontom-ntwitwa kuru a wɔato mu a wɔato mu wɔ sare so a cat bite puncture no mu den da: Sɛ wokata feline puncture a emu dɔ mu a, ɛkyere mmoawa a mframa nnim (Clostridium, Bacteroides) ne Pasteurella wɔ fascia a emu dɔ mu. Fa gauze a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa kata so yiye na yi fi hɔ ma oprehyɛn twitwa, amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), tetanus a ɛma obi nya ahoɔden, ne Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) na ɛyɛ.

Ɔfã 5: Wiase nyinaa mpataa akɛse ahorow a wɔde toto ho (Amerika, Afrika, ne Asia) .¶

Bere a mmara titiriw (Never Run, Lock Eyes, Stand Tall, Fight Back) no di dwuma wɔ felids a wɔtaa wɔn akyi nyinaa mu wɔ wiase nyinaa no, ɛsɛ sɛ akwantufo hu ɔmantam no mu mmoa ahorow biara suban pɔtee:

Mpɔtam hɔ ntɛmpɛ nɔma ne adwumakuw no nhyehyɛe ahorow¶

Sɛ wonya ahobammɔ a wɔde kuw ahobammɔ asi hɔ wie a, bɔ mpataa akɛse a wɔtaa wɔn anaa ntua a wɔyɛ basabasa nyinaa ho amanneɛ kyerɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn kɔ ntɛm ara ne ɔmantam no mu wuram mmoa sohwɛ mpanyimfo:

• United States ne Canada: Frɛ 911 ntɛm ara ma aduruyɛ mu a wɔde wɔn bɛkɔ anaasɛ asiane a ɛyɛ nnam a ɛfa mmoa a wɔkyere mmoa we ho. Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wobɔ amanneɛ sɛ woahu cougar wɔ ɔmanfo nsase so a, kɔ National Park Service (NPS) Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔma, Parks Canada Nneɛma a Wɔde Kɔma Ntɛmntɛm (1-888-773-8888 wɔ Bepɔw so Mmoa Yɛmmea, anaasɛ 1-877-852-3100 ma BC Conservation Officer Service RAPP), California Mpataa ne Wim Mmoa Dwumadibea (CDFW), anaa Colorado Mmoa Yɛmmea ne Wim Mmoa (CPW).
• Ahemman Nkabom: Frɛ 999 anaasɛ 112 ma polisifo ne ambulance. Wɔnam Polisifo so di felids a wɔafa wɔn nnommum a wɔaguan ho dwuma tẽẽ 999.
• Europa Aman Nkabom Kuo: Frɛ 112 wɔ aman a wɔka ho nyinaa mu de gye Alpine anaa kwae mu nkwagye (Eurasian lynx anaasɛ Iberian lynx atrae ahorow).
• Australia ne New Zealand: Frɛ 000 wɔ Australia anaa 111 wɔ New Zealand (112 efi telefon a wokura kyin so). Ɛsɛ sɛ amanaman ntam akwantufo a wofi Australia/NZ kwati mmirikatu anaa kotow ho nkate bere a wɔretu kwan wɔ Amerika, Afrika, anaa Asia no.
• India ne Asia-Pacific: Wɔ India no, frɛ 112 (108 ma ambulance) na bɔ Ɔman Kwaeɛ Dwumadibea Range Officer amanneɛ ma asono (guldar / . tendua) hyia wɔ Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, anaa Maharashtra. Wɔ Nepal no, kɔ Nsrahwɛfo Polisifo (1144) anaa Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea Asraafo Dwumadibea.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ wudi agoru a awu da bere a bepɔw so gyata anaa cougar ntua te sɛ nea woyɛ wɔ grizzly bear ho no?¶

Mpɛn pii no, ɔsebɔ a wɔfrɛ no grizzly tow hyɛ obi a ɔnam fam so esiane ahodwiriw a ɔde bɛbɔ ne ho ban nti de asiw asiane bi a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ ma ne mma anaa aduan akorae so no ano; sɛ woda fam na wodi agoru wu a, wonyɛ ahunahuna bio. Bepɔw so gyata, jaguar, anaa asono yɛ namdifo a ɔyɛ n’asɛyɛde a ɔtaa nnipa na ɔtow hyɛ wɔn so sɛ wɔn a wɔkyere wɔn we. Sɛ wudi agoru a awu a, ɛma wo kɔn akyi yɛ awotwaa no akyi berɛmo a ɛka wo a edi awu. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, esiane sɛ mpataa akɛse a wɔyɛ ankonam no ntumi ntra ase wɔ wuram sɛ wɔn aniwa a wɔatow anaasɛ wɔn anom abubu bere a wɔrebɔ abɔmmɔ nti, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bere nyinaa sɛ wɔko tia wɔn ani ne wɔn anim atirimɔden so a, ɛhyɛ ɔkraman no ma ogyae na oguan.

So aduru a wɔde petepete asono so yɛ adwuma wɔ mmepɔw so agyata, cougar, ne asono so?¶

Yiw, aduru a wɔde petepete asono a wɔakyerɛw wɔn din wɔ EPA mu (a capsaicinoid atitiriw ɔha biara mu nkyem 1.34 kosi 2.0 a wɔde petepete so no yɛ mita 7.5 kosi 10.5 / anammɔn 25 kosi 35) tu mpɔn kɛse wɔ mmepɔw so agyata ne mpataa akɛse nyinaa so. Felines wɔ ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔte hua ne ani a ɛyɛ akɛse; atomized oleoresin capsicum a wɔhome no ma aniwa no mu tow a ɔmpɛ, ɛyaw a ano yɛ den a ɛyɛ hyew, na ɔfefe wɔ mframa kwan a ɛwɔ soro no so, na ɛma ɔkraman no ntumi de n’ani si ne kɔn so. Fa wo bear spray no sie wo moma so hama anaa wo hip belt so sen sɛ wode besie wo pack no mu.

Sɛ mihyia ɔkraman anaa ɔkraman funu a wawu a wɔde nnua ne nhaban akata so wɔ akwan no so a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ meyɛ?¶

Fi beae hɔ ntɛm ara denam ɔkwan pɔtee a wofaa so bae a wobɛsan w’akyi bere a worehwehwɛ abotan ne nnua nkorabata a ɛsensɛn so no so. Sɛ bepɔw so gyata kum ɔkraman anaa ɔkraman a, ɔtwitwiw efĩ, pine nnade, na ɔde nnua gu funu no so (ɛma ɔbotan bi a wɔfrɛ no cache) de sie wɔn a wɔkyere mmoa we, na ɔsan ba mpɛn pii wɔ nnafua 3 kosi 5 mu bere a ɔda wɔ mita 50 kosi 100 mu wɔ bere a wɔakum no no. Nam a ɛreporɔw hua anaasɛ bepɔw a wɔakata so a wubehu no kyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi sɛ cougar a wanyin fi nkataso a ɛbɛn hɔ rehwɛ.

So ɛsɛ sɛ meforo dua na maguan bepɔw so gyata, jaguar, anaa asono?¶

Dabi, nforo dua da na woaguan afi ɔkraman kɛse bi ho. Nea ɛnte sɛ grizzly asono ne wuram mprako no, mmepɔw so gyata, jaguar, ne asono yɛ nnua so forofo a wɔagye din a wɔde nsateaa a ano yɛ nnam a wotumi twetwe ne akyi nan a ano yɛ den ahyɛ wɔn ho. Asono tumi twe mmoa a ne nipadua mu duru yɛ pɛ mita 6 (anammɔn 20) gyina hɔ kɔ dua bi so, na cougar tumi huruw mita 4.5 (anammɔn 15) kɔ nkorabata a ɛwɔ fam mu. Dua a wobɛforo no kyere wo wɔ baabi a ɛsɛ sɛ wode wo nsa abien nyinaa kura mu, na ɛmma wuntumi mfa nnua a wɔde nantew, abotan, anaa asono a wɔde petepete so nni dwuma.

Dɛn nti na mmepɔw so agyata tow hyɛ wɔn a wotu mmirika wɔ akwan so ne wɔn a wɔde sakre tu mmirika wɔ mmepɔw so so mpɛn pii sen wɔn a wɔnantew brɛoo wɔ akuw mu?¶

Sɛ obi tu ntɛmntɛm na ɔyɛ komm wɔ asase a anɔpatutuutu anaa anwummere so a, ɛkanyan optic-motor chase reflex a ɛnyɛ nea wɔpɛ wɔ mpataa nyinaa mu. Obi a ɔno nkutoo tu mmirika wɔ akwan so anaasɛ ɔde sakre tu mmirika wɔ bepɔw so a ɔde mmirika twa kilomita 15 kosi 20/h (mph 9 kosi 12) twa anifuraefo ntwea bi ho hyia no ma cougar a ɔregye n’ahome nnu sikɔne 2 de susuw nea ɛrekɔ so no ho; the cat’s predatory hindbrain reacts to the receding motion before its caution instinct kicks in. Sɛ obi nantew wɔ baanu anaa kuw bi mu, kasa wɔ mmeae a anifuraefo te, na wɔkwati sɛ obi nkutoo tu mmirika anɔpa anaa anwummere wɔ akraman atrae a, eyi nneɛma a ɛkanyan atɛw a ɛyɛ nwonwa dodow no ara fi hɔ.

Na sɛ mihyia bepɔw so gyata mpataa anaa mma nkutoo wɔ akwan no so nso ɛ?¶

Mma mmepɔw so gyata mma a wɔn ho yɛ nsensanee nkɔ, ntwa wɔn mfonini, anaa wo nsa nka wɔn da, sɛ wɔn nkutoo na wɔda adi mpo a. Ɛnanom cougars gyaw mpataa mma a wɔde wɔn ho asie abotan anaa brɔs mu bere a wɔrebɔ abɔmmɔ no, anaasɛ ebia ɔbɛkotow mita 15 rehwɛ wo. Ntɛm ara san w’akyi nkakrankakra bere a wohwɛ mpataa no kwan no, kasa wɔ nne a emu yɛ den mu, ma wo nsa nkɔ wo asono aduru a wɔde petepete so no so, na anyɛ yiye koraa no, fa wo ne beae no ntam kwan yɛ mita 500 (anammɔn 1,600).

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Bear ne wuram mmoa a wohyiam
• Charging ungulate, moose, elk, bison, ne wuram mprako nkwa
• Ɔkraman a wayera wɔ akwan a wɔfa so nantew so: scent anchor station ne predator asiane ahorow
• Hunting stand asehwe, atuo a wɔtow wɔ akwanhyia mu, ne mogya a ɛtɔ kɔ akyi

Fibea ne aban akwankyerɛ¶

• Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea Dwumadibea (NPS, United States): Bepɔw so Gyata / Cougar Ahobammɔ wɔ Atɔe Fam Ɔman Mmoa Yɛmmea (Yosemite, Olympic, Big Bend, Glacier, ne Santa Monica Mmepɔw).
• Mmoa Yɛmmea Canada (Government of Canada) & British Columbia Nneɛma a Wɔkora So Dwumadibea (BCCOS): Cougar Ahobammɔ ne Predator Encounter Protocols wɔ Canada Rockies ne Vancouver Supɔw so.
• California Mpataa ne Wim Mmoa Dwumadibea (CDFW) & Colorado Mmoa Yɛmmea ne Wim Mmoa (CPW): Asetra ne Nneɛma a Wɔsan Yɛ wɔ Bepɔw so Gyata Tebea: Nnipa ne Cougar Ntawntawdi Nhwehwɛmu ne Akwankyerɛ a Wɔde Siw Ano.
• Wilderness Aduruyɛ Kuw (WMS): Akwankyerɛ a Wɔde Di Dwuma a Wɔde Siw Nufuboa a Wɔka Akuru ne Backcountry Penetrating Trauma ano na wɔsa.
• Wim Mmoa Ho Asoɛe a Ɛwɔ India (WII) & Ministry of Environment, Kwae ne Wim Tebea Nsakrae (MoEFCC, India): Akwankyerɛ a ɛfa Nnipa ne Asono Ntawntawdi a Wɔbrɛ ase ne Mfuw mu Ahobammɔ Ho Nhyehyɛe ho.